Vol. 1 - Framework For Water Source Protection FINAL

THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
Ministry of Water and Environment
FRAMEWORK AND GUIDELINES FOR

WATER SOURCE PROTECTION
Volume 1: Framework for Water Source Protection
1
May 2013
REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Volumes
Volume 2: Guidelines for Protecting Water Sources for Piped Water Supply Systems
Volume 3: Guidelines for Protecting Water Sources for Point Source Water Supply
Systems
Volume 4: Guidelines for Protecting Water Sources for Multipurpose Reservoirs
Volume 5: Guidelines for Protecting Water Sources for Hydroelectric Power Plants
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 6
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7
Need for the guidelines ...................................................................................................... 7
Case studies of water source degradation ......................................................................... 9
What are the guidelines for? .............................................................................................12
Who are the guidelines for? ..............................................................................................13
Conceptual Model: Threat – Pathway – Water Source ......................................................15
Guidelines Process and Outputs .......................................................................................18
Relationship between Water Source Protection Guidelines and other water resources
management frameworks and processes..........................................................................19
Budgeting for Water Source Protection .............................................................................23
2 A Framework for Water Source Protection Planning ......................................................25
Step 1: Initiation and Preparation ......................................................................................25
Step 2: Technical Analysis ................................................................................................26
Step 3: Stakeholder Engagement .....................................................................................35
Step 4: Resource Mobilisation ..........................................................................................42
Step 6: Implementation .....................................................................................................53
Step 7: Monitoring and Regulation ....................................................................................60
3 General Annexes...........................................................................................................62
ANNEX A: Relevant Ugandan Policy, Legislation and Regulations ...................................62
ANNEX B: Further Information ..........................................................................................62
ANNEX C: Ugandan Standards ........................................................................................63
ANNEX D: Water Source Protection Communications Strategy ........................................65
ANNEX E: People/Institutions consulted during formulation of the Guidelines ..................74
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List of Tables
Table 1: Over-arching objectives for Water Source Protection..............................................13
Table 2: T/P/WS – Protecting the Water Supply for Town ‘A’ from Over-Abstraction by
Pumping Station Town ‘B’ ....................................................................................................17
Table 3: T/P/WS – Protecting the Water Supply for Town ‘A’ from Industrial Discharge .......18
Table 4: Sources of Ugandan Environment Data ..................................................................28
Table 5: Hazard Types .........................................................................................................30
Table 6: T/P/WS Table – Example: Protecting the Water Supply for Town ‘A’ from Urban
Runoff ..................................................................................................................................32
Table 7: T/P/WS Table – Protecting the Water Supply for Town ‘A’ from Soil Erosion ..........34
Table 8: Example of Target Monitoring: River Flows ............................................................34
Table 9: Example of Target Monitoring: Water Rationing in Kumbo ......................................34
Table 10: Example Targets for Town ‘A’ Water Source ........................................................35
Table 11: Livelihood Analysis Template ...............................................................................41
Table 12: WSPP Financial Plan............................................................................................44
Table 13: Example Roles and Responsibilities Chart ...........................................................50
Table 14: PART A - Water Source Description Summary .....................................................51
Table 15: PART B - Aims, Objectives, Targets and Monitoring Summary .............................52
Table 16: PART C - Risks and Control Measures Summary .................................................52
Table 17: PART D - Action Plan Summary ...........................................................................52
Table 18: PART E – Financial Plan Summary ......................................................................53
Table 19: Protection Zones ..................................................................................................55
List of Figures
Figure 1: Water Cycle ...........................................................................................................15
Figure 2: A catchment area (river example) ..........................................................................15
Figure 3: Threat-Pathway-Water Source model elements ....................................................16
Figure 4: Example of the Threat – Pathway – Water Source Map ........................................17
Figure 5: Water Source Protection Guideline Structure ........................................................19
Figure 6: Hierarchy of Water Management and Protection Plans .........................................21
Figure 7: Steps in Water Safety Planning to protect water quality .........................................22
Figure 8: Example of a Water Source Catchment Map .........................................................31
Figure 9: Celebrating the opening of a protected spring .......................................................54
Figure 10: Illustration of the Vadose Zone (US Geological Survey) .....................................57
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Acronyms
CBO Community Based Organisation
CLTS Community-Led Total Sanitation
CMO Catchment Management Organisation
DEA Directorate of Environmental Affairs
DIM District Implementation Manual
DWD Directorate of Water Development
DWO District Water Officers
DWRM Directorate of Water Resource Management
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
FSSD Forestry Sector Support Department
iNGO International Non Governmental Organisation
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature
JAF Joint Assessment Framework
JSR Joint Sector Review
MoAAIF Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries
MoEMD Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development
MoFPED Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development
MoLHUD Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development
MWE Ministry of Water & Environment
NEMA National Environmental Management Authority
NFA National Forest Authority
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NWSC National Water and Sewerage Corporation
OPM Office of the Prime Minister
T/P/WS Threat-Pathway-Water Source model
TSU Technical Support Unit
UWA Uganda Wildlife Authority
WMZ Water Management Zones
WRM Water Resources Management
WSDF Water and Sanitation Development Facility
WSPC Water Source Protection Committee
WSPP Water Source Protection Plan
Glossary
Water Source For the purpose of these guidelines, a Water Source is a geographical point,
or piece of infrastructure, where water is taken from the environment and
used for a specific socio-economic purpose, such as water supply,
agriculture or hydroelectricity generation.
Abstraction Taking water from the environment, generally by motorised or manual
pumping from a well, borehole, lake, river or spring.
Aquifer Any body of water-bearing rock that is sufficiently porous and permeable that
water can be taken, often from natural springs or from artificially drilled or
dug wells or boreholes.
Contributor A stakeholder that contributes to the development or implementation of a
Water Source Protection Plan through facilitation, information sharing,
financial or in-kind contributions.
Catchment/ Watershed A drainage basin or area of land from which surface water drains to a single
/ River Basin exit point (usually a point on a river or the estuary where a river enters the
sea). Where there is groundwater, the movement of water is generally more
complex because groundwater drainage does not always follow the same
pattern as the overlying topography. In this report ‘Catchment’ is used by
preference but some the literature refers to ‘watersheds’ or ‘river basins’,
which usually have the same meaning.
Control Measure Actions that can be taken to protect a Water Source.
Hazard The nature of problem arising from the Threat that can harm the Water
Source.
Implementer The organisation that is the primary user of these guidelines to prepare a
Water Source Protection Plan. For new schemes this will be the developer
organisation, for existing schemes it is likely to be the owner of an asset (for
example a Water Authority who owns a pumping station or a power company
that owns an hydro-electric scheme), or a proxy (for example a Water User
Committee who manages a multi-purpose reservoir although ownership lies
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ultimately with MWE).

Pathway The physical route through the environment by which a Threat affects a
Water Source. For example, a fuel spillage from a petrol filling station could
affect a Water Source through groundwater flow or a surface watercourse.
Piped Water Supply A water supply system where water is delivered to the end user through a
pipe network. This includes both gravity flows schemes fed by spring and
pressurised pumped systems from boreholes or surface water.
Point Water Source A water supply where the user collects the water from the water source (well,
borehole with handpump or spring)
Risk The likelihood, or probability, of a Hazard having an adverse impact on a
Water Source.
Threat An activity, process, built structure or natural feature that presents a potential
threat to water quality, water quantity or reliability of water in the environment
which is subsequently used by a Water Source. For example, a Petrol Filling
Station is a Threat because if petrol or diesel gets into public water supply it
will cause health problems.
End Water Users The people who benefit from the Water Source through supply of drinking
water, water for agriculture and livelihoods, water for fisheries, or water for
energy production.
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Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
These documents were prepared by the Directorate of Water Resource Management of the Ministry of Water and
Environment under the coordination of Dr Callist Tindimugaya, Commissioner, Water Resources Planning and
Regulation. Technical support was provided by Sean Furey (Skat Foundation) with assistance from Alex
Muhweezi (Future Dialogues International Ltd). Input and guidance was gratefully received from a number of
people and organisations who took part in the consultation process (Annex D). Financial support for preparation
of the documents was provided by the Danish Government through Danida.
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Need for the guidelines
1 Introduction
This volume presents the Framework for Water Source Protection Guidelines; this is
then applied in four further volumes that give specific guidance for the following types
of water infrastructure:
 Vol. 2: Piped water supplies (groundwater, surface water abstraction from
lakes, rivers and reservoirs, gravity flow piped schemes from springs)
 Vol. 3: Point water supplies (point source abstractions from wells, boreholes,
springs and surface water, generally in rural and peri-urban areas)
 Vol. 4: Multipurpose reservoirs and valley tanks (surface water impoundments

and abstraction from rivers, lakes, reservoirs and surface runoff)
 Vol. 5: Hydroelectric Power Plants (hydroelectric dams, run-of-river

hydroelectric power stations)
The four volumes (2-5) of specific guidance are intended for water infrastructure
managers and relevant government officials at the national and district levels and are
intentionally concise to encourage their uptake and use. However, some users may
want, or need, a deeper insight into the water source protection process. Hence, the
purpose of this Framework volume is to present a systematic guide to producing a
Water Source Protection Plan for any type of water source.
Throughout this document, the process is illustrated using a hypothetical example of

a town with a piped water system operated by the National Water and Sewerage
Corporation (NWSC). Please note that all figures and allocated responsibilities
are for illustrative purposes only.

In Uganda, there are extensive forested areas and wetlands, which act as stores of
water and perform water purification functions, however increasing population density
and demand for land for agriculture, settlement and industrial establishments has led
to their widespread clearance. The resulting farm bush landscape is poor at retaining
and purifying water and this leads to in rapid water runoff, soil erosion and water
shortages. Even though much of Uganda has a high annual rainfall, with an average
of 1200 mm per year, water shortages in the dry season are increasingly common.
Protection of water catchment areas, the areas that drain into the water source, is
therefore crucial to retain water and to ensure sufficient water supply throughout the
year.
In general, there is widespread and increasing activity that is potentially harmful to
Uganda’s water environment and water infrastructure. This appears to be due to a
combination of increasing population with little or no access to improved sanitation,
and problems caused by inappropriate land and wetland uses, and poor quality
discharges from industry.
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Protection of water catchments in many countries especially those densely populated

is no longer an option but a requirement. Compromised or degraded water
catchments mean that societies that depend on them have either limited access to a
sustainable source of water or consume contaminated water. Agencies responsible
for the provision of drinking water to such communities often resort to expensive
water abstraction technologies or complex treatment processes to render the water
safe but such treatment comes at great cost to the societies and consumers of the
water. In addition, water catchment protection can save money through lower costs
for medication for water borne diseases and less sickness in the society.
The conventional approach to ensuring high quality water in public water supply
systems is the construction and use of water treatment facilities at the point of
abstraction. While this is generally effective, there is a capital and on-going cost
associated with these systems therefore it is in the interests of the water utility (and
end water user) that the quality of water being pumped from the environment is the
best possible. The dirtier the water is, the more intensive (and expensive) it is to treat
to an acceptable potable quality. Even then, there may still be residual problems with
micro-pollutants that are difficult to remove effectively.
Water treatment systems are designed to handle incoming water quality within
defined parameters. If there is a trend of water quality decline then this can reduce
the lifetime of infrastructure or increase the need for further capital expenditure on
more intensive water treatment, such as micro-filtration.
The quantity of water available for human use is affected by a number of complex
factors, both natural and manmade. Specifically, soil erosion due deforestation and
unsuitable farming practices is a widespread problem, which reduces the ability of a
catchment to store water and buffer river flows, spring discharges and groundwater
levels between wet and dry seasons.
A conventional engineering approach would be to move the abstraction point, or drill
a deeper borehole, to maintain or increase the water yield. However, in some cases
this option may not be financially, legally or technically viable.
There are many complex factors that may, or may not, influence the quality of water
abstracted from a borehole, or from a river or lake. It is not possible to engineer the
same level of centralised control on environmental water quality as it is with a water
treatment facility. However, improving environmental water quality has multiple
benefits for all water users in a given catchment. It is therefore in the interests of all
stakeholders including domestic water consumers, farmers, fishermen, foresters and
industries to have a high quality, unpolluted water environment. However, if
responsibilities, actions, regulation and financing are unclear then general water
quality decline is likely to continue.
MWE and its development partners aim to ensure that planned water-using and
water-related projects are sustainable by protecting the quality and quantity of water
they use. Protecting the water sources for new and existing water supplies is an
increasingly urgent priority.
The Joint Technical Review (JTR) 2010 and subsequent Water Sector Working
Group (WESWG) agreed that 3% of infrastructure budgets should be allocated to
catchment and source protection. These guidelines were developed to enable these
projects to implement this decision.
The following case studies on water supply projects illustrate increasing water quality
and water quantity issues that affect sustainable water supplies.
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Case studies of water source degradation

Box 1: Kampala Water Supply at Gaba Water Works
Location Lake Victoria: Kampala/Inner Murchison Bay
Map
Lake Victoria Basin
Commission (2007)
Hotspot: Kampala
and Inner
Murchison Bay
Reported Water quality is one of the main problems being experienced by the lake and the figure below
Problems shows that Kampala is the biggest urban contributors of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD),
which is often caused by untreated, or partially treated, sewage. The figure also shows that
Entebbe, Jinja and Masaka also make a significant contribution to the problem relative to urban
areas to other countries, where the only comparable ones are Mwanza in Tanzania and Kisumu
in Kenya.
Lake Victoria Basin Commission (2007)

The high nutrient loads from urban and rural runoff have been blamed for algal blooms that have
increased treatment costs, clogged intakes and caused fish kills.
Other pollutants are also a problem: organic/petrochemicals, heavy metals and others which are
potentially harmful to health.
Water hyacinth (an invasive non-native species) has spread prolifically around the lake shore.
Soil erosion is also leading to siltation in some parts of the lake, for example the mouth of the
Kagera River.
Reported There are numerous sources of pollution all around the lake, but the inner Murchison Bay area
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Location Lake Victoria: Kampala/Inner Murchison Bay

Causes of around Kampala is particularly vulnerable because of the enclosed nature of the lake at that
1
the point, which has limited water circulation, and the proximity of many sources of pollution .
Problems Notable sources of pollution are:
 untreated, or inadequately treated, sewage and wastewater discharges;
 untreated industrial and commercial discharges;
 contaminated storm runoff from the urban area due to inadequate solid waste collection and
management;
The quality in Lake Victoria is declining due to numerous point source and diffuse discharges.
One that is commonly identified is the leaching of chemicals and nutrients from flower farms on,
or near, the lake shore. There are also discharges from factories, abattoirs and tanneries. The
problems have been amplified because of wetland loss and encroachment: the natural wetlands
on the lake edge that would act as a natural filter that helps to remove nutrients, and other
2
contaminants, from the water have been degraded .
Water Many water users are affected by these problems. The most well defined impact is on the Gaba
Sources NWSC Water Works, which supplies the Kampala piped water system. Treatment costs have
Affected reportedly tripled between 2007 and 2010 from an estimate of US$0.3 per cubic meter of water in
2007 to about US$0.9 per cubic meter.
The poor water quality also leads, paradoxically, to water scarcity for lakeside communities who
are often very poor and cannot afford sufficient water treatment, or are forced to use large
quantities of fuel wood to boil water.
3
Cost estimates for the problems caused include :
 The cost of different macrophyte control measures are manual cutting (mean US$ 54
ha/year), mechanical removal (mean US$189 ha/year), herbicide application (mean US$ 110
ha/year) and combinations (US$ 45 ha/year)
 Maintaining a clear passage for ships to dock at Port Bell in Uganda: US$ 3-5 million p.a;
 Cleaning intake screens at the Owen Falls (Nulubaale) hydroelectric plant at Jinja in Uganda:
US$ 1 million p.a.;
 Losses in local fisheries from accumulation of water hyacinth at fishing beaches and landing
sites around the Lake making it difficult or impossible for fishing boats to be launched or
recovered: US$ 0.2 million p.a. but with a very serious local impact ;”
Water The NWSC Gaba Water Works is the highest priority water source because it supplies drinking
Source water to Kampala. Improving the water quality arriving at the intake will require action at a
Protection Catchment Plan level and through Transboundary partnerships. A Water Source Protection Plan
for Gaba should focus on working with stakeholders in Inner Murchison Bay area, in particular
Kampala City Council Authority, industries discharging into the Nakivubo Channel, NWSC
wastewater treatment works, NEMA, DWRM, DWD, and stakeholders living and working by the
lake shore or encroaching on the wetlands around the Inner Murchison Bay.
1
C. Kanyesigye (NWSC), Pers. Comms. 02.05.2012
2
B. Nakangu (IUCN), Pers. Comms. 02.05.2012
3
p. 50 - LAKE VICTORIA BASIN COMMISSION (2007) Regional Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis Of The Lake Victoria
Basin, East African Community, March 2007
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Box 2: River Mpanga (Hydroelectric Power Plant, Fort Portal and Kamwenge Water
Supplies)
Location River Mpanga
Map/Photo
Marfanga, H. (2011)
Reported The River Mpanga, in South West Uganda, originates upstream from Mount Rwenzori and
Problems flows through a cleft over the 50m Mpanga falls. The river then flows gently along the
boundary of Queen Elizabeth National Park into Lake George Ramsar site. However it has
been reported that river flows have ‘reduced significantly in the last ten years’.
Reported Declining water quantities is attributed to number of factors including: deforestation of the
Causes of the mountain slopes, replacement of indigenous tree species with non-native species like
Problems Eucalyptus (which has a very high water uptake), wetlands degradation, soil erosion and
mining of sand and stones from the river banks. There are also reported problems with
pollution from riparian settlements.
Water Sources Water supply for Fort Portal and Kamwenge Towns.
Affected Mpanga min-hydropower plant of 18MW capacity. The hydroelectric power plant was
4
commissioned , but it is not able to generate power to its full capacity throughout the year
due to erratic river flows.
Water Source A water source protection plan should focus on the land management activities that cause
Protection soil erosion and loss of water storage in the catchment. Soil water retention is vital to ensure
steady river flows throughout the year for the piped water supplies and the hydroelectric
power generation.
4 Daily Monitor (2011) Mpanga hydro power plant commissioned (http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Technology/-

/688612/1106832/-/9huacbz/-/index.html accessed 01.03.2012)
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What are the guidelines for?
Box 3: Mbarara Water Supply (River Rwizi)

Location River Ruizi/Rwizi
Reported In the catchment of the River Rwizi/Ruizi the agricultural practices are unsustainable and there
Problems are siltation problems, wetland encroachment and wetland reclamation. One result is low flows in
the river, which affects downstream town abstractions.
Reported Falling water levels in the River Rwizi/Ruizi have been attributed to:
Causes of  Wetland drainage/conversion due to agricultural encroachment (crop and livestock
the farming)
5
Problems  Possible decline in rainfall in the catchment over the last 10 years ;
6
 Settlement and commercial/industrial structures in the water courses .
 River-bed sand extraction and poor farming practices leading to soil erosion, siltation
7,8,9
and water quality problems.
10
 Impact of the pilot irrigation for banana plantations .
 Increasing use of herbicides, pesticides and fertilisers.
Water Mbarara Municipal water supply is experiencing water availability throughout the year, leading to
Sources water shortages in the dry season. Likewise, water quality has declined due to pollution from
Affected Solid waste, surface run off from motor garages and car washing bays, poor quality discharge
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from hotels, hospitals, schools and industrial establishments .
Water A water source protection plan should focus on the land management activities that causing soil
Source erosion and loss of water storage in the catchment. Soil water retention is vital to ensure steady
Protection river flows throughout the year for the piped water supplies. A Catchment management plan that
addresses drivers of water quantity/availability and water quality as well as addressing upstream
and downstream relationships is required.
What are the guidelines for?

These Water Source Protection Guidelines should help the user identify the risk to a
water source and to engage the people and organisations responsible for the problem
in a positive way that lead to a mutually beneficial outcome.
Quite often, the activity or practice that is causing pollution (or is disrupting natural
water flows) is harmful to a wide range of stakeholders. These guidelines help the
user bring those stakeholders together to identify feasible solutions and agree on a
Water Source Protection Plan to achieve them.
While each plan will set its own specific aims, they should work towards the general
aims and objectives set out in Table 1 below.
5
Section 3.1, MWE-DWRM (2011) “The Declining Trends Of Water Resources In Uganda; A Case study of River Rwizi, Lake
Wamala, Lake Victoria Catchments”, Water Resources Monitoring & Assessment Division, Department of Monitoring and
Assessment, DWRM, March 2011.
6
NEMA spokesman reported in http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/18/728615
7
SSENGENDO, A. (2010) River Rwizi drying up, New Vision Daily, Aug 12, 2010 (http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/18/728615
accessed 01.03.2012)
8
MUKOMBOZI R (2011) Uganda: Thousands At Risk As River Rwizi Shrinks, The Monitor, Aug 8, 2011
(http://allafrica.com/stories/201108082101.html accessed 01.03.2012)
9
NTV (2011) Eco Talk – River Rwizi (http://youtu.be/uWsBmhY2qac accessed 01.03.2012)
10
MWE-DWRM/COWI (2010)
11
Kaburuku, (undated) Characterisation Of Water Quality Of River Rwizi (Mbarara Municipality) Using Biological Indicators,
Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Makerere University
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Who are the guidelines for?
Table 1: Over-arching objectives for Water Source Protection

Aim Objectives
1. Improved Water 1.1. Health: Minimise the risk to human and livestock health
Quality
1.2 Equipment: Minimise risk of damage to pumps and water services
equipment (e.g. through corrosion)
2. Reliable Water 2.1 Yield: Ensure adequate yield to meet water supply demand
Quantity
2.2. Reliability: Minimise seasonal disruption or halt long term
declines in water flows/levels
3. Better 3.1 Sustainable Land Management: Increase level and reliability of
Livelihood household income from better farming and forestry practices.
Opportunities
3.2 Poverty Reduction: Develop new sources of income and socio-
economic security through better catchment management.

These guidelines have been made for different stakeholders ranging from regulators,
water users, to project managers. The roles they play include the following:
Implementer
There are the two main categories of implementers:
 Water Infrastructure Developer (Government/Public sector bodies, Private
sector, NGO)
 Water Infrastructure Owner (Water Authority, Water User Committee,
Electricity Generation Company)
The main user of this guidance will be the owner (in some cases the operator) of the
Water Source. It is in their direct interest to lead the process because it is primarily for
their benefit. They will need to understand and go through each step of the process to
achieve the outcome they are after for their water supply, reservoir or hydroelectric
power plant.
Before the use of Water Source Protection Guidelines, the developer or owner would
make use of the quantity and quality of water available at their site and do their best
to provide an engineering solution that would provide a good service. For example,
NWSC installs water treatment systems to ensure that the quality of the water they
provide to customers meet the necessary legal standards and guidelines. However,
the quality and quantity of water in the environment from which the water is taken is
declining so rapidly in many areas that it is no longer possible or cost effective to act
alone. These guidelines are intended to help the Implementer reach out to other
stakeholders and build working partnerships.
Protecting the water sources from threats, such as pollution, siltation and low water
flows is likely to require interventions that will need technical and financial planning.
These guidelines should help those responsible for designing and costing Water
Source Protection Plans. Engineers using these guidelines should be able to put
forward viable Control Measures options that stakeholders can understand, discuss
and make decisions on.
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Contributor
There are several types of Contributor:
 National Government Ministries and Agencies
 Local Governments
 Water Users
 Landowners
 Non-Governmental Organisation (NGOs), Community-Based Organisations
(CBOs), Faith-Based Organisation (FBOs)
A Contributor is an individual or organisation that provides input or assistance to the
Implementer in preparing and implementing a Water Source Protection Plan.
The heart of the Water Source Protection process is the resolution of conflict or
balancing of interests between different groups, organisations and individuals whose
activities depend on and affect the quantity and quality of water in a river catchment
or aquifer. It gives a mechanism for responsibilities to be taken on so that positive
action happens.
The Implementer will need to build trust and work in partnership with a range of
individuals, groups and organisations in their catchment. In part, this will come about
through them understanding the Water Source Protection process and understanding
how to engage with it. The aim is for these groups to work together to overcome
conflicts and help the Implementer produce a plan that is to everyone’s mutual
benefit.
Delivering effective Source Protection will be a complex process that in many cases
will require a mix of engineering solutions, training and behaviour change. To do this
successfully, the stakeholders in the catchment are likely to need external support in
terms of access to funding, training and technical advice on issues like sanitation
improvement, improved agricultural skills and practices. This support may come from
mandated government institutions, international development partners and NGOs.
These guidelines will help those groups plan their support and capacity building with
local stakeholders to get the best results.
Monitoring & Regulation

 MWE regulators (DWRM, Regulation Unit)
 National Environment Management Agency (NEMA)
 Local District Government (District Water Officers, District
Environment/Natural Resource Officers)
 Water Sector Working Group
 Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development regulators (Hydroelectric only)
Water Source Protection works within the Ugandan national policy and legislative
framework. It will also need to work within the framework of broader Catchment
Planning that is being implemented by MWE. In some cases, permits or other legal
instruments need to be applied to establish legally recognised ‘Protection Areas’ for
the water source catchment. To do this successfully will require the input and
oversight from various departments, in particular NEMA and the directorates of the
Ministry of Water and Environment, however, it is anticipated that it should be the
District Water and Environment Officers that take the lead and have primary authority.
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Conceptual Model: Threat – Pathway – Water Source
Where a catchment extends across more than one district, the district teams should
co-ordinate and work together, either through the inter-district Water Source
Protection Committee, or another suitable forum within the framework of catchment
management.

Water Sources, such as pumping stations, reservoirs and hydroelectric power plants
use natural resources and are therefore vulnerable to changes in the environment,
and in particular the Water Cycle (Figure 1) which deposits fresh water on the land, in
the form of rain, which then flows over the surface of the land or through soil and rock
in the ground.
Figure 1: Water Cycle
A catchment is an area of land that drains to a specific point (Figure 2). For these
Guidelines, a catchment is the area of land that drains water to a pumping station, a
spring, a well, a borehole, a reservoir or a hydroelectric power plant.
Figure 2: A catchment area (river example)
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The quantity and quality of water reaching the Water Source will vary over time
according to many natural and human factors. In trying to protect our Source, we
must use an analytical model to establish links between cause and effect. For
example, to show a Water Source can be affected by how farmers are managing the
land upstream.
To do this a ‘Threat-Pathway-Source’ model has been adapted from good practice
used in other countries. The parts of the model are summarised in the Figure 3
below.
Figure 3: Threat-Pathway-Water Source model elements
Figure 4 shows a diagram of a fictional example catchment area. The catchment area
is defined by the broken red line; this is our area of interest when looking for activities
that could be harming our Water Source, in this case a pumping station supplying a
small town piped water system.
In this example, four threats have been identified: an industrial pollution source; soil
erosion all around the catchment; the urban runoff from the town itself; and a major
pumping station for another town, which is taking water out of the catchment.
These Threats affect the Water Source through one or more Pathways. For example,
the Industrial Pollution Point Source discharges toxic chemicals into a stream, the
stream flows into the lake and our Pumping Station takes water from the Lake to treat
and sell to customers in the Town.
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In this way, because the industry is not paying for the machinery to treat its own
discharges, that treatment cost is being passed to the residents of the downstream
Town, plus all the environmental and human health damage that the industrial
discharge will be doing to other water users in the catchment.
Figure 4: Example of the Threat – Pathway – Water Source Map
Commonly, it is a more cost effective solution for society as a whole to neutralise a

problem as close to the source as possible. This may involve banning the use of
particular chemicals (such as DDT) which are a known pollution hazard. However,
some common liquid wastes, such as sewage, cannot be prevented and in these
cases, treating them before they enter the environment is generally more economic
and sustainable than trying to protect every potential water source (i.e. pumping
station and handpump) individually.
The tables below show examples of using the Threat-Pathway-Water Source model
from our fictional case study. The Control Measures are ideas of what to do to reduce
the risk to the Water Source and the End Water User. However, not all these ideas
will be effective, affordable or be compatible with the needs of other stakeholders in
the catchment. That is why stakeholder engagement is central to the Water Source
Protection process.
Table 2: T/P/WS – Protecting the Water Supply for Town ‘A’ from Over-Abstraction by
Pumping Station Town ‘B’
Stage Hazard/Risk Control Measure (options)
1. Threat (Hazardous Activity) High rates of pumping from a riverside  Reduce pumping rates, particularly at
and release pumping station to supply Town ‘B’ and vulnerable times of year or during drought.
other water users, not much of the water  Provide Town ‘B’ with an alternative water
is returning to the nearby river or Lake source.
‘C’.
2. Pathway (Water flowing in the The Town ‘B’ abstraction is reducing the  Measure river flows and lake levels. If they
environment – rivers, lakes, flow of water from a nearby river fall below an agreed threshold, then
reservoirs, groundwater, soil, entering Lake ‘C’. Lake levels are pumping should reduce or stop until the
surface runoff) dropping, particular in dry years. water flows recover.
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Guidelines Process and Outputs

3a. Water Source: Water The lake levels drop below the pumping  Rebuild pumping station so that it can take
Infrastructure station intake level. water from Lake ‘C’ when levels are lower.
 Relocate, or build a new pumping station at
another location that is less vulnerable.
3b. Water Source: Impact on Water rationing is imposed  Implement water rationing to ensure fair
End Water User distribution of limited water supplies.
 Find alternative water sources for water
users.
 Reduce water demand by increasing water
efficiency.
Table 3: T/P/WS – Protecting the Water Supply for Town ‘A’ from Industrial Discharge
1. Threat (Hazardous Activity) An industrial plant is discharging  Factory finds an alternative industrial
and release untreated liquid waste into a river process that doesn’t produce the harmful
upstream from the Water Source. waste.
 Factory treats waste before discharging into
the environment;
 Factory finds a less sensitive discharge
point.
2. Pathway (Water flowing in Pollutants from the factory travel in the  Measure river and lake water quality. If they
the environment – rivers, lakes, river water and into Lake ‘C’. There is a fall below an agreed threshold, then
reservoirs, groundwater, soil, chance that they can be abstracted by pumping should reduce or stop until the
surface runoff) our Water Source. water flows recover.
3a. Water Source: Water Declining water quality in the lake  Pollution alarm system: if the factory
Infrastructure increases the amount of treatment accidently spills chemicals into the river,
needed to provide good quality water. then they call the downstream abstractors to
Hard-to-treat pollutants will increase warn them. The Water Source can then
water treatment costs. increase water quality monitoring to take
action if the pollution plume reaches them.
 Relocate, or build a new pumping station at
3b. Water Source: Impact on Some pollutants may still get through  Inform local doctors/health professionals to
End Water User and even in low concentrations may look out for symptoms that may be related to
cause health problems after a long particular pollutants (e.g. those that cause
period. cancer or birth defects) and insist they keep
good records that could be used as evidence
later.
Guidelines Process and Outputs

These guidelines are intended to be used to create a ‘Water Source Protection
Plan’ (WSPP). This plan will be an agreed statement of objectives, actions, funding
and other commitments between all the relevant stakeholders. Figure 5 shows the
steps of the process that will produce a WSPP. Each step is described in the next
section. Steps 2. 3 and 4 are three activity threads that are likely to progress at
different speeds but should arrive at a point of agreement so that a Water Source
Protection Plan can be signed off by all active parties.
Emphasis throughout is not just on finding technical solutions but also bringing
stakeholders together to agree a common plan of action. Wherever possible the
emphasis is on finding ‘win-win’ situations that improve the livelihoods of everyone in
the catchment. For example, many of the problems reported have been caused by
poor farming practices and deforestation that in turn cause soil erosion and siltation
problems. Not only are such practices damaging to the water environment (and water
services) but also to the livelihoods of dependent communities – loss of soil means
loss of fertility which leads to declining yields. Better land management can boost
productivity and rural incomes, while reducing the impact on the aquatic environment.
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management frameworks and processes
Figure 5: Water Source Protection Guideline Structure
Relationship between Water Source Protection Guidelines and

other water resources management frameworks and processes
The District Implementation Manual (DIM)
This District Implementation Manual (DIM) provides a comprehensive overview of the
workings of the sector for stakeholders operating at various Local Government levels.
The manual sets out the sector policy and institutional environment, stakeholder roles
and responsibilities and outlines the procedures to be followed. The manual provides
technical knowledge and information concerning the implementation of the water and
sanitation activities in the sector.
The manual is intended as a reference document for practicing water and sanitation
professionals as well as to provide orientation to new players in the sector. The
emphasis of the document is on rural water supply and sanitation service delivery
through District local Governments.
Protection of small, point sources (such as handpump boreholes and spring
catchment) is also important for protecting the health and livelihoods of a large
proportion of the population in Uganda, particularly in rural areas.
The revised DIM (2013) makes explicit reference to Water Source Protection
Planning in Section 10.3.2, however the principles of protecting water sources are
found throughout the manual. Implementers using Volumes 2, 3 and 4 should also
refer to the DIM on guidance on technology choice, stakeholder engagement,
procurement processes and institutional arrangements.
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Guidelines for Catchment Based Water Resources Planning (CBWRP) in

Uganda12
Catchment based water resources planning guidelines provide a framework for
implementing and operationalizing Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM)
to enable participatory water resource planning that will relieve emerging conflicts and
water scarcities and accelerate the development of sustainable and productive water
infrastructure.
Draft Guidelines for Catchment Based Water Resources Planning (v7 July 2012) aim
to:
 Provide a common water catchment planning framework for the WMZ
planning teams;
 Provide the WMZ planning teams with an overview of the catchment planning
process and the outcomes they are seeking;
 Help to create awareness and understanding of the catchment planning
process and its value in supporting sustainable, equitable and more rapid
economic growth and livelihoods.
The Guidelines for CBWRP emphasise the role of a Catchment Management
Organisation (CMO) in planning for the catchment. The CMO has three main
structures a Stakeholders Forum (SF), a Catchment Management Committee (CMC)
and a Catchment Technical Committee (CTC). They should be kept informed of any
Water Source Protection planning activity and are likely to be a good source of
information and advice.
Catchment Based Water Resources Planning has a wider geographic scale and more
comprehensive remit than Water Source Protection. One of the judgements to be
made when using the Water Source Protection Guidelines is whether an identified
Threat can be tackled through a Water Source Protection Plan or if it is beyond the
ability of a single Implementer and requires a broader catchment-based approach. An
example of this could be widespread soil erosion or poor sanitation.
A Water Source Protection Plan (WSPP) is an agreed plan between the Implementer
and stakeholders on what actions need to be taken and who has responsibility for
funding, implementation, monitoring and regulations. In most cases, these will sit
underneath, and contribute to higher level catchment plans (see Figure 6). It is also
likely that some WSPPs will become nested within other similar plans, for example,
where one town abstraction point is downstream of another town’s abstraction.
An important role of the catchment management plans, which will not be covered in
the WSPPs, is control of new activities or structures that could affect the water quality
or water resources of a catchment. For example, if a major new factory is proposed
upstream of a water supply point, it will be for Catchment Management Organisation
(CMO) to examine such a proposal. However, it is likely that the body responsible for
that water supply point would want to be part of the dialogue on whether they would
be impacted by this new activity. If the new activity is given the go-ahead, it may be
necessary to update the WSPPs that are impacted and set up new agreements
between stakeholders.
12
Guidelines for Catchment Based Water Resources Planning in Uganda – Working Draft v.7, MWE, July 2012
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Figure 6: Hierarchy of Water Management and Protection Plans
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

For new schemes, Water Source Protection planning should be considered during the
Environmental Impact Assessment process, for eligible water supply works, in
accordance with the National EIA Guidelines. This would require development of
WSPP as a component of the mitigation (environmental management plan) to be
approved alongside the EIA.
It is anticipated that future revisions of EIA regulations will incorporate
requirement for Water Source Protection Planning as part of EIA process.
However, in the meantime, developers should be informed by NEMA and DWRM that
they will be required to develop a Water Source Protection Plan.
Water Permits and Unregulated Activities

Prospective applicants for ‘Water Use Permit’ would be required to submit alongside
the permit application forms, a Water Source Protection Plan, among other
requirements. Where a water supply scheme is preparing an EIA (see above) it is
only necessary to complete the Water Source Protection process once.
If the Implementer is in the public sector (e.g. the Directorate of Water Development,
DWD) then Water Source Protection will be incorporated into operational practice
(see below). NGO and private Implementers need to be sensitised and educated on
water source protection and actively encouraged to use the Guidelines for their
projects (even if unregulated) because it is in their direct interests to ensure the
sustainability of their schemes.
DWD Design Manual

Water Source Protection will be incorporated into future revisions of the Directorate of
Water Development’s design manual for water schemes so that it is considered fully
during water project development and implementation.
WSDF Operations Manual

The operating procedures of Water and Sanitation Development Facilities include the
obligation and the budget to implement water source protection. These guidelines are
intended to help WSDF teams and their partners implement that obligation. Future
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revisions of the WSDF manual will incorporate provisions for compliance with these
Guidelines.
Water Safety Planning

Drinking Water Safety Planning is an internationally recognised process that has the
aim: To consistently ensure the safety and acceptability of a drinking water supply13.
Water Source Protection forms part of a wider approach of Water Safety Planning.
Figure 7 shows the various stages commonly involved in water safety planning which
focuses on ensuring that the quality of the water that reaches the end water user is of
drinking water quality. It looks at each stage of the process from the environment from
which the water is taken, through the water supply infrastructure to the tap where the
end user takes the water.
These guidelines will help water managers to protect and improve water quality in the
first two stages so that there is an adequate quality and quantity of water reaching the
water abstraction and treatment point.
NWSC already undertakes Water Safety Planning and therefore these guidelines are
also intended to help them extend those further to address catchment problems that
affect their sources.
14
Figure 7: Steps in Water Safety Planning to protect water quality
The guidelines also cover other activities, principally protecting reservoirs and dams
from siltation and low flows so that they can perform their functions in providing a
steady flow of water for hydroelectric-power or a reliable water quality and yield for
agricultural and fisheries use.
Climate Change
Uganda has developed a Climate Change Policy (v. December 2012) which provides
for mitigation and adapting approaches to climate change effects. With regards to
water resources management, adaptation to more unstable climate is critical to the
long term sustainability of Uganda’s water systems. Water source protection is
therefore, a complimentary process because both have the aim of co-ordinating land
and water users to improve the reliability, performance and sustainability of the water
resources. There are number of activities where water source protection and climate
change adaptation (and mitigation) would work together: Reduced deforestation and
13
Bartram J. Corrales L, Davison A. Deere D, Drury D, Gordon B, Howard G, Rinehold A, Stevens M. (2009) Water Safety Plan Manual:
Step-by-step risk management for drinking water supplies. WHO, Geneva
14
taken from “Methods for risk analysis of drinking water systems from source to tap” Techneau (2010)
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Budgeting for Water Source Protection
soil erosion/increased forest/vegetation cover and better soil conservation: protects

water sources, reduces risk of landslides and flooding; water and carbon storage and
buffering improved.
 Improved/protected performance of hydroelectric power plants: improves
renewable energy production and reduces demand for fossil fuel energy.
 Wetlands protection and enhancement: Provides water resource benefits,

provides buffering against extreme weather events and provides an important
carbon store.
This link to climate change adaptation means that these guidelines will be of interest
to organisations working outside water sector (for example nature conservation and
forestry) but whose activities in improving land management can also improve water
resources management. Making these links with such organisations is highlighted in
these Guidelines and climate change adaptation can be a driver that encourages their
participation.
Water Sector Working Group and project budgeting

The Sector Working Group (WESWEG) brings together government and development
partners to coordinate activities and investments in the investments in the Water and
Environment Sector. The WESWG has an obligation for integrating application of
WSPG in future investments in the sector. Specifically, the WESWG would ensure
that Water Source Protection Planning is prioritised in the activities and budget (see
section below on budget components).
 When WSPPs have been prepared scrutinise them to see what third-party
contributions have been made, particularly from large stakeholders, such as
industry or horticulture, that have been identified as major threat to the
sustainability of the scheme, or where they stand to benefit financially from
improved water resource quality and protection.
 Check to ensure that source protection costs and benefits have been factored
into the overall life-cycle cost analysis for the scheme.

The cost of using Water Source Guidelines will be very context specific, however
increasingly accurate data will be generated as more Water Source Protection Plans
are created and implemented across Uganda. The interim MWE policy is that 3% of
budgets for new water schemes should be allocated to water source protection. For
Hydro-electric schemes, this proportion may be lowered because they are generally
more capital-intensive. These provisions need to be enforced and reviewed regularly
for possible update.
For existing water infrastructure where there are chronic water problems then water
source protection planning will need budget and staff time allocated in the annual
work plans and budgets of that organisation.
MWE should therefore make all efforts to institutionalise budgeting for water source
protection as part of rolling out implementation of the guidelines.
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1. Plan Production Costs

The process should take no longer than 12 months, unless the catchment around the
source is particularly complex or controversial. The main costs are:
 Staff time and overheads;
 Transport and communication costs for meetings, site visits and data
collection;
 Stakeholder meetings and site visits.
2. Plan Implementation Costs

This will constitute the biggest component of the WSPP budget. However, an
accurate estimate of the costs can be developed only after the Water Source
Protection Plan is produced. The budget should be based on the scope of the
protection activities because of the uncertainty over what Control Measures will need
to be implemented, how much they would cost to implement and what third-party
contributions can offset the cost to the Implementer.
3. Monitoring and Regulation Costs

The Implementer should have a budget for monitoring and evaluating the
implementation progress of the Water Source Protection Plan. The cost will depend
on the indicators chosen and the targets set. The plan should be reviewed
periodically, (e.g., annually) with the stakeholders who signed up to the Plan so that
progress can be reported and assessed in a participatory manner and tasks (and
associated funding arrangements) for the forthcoming year allocated and agreed.
There are direct and indirect costs incurred by District Local Governments, the WMZ
teams, and the national regulatory bodies in overseeing and regulating the
implementation of each Water Source Protection Plan. These costs could be covered
as part of the Water Source Protection Plan if there are no specific budgets
separately allocated to the regulators for this purpose. The WMZ team should keep a
register of plans being prepared and implemented in each zone and keep other
regulators informed on an annual basis so that work plans and budgets can be
adjusted to accommodate these duties.
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Step 1: Initiation and Preparation
2 A Framework for Water Source Protection

Planning
This section describes the process of producing a Water Source Protection Plan
(WSPP). This process is a mix of technical analysis and stakeholder engagement
and the timescales involved in implementing this guidance will largely depend on the
size and complexity of the catchment and the number of stakeholders involved.
The guidelines presented in this volume are generic, however, volumes 2-5 are
specific to different water source types because they have different technical, legal
and institution details.
If these guidelines are being used for a new Water Source, rather than an existing
one, then the time and cost involved in preparing a WSPP should be considered
when choosing a location for a dam, reservoir or abstraction point. Smaller
catchments will generally have fewer risks to assess and manage.
The Guidelines make a distinction between new and existing schemes because it
often involves a different set of actors, different funding mechanisms and mandates.
In addition, for new schemes, a Water Source Protection Plan is intended to be an
integral part of the overall project planning scheme, whereas for existing schemes the
process is more standalone.
Step 1: Initiation and Preparation

Objective: To identify the like water source protection problems to be addressed, to set
the objectives for the water source protection and to identify the conditions needed to
make water source protection successful.
Step 1.1 NEW Schemes – Agree the approval process for the Water Source
Protection Plan with the local Water Management Zone (WMZ) team
For new schemes, Water Source Protection Planning is just one of many aspects that
will need to be developed. Each type of water infrastructure (water supply, reservoir,
hydroelectricity) and organisation will have its own manuals, regulations and
guidelines. It is important that WSPP integrates with those processes and that
implementers and regulators are aware of their roles and responsibilities.
In all situations, a WSPP will be required as part of approving an Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) or a Water Use Permit application by respective authorities.
If the Water Source, or its catchment area, includes a Protected area (Forest,
National park, gazetted wetlands) then the lead agency responsible for the protected
area (NFA or UWA or NEMA/DEO) will regulate aspects of projected area in
accordance its mandate.
For existing schemes, the process is more standalone (i.e. not done as part of
another planning activity) and is likely to be triggered by an identified need to tackle
catchment problems that are threatening the performance and lifespan of a Water
Source.
Step 1.2 NEW / Step 1.1 EXISTING – Define the problem and Objectives
 What type of Water Source is it?
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Step 2: Technical Analysis
 Water Supply – River Abstraction

 Water Supply – Lake/Reservoir Abstraction
 Water Supply – Groundwater Abstraction
 Water Supply – Spring Abstraction
 Multipurpose Reservoir – Online Reservoir
 Multipurpose Reservoir – Offline Valley Tank
 Hydroelectric – Dam
 Hydroelectric – Run-of-River
 What is likely to happen in the future that may threaten the functionality of the
water source?
Step 1.3 NEW / Step 1.2 EXISTING - Check the water resources policies and
other natural resources strategies for the area
 Is a catchment plan in place? If so, what does it say in relation to this Water
Source or its surrounding area?
 In which Water Management Zone (WMZ) is the Water Source, and what are the
plans and priorities in this area?
See ANNEX A: Relevant Ugandan Policy, Legislation and Regulations for further
detail.
Step 1.4 NEW / Step 1.3 EXISTING – Contact your local WMZ office
Water Supply Implementer is required notify Contact Water Management Zone
(WMZ) office and formally notify the office of the plan to undertake a Water Source
Protection Plan and request for technical support or guidance as appropriate. Each
WMZ Team has the obligation to provide information about water resources and to
assist those using the Water Source Protection Guidelines, to compile the outputs
from Water Source Protection and to provide a link to wider Catchment Management
Plans. Note that the mandates of the WMZ offices (with respect to the application of
these Guidelines) are enforcement and compliance assistance and monitoring.
Step 1.4 EXISTING - Check activities and composition of Water Management

Committees
In many areas, some form of catchment or water user committee may exist that
brings local stakeholders together. These forums are essential in planning for water
source protection. Therefore, you are advised to use such existing structures where
possible rather than establish new ones. However, if working through an existing
structure, be aware that their priorities and geographic coverage may not align with
that of the Water Source, and its owners and users. In most cases it will be necessary
to set up a specific Water Source Protection Committee (WSPC) but there should be
good links with any overlapping water committees so that tension is avoided and co-
operation is forthcoming.

Objective: To fully understand the water and land use challenges and how they relate to
the functionality of the water source in order to create a short-list of physical, legal,
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educational or social actions that can be undertaken to improve the protection and
performance of the Water Source.
Step 2.1 - Define the catchment for the Water Source

In most cases the catchment area for the Water Source will be known, but for new
schemes there may be a need to map the catchment area so that the appropriate
activities and stakeholders can be included in the water source protection plan.
 Surface water catchments: the topographic land area from which water drains
to reach the abstraction point or dam. This can be done using a topographic map
of the area.
 Groundwater catchments: the aquifer from where the water is taken and the
area of land where rainfall or surface water recharges the aquifer. For confined
aquifers, the recharge area may be some distance away from the Water Source.
This can be done by looking at geological and DWRM water resource maps, but
getting specialist geological advice is strongly recommended.
In some cases, the catchments may be very large (for example the Lake Victoria/Nile
Basin) Then the decision will need to be made whether to:
 Work within the Catchment Management Plan process for that area and not
create a separate Water Source Protection Plan; or
 To define a smaller sub-catchment (for example Inner Murchison Bay of Lake
Victoria). The area covered by such a sub-catchment will depend on the water
flow (the Pathways) and nature of the Threats facing the Water Source: a
discharge of toxic chemical waste 20 km upstream could have a greater
impact on a water supply, than riverbank encroachment 50 metres away. The
decision on size of protection area to be planned for will require technical
assessment of such issues and consideration by the Water source protection
Committee, where appropriate. (Steps 3 and 4).
As a starting point the following could be followed:
 For surface water Sources from a river: take into account the land and
tributaries that feed into the river upstream of the abstraction point. A distance
not less than 10km upstream is recommended.
 For surface water Sources from a lake or reservoir: take into account the land
area sufficient to address the identified problems. A radius of not less than
10km from of the Source is recommended.
 For boreholes, well and springs, the catchment area will depend on the
underlying soils and geology. Consult geological maps and drilling logs from
the area, but be aware that some aquifer units can be very variable over a
short distance.
This can – and should – be adjusted as more information becomes available it

become clearer whether the main Threats are close to the Source or a substantial
distance.
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Step 2.2 - Collate information about the Water Source

It is important to understand and describe the relevant features and characteristics of
the Water Source that you are trying to protect. This will include details like how much
water is taken from the environment, how is it returned and who uses the water in-
between. Specific information requirements are presented in the separate
Guidelines.
Step 2.3 - Collate known information about the catchment

As well as collecting information and data about the area immediately around the
Water Source, it is vital to understand the characteristics of the catchment from which
the water is coming to supply it. For all Water Source types this includes:
 Land Area;
 Land Use and Habitats Types and areas;
 Water features: streams, rivers, lakes, artificial canals/drainage channels,
reservoirs, major sewers or pipelines;
 Soils, Geology and Aquifers;
 Climatological, Hydrological and Environmental Monitoring Stations, and data;
 Sanitation coverage data (to get an idea of likely impact from untreated sewage);
 Planned future activities;
 Registered Water Permits and Waste Discharge Permits (to identity potentially
competing water abstractions and potential point source pollution sources).
15
Table 4: Sources of Ugandan Environment Data
Institution Data Produced
Lands and Surveys Department Topographic Maps
National Forestry Authority Landcover Data, Vegetation Data
Uganda Bureau of Statistics Socio-Economic
Agriculture Planning Department Crop Data
Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute Soils Data
Meteorology Department Climate Data
Department of Physical Planning Landuse Data
Makerere University, Department of Biodiversity Data
Environment and Natural Resources
Ministry of Health Environmental Health
Directorate of Water Development Water Quality, Quantity
Ministry of Energy and Minerals Energy
Development
Wetland Management Department Wetlands
NEMA National State of Environment Reports,
District State of Environment Reports
Uganda Wildlife Authority Protected Areas
See Annex B2: Sources of Information for Uganda for further detail on where to find
data and information.
15
Environmental data and statistics in Uganda, NEMA/UBOS (undated).
(http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/envpdf/UNSD_UNEP_ECA%20Workshop/Uganda.pdf, accessed 07/06/12)
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Step 2.4 - Are there any other Water Sources/Water Source Protection Plan
areas within the catchment?
The Implementer should talk to the local Water Management Zone (WMZ) office
about which problems and issues should be included within their WSPP, and which
should be left alone to be dealt with by Catchment Management Plans.
If a Catchment Management Plan is already in place, or is in the process of being
prepared or revised, then it should be used as a starting point for analysis and
stakeholder engagement. It could be that some of the problems experienced by the
Water Source have already been analysed and discussed in great depth.
Within the catchment of the Water Source may be another Water Source, such as a
dam or town abstraction, which already has its own Water Source Protection Plan. In
this instance, that plan and the stakeholders involved with it should be included in the
stakeholder engagement.
If the catchment area supplying water to the Water Source crosses an international
boundary then the local WMZ office or DWRM should be contacted. Such issues are
potentially sensitive. Equally, some issues may have already been discussed and
analysed through international mechanisms such as those under the Nile Basin
Initiative, EAC, among others.
Step 2.5 - Produce a water balance for the catchment

For new water schemes, it is important to determine whether there is enough water
available throughout the year for the Water Source, particularly in very small
catchments.
For existing infrastructure where water shortages are a problem, then a water balance
model can be used to see if the problem is related to changes in rainfall in the
catchment since the scheme was designed.
At its most basic, the following data are needed:
 Monthly rainfall figures (in millimetres, mm);
 Monthly potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimates (in millimetres, mm);
Rainfall (mm/month) – PET (mm/month) = Effective Rainfall (mm/month)
This can be refined further if data is available on existing abstractions and discharges
in the catchment (in cubic metres per month):
As this model ignores water storage in the catchment, its use in such circumstances
is limited. In circumstances involving a lake, wetland or highly permeable aquifers
modify the model with assistance of an experienced hydrologist or hydrogeologist.
However, the basic water balance should give an estimate of the months in which the
Water Source is likely to be vulnerable to water shortages.
If the time, resources and data are available then it can be helpful to develop a
computer software model of the catchment to model water balances, river flows,
sediment transport, or water quality. However, this is generally a highly skilled and
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expensive activity to be done by a qualified hydrologist. For Point Sources (Volume 3)

this will not be feasible and would be unlikely to give useful information because the
magnitude of the abstraction is so small compared to the levels of uncertainty in the
data and modelling. For larger schemes (for example, more than 1 Megawatt
hydroelectric generation, or 1 Mega-litre per day pumping capacity, an investment in
modelling may be justified but it will vary between contexts and depend heavily on the
quality of data available. If a Catchment Management Plan has been produced for the
area then data may have already been collated and analysed to produce some water
availability information.
Step 2.6 – Identify Threats

Using the list of generic threats, map the locations and details of Threats within the
catchment area of the Water Source. In deciding whether an activity is a Threat or not
consider whether the activity or site is likely to have one or more the hazards in Table
5
Table 5: Hazard Types
Hazard Type Example contaminants/problems
Quality - Biological  Bacteria.
 Viruses.
 Protozoa.
 Helminths.
Quality - Chemical  Nitrate.
 Arsenic.
 Fluoride.
 Pesticides.
 Other heavy metals.
 Organic toxicants.
 Herbicides.
 Rodenticides.
Quality - Physical  Rubbish and floating debris (plastic bottles, polythene bags.
 Algae and plant material able to cause a blockage.
 Sand, silt, mud and other sediment resulting from soil erosion.
Quality - Radiological  Radioactive wastes and by-products from hospitals, industrial, research or military facilities.
Quantity – Flow  Reduced river/stream flows.
 Reduced borehole yield.
 Changes to seasonal variability of flows.
Quantity - Level  Reduced lake/reservoir levels.
 Reduced groundwater levels.
 Changes to seasonal variability of lake/reservoir/groundwater levels
Livelihood  Loss of income and nutrition resulting from soil degradation.
 Loss of time, income and education resulting from deforestation and longer trips to collect
fuelwood.
 Loss of time, income and education resulting from water contamination or scarcity leading to
longer trips for domestic water.
Producing a visual representation on a map can help understanding and
communicating the relationships between the different activities and characteristics of
the catchment (Figure 8 shows a diagrammatic example of our hypothetical case
study).
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Figure 8: Example of a Water Source Catchment Map
Step 2.7 - Identify Pathways

For each Threat, identify one or more pathways through the environment of your
catchment by which the Threat could feasibly affect the Water Source.
If there is no feasible physical link between the Threat and the Water Source, then it
can be discounted from further analysis.
Step 2.8 – Identify Hotspots

For each hotspot:
 Split the catchment into sub-catchments and micro-catchments.
 Draw the Threats and Pathways on a map.
 Identify the micro-catchments where the biggest problems are happening
 Prioritise these ‘hotspots’ for follow-up stakeholder consultation and Control
Measures.
This process of identifying hotspots is particularly important for surface water
abstractions that are taken from a large river.
If there are too many Threats, or they are spread widely across the catchment then
Catchment Management Planning may be more effective than Water Source
Protection Planning.
Step 2.9 - Short-list catchment Control Measures

Use the generic Control Measures in the Annexes (see Volumes 2-5 for water use
specific options) as a starting point for discussions and analysis on how best to tackle
systematically the problems identified in the previous steps.
The Threat-Pathway-Water Source (T/P/WS) model can help identify Control
Measures, and where they should be used in the catchment. The suitable options
should be listed in the third column of the T/P/WS Table below.
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Table 6: T/P/WS Table – Example: Protecting the Water Supply for Town ‘A’ from Urban
Runoff
1. Threat (Hazardous Activity) General urban runoff from rainfall events  Improve solid waste collection and treatment
and release washes away a mix of pollutants, in Town ‘A’
including untreated sewage, soil, fuel  Educate and/or penalise residents and
oils, industrial process chemicals and businesses for dumping waste in ditches and
solid waste. rivers.
 Improve sanitation infrastructure and
education in Town ‘A’.
 Improve pollution prevention measures
installed by high risk businesses (industry,
petrol fuel filling stations).
2. Pathway (Water flowing in The waste material is washed from the  Install trash screens over culverts (and keep
the environment – rivers, lakes, urban area directly into the lake, or via them clear and maintained) to reduce large
reservoirs, groundwater, soil, drainage channels that flow into the lake. solid waste entering the lake.
surface runoff) The aquifer beneath the town is  Implement a Water Protection Zone around
contaminated, which affects nearby the pumping station to prevent or control
wells and boreholes and may seep out potentially harmful activities.
into surface water and affect the town  Gazette and protect any lakeshore wetlands
supply, that may be providing natural pollution
filtration.
3a. Water Source: Water The intake for the pumping station gets  Implement a Water Protection Zone around
Infrastructure blocked by solid waste, causing the pumping station to prevent or control
disruption to the operation. potentially harmful activities.
Declining water quality in the lake  Install trash screens and upgrade water
increases the amount of treatment treatment systems.
needed to provide good quality water.  Relocate, or build a new pumping station at
3b. Water Source: Impact on Water costs go up as water treatment is  Inform water users about why water costs
End Water User increased. If water treatment fails then are going up and link to their own polluting
there is an increased health risk. activities that are contributing to the problem.
Step 2.10 - Identify opportunities for improving livelihoods and reducing

poverty (Win-Win situations)
To build stakeholder confidence in the process it is a good idea to get some positive
results quickly. This is most likely to occur where there is least resistance among
stakeholders. For example, training farmers in soil conservation measures and better
cropping techniques can rapidly reduce soil erosion and improve farmer yield and
incomes and self-esteem.
Confidence builds confidence and should make it easier to negotiate harder
agreements where the direct benefits to the stakeholder responsible for the Threat
are less tangible or immediate.
Step 2.11 - Identify Options for Protection Zones

Current Ugandan legislation provides for a range of ‘Protection Zones’ which can
confer levels of regulator protection:
 Water Protection Zones (Water Act, Cap 152)
 Protected Forests (National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003)
 Protect Wetlands (National Environment Act 1995, National Environment

(Wetlands; River Banks and Lake Shores Management) Regulations, 2000)).
 Protection zones for river banks (National Environment (Wetlands; River

Banks and Lake Shores Management) Regulations, 2000)).
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 Protection zones for lake shores (National Environment (Wetlands; River

Banks and Lake Shores Management) Regulations, 2000).
 Hilly and Mountainous Areas (National Environment Act 1995)
Only Protected Forest Zones have had widespread application and many of these
areas suffer from encroachment and degradation. While these are useful legal tools,
they need legitimacy among the landowners and residents in the catchment and
surrounding area.
In looking at options for Protection Zones the key questions are how effective they
could be at protecting the Water Source (and wider public interests) and how they
would impact on the livelihoods of those within or near the potential zones.
Step 2.12 - Socio-Economic Impacts

What impact is catchment degradation having on the local people and the local
economy? Understanding this will help to get political and public support for the
process when it is understood that better environmental quality can lead to a healthy
population and stronger economy. It is vital to make the issue relevant to the day to
day lives of ordinary people.
Indicators to look at include:
 Impact on healthcare costs (to families and health services);
 Loss of productive time – due to disruption or poor quality water or electricity
supply;
 Loss of school days – due to illness among pupils or disruption to school
functioning from water or electricity supply disruption;
 Frequency and damage costs of landslides;
 Design life of water infrastructure – higher maintenance and replacement costs
due to problems with incoming water.
Compile and summarise the information into a table like the example below. The third
column for Control Measures is left blank for the moment as that comes under Step 6.
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Table 7: T/P/WS Table – Protecting the Water Supply for Town ‘A’ from Soil Erosion
1. Threat (Hazardous Activity) Deforestation and bad farming practices
and release are leading to widespread soil erosion
around the catchment.
2. Pathway (Water flowing in Soil, silt and sand is being washed from
the environment – rivers, lakes, the land into streams, rivers and Lake ‘C’
reservoirs, groundwater, soil,
surface runoff)
3a. Water Source: Water Water abstracted has increasingly
Infrastructure dissolved solids and suspended solids,
which is increasing treatment costs and
wear of the pumping machinery.
3b. Water Source: Impact on Increasing treatment and maintenance
End Water User cost lead to higher water prices.
Step 2.13 – Choose Targets, Monitoring and Indicators of Success

The planning process should choose parameters that should be routinely measured
as indicators of progress. They should be easy to measure and relate to the objective
of the Water Source.
Care should be taken to ensure that where there are indicators that are influenced by
multiple factors, those other factors are also measured. For example, the Tables 8
and 9 below show an example from Cameroon where catchment Control Measures
resulted in increased river flows feeding the Water Source, which in turn reduced the
occurrence of water rationing endured by the End Water Users. Rainfall is also
measured to show that the restored river flows are more likely to be due to the
improved catchment management than to changes in rainfall.
16
Table 8: Example of Target Monitoring: River Flows
Months 2008 2009 2010 2011
February 10 50 70 150
March 5 20 30 120
April 5 15 15 100
Rainfall (ml[sic]) 2,206 2,460 2,450 -
Units: litres in 20 seconds
17
Table 9: Example of Target Monitoring: Water Rationing in Kumbo
Months 2008 2009 2010 2011
February 20 days 20 days - -
March 30 days 30 days 20 days 15 days
April 30 days - 10 days 4 days
Tah, H. M. (2011) Improved Watershed Management – Kumbo Watershed: Experience & Lessons Learned, KivenK
16
development/Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, September 2011
Tah, H. M. (2011) Improved Watershed Management – Kumbo Watershed: Experience & Lessons Learned, KivenK
17
development/Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, September 2011
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Step 3: Stakeholder Engagement
Targets should relate to the aims and objectives so that there is clear logical path and
it also needs to be clear who will be doing the measurements. Indicators could
include water quality indicators, measured against national standards – such as the
Environmental Water Quality Objectives, being developed by DWRM; or soil erosion
rates, or land use changes, or electricity output. Using indicators that are already
routinely measured (such as those used by the annual Sector Performance Report,
SPR) is preferable because there is a greater chance of historical measurements to
form a basis for comparison.
Targets should always be SMART:
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Timely.

Be aware that collecting data has a cost therefore there needs to be clear funding
support or use of an existing monitoring system
Table 10: Example Targets for Town ‘A’ Water Source
Aim Objectives Targets/Indicators Monitoring responsibility
1. Improved 1.1. Health: Minimise the risk 1.1.1 - XX% of drinking 1.1.1. Implementer
Water Quality to human and livestock water samples meet national
health and WHO guideline 1.1.2 District Health Officers
standards
1.1.2 – XX deaths/1000
people from water-related
diseases
1.2 Equipment: Minimise risk 1.2.2 – Pumping station 1.2.1. Water Supply operator
of damage to pumps and maintenance costs in line (NWSC)
water services equipment with expected lifetime costs.
(e.g. through corrosion)
2. Reliable 2.1 Yield: Ensure adequate 2.1.1 – No. of days with no 2.1.1. Implementer
Water Quantity yield to meet water supply water rationing less <X/year
demand
2.2. Reliability: Minimise 2.2.1 – No. of days with 2.2.1. Implementer
seasonal disruption or halt disrupted/no water supply
long term declines in water <X/year
flows/levels
3. Better 3.1 Sustainable Land 3.1.1 – Increased crop yields 3.1.1 District/Sub-county
Livelihood Management: Increase level due to improved soil Agriculture Office
Opportunities and reliability of household management and fertility
income from better farming
and forestry practices.
3.2 Poverty Reduction: 3.2.1 – Poverty indices 3.2.1 District/Sub-county
Develop new sources of improve Agriculture Office
income and socio-economic
security through better
catchment management.

Objectives: To sensitise, inform and build trust with all stakeholders about the water
source protection and what their obligations and opportunities are. To fully understand
the people and organisations that influence or are influenced by the proposed Water
Source Protection Plan. To work out the most likely ways of aligning stakeholder
interests to the need of the WSPP.
NOTE: Steps 3.1 – 3.5 should be done in parallel rather than in sequence.
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Step 3.1 - Identify stakeholders

Identify individuals and organisations that should be contacted. The aim is to raise
their awareness of the problem to be solved, and why they should care. There are
likely to be several groups:
 Within the catchment of the Water Source:
o Their activities may be harmful to the Water Source;
o They may be affected by the same problems that affect the Water
Source;
o They may have little or no involvement or interest in land or water

management;
o Their existing type and location of activity may help solve the problems
faced by the Water Source (e.g. natural habitat conservation).
 Downstream of the Water Source:
o The behaviour or operation of the Water Source may affect them;
o They may be affected by the same problems that affect the Water
Source;
 Not within the same hydrological or hydrogeological area:
o Government agencies and directorates;
o Customers and indirect water users;
o National and International NGOs and Development Partners;
Step 3.2 – Identify Local Government Councils in catchment area of Water

Source
To build support and legitimacy, it is important to engage with political leaders as well
as technical officers.
When the catchment for the Water Source is defined (Step 2.) identify the local
government councils that are upstream or up-gradient from the water source. These
include:
 Districts (LC5)
 Urban Municipality/Rural Local Government (LC4)
 Sub-county/Division (LC3)
 Parishes/Wards (LC2)
 Villages/Cells (LC1) – in the immediate vicinity of the source only
Step 3.3 – Sensitisation Meetings with Local Government

For each District identify and meet the following authorities, among others:
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 District (LC5) Chairperson

 District Councillors from location
 District Chief Administrative Officer (CAO)
 District Natural Resources Management (forestry, wetlands, environment,
lands)
 District Water Officer
 District Engineer
 District Agriculture Officer
 District Commercial Officer
 District Planner
 District Community Development Officer
Each meeting should make the stakeholder aware of the project and to ask for their
insights into water and land management issues.
The WMZ should be able to help to identify and provide contact details of key District
staff and political leaders.
To reduce time and travel costs, Water Source Protection should be included as an
agenda item in local government project meetings, rather than done as a separate
exercise. If the Implementer works at the District Local Government the matter can
be raised as part of normal business practice.
Working with individuals and organisations that already have established personal
links and regular contact with the local government stakeholders will make
sensitisation easier and quicker.
Step 3.4 – Sensitisation meetings within MWE organisations or other lead

institutions
Meet the following local/regional offices to make them aware of the project and to
start gathering issues, data and information:
 National Forestry Authority (NFA) (if active in the area)
 Water and Sanitation Development Facility, Umbrella Organisation
 Technical Support Unit (TSU)
 Uganda Wildlife Authority (if active in the area)
Not all of these organisations may have an active mandate (e.g. a protected forest or
National Park) in the catchment area of your Water Source and therefore may not be
relevant.
It is important to establish relationships with key local officers from the different
government organisations that fall within the responsibility of the Ministry of Water
and Environment. Additionally, for multi-purpose reservoirs and dams, agencies
reporting the to Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) should
be engaged, and for hydroelectricity schemes it is the Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development (MoEMD).
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The WMZ should be able to help to identify and provide contact details. Every MWE
team should help Guideline Users by providing access to data, reports and local
knowledge.
Step 3.5 – Identify overlapping projects and sensitisation meetings with NGOs
and CBOs
Which Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Community Based Organisations
(CBOs) or Faith Based Organisations (FBOs) are active in the catchment area for the
Water Source? There may be projects that are not explicitly related to water, but
involved with improving farming and land management, which could be of benefit for
water management. These include projects around wildlife conservation, agro-
forestry, agricultural extension or climate change adaptation.
The WMZ should develop a database of major projects in each catchment.
Step 3.6 NEW / Step 3.6A EXISTING – Include Water Source Protection as an
agenda item in project stakeholder meetings
Stakeholder engagement will be part of the project process for new water
infrastructure so that water source protection is included in this consultation process
rather than creating another forum. Invite stakeholders from the wider catchment or
source protection area to attend the meetings and keep stakeholders updated on
progress.
The process of stakeholder engagement will depend on the Implementer organisation
or scheme type. If the manual of this type of scheme has not yet been updated to
include reference to Water Source Protection Guidelines then make sure that water
source protection is included as a discussion item with stakeholders.
The catchment area of the Water Source may extend into more than one District.
Invite representatives from other Districts and the relevant Sub County Chief (Senior
Assistant Secretaries), District Community Development Officers and Natural
Resource Management/Environment Officers. This should be done by writing to the
Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) for each District.
[Step 3.6B – Establish a stakeholder Water Source Protection Committee

(WSPC) ]
If in Step 1.4 it was found that no suitable stakeholder committee or group existed
then it will be necessary to establish a Water Source Protection Committee (WSPC).
Setting up a WSPC should be by a mix of direct invitation (to get key stakeholders on-
board) and open invitation to others who may wish to be involved or observe (to build
transparency and trust).
Produce a draft constitution and Terms of Reference that sets out:
 Roles and responsibilities:
o Chair
o Secretary (record keeper)
o District and Sub-county representation
o Committee Members
 Draft aims and objectives
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 Draft Rules of Procedure for regulating the conduct of meeting, decision making,
and sharing of costs and benefits.
Step 3.7 NEW – Establish and maintain dialogue with stakeholders

Develop and implement a communications plan that includes messages and updates
in water source protection to stakeholder about the project.
Step 3.7 EXISTING - Organise a sensitisation meeting

A sensitisation meeting is an opportunity to reinforce the messages and relationships
from the bi-lateral sensitisation meetings (Steps 3.2, 3.3, 3.4). The aim should be to
open up discussions on prioritising ‘Hotspots’ from Step 2.8 and begin discussing and
short-listing control measures (Step 2.9).
A) Before the meeting:
 Set a date and time
 Agree an agenda with provisional WSCP members
 Find and book a venue that is accessible to as many stakeholders as possible
 Publicise meeting in the catchment area through civic leaders, local radio and
newspapers and organisations already involved.
B) At the meeting:
 Hold meeting and formally establish the WSCP (if that is the option being
followed, otherwise tell the meeting which committee will handle this water
source protection issue)
 Make sure that proper notes are taken of the meeting that capture the
questions and concerns raised by stakeholders and the decisions taken.
C) After the meeting:
 Within one week circulate meeting notes and appreciation to the organisations
who took part.
Suggested agenda for first meeting:

1. Opening (mayor/local civic leader)
2. An introduction to the scheme (the Implementer)
3. Background and goals of the water source protection (Chair WSCP)
4. Technical aspects (District Council NRM/Water Officer)
5. Financial aspects (District Council NRM/Water Officer)
6. Questions and answers
7. Vote on WSCP
8. Closing
Natural Resource Management Officers for the districts involved should prepare a
technical working paper for discussion at the stakeholder meeting. This is a useful
way of getting the local knowledge and increasing District ownership of the process.
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Step 3.8 - Capacity Building and Support

To improve the quality of discussion and decision-making around planning control
measures, it is advisable to organise site visits and short training sessions to improve
understanding and appreciation of the challenges and opportunities.
A) Site Visits (1 day)
 Organise a visit to the proposed site of the pumping station and water works;
and to hot spots around the catchment to show the problems and how they
are impacting the water supply system.
B) Water Source Protection training day for WSPC members
 Organise a half or one day workshop to explain the principles behind water
source and catchment protection – why it is needed and how it can work and
does work elsewhere.
 Get speakers from different perspectives: e.g. Forestry (NFA), Wetlands
(WMD), Water Resources (DWRM or the local WMZ office)
Suggested topics:
1. The water cycle – where our water comes from.
2. Why good catchment management is important
3. Simple solutions for protecting water sources
4. Examples from Uganda and worldwide of success.
Step 3.9 - Links between poor land and water management, land tenure and
livelihoods
Use results from the stakeholder and technical analyses to identify the stakeholders
whose activities are likely to do most harm to the new water source – and where
opportunities exist to tackle both poverty and catchment degradation.
Where a person or organisation is doing an activity that poses a Threat to a
downstream Water Source, it is important to understand why they are behaving in this
way. Two main scenarios can open the door to win-win situations:
 Inefficient practices: Soil erosion is often caused by bad land management. Not
only does this cause water quality and quantity problems downstream, but it also
affects the livelihoods of people upstream by stripping away nutrients and fertility
of the soil. This results in lower yields and reduced agricultural incomes. By
turning this around and implementing better farming and soil management
practices, rural livelihoods can be improved and downstream impacts on Water
Sources can be reduced.
 Externalised Costs: Many preventative treatment and pollution practices are
seen as a cost to companies and therefore are avoided if possible. Polluters will
generally only tackle the problem they cause if one or more of the following come
into play:
 It is in their direct commercial interest – i.e. the pollution is directly
harming their own business interests at that site or other sites.
 Prosecution and the ‘Polluter Pays Principle’ if they do not comply with
legal discharge standards and permits. Enforcement of regulation can
be effective but often faces problems and sometimes, the penalties
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Step 4: Resource Mobilisation
and fines are lower than taking preventative action and therefore can
be an inadequate incentive.
 Reputational risk: poor practices can lead to bad media publicity and
political pressure. If the business is an exporter, it may come under
pressure from multi-national customers who are scrutinising their
supply chains as part of protecting the reputation of their own brands.
 Payment for Watershed Services – the polluter is paid to undertake
actions that will reduce the risk of their activity causing harm by the
water users who will benefit.
Understanding the land tenure situation in the catchment is critical. The legal status of
land varies throughout Uganda and is complex and political. Poor land management
is often linked to insecure land tenure because farmers are unwilling to invest time,
energy and money into land which they could lose control of at any time.
Table 12 is a template questionnaire for Stakeholder Livelihood Analysis:
Table 11: Livelihood Analysis Template
Question Answer
Stakeholder Name
Stakeholder Organisation
Location
Livelihood/Occupation
Activities that are impacting the

Water Source
Awareness of their impact? AWARE / NOT AWARE
Reasons for continuing with those  Activity generates income

harmful activities  Lack of awareness/training/education on
alternatives
 Lack of resources/tools/finance to adopt better
practices
 Lack of land tenure security
 Not willing to take on activities that incur
additional costs
 Cultural/historic reasons
other……
Stakeholders are only likely to change their behaviour in a way which fits with water
source protection if they are incentivised to do so. The first priority should be to create
‘win-win’ opportunities, but there will be instances where the person or organisation
taking positive action (or inaction) will not benefit directly. In such cases, ways should
be found to provide some form of compensation or social recognition. It is important
to note that stakeholders do not always act out of rational self-interest and that there
are likely to be complex local social, cultural and political issues that will need to be
handled with care.
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Objective: To establish what human, technical and financial resources are available to
implement water source protection.
To produce a realistic and workable Water Source Protection Plan it is critical to build
partnerships between individuals and organisations so that the short-listed control measures
can be implemented successfully. This discussion needs to start early in the process as it will
influence both the technical analysis and forms part of the trust-building in the Stakeholder
Engagement.
Step 4.1 - Identify own resources available for water source protection
 Identify what financial resources are available in the budget for land
acquisition and water source protection measures (for example, from the 3%
of project budgets for new infrastructure)
 Identify in-kind contributions (if any).
 Identify what other resources, projects or skills may be available for water
resource protection.
The Implementer should evaluate options for acquisition of land for protection and
find a workable balance between cost and the effectiveness at protecting the water
source. Acquisition of land or the control of activities taking place on land is not the
only control measure but it is likely to be the most effective but contentious, so
sensitisation and discussion of the issue needs to happen early, otherwise there
maybe conflict later in the process.
Step 4.2 - Identify what other projects, and resources may be available as direct
or in-kind contributions to protect the water source
The WMZ should develop and maintain a database of major projects in each
catchment and active non-state actors (national, local and international organisations,
private sector).
This is an iterative step that will be revisited as Stakeholder engagement and the
technical analysis of viable catchment Control Measures progress.
 Are there any projects or programmes for catchment or habitat rehabilitation
and protection that have overlapping, geographical areas, objectives and
stakeholder groups?
 Are there any funding opportunities from Government, Development Partners
or International NGO’s for catchment protection measures?
 Is there willingness among local organisations and local government to pay, or
make in-kind contributions towards water source protection measures?
Step 4.3 - Group and bi-lateral meetings to agree on financial and in-kind
contributions toward short-listed Control Measures
Financial sustainability of the Water Source Protection Plans will be a critical on-going
issue. The Implementer will have the challenge of keeping the WSPP partners on-
board and contributing to the agreed activities and targets.
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Five types of cost should be considered18, plus a fifth factor: income.
Capital Expenditure (CapEx)

This is the expenditure needed at the beginning of a project, for example for building
a new structure or setting up a new training programme. This is often funded from
grants from central government allocations, development partners, loans or NGOs.
There may be cost associated with getting this capital such as the transaction cost of
fundraising and interest payments on loans.
Operating Expenditure (OpEx)

This is the cost of keeping a system or programme running. For water supply system,
this will include regular payments for staff salaries, fuel, electricity and water
treatment chemicals. It is generally expected that this will be covered by user fees or
general taxation.
Capital Maintenance Expenditure (CapManEx)

CapManEx is the cost category that is least clearly understood, much less planned
for. CapManEx includes expenditure on asset renewal, replacement and rehabilitation
costs, based upon serviceability and risk criteria. CapManEx covers the work that
goes beyond routine maintenance to repair and replace equipment in order to keep
systems running. Accounting rules may guide or govern what is included under
capital maintenance, and the extent to which broad equivalence is achieved between
charges for depreciation and expenditure on capital maintenance. Capital
maintenance expenditures and potential revenue streams to pay those costs are
critical to avoid the failures represented by haphazard system rehabilitation.
An example would be the replacement of a pump, which even with regular
maintenance will need renewal or replacement eventually, which is likely to be
expensive.
Expenditure Direct Support (ExpDS)

Direct support is structured support to service providers and users or user groups
related to the operation and management of water, sanitation and hygiene services.
Direct support includes the following types of activity:
 performance monitoring
 technical advice and information
 administrative support (e.g. help with tariff setting)
 organisational support (e.g. to achieve legal status)
 conflict resolution
 identifying capital maintenance needs (including advice on financing)
 training and refresher courses.
18
Adapted from work done by IRC International Water & Sanitation Centre (http://www.washcost.info,
http://www.waterservicesthatlast.org ). More guidance available from: www.akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Finance_Portal
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The costs of support before and during the construction of a water or sanitation
system are not included. They are considered to be capital expenditure support.
Direct support is often referred to as institutional support, post-construction support
and follow-up support.
Direct support is always related to a particular project, programme or geographical
area. Expenditure on indirect support is about creating and regulating the enabling
environment for water, sanitation and hygiene services and is not particular to a
programme or project.
Expenditure Indirect Support (ExpIDS)

Indirect support is about creating and regulating the enabling environment for water,
sanitation and hygiene services. It includes the costs for macro-level policy
formulation, planning, regulation, sector-level monitoring, developing IT systems,
maintaining frameworks and institutional arrangements.
Indirect support includes capacity support to service authorities. Service authorities
are those bodies, often district local government or an equivalent, with legal
responsibility for guaranteeing water, sanitation and hygiene services in a defined
area, fulfilling functions such as planning, coordination, oversight of service delivery. It
may be the legal owner of water and sanitation assets but not necessarily so. In some
cases, service authorities may also have delegated functions of regulation. They may
also be responsible for technical assistance (e.g. the Technical Support Units) but
can contract this out to an association of community-based providers, an NGO, or the
private sector.
Indirect support includes costs on support to increase capacities, for example
capacity building for professionals and technicians and capacity support to local
government as service authorities, to adhere to national norms, standards and
guidelines.
In comparison to direct support, expenditure on indirect support is not particular to a
programme or project.
Income
Income to cover the expenditure incurred by the water source protection is vital.
When looking for solutions, focus should be placed on tangible socio-economic
benefits that can arise from implementing the chosen Control Measures.
The difficulty comes where the individual or organisation that makes the expenditure
is not the one who benefits directly through increased income. In such cases,
approaches such as Payment for Watershed Services (see Box 4) should be
considered because otherwise a lack of equity is likely to damage trust and lead to a
failure of the plan.
These different categories are derived from the Life Cycle Costing Approach for
WASH projects. By including these different categories there is a much greater
chance of creating interventions that can be financially sustainable. For more details
visit: http://www.washcost.info/
Table 12: WSPP Financial Plan
Water Source: NWSC Abstraction from Lake ‘C’ for Town ‘A’ piped water system
Threat: 1. Urban runoff leading to declining water quality at Water
Control Measure: Improve sanitation infrastructure and education in Town ‘A’.
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Who does it? NWSC

Who checks it? NEMA
Item Cost Type Cost Who Contributions
does it?
Partner Amount
Restored and CapManEx $1million NWSC NWSC $0.X million
Upgraded
wastewater CapEx Development $0.X million
treatment works Partner
Piped sewerage CapManEx $1million NWSC NWSC $0.X million

system restored
and extended CapEx Development $0.X million
Partner
$0.X million
Town ‘A’
Council
Latrines CapEx $0.Xmillion Sanitation NWSC
NGO
NGO
Beneficiaries
Improved road CapManEx $X,000/year Town Town Council $X,000/year
drainage Council
OpEx $X00/year Uganda Road $X,000/year
Fund
Sanitation and CapEx $X,000 District NGO In-kind support
hygiene education Health (2 outreach
programme OpEx $X,000/year Officer staff)
Composting CapEx $X,000 NGO NGO $X,000
scheme with
pollution/runoff CapManEx $X00/year Development $X,000
controls Partner loan
OpEx $X00/year
Income from $X0,000/year
fertiliser sales.
Box 4: Payment for Watershed Services (PWS)

Principal idea and concept
The basic idea of economic approaches such as payment for ecosystem services is the system of exchange of
goods or services with payment on a free basis.
With respect to the management of environmental resources the PWS approach is based on resources which
could have an economic value, such as the price of water or on ecosystem services that are provided by these
environmental resources for human activities such as flood protection or water purification through wetlands.
The economic approach uses the mechanisms of exchange between supplier of goods or services (“sellers”) and
buyers of goods or services in order to achieve a certain target level of impact.
It has to be stressed that the introduction of PWS could be targeted on the protection of natural resources or more
on poverty reduction. In any case if PWS should be introduced as a management approach in areas of high level
of poverty and high pressure on natural resources, aspects of poverty alleviation or income generation should be
considered from the beginning in the planning of the PWS.
In order to illustrate the PWS concept, the following is a useful starting point. In one albeit not universally
accepted definition, PWS transactions are: (1) voluntary, (2) between at least one service buyer (3) and at least
one seller (4), focused on a well-defined service (or a land use likely to provide service) and (5) conditional upon
contract compliance.
Concept of services and payment flows in a PWS scheme and in a classic agreement
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Seller of Services, eg.

Services =
farmers
eg. sustainable
Landuse
planting forests
positive impact
on water related issue
Payment or
compensation in kind
Government
Buyer of environmental
services, eg. hydro
power company
Classic approach:
Private user of common goods,
Payment of fee for
abstraction eg. abstraction of water
There are two different types of PWS schemes: user-financed schemes or government financed schemes. In
User finance schemes the agreement is the result of a negotiation process between buyers and sellers of
services. These are more likely in small scale PWS schemes. In government – financed schemes the government
is the buyer and sets the rules. These PWS schemes are often found in larger scheme.
A PWS transaction could be a variable payment, in cash or in kind, made conditional on a well-defined outcome.
The buyer (payer) of the outcome does not have complete control over the production of the outcome, whereas
the seller has partial or complete control over the production of the outcome. Sellers participate voluntarily.
Buyers may participate voluntarily or they might be forced via regulatory means (Ferrero 2009).
Step 4.4 - Land issues and compensation

Land issues in Uganda are complex and vary considerably from area to area. Consult
the District Land Surveyor for the District(s) where the scheme is.
Maximise land area for Water Source Protection. The purchase of land allows that
area to be fenced off to protect the water infrastructure from vandalism and to stop
harmful and polluting activities in the immediate vicinity of the well, borehole, spring or
surface water feature.
 For groundwater and spring sources use Annex L in Volumes 2, to determine
the optimum area.
 For surface water sources, focus on purchasing and fencing off river bank and
lake shore areas. As a minimum the area between the Water Source (and its
buildings, such as water treatment works, turbine hall etc.) down to the riverbank
or lake sure should be fenced off. There are cases worldwide where a whole
micro-catchment has been fenced off to maximise protection, but these are
usually only happen in sparsely populated areas.
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Even where land cannot be purchased there are various legal means to influence
land use, particularly in or adjacent to gazetted wetlands and river banks. Refer to
The National Environment Act 1998 and The National Environment (Wetlands,
Riverbanks And Lakeshores Management) Regulations, 3/2000
Also, for example, in the Water Act Cap 152:
“39. Offences.
(1) Any person who -
(a) causes or allows water to be wasted, misused or without
reasonable cause, excessively consumed; or
(b) takes or uses water for a purpose other than provided by the
water permit”
More specifically from The National Environment (Wetlands, River Banks And Lake
Shores Management) Regulations, No. 3/2000:
“21. Identified action of river banks and lake shores.
(1) Each Local Government shall after the recommendation of the
appropriate local environmental committee make by-laws -
(a)identifying river banks and lake shores within their
jurisdiction which are at risk from environmental
degradation;
(b) promoting soil conservation measures along river
banks and lake shores including the following -
(i) bundling; (ii) terracing; (iii) mulching; (iv) tree planting
or agro-forestry; (v) grassing; (vi) soil engineering,
compaction and placement of fills; (vii) zoning and
planning; (viii) baggions; and (ix) control of livestock
grazing.
28. Duty of private owner users.
(1) Every land owner or user in whose land a river bank or lake
shore is situated shall have a duty to prevent and repair degraded
river banks and lake shores through the following or any other
measures -
(a) soil engineering; (b) agro-forestry; (c) mulching; (d) bundling;
(e) grassing; (f) control of livestock grazing; or (g) terracing.
(2) A landowner or user who fails or refuses to carry out the
measures provided under sub-regulation (1) commits an offence.
Step 4.5 – Record Pledges

Enter resources pledges into PART E Financial Summary of the Water Resources
Plans Template
STEP 5: WATER SOURCE PROTECTION PLAN & PROTECTION ZONES

Objective: To get an agreed Water Source Protection Plan that can be submitted to
regulators and used as Terms of Reference for implementation (Step 6) and monitoring
(Step 7). To get actions allocated to organisations and individuals, supported with an
overall estimate of time and cost.
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Step 5.1 - Project Stakeholder Group Meeting to discuss and short-list Water
Source Protection Control Measures
The Water Source Protection Committee (or the Stakeholder forum that is hosting the
topic) should meet for sufficient time to short-list Control Measures and take key
decisions that will allow the draft Water Source Protection Plan to be written. An
agenda should include the following items:
 An overview of the catchment Threats to the Water Source, why this is
important and who else is affected by the same problems. This may have to
be handled sensitively to keep those causing the Threat on-board during the
process.
 Control Measures should be presented in turn with an opportunity for giving
new ideas,
 The workshop activity can be used to look at the advantages and
disadvantages of each in turn. Create a list of the most favourable Control
Measures.
 Look at the favoured Control Measures in combination to see how well they
complement each other or are incompatible.
 Discuss and agree which stakeholders should be responsible for
implementing each Control Measure, and what they would need (finances,
training, technical support, permits or government support).
Step 5.2 - Review and update Water Source Protection Objectives

One of the first activities of Water Source Protection is setting the objectives (Step
1.1). These should be revisited by the WSPC to check that they are still valid.
Through the process of analysis and discussion, it could be that previously unthought-
of objectives have become known or existing ones need a change in their wording.
Step 5.3 – Consult on Protection Zone options

A) Based on the technical analysis in Step 2.11 and land options in Step 3.4:
 Decide on type and size of zone to be implemented.
 Work with an Authority who has the legal mandate to establish the protection
zone (For example, a Water Authority has the legal mandate to establish a
water protection zone under The Water Act Cap 152, while MWE has the
power to gazette rivers and wetlands).
 Define the area/boundaries of the protection zone and get it ‘gazetted’•
Undertake sensitisation and education programme among households and
communities living in or near the protection zone.
 For privately owned land a separate MoU or other legal agreement may be
necessary. Consult the District Local Government.
 Define and agree the rules and bylaws governing activities within the
Protection Zone (i.e. what is forbidden and what is encouraged).
“Gazetting” means gaining legal recognition as a result of an official notice with the
details of the area or zone being published in The Uganda Gazette.
Under Section 81 of the Water Act, Cap 152:
“81. Protected zones.
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Subject to section 91, an authority may -

(a) establish a protected zone on land adjacent to -
(i) any water, borehole, treatment or other works forming part of a
water supply or from which a water supply is drawn; or
(ii) any sewer, sewerage treatment works or outfall;
(b) erect and maintain fences on or enclose the land under the protected
zone; and
(c) prohibit activities within the protected zone, as it sees fit.”
Step 5.4 - Agree roles and responsibilities among stakeholders

Table 14 shows an example of how to set out roles and responsibilities for each
control measure, who is responsible for implementing it and who will provide the
oversight. Also important is the ‘Plan B’ – what should be done if the Control Measure
fails to work or is not implemented quickly? It may be decided that these secondary
measures are carrying out in parallel.
Step 5.5 - Agree timeline and milestones

It is important to set commonly agreed goals and timescales so that there is common
understanding of what should be achieved and when. This links to monitoring and
evaluation and the objectives agreed between stakeholders during the plan making
process.
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Table 13: Example Roles and Responsibilities Chart

Water Source: NWSC Abstraction from Lake ‘C’ for Town ‘A’ piped water system
Threat Control Measure Who does To be Who checks Action if the control fails
it? completed it is done? What to do? Who does
by end of: it?
1. Urban Improve solid Town ‘A’ Dec 2013 NEMA Install (or NWSC
Runoff waste collection Council check
from and treatment existing)
Town ‘A’ trash screens
and filters.
Improve sanitation NWSC / June 2015 NEMA Increase DEA
infrastructure and Town ‘A’ protection NWSC
education in Town Council and pollution NGOs
‘A’. filtration
capacity of
lake shore
wetlands.
Improve pollution Businesses June 2013 Town ‘A’ Take NEMA
prevention in Town ‘A’ Council enforcement
measures action
installed by high against
risk businesses polluters
Implement a NWSC June 2013 MWE Re-examine NWSC
Water Protection incentives
Zone around the and
pumping station awareness
and drainage raising to
channels from encourage
Town ‘A’ to people to
prevent or control comply.
potentially harmful
activities.
2. Establish NWSC Dec 2013 DWRM Initiate water NWSC
Pumping monitoring system rationing plan
Station for and thresholds
Town ‘B’
Improve NWSC Dec 2015 Catchment Move NWSC
wastewater Management pumping
infrastructure to Stakeholder station intake
return clean water Group to allow for
to Lake ‘C’ lower lake
levels
3. Treat waste Factory Dec 2013 NEMA Warn NWSC Factory
Industrial before discharge operator of pollution operator
Discharge incident
4. Soil Farmer outreach Farming Started by MoAAIF Increase DEA
Erosion education and NGO Jan 2014 protection NWSC
development and pollution NGOs
programme filtration
capacity of
lake shore
wetlands.
Step 5.6 - Write the Water Source Protection Plan

A Water Source Protection Plan needs to be clear, specific and concise. It should be
translated into the local language where the need arises. The document can be
compiled from the components described in the previous steps:
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Part A: Water Source Description

This first section gives the basic details of the water source, its location and details of
the Water Source Protection Committee.
Table 14: PART A - Water Source Description Summary
PART A WATER SOURCE DESCRIPTION
1. WATER SOURCE NAME:
2. OPERATOR
3. WATER SOURCE TYPE: Piped Scheme / Multipurpose Reservoir /

Hydroelectric Power Plant* / Other…………………….
4. TAKES WATER FROM: Watercourse (River/Stream) / Lake or Reservoir / Spring /
Groundwater*
5. LOCATION: (name, grid reference)
6. SUB-COUNTY:
7. DISTRICT:
8. CATCHMENT PLAN AREA:

9. WATER MANAGEMENT ZONE Victoria / Albert / Kyoga / Upper Nile*
(WMZ)
10. WATER SOURCE PROTECTION COMMITTEE
If using a pre-existing committee then give name and details:
Chair: Position:
Organisation:
Secretary: Position:
Organisation:
Member: Organisation:
*Delete as appropriate
Part B: Aims, Objectives, Targets and Monitoring

The section should describe what the plan is trying to achieve and use the table
below to describe the objectives for each aim, the targets to be met and who will
monitor them.
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Table 15: PART B - Aims, Objectives, Targets and Monitoring Summary

PART B Aim Objectives Targets/Indicators Monitoring responsibility
1. Improved Water
Quality
2. Reliable Water
Quantity
3. Better
Livelihood
Opportunities
Part C: Description of Threats

This should summarise the analysis of the problems and the Control Measures
undertaken in Steps 1, 3 and 6, supported by some descriptive text.
Table 16: PART C - Risks and Control Measures Summary
PART C Hazard/Risk Control Measure (options)
1. Threat (Hazardous Activity) 
and release
2. Pathway (Water flowing in the 
environment – rivers, lakes,
reservoirs, groundwater, soil,
surface runoff)
3a. Water Source: Water 
Infrastructure
3b. Water Source: Impact on 
End Water User
Part D: Action Plan

The Action Plan should give a description of what Control Measures will be
implemented and the table below can be used to summarise the activities,
responsibilities and deadlines.
Table 17: PART D - Action Plan Summary
PART D Water Source:
Threat Control Measure Who does To be Who checks Action if the control fails
it? completed it is done? What to do? Who does
by end of: it?
Part E: Financial Agreement

The financial agreement should summarise the output from the previous parts of Step
7. This should be backed up by individual contracts or semi-formal agreements (such
as a voluntary Memorandum of Understanding) between the Implementer and the
signatory partners to the WSPP.
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Step 6: Implementation
Table 18: PART E – Financial Plan Summary

PART E Water Source:
Threat:
Control Measure:
Who does it?

Who checks it?
Item Cost Type Cost Who Contributions
does it?
Partner Amount
Part F: Evidence Base

This section is likely to be the longest and could be presented in a separate volume.
Its purpose to present all the evidence collated during the preparation of the plan is to
make it clear how the decisions that went into the Action Plan (Part D) were arrived
at.
Section D should comprise:
 Minutes of WSPC meetings, wider stakeholder workshops, pubic events and
bi-lateral meetings. Clippings of any media articles.
 A list of Stakeholders engaged and their key points and contributions.
 Technical analysis: relevant data analysis, research and modelling.
 Stakeholder and livelihood analysis – where possible be transparent, however
some of this information may be commercially or socially sensitive.
Step 5.7 - Get all key stakeholders to make a public, signed commitment to
delivering the Water Source Protection Plan
If the Implementer hopes to influence the behaviour of other in their water supply
catchment then they need to establish trust and legitimacy among the majority of the
stakeholders. It should be accepted that it is unlikely to get all stakeholders to agree.
Wider politics or local social tensions and feuds can sometimes be stronger than the
attraction of mutual self-interest.
A publically signed commitment is a good way of raising morale and confidence,
getting publicity and greater local awareness of the problems and solutions. A public
commitment also provides a lever to hold signatories to account during implemention.
Objective: To successfully use the plan to achieve the agreed aims and objectives and
to protect the Water Source.
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Step 6.1: Implementing Protection Measures as set out in the agreed Water
Source Protection Plan
For implementation to be successful there need to be clear, well defined roles,
responsibilities, resources, actions and agreed timescales.
For each milestone, such as starting or completing a particular project of activity, it
may be a good idea to get some publicity through local media and a small public
event to generate interest and enthusiasm. Visible progress is important for public
and stakeholder moral.
Figure 9: Celebrating the opening of a protected spring
Step 6.2: Establishing Protection Zones

This step is not mandatory but could be important because Protection Zones confer
legal powers that can be very helpful for protecting water sources. In some cases, the
water body may already have been designated (also known as ‘gazetted’). A list is
provided in the 6th Schedule of The National Environment (Wetlands, River Banks
And Lake Shores Management) Regulations, No. 3/2000.
Step 6.2a: Choose the type of Protection Zone

There are various types of protection zones provided for in Ugandan legislation for
different contexts (Table 20). While noting that these other types of protection zone
are available, this guidance focuses on the Water Protection Zones from the Water
Act, Cap 152, as guidelines for their use have not been previously established. What
follows is a proposal for how this legal measure could be enforced. Take note that
the Act specifies that Water Protection Zones are for use for protecting water supply
and sewerage infrastructure and so does not apply to hydroelectric power plants, or
other water uses.
The Control Measures chosen through the WSPP process can be targeted at
protection zones so that investment can be more focused on higher risk areas within
the catchment.
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Table 19: Protection Zones

Protection Zone Powers Legislation
Water Protection Zone A water authority may: Water Act,
(a) establish a protected zone on land adjacent to - Cap 152
(i) any water, borehole, treatment or other works forming part of a
water supply or from which a water supply is drawn; or
(ii) any sewer, sewerage treatment works or outfall;
(b) erect and maintain fences on or enclose the land under the
protected zone; and
(c) prohibit activities within the protected zone, as it sees fit.
Wetland/River Soil and river bank conservation is promoted, and not doing so is The National
Bank/Lake Shore an offence. Environment
Protection Area The following activities are regulated within the protection area: (Wetlands,
(Full/Partial/Community 1. Brick making. River Banks
Conservation) 2. Recreational activities such as fishing, maintenance of green And Lake
spaces. Shores
3. Cultivation. Management)
4. Drainage. Regulations,
5. Commercial exploitation of wetland resources. No. 3/2000
6. Sewerage filtration.
7. Fishing using fish gear and weirs, fish farming and other
aquaculture.
8. Construction of transport and communication facilities such as
roads, railways, telephone lines.
9. Burning.
10. Any exploitative activity which is of a commercial or trade
nature, such as harvesting of papyrus for commercial purposes.
Forest Reserves Section 6 allows for the creation of forest reserves: The National
(b) a strict nature reserve for the purpose of - Forestry and
(i) protecting streams, rivers, lakes, lakeshores, riverbanks or Tree Planting
wetlands; Act, 2003
(ii) soil, slope and environment protection; or
(iii) protecting the ecosystem;
Section 13 states that:
(1) A forest reserve shall be managed in a manner consistent with
the purpose for which it is declared.
(2) For the avoidance of doubt, a forest reserve shall not be put
under any use other than in accordance with the management plan.
It also states that:
(b) forests shall be developed and managed so as to –
(v) conserve natural resources, especially soil, air and water quality;
Hilly and Mountainous Not a statutory designation, but:- The National
Areas every land owner or occupier whose land is situated in a Environment
mountainous and hilly area shall take measures - (Hilly And
(a) to reduce water run off through the grassing of medium and Mountainous
steep slopes; Area
(b) to mulch and bund gardens on medium and steep slopes; Management)
(c) to practice agroforestry; Regulations,
(d) to prevent the burning of grass in areas of intensive agriculture 2000.
or on steep slopes.
Water Protection Zones (Surface Water)

It is proposed that there should be three levels of Surface Water Protection Zones:
Surface Water Protection Zone 1 (SPZ1)

This is the area around the Water Source with the highest level of protection: all
human and animal activities are excluded from this area by use of fencing and regular
patrols. The extent will be limited in both cases by land ownership, compensation and
Human Rights issues which will require detailed stakeholder engagement and
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negotiation. Some water-intensive plant species (such as Eucalyptus) should be

prohibited in this area and any existing trees removed and replaced with less harmful
native species.

This should use the same principles set out in The National Environment (Wetlands,
River Banks And Lake Shores Management) Regulations, No. 3/2000 for limiting
harmful activities and encouraging beneficial activities, in addition to the requirements
set out for Zone 3, below.

This is the rest of the catchment supplying the Water Source that does not fall within
Zones 1 or 2. Within this area, there should be a targeted campaign to ensure that all
qualifying abstractions and locations using Prescribed Substances (Annex E4) and
Prescribed Premises and Trades and (Annex E5) under the Water (Waste Discharge)
Regulations, No. 32/1998 are permitted.
Water Protection Zones (Groundwater)

There are three levels of Groundwater Protection Zone:
Groundwater Protection Zone 1 (GPZ1)

This is area immediately around the well or borehole (within 10 metres). All activities
not relating to the use of the water point should be excluded. Unless water users
need to come to water point to collect water then this zone should be securely fenced
off to prevent unauthorised access and vandalism, which could contaminate the water
source. Animals should be prevented from entering this area and a separate trough
provided for livestock watering.
Groundwater Protection Zone 2 (GPZ2)

Within this Zone Prescribed Substances (Annex E4) and Prescribed Premises and
Trades and (Annex E5) under the Water (Waste Discharge) Regulations, No. 32/1998
should be allowed. In addition, there should be no latrines, open defecation, burial
grounds or livestock pens or sheds within this zone.
Existing premises and users should be encouraged to find alternative substances,
processes or location, or to install pollution prevent measures.
The funding and compensation for taking action would be the subject of negotiation
between all relevant stakeholders.
The following provides practical guidance on how to estimate suitable distances
between groundwater Water Sources (wells, boreholes) and Threats that could
pollute them. The focus is on bacterial and viral contaminants that present a risk to
human health, however there are many other potential harmful contaminants, and site
specific investigations should be done if a health problem is identified or if a taste or
smell problem is reported by water users (for example, if there is the taste or smell of
hydrocarbons like petrol or diesel in the water).
Two different estimate methods of increasing complexity and comprehensiveness are
presented. The choice of which to use will depend on the data and information
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available at the site being investigated, and the skills and the resources of the person
undertaking the assessment.
Using these guidelines does not guarantee protection of the water source but is a
sound precautionary measure based on experiences in Uganda and worldwide19.
Level 1: Basic Protection Distances

Volume 3 of the Water Source Protection Guidelines provides the following criteria for
groundwater point sources, which is adapted from the District Implementation Manual
(2007):
 Concrete apron and drainage channel to prevent water entering well/borehole
 For hand pumps (shallow wells, boreholes) a fence should be constructed with
a minimum distance of 5 steps (3m or 10ft) around the apron and 1 step
(60cm or 3ft) along the drainage channel. Access should allow for disabled
water users (e.g. those in wheelchairs) but not allow livestock to get in.
 For livestock watering, a separate trough should be provided outside the
fenced off area (supplied by a pipe or channel from the handpump)
 Secure at least 50m x 100m land in the upstream/surrounding area of water
point to conserve water shed under natural vegetation cover.
 The well or borehole should not be located:
 In a wetland or an area prone to flooding
 Within 50 metres (80 metres if downhill) from: latrines, open
defecation, soakaways, septic tanks, graveyards, livestock
pens/kraals, waste storage or dumping, livestock spaying/dipping,
bathing or washing activities.
 Within 250 metres: No Prescribed Trades or Premises (Annex A1),
petrol filling stations or fuel/oil/chemical storage tanks or depots.
Level 2: Geology/Vadose Zone Matrix

The following has been adapted from “Guidelines for separation distances based on
virus transport between on-site domestic wastewater systems and wells”20 and it is
recommended that those wanting to understand the scientific basis refer to this
document.
Information Needed:
 Distance between the borehole/well and the nearest sewage discharge to
ground (e.g. latrine or where open defecation is commonly practised). Find out by
visiting the area and conducting a survey, including distance measurements - Global
Positioning System (GPS) tools may make this easier than older tape measure
methods, but reliability of the GPS accuracy needs to be tested in the field.
 Geology type of the aquifer – information available

from drilling log for the borehole and geology maps
available from DWRM.
19
WHO (2006) Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality of Drinking-water Sources, IWA Publishing, London Figure 10: Illustration of the
20 Vadose Zone
Moore, C., Nokes, C., Loe, B., Close, M., Pang, L., Smith, V., Osbaldiston, S. (2010) “Guidelines for separation distances based on virus transport between on-site domestic wastewater
(US Geological Survey)
systems and wells” Environment Science and Research Ltd. New Zealand. http://www.envirolink.govt.nz/PageFiles/31/Guidelines_for_separation_distances_based_on_virus_transport_.pdf
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 Vadose Zone type and thickness (metres) – this is the distance between the
ground surface and the water table. This can be found from borehole logs or water
level measurements of wells in the area.
21
Distance Separation Estimation
Hydrological Settings Vadose Zone thickness (metres)
Aquifer Vadose 2m 5m 10m 20m 30m
Zone
Gravel
Sand
Gravel
(alluvial)
Silt
Gravel
Sand
Sand (alluvial)
(alluvial) Silt
Ash
Pumice sand
Gravel
Sand
Karstic or
(alluvial)
Fractured
Silt
Rocks
Ash
Pumice san
Key Possible within 50 m

Possible within 100 m
Possible within 300 m
Requires 300 m or more separation
Limitations
If the geology type does not fit with the categories given in the table above, consult a
hydrogeologist for more detailed advice.
The distances are broad estimates and they are based on the intentional discharge of
treated sewage effluent into the ground from a septic tank through a conventional
trench in soil 1 metre thick.
Where soils are thinner or sewage discharges are untreated then the separation
distances should be maximised, either by fencing off the area around the borehole, or
working with the surrounding community to move or improve sanitation and livestock
activities further away.
Groundwater Protection Zone 3(GPZ3)

This is rest of the catchment supplying the Water Source that does not fall within
Zones 1 or 2. Within this area, there should be a targeted campaign to ensure that all
locations using Prescribed Substances (Annex E4) and Prescribed Premises and
Trades and (Annex E5) under the Water (Waste Discharge) Regulations, No. 32/1998
21
Table 8.2 from Moore et al (2010)
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Step 6.2b: Establish legal recognition and byelaws of Protection Zones

The procedure for declaring a Water Protection Zone is not defined in legislation.
However, it should follow a similar process to that for “specially protected areas” as
set out in The National Environment (Wetlands, River Banks and Lake Shores
Management) Regulations, No. 3/2000:
1. The declaration of a Water Protection Zone may be initiated by the district
council on the recommendation of the Water Authority, District Environment
Committee or the Executive Director;
2. Where the District Council initiates the process of declaring a Water Protection
Zone, the District Council shall;
a. inform the Executive Director in writing of its intention;
b. cause an environmental impact assessment to be carried out to
demonstrate the benefits of the protection area and justify its extent
and bye-laws.
c. ensure that the view of the people inhabiting the areas contiguous to
Water Protection Zone are taken into account by convening the
meeting of the Water Source Protection Committee; and
d. prepare and submit a report containing findings in paragraphs (a), (b)
and (c) of this sub-regulation to the Executive Director.
3. The executive Director shall consider the reports submitted under sub-
regulation (2) and (3), and may make recommendations to the Minister.
The byelaws for the Protection Zone should clearly state what activities are and are
not permitted within the zone, and if there are any seasonality or other conditions
attached to the restrictions.
Step 6.2c: Pay compensation to those displaced from the Protection Zone
In some cases it may be necessary to relocate activities, businesses or sanitation
away from designated Protection Zones in order to protect the Water Source. In doing
so, the Implementer should refer to the latest policy on relocation and compensation
arrangements, for example: The Uganda National Land Policy, Ministry Of Lands,
Housing and Urban Development, March 2011
Section 91 of the Water Act, Cap 152 also gives guidance on compensation:
91. Compensation to be paid.
(1) If damage is caused to land in the exercise of powers conferred on an authority
by this Act, the authority shall, if required, compensate all parties interested in the
land for all damage sustained by them in consequence of the exercise of those
powers, subject to this Act.
(2) For purposes of this section, "damage to land" means loss suffered as a result of
-
(a) deprivation of the possession of the surface of any land;
(b) damage to the surface of land and to any improvements, crops or trees
on the land;
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Step 7: Monitoring and Regulation
Step 6.2d: Physically demarcate Protection Zones

Experience in Uganda has shown that statutory zoning is rarely respected unless
physically marked out so that people using the area can clearly see where they are or
are not allowed to go.
Fences and walls are commonly used to demarcate and protect land. However, this
requires land ownership and is expensive to install and maintain, especially for large
areas. In many cases, excluding people from the land is not the aim – what is more
important is to show the areas, such as river banks and lake shores where particular
activities are not allowed or strictly controlled.
Markers can include metal or wooden posts or stone markers. There should be clear
signage to explain what the zone means and what activities are and are not
permitted. This should be done in English, the local language(s) and using symbols
and pictures. When installed there should be awareness raising campaigns to inform
people living near the zone perimeter about the new development and what the signs
mean.
Step 6.3 NEW - Complete handover to Water Authority

Ensure that all documentation has been handed over to the operating Water Authority
as part of the handover process for the scheme.
Where there the Implementer is both the developer of the scheme and the operator
(e.g. NWSC) there still may need to be some internal handover between the staff with
the different functions.
Step 6.3 EXISTING / Step 6.4 NEW - Final confirmations of monitoring and
regulation responsibilities.
Meet with officers from the relevant district offices such as the District Natural
Resource Management/Environment, and with the Water Authority and other relevant
local regulators to ensure that responsibilities or on-going implementation, monitoring
and regulation of water source protection are clear and agreed upon.

Step 7.1 NEW - Ensure that an evaluation of the Water Source Protection is
included in the follow-up evaluation of the scheme
Agreed indicators for water source protection are included in scheme monitoring. This
will depend on the project procedures of the Implementer.
Step 7.1 EXISTING – Undertake monitoring of agreed indicators

Good monitoring is essential to find out what is working and what is not working so
that the WSPP can be updated and changed to suit the circumstances.
A) Direct monitoring
 Ensure that data is collected for the indicators and targets agreed in Part B of
the WSPP template.
B) Indirect Monitoring
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 Where monitoring is being done by a Contributor, as defined in Part B of the

WSPP template, ensure that they are performing this role and collate the
information and data that they are collecting.
Step 7.2 EXISTING - Compliance with regulations and bye-laws

Ensure on-going compliance with Water Permit conditions, relevant regulations and
bye-laws.
 Maintain regular (at least annual) communications with WMZ team and
regulators defined in Part D of the WSPP template.
 If there is political interference with the enforcement of the protection zones or
other legal mechanisms, then host a stakeholder meeting to determine the
causes and get consensus on how to re-establish compliance and enforcement
processes.
Step 7.3 EXISTING - Annual Review of progress

On-going communication and co-ordination is critical to the success of water source
protection. Producing the WSPP is the beginning of the water source protection
process, not the end. Good monitoring and reporting is essential to make sure that
partners stay on board and continue to make financial and in-kind contributions.
 Hold quarterly or bi-annual meeting of the WSPC to review progress on
implementing Control Measures, to review the data emerging from the
monitoring and to agree the way forward.
 Hold an annual public meeting to present progress to the wider public and
stakeholders.
 Adjust and reissue the WSPP in accordance with events and changing
stakeholder needs.
 Organise public celebration events when Control Measure schemes are
completed or targets are reached.
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ANNEX A: Relevant Ugandan Policy, Legislation and Regulations
3 General Annexes
ANNEX A: Relevant Ugandan Policy, Legislation and Regulations
Document
Water And Sanitation Sector Sectoral Specific Schedules/ Guidelines 2009/10
Water & Waste Discharge Regulations, 1998
The Water Resources Regulations, 1998

The Uganda Water Act, Cap 152
The National Environment Impact Assessment Regulations,1998
The National Environment Hilly And Mountainous Areas Regulations
The National Environment Forestry And Tree Planting Act
The National Environment Act,1998
The National Environment (Wetlands, Riverbanks And Lakeshores Management )Regulations
The National Environment (Minimum Standards For Management Of Soil Quality) Regulations
The National Environment (Minimum Standards For Discharge Of Effluents Into Water Or Land) Regulations
National Water Policy 1999
Ministry of Water and Environment Gender Strategy 2010-2015
Lake Victoria Policy Harmonization - Draft Report
ANNEX B: Further Information

Annex B1: International Guidance and Resources
Title Reference Web Link
Groundwater Protection: Department of Water Affairs and http://www.dwaf.gov.za/groundwate
Guidelines for Forestry, Government of South r/NORADToolkit/3.2%20Guide%20f
Protecting Springs Africa (2004) or%20protecting%20springs.pdf
Healthy wetlands, healthy people Horwitz, P., Finlayson, M. and http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/lib/rtr6-
A review of wetlands and human Weinstein, P. 2012. Ramsar health.pdf
health interactions Technical Report No. 6. Secretariat
of the Ramsar Convention on
Wetlands, Gland, Switzerland, &
The World Health Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland.
Information Products for Nile Basin Food and Agriculture Organisation http://www.fao.org/nr/water/faonile/
Water Resources (FAO) (2011) products/index.html
Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-by- Bartram J. Corrales L, Davison A. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation
step risk management for drinking Deere D, Drury D, Gordon B, _health/publication_978924156263
water supplies. Howard G, Rinehold A, Stevens M. 8/en/index.html
(2009) WHO, Geneva
Protecting Groundwater For Health: World Health Organisation (2006) http://www.who.int/water_sanitation
Managing the Quality of Drinking- _health/publications/protecting_gro
water Sources undwater/en/
Water Safety Plans World Health Organisation (2005) http://www.who.int/water_sanitation
Managing drinking-water quality _health/dwq/wsp0506/en/index.html
from catchment
to consumer
Groundwater Quality Protection: World Bank (2004). GW-MATE
defining strategy and setting Briefing Note 8
priorities
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ANNEX C: Ugandan Standards
Annex B2: Sources of Information for Uganda

Title Reference Web Link
Assessment of the Utilisation of Government of Uganda, Ministry of n/a
Groundwater Resources Maps at Water and Environment, January
National and District levels 2012
Groundwater potential maps Government of Uganda, MWE, n/a
Hydrochemical maps Directorate of Water Resource n/a
Water Quality maps Management n/a
Groundwater supply n/a
Technology options maps n/a
Water sources location and Water n/a
supply coverage maps
Hydrogeological characteristic n/a
maps
District Environmental Policies Districts currently available: http://www.nemaug.org/environmen
Buteleja, Masindi, Nakasongola t_policies.php
District State of the Environment Districts currently available: http://www.nemaug.org/district_s_o
Reports Arua, Bugiri, Busia, Butalejja, _reports.php
Iganga, Jinja, Kabale, Kalangala,
Kamwenge, Kapchorwa, Kisoro,
Kotido, Kumi, Luwero, Mayuge,
Moroto, Moyo, Mpigi, Mubende,
Nebbi, Palisa, Sironko, Soroti,
Yumbe
Sector Performance Reports MWE (Annual) http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?o
ption=com_docman&task=cat_view
&gid=62&Itemid=122
Water Supply Atlas 2010 MWE (2011) http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?o
&gid=59&Itemid=122
Uganda: Atlas of Our Changing NEMA (2009) http://www.grida.no/files/publication
Environment s/uganda-atlas-2009.pdf
Operationalising Catchment Based COWI/DWRM (2011) http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?o
WRM Report ption=com_docman&task=doc_dow
nload&gid=153&Itemid=122
Small Towns Water Supply Data MWE http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?o
&gid=78&Itemid=122

Annex C1: Urban Drinking Water Standards22
Parameter Requirements Parameter Requirements
Colour 10 (Platinum scale) Selenium (Se) 0.01 mg/l
Odour Unobjectionable Chromium (Cr6+) 0.05 mg/l
Taste Acceptable Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 mg/l
Turbidity 10 NTU Mercury (Hg) 0.001 mg/l
Dissolved solids 500 mg/l Nitrates (NO-3) 10 mg/l
Chloride (Cl) 250 mg/l
PH 6.5 – 8.5 Fluoride (Fe) 1.0 mg/l
Total hardness (CaCo3) 500 mg/l Phenolic substances (e.g 0.001 mg/l
C6H5OH)
Calcium (Ca) 75 mg/l Cyanide 0.01
Sodium (Na) 200 mg/l Poly Nuclear Aromatic Nil mg/l
Carbons
Magnesium (Mg) 50 mg/l Residual, free chlorine 0.2 mg/l
22
MWE (2007) DISTRICT IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL, Version 1, 31 March 2007, Annex 9.2
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Parameter Requirements Parameter Requirements

Barium (Ba) 1.0 mg/l Mineral oil 0.01 mg/l
Iron (Fe) 0.3 mg/l Anionic detergents 0.2 mg/l
Copper (Cu) 1.0 mg/l Sulphate 200 mg/l
Aluminium (Al) 0.1 mg/l Pesticides Trace
Manganese (Mn) 0.1 mg/l Carbon chloroform (CCE, 0.2 mg/l
org. pollutants)
Zinc (Zn) 5.0 mg/l Microscopic organisms Nil
(algaes, parasites, toxin
producing org. etc.)
Arsenic (As) 0.05 mg/l Coliforms 0 / 100 ml
Lead (Pb) 0.05 mg/l
Annex C2: Rural Drinking Water Standards23

Parameter Guideline Values/Acceptable Values Maximum Acceptable Concentration (MAC)
Hardness (CaCo3) 600 mg/l 800 mg/l
Iron total (Fe) 1 mg/l 2 mg/l
Manganese (Mn) 1 mg/l 2 mg/l
Chloride (Cl) 250 mg/l 500 mg/l
Fluoride (Fe) 2 mg/l 4 mg/l
Sulphate 250 mg/l 500 mg/l
Nitrate (NO3) 20 mg/l 50 mg/l
Nitrite (NO2) 0 mg/l 3 mg/l
TDS – Total Dissolved Solids 1000 mg/l 1500 mg/l
Turbidity 10 NTU 30 NTU
pH 5.5 – 8.5 5.0 – 9.5
E. Coli 0 / 100 ml 50 / 100 ml
Annex C3: Effluent Discharge Water Quality Standards24

Substance Max concentration Substance Max concentration
1,1,1, -trichloroethane 3.0 mg/l 1,1,2.- dichloroethyelene 0.2 mg/l
1,1, 2,- Trichloroethane 1.06 mg/l 1,2- Dichloroethane 0.04 mg/l
1,3- dichloropropene 0.2 mg/l Aluminum 0.5 mg/l
Ammonia Nitrogen 10 mg/l Arsenic 0.2 mg/l
Barium 10 mg/l Benzene 0.2 mg/l
BOD5 50 mg/l Boron 5 mg/l
Cadmium 0.1 mg/l Calcium 100 mg/l
Chloride 500 mg/l Chlorine 1 mg/l
Chromium (total) 1.0 mg/l Chromium (VI) 0.05 mg/l
Cirrus- 1,2 - dichloroethylene -- mg/l Cobalt -- mg/l
COD 100 Clifford Organisms 10,000 counts/100 ml
Color 300 TCU Copper 1.0 mg/l
Cyanide 0.1 mg/l Detergents 10 mg/l
Dichloromethane 0.2 mg/l Iron 10 mg/l
Lead 0.1 mg/l Magnesium 100mg/l
Manganese 1.0 mg/l Mercury 0.01 mg/l
Nickel 1.0 mg/l Nitrite – N 20 mg/l
Nitrite - N 2.0 mg/l Nitrogen total 10 mg/l
Oil and Grease 10 mg/l pH 6.0-8.0
Phenols 0.2 mg/l Phosphate (total) 10 mg/l
Phosphate (soluble) 5.0 mg/l Selenium 1.0 mg/l
Silver 0.5 mg/l Sulfate 500 mg/l
Sulfide 1.0 mg/l TDS 1200 mg/l
Temperature 20-35°C Tetra Cholera ethylene 0.1 mg/l
Tetrachloromethane 0.02 mg/l Tin 5 mg/l
Total Suspended Solids 100 mg/l Tricholoroethylene 0.3 mg/l
Turbidity 300 NTU Zinc 5 mg/l
23
MWE (2007) DISTRICT IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL, Version 1, 31 March 2007, Annex 9.2
24
The National Environment (Standards for Discharge of Effluent into Water or on Land) Regulations, S.I. No 5/1999
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ANNEX D: Water Source Protection Communications Strategy
Annex C4: Prescribed Substances (requiring a Waste Discharge Permit)25

 Aldrin  FethionIsodrin  Polychlorinated biphenyls
 Atrazine  Flucofuran  Simaxine
 Arsenic  Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)  Copper
 Azinphos-methyl  Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD)  Tetracliloroethylene
 Boron  Hexachlorocyclohexane (Lindane  Tributyltin compounds
 Cadmium and its compounds and related compounds)  Trichlorobenzene
 Carbon tetrachloride  Iron  Trichloroethane
 Chloroform  Lead  Trichloroethylene
 Chromium  Malathion  Trifluralin
 Cyanide  Mercury and its compounds  Triphenyltin compounds
 Cyfluthrin  Nickel  Vanadium
 DDT  Parathion  Zinc
 1.2-Dichloroethane  Parathion methyl  Sulcofuron
 Dichlorvos  PCD’s  Azinphos-ethyl
 Dioxins  Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and its  Substances prescribed by other law
 Endosulfan compounds in force
 Endrin  Perchloroethylene
 Fenitrothion  Permethrin
Annex C5: Prescribed Trades and Premises (requiring a Waste Discharge

Permit)26
 Airports  Hospitals  Slaughtering Works (as may be
 Breweries  Leather tanning factories identified by the Director)
 Mines and processors  Meat processing factories Mineral  Soap factories
 Coffee factories extraction and processing  Soft drink manufacturers
 Commercial fish farms  Oil factories Plastic manufacturers  Steel rolling mills
 Fish processing factories  Sewerage treatment plants  Sugar factories
 Fruit and vegetable processing  Textile factories
factories

What is Water Source Protection?
A woman turns on the tap, water flows and it is safe to drink. An engineer flicks
a switch and his factory whirs into life, thanks to electricity generated by
hydropower. A farmer has fertile soil that does not wash away and plentiful
water for his crops and livestock. This is what Water Source Protection does.
Water Authorities, farmers, communities, business and local and national
government work together to produce a water source protection plan which
sets out realistic, practical steps to improve catchment management, reduce
pollution and prevent catchment degradation. As a result, water infrastructure
works more reliably and the land and water are used more productively. This is
how Water Source Protection works.
Introduction
Water Source Protection Guidelines have been developed as part of a wider
programme of operationalizing Integrate Water Resource Management (IWRM)
throughout Uganda. The aim is to reduce degradation of surface and groundwater
resources, which is impacting the health and livelihoods of millions of Ugandans and
damaging the economy and biodiversity of the country as a whole, as well as creating
25
Second Schedule, The Water (Waste Discharge) Regulations, No. 32/1998.
26
Third Schedule, The Water (Waste Discharge) Regulations, No. 32/1998.
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risks of conflict with neighbouring countries who share transboundary water

resources. Water Source Protection is a localised solution that builds partnerships
between water users and surrounding activities that are impacting them. It is intended
that this approach be replicated across the country, within a wider framework of
catchment planning and Water Management Zones.
From the piloting in River Manafwa basin in Mbale, Bududa and Manafwa districts,
the Guidelines will be rolled out nationwide and to be successful there needs to wide
level of awareness, but the depth of understanding will vary depending on how
individuals want, or need, to be involved with the process of Water Source Protection
planning and protection.
The purpose of this annex is to propose ways to raise awareness of Water Source
Protection Guidelines, and the issues that they are addressing and engaging the right
audiences to get involved.
Aims & Objectives
Aims
 To raise the level of public awareness about and rationale of the Water Source
Protection Guidelines and the need to protect water sources such as water
catchments/watershed, wetlands, open waters (rivers, lakes), for their own
benefit as well as everyone else’s.
 To ensure that Water Management Zone Teams are aware their mandates
(roles and responsibilities) in regard to enforcement and compliance monitoring
of the Guidelines and to facilitating stakeholder engagement in implementing the
guidelines.
 To raise awareness and develop ownership and use of the Water Source
Protection Guidelines within the Ministry of Water & Environment and other
government institutions.
 To raise awareness and promote participation in Water Source Protection
planning and protection by relevant government, private sector, civil and
NGO/Community organisations.
 To promote Water Source Protection within the context of the DWRM using
Communication as a tool.
Objectives
 That all MWE staff are aware of the existence of the Water Source Protection
Guidelines by the end of 2013, or earlier.
 That all MWE offices, including subsidiary directorates and parastatal
organisations, have Water Source Protection poster displayed in a prominent
place in the building (reception area, meeting room or manager’s office) by the
end of 2013, or earlier.
 That all four Water Management Zone (WMZ) offices have been fully
familiarised and trained on the Guidelines and have the skills, confidence and
resources to enforce and monitor compliance of the Guidelines.
 That there is evidence that the public and water users are aware of the Water
Source Protection Guidelines.
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Audiences& Messages
The table below outline the main audience segments, the minimum level of
awareness and expected behaviours changes. The overall message should be
hopeful and aspirational.
Audience Group Minimum Level of Desired outcome from Key Messages /
Awareness & Understanding sensitisation What’s in it for me?
to achieve
MWE staff Awareness of the Water The Guidelines become These are your
(including DWD, Source Protection Guidelines used (enforcement, Guidelines
DWRM, DEA, NEMA, and that they are there for compliance and They are here to help you
NFA, NWSC, WMZ, their use to facilitate their compliance monitoring) do your job.
WSDF, TSU, WMD, mandates in relation to on a regular basis by all
FSSD, DESS environmental protection and the relevant MWE
water infrastructure functions.
development. Contribute human and
financial resources and
expertise to implement
source protection
measures.
Ministry of Energy Awareness of the Guidelines Active involvement with Protecting water
and Mineral as a tool to protect the yield piloting and uptake of resources is critical to
Development and performance of Vol. 5 - Guidelines for successful hydropower.
(including Electricity hydroelectric schemes. Protecting Hydroelectric Guideline Volume 5 is
and hydropower Awareness of the Guidelines Power Plants yours and MWE wants to
development as a tool to protect the yield Awareness with all help you make it as
agencies, Petroleum and performance of aspects of the energy useful and used as
agencies) abstraction and discharge sector that they both rely possible.
schemes associated with Oil on well managed water Protecting water resource
and Gas industry resources and have a is critical to the
mandate and sustainability and
responsibility for water reputation of the oil and
source protection. gas industry
Ministry of Works Awareness of the Guidelines Recognition that Better road design and
and transport as a tool and the issue as uncontrolled road runoff construction can reduce
something that concerns them is a major, and long term maintenance
and their stakeholders. increasing, source of soil costs.
erosion, silt, pollution
and flooding.
Ministry of Awareness of the Guidelines A desire to make their WSP guidelines are a
Agriculture, animal as a tool and that water family of government mechanism to push for
Industry and management and land organisations aware of local initiatives to improve
Fisheries management strongly linked. the guidelines and using agricultural practices and
them. productivity and to protect
and enhance fisheries.
National political Water source protection is Support for all relevant People, water and land
leaders critical to safeguarding the life government bodies to be are Uganda’s greatest
and productivity of water and involved with Water resources; strong
energy infrastructure, and Source Protection. management will create a
hence the national and local Ensure that sufficient strong society and
economies. budget and human economy.
resources are allocated The Guidelines are a
to water source pragmatic and cost-
protection measures. effective way of delivering
real results.
District Local Awareness of the Guidelines Cooperation and support These Guidelines are to
Government as a tool to support their of local (LC1-5) political help you deliver your
mandates for environmental leaders. mandates for better water
protection, water development Active input from District supply, environmental
Water, Environment, protection, forestry and
Forestry, Wetland, agriculture.
Agricultural and Natural The Guidelines are built
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Audience Group Minimum Level of Desired outcome from Key Messages /

Awareness & Understanding sensitisation What’s in it for me?
to achieve
Resources Officers, around local decision-
District Engineer and making and collaboration
Water Authorities. to resolve conflicts and
Contribute human and incentivise win-win
financial resources and partnerships.
expertise to implement
source protection
measures.
Private Sector Awareness of Guidelines as a To see the opportunities Bad water management
(including NWSC) tool to protect their assets, if in supporting Water costs your business
they use water; or as Source Protection and money, directly and
something that they should not as a threat. indirectly.
engage with positively if they Being involved in Water
discharge effluent, abstract Source Protection means
large volumes of water, or investing in your business
substantially modify land use and your local community
in catchment areas. for the benefit of
everyone, and this will be
visible to your customers
and local shareholders.
Residents living in Awareness that everyday To actively engage with You wouldn’t shit in your
hotspot areas near activities (such as open water source protection own well: this is your
Water Activities defecation, uncontrolled waste planning and in the problem.
(pumping stations, disposal, sand mining, river implementation of There are alternatives:
boreholes, springs, bank encroachment, resulting protection better ways of farming,
reservoirs, deforestation for firewood and measures, such as river forestry, waste disposal
hydroelectric charcoal) bank rehabilitation. or mining sand that don’t
schemes) harm the water supplies
of yourself or others.
Non-governmental, Awareness of the Guidelines Engagement in the water These is what the Water
community-based, and their scope. source protection Source Protection
faith-based process. Guidelines are about, is
organisations Assist with community there overlap with what
sensitisation and your organisation is trying
mobilisation. to achieve?
Contribute human and By collaborating with
financial resources and others through the
expertise to implement framework of Water
source protection Source Protection your
measures. efforts can be more
effective and long-lasting.
General Public Awareness that protecting Support government and Degradation of water
water resources, and community actions to resources and catchment
catchments, is important protect water sources is a problem you need to
because otherwise food, and water catchment know about and care
water, fuel wood and areas. about.
electricity supplies become To reflect and modify A healthy environment is
more scarce, expensive and their own activities that good for you, good for
unreliable. may be harming water everyone.
bodies.
Story Telling
The human dimension

People respond to stories; it is how we share and learn. Readers are more likely to
understand empathise if a situation is being explained by someone affected by it
directly. Emphasising water quality as well as availability is also important. This can
be done with images that shock or present facts and figures.
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To help with future communication activities it is worthwhile for WMZ officers to take a
camera and take photos of people and situations they encounter and record quotes
from those individuals (with their permission) that can be used to explain their
situation to wider audiences. Photos or videos of areas affected by catchment
degradation, or water sources that have been damaged or polluted by upstream
activities are powerful tools in communicating. An example from the River Manafwa is
shown below:
1. Threat 2. Pathway 3a. Water Source: Infrastructure
One of many sand-mining River Manafwa choked with high Staff at Manafwa Water Works
operations that is speeding up river levels of sand and silt. struggle to keep clarifiers from
bank erosion and stirring up silting up.
sediment.
Quote* from “William” Sand Miner: Quote* from “Sarah” WMZ officer: Quote* from “Charles” NWSC
maintenance engineer:
“We make Sh50,000 for every truck “Measurements of river flow and “Over the last five years, the
load of sand. It’s hard work, and quality have shown a steady situation has got much worse and it
people want to buy the sand for decline, with increasing problems is getting harder and harder to
building. I know it causes problems, with both low flows and flooding clean the water. Sometimes it is too
but I am poor, this is our land and since 1995.” bad to treat or the river levels are
we need to feed our families. What too low and we have to stop the
choice do we have?” supply to Mbale.”
* Fictitious names and quotes for the sake of illustrating the point
Evidence
Stories are essential for getting attention and stimulating desire, but often to reinforce
with reason it is necessary present more objective evidence, often in the form of data.
Presenting raw data can be overwhelming, but a good graph can be illustrative, an
example below shows turbidity increases along the Manafwa, but could be about
availability, scarcity, number of and type of water sources impacted, number of
people affected, financial cost of blockages and infrastructure damage and
downtime.
What is important to note from this is that data suggests that the biggest increases in
sediment load is not caused by the Sand Miners immediately upstream of the intake,
but happens much further upstream. This illustrates the importance of matching the
story to the evidence (but not the other way around!). In this example, it would be
good to visit the river between Bunamubi and Buwesi, find out what is going on an
interview people in that area to capture what the issues are, for example is there a
particular polluted tributary that enters the Manafwa between these points.
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Dissemination, Uptake and Communications Options
The Guideline Documents (Hard and Soft copies)

The Guideline Documents themselves are the main way to communicate the detail
about what Water Source Protection is about and how to undertake it. While this is
suitable for MWE staff, District Technical Officers, other agencies (e.g, NWSC, UWA,
NFA, NEMA) other audiences are unlikely to take the time to read them. Even
technical staff need to be encouraged to read them, first by having access (being sent
a copy – preferably a hard copy, but a soft copy sent by email is better than nothing),
secondly by making the document attractive and easy to read and follow. Workshops
and training are important ways of reinforcing the importance of the Guidelines and
embedding the understanding how to apply them.
Meetings and Training Workshops

Bringing the target audiences together to present the guidelines and give an
opportunity for questions and discussions is a powerful tool for raising awareness,
stimulating interest and desire and embedding key messages. This has already
begun for the Water Source Protection Guidelines with workshops in Kampala and in
the pilot area.
A variation is to have a more structured training session with a smaller group (10-20
people) at a time. This would give an opportunity for participants to work through a
case study to help them internalise the process, to ask questions that may not have
occurred to them in listening passively to a presentation, and to feel confident in being
able to take the Guidelines back to their workplace and start using them.
Newsletter
Once Government staff have been sensitised and trained in the use of the Guidelines
then their uptake and use will be more likely but not guaranteed. The messages will
need regular reinforcement so that the Guidelines are not left collecting dust on the
shelf. One way of doing this would be through a simple quarterly or bi-annual
newsletter that gives an updates on what Water Source Protection and Catchment
Planning activities are happening and what is being learned. This will help create a
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greater sense of community and peer pressure that encourages the use of the
Guidelines.
Technical Support/ Helpline

An officer may feel enthused and keen to use the Guidelines but when they get back
to their workplace and try and use them they may encounter difficulties or questions.
A way to help them would be for the Guidelines document / Newsletter to include
helpline phone numbers and email addresses so that the officer can contact their
local WMZ team and get the answers they need.
Annual Water Source Protection Award

Creating an award scheme for the best Water Source Protection Plan, and best
Water Source Protection implementation would be an effective way to reinforce the
importance of the issue, and to reward the officers and communities who have made
the most creative commitments to making it successful.
Posters, Flyers and Advertising

Posters and flyers can be a bright visual way to get interest and raise awareness.
Because there are more than 50 languages in Uganda and literacy is not guaranteed,
it is essential to have clear pictures that are in a visual language that a wide range of
audiences understand. On a large scale, this is done by mobile phone and drinks
companies with their large road-side adverts and paying to have shops painted in
their corporate branding. Some development partners, such as USAID,also sponsor
large adverts to raise awareness of key issues, such as domestic violence and
immunisation.
Clearly, MWE does not have the resources to do something similar, but an ambitious
but an achievable objective would be develop a poster that goes on the wall of every
District, WMZ, MWE, NFA, WSDF, TSU, NWSC office in the country. This would
increase visibility not just among staff, but also among visitors.
A simple flyer, using similar branding and style to the posters could be developed so
that Ministry staff can hand it out at meetings. To keep printing costs down, the
design needs to be attractive in black and white as well as colour.
Bi-lateral Meetings and Telephone Calls

Although time consuming, bi-lateral meetings, reinforced by telephone calls, are the
most effective way to sensitise other people, get their buy-in and ensure that they
remain interested and engaged in the water source protection process.
Because of the time and logistics costs involved, this level of intensive interaction
should be reserved for the highest priority stakeholders that have been identified and
mapped in Step 4 of the Guidelines. Ideally, the people who are targeted should be
‘connectors’, who have a wide social network, or ‘salesmen’ who are good at
persuading others. Often these will be political leaders, so care should be taken to
ensure that this does not get become the victim of competing political rivalries – this is
a lesson learned from a reservoir proposed near Mbale. NGOs, CBOs and FBOs can
be worthwhile sensitising and involving so that they can be encouraged to cascade
information to their members and contacts.
Email and Text Messages (SMS)

Email and SMS are increasing common options to communicating, even in rural
areas of Uganda. This has the advantage of being able to communicate with
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individuals and groups quickly and at relatively low cost. However, experience shows
that electronic communication is much more successful after a face-to-face meeting
has taken place between the two parties involved so that a measure of rapport and
trust is built up.
Television
NTV Uganda produces short ‘Eco Talk’ segments that go out on national television,
and can reach an even wider audience through YouTube. A good example of where
this has been done before is a segment in river bank restoration in Mbale District -
Eco Talk: River Manafwa restoration: http://youtu.be/Zk6DllVhEiYand Eco Talk: Lubigi
restoration: http://youtu.be/mQivEsl3j-o
Radio Slots
Uganda is served by numerous FM radio stations, which may provide an effective
way to reaching a wide audience, including rural communities where access to
television and newspapers is more restricted. Short news items or adverts can be
prepared for music radio stations, whereas talk stations, such as BBC World Service
Kampala and Mbarara may accept longer radio discussions or documentaries.
Press releases for Newspapers and Radio

Uganda has several newspapers, such as New Vision, RedPepper and the Daily
Monitor. While they can be effective at reaching a wide audience, the audience needs
to be literate and have access to buying the newspapers. This creates an urban bias
and the rural population directly exposed to, and involved in, catchment degradation,
are not reached. Journalists generally look for human stories and conflicts. This can
mean that a published story may have a different angle from that intended when
issuing a press-release. It may also cause embarrassment in a situation where efforts
are being made to manage conflicts between different stakeholders in a source
protection area. Taking out an advert ensures that the message is as you want it
presented, but this costs and may not be seen as neutral or credible by the reader.
Actions
The point of communication, advocacy and dissemination to promote action that
creates change. Below are some different types of actions that we would like
audiences to take up:
 Champions: MWE staff at all levels become users and champions of the Water
Source Protection Guidelines and their use to achieve the wider goals of IWRM.
 Citizen-Consumer: make decisions in your daily life when it comes to where and
how to go to the toilet, where to dispose of waste, how to go about small-scale
farming, forestry or mining in a way that is more productive and causes less harm.
 Activist: Join a local council, NGO, CBO or FBO and champion issues around
improving rural livelihoods while reducing land and water degradation. Be actively
involved in Water Source Protection consultation processes and contribute time and
ideas to being part of the solution.
 Employer: look at your business: what is its impact on the water environment and
what are the opportunities to both reduce this and reduce costs or increase public
profile.
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Mandates
While the Guidelines will be a Ministry of Water & Environment document, it is for
DWRM and the Water Management Zones to take a leadership role into their uptake
and on-going development. This already falls, implicitly, within the scope of the team
mandates, as illustrated below:
Water Management Zone mandate

In the document “Operationalisation of Catchment-based Water Resources
Management” (DWRM/COWI 2010) the role of the WMZ Co-ordinator Includes:
 Increased public and community awareness and participation in water resources
management.
 Development and implementation of strategies for social marketing of
Catchment-based Water Resources Management (CbWRM); data and
information management; and dissemination; and stakeholder awareness,
sensitisation and engagement.
 Facilitate, inter-Zone Offices; and co-ordinate, inter-CMOs, mechanisms for
collaboration, communication and information exchange for activities in areas of
mismatched borders.
 Liaise with other regional actors; and co-ordinate and provide leadership in
implementing WR Management activities including regional ecological
monitoring systems and procedures.
 The role of the Senior Social Scientist /Communications Officer includes the
following communication responsibilities and outputs:
 Implementation of the DWRM Communications Strategy at WMZ and catchment
level.
 Development and implementation of feedback and follow-up mechanisms linking
the WMZ officers, CMOs, partner institutions and agencies and other
stakeholders.
 Social marketing of CbWRM and resultant increased public and community
awareness and participation in water resources management.
 Design and supervise production, in relevant regional languages if necessary, of
information and communication materials to support WMZ Office activities
 Leadership in planning and coordination and of communication and public
awareness activities.
 Provide technical assistance to relevant catchment bodies and stakeholder on
assuring gender mainstreaming and equitable stakeholder participation.
 Advise on relevant capacity-building activities information dissemination and
communication for WMZ office staff activities.
 Liaise with other organisations implementing IWRM related activities within the
WMZ to develop and disseminate a single message as well as implement
coordinated and complementing activities geared towards raising public
awareness, sensitisation and public participation.
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ANNEX E: People/Institutions consulted during formulation of the Guidelines
Conclusion
Challenges and Risks

The process of communicating the important of Water Source Protection and the role
the Guidelines is likely to encounter a number of challenges:
 Changes in administration can change priorities for communication
 Consistency between words and actions is key
 Using jargon will not interest the public
 Lack of funds is a constraint
 The public can want opposing things at the same time
 Different departments may put out conflicting messages
Solutions
There may be no easy answers, but ways to tackle these challenges include:
 Be clear, consistent, avoid jargon, be interesting, be relevant to the target
audiences immediate needs. Test the messages within your personal circles – if
you’re friends don’t understand it, then others probably won’t either.
 Identify champions (connectors/mavens/salesmen – see Section 2) in MWE and
District Local Government organisations who are interested in water source
protection and catchment management, and support them to enthuse others and
change attitudes.
 Low cost communication solutions can be highly effective if done regularly –
phone calls, face-to-face bi-lateral meetings, emails. Informal evaluation of how
successfully the Guidelines are being taken up and used can be done by picking
up the phone and talking to colleagues around the country.
 Rolling out the Water Source Protection Guidelines across Uganda will be an
exciting and challenging process, but if done with enthusiasm and commitment it
can lead to better protection and management of Uganda’s incredible natural
wealth, and a strong society and economy for all.
ANNEX E: People/Institutions consulted during formulation of the

Guidelines
Name Organisation
John Baptist Nambeshe Bududa District Local Gov.
Grace Katuramu Danida
Pamela Nyamutoka International Institute for Rural Reconstruction
Victor Igbokwe International Institute for Rural Reconstruction
Jane Nabunnya IRC – Triple S Project
Barbara Nakangu Bugembe IUCN
Sarah Bisikwa Manafwa District Local Gov.
James Baanabe Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development
Bernard Mujasi Mbale District Local Government
Anna Nakayenze Mbale District Local Government
Fred Ddeme Mbale District Local Government
Opio Henry Ogenyi Mbale District Local Government
Willy Nangosyah Mbale District Local Government
David Cheptoek MWE – DWRM
Dr Callist Tindimugaya MWE – DWRM
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ANNEX E: People/Institutions consulted during formulation of the Guidelines
Name Organisation
Edward Martin Rwarinda MWE – DWRM
Florence Adongo MWE – DWRM
Gwendolyn Kyoburungi MWE – DWRM
Jacob Otim MWE – DWRM
Jeremy Notley MWE – DWRM
Eng. Aaron Kabirizi MWE – Rural Water
Eng. Christopher Tumusiime MWE – Rural Water
Eng. Ian Arebahona MWE – Rural Water
Helen Mwsae MWE – TSU5
Negesa Rita Opira MWE – TSU4
Eng. Christopher Azuba MWE – Urban Water
Eng. Gilbert Kimanzi MWE – Water for Production
Paul Nuwagira MWE – Water for Production
Paul Kato MWE – WSDF East
Dr Sonja Hofbauer MWE – WSDF East
Ezra Ahumuza MWE – WSDF East
Patrick Jolly Elolu MWE – WSDF East
Louis Mugisha MWE – WMZ Kyoga
Sylvia Nanyunja MWE – WMZ Kyoga
Faridah Nantga MWE – WMZ Kyoga
Dr Andrea Schalla MWE – WMZ Kyoga
Charles Nkata MWE – WMZ Kyoga
Isaac Mugume National Forestry Authority
Julius Anku National Forestry Authority
Paul Buyerah National Forestry Authority
Richard Waiswa National Forestry Authority
Maniraguha Stuart National Forestry Authority
Tom Rukundo National Forestry Authority
Christopher Kanyesigye National Water and Sewerage Corporation
Eng. Eric Nyanga National Water and Sewerage Corporation – Mbale
Dr Adolf Spitzer National Water and Sewerage Corporation
Waiswa Arnold NEMA
Berina Uwimbabazi The World Bank
Sam Mutono The World Bank
Clarissa Mulders WE Consult
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THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

Ministry of Water and Environment

FRAMEWORK AND GUIDELINES FOR

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

ultimately with MWE).

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

 Vol. 4: Multipurpose reservoirs and valley tanks (surface water impoundments

 Vol. 5: Hydroelectric Power Plants (hydroelectric dams, run-of-river

Throughout this document, the process is illustrated using a hypothetical example of

Need for the guidelines

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Protection of water catchments in many countries especially those densely populated

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Case studies of water source degradation

Lake Victoria Basin Commission (2007)

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Location Lake Victoria: Kampala/Inner Murchison Bay

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

4 Daily Monitor (2011) Mpanga hydro power plant commissioned (http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Technology/-

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Box 3: Mbarara Water Supply (River Rwizi)

What are the guidelines for?

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Table 1: Over-arching objectives for Water Source Protection

Who are the guidelines for?

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Monitoring & Regulation

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Conceptual Model: Threat – Pathway – Water Source

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Commonly, it is a more cost effective solution for society as a whole to neutralise a

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Stage Hazard/Risk Control Measure (options)

Guidelines Process and Outputs

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Figure 5: Water Source Protection Guideline Structure

Relationship between Water Source Protection Guidelines and

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Guidelines for Catchment Based Water Resources Planning (CBWRP) in

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Figure 6: Hierarchy of Water Management and Protection Plans

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Water Permits and Unregulated Activities

DWD Design Manual

WSDF Operations Manual

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

Water Safety Planning

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection

soil erosion/increased forest/vegetation cover and better soil conservation: protects

 Wetlands protection and enhancement: Provides water resource benefits,

Water Sector Working Group and project budgeting

Budgeting for Water Source Protection

Framework and Guidelines for Water Source Protection