ModelVision User Guide

ModelVision 13.
ModelVision v13.0 User Guide TM
Pitney Bowes Software Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Pitney Bowes Inc. Pitney Bowes, the Corporate logo, pbEncom and Discover
are [registered] trademarks of Pitney Bowes Inc. or a subsidiary. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
© 2013 Pitney Bowes Software Inc. All rights reserved.
ModelVision v13.0 User Guide TM
ModelVision is developed and supported by MODELVISION RELEASE HISTORY

Pitney Bowes Software Pty Ltd and Tensor Research Pty Ltd
v1.0 July 1994 v6.0 November 2004
v1.2 April 1995 v7.0 August 2005
ASIA PACIFIC / AUSTRALIA
v1.3 May 1996 v7.1 October 2006
Level 7, 1 Elizabeth Plaza
v2.1 October 1998 v8.0 April 2007
North Sydney NSW 2060 Australia
v3.0 May 1999 v9.0 March 2009
v3.01 November 1999 v10.0 April 2010
SUPPORT
v4.10 May 2000 v11.0 August 2011
T: +61.2.9437.6255
v4.0 October 2001 v12.0 August 2012
v4.5 December 2002 v13.0 December 2013
[email protected]
v5.0 August 2003
www.pbencom.com
Pitney Bowes Software Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Pitney Bowes Inc. Pitney Bowes, the Corporate logo, pbEncom and Discover
are [registered] trademarks of Pitney Bowes Inc. or a subsidiary. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
© 2013 Pitney Bowes Software Inc. All rights reserved.
Table of Contents i
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1
About ModelVision .................................................................................... 1

About this Manual ..................................................................................... 2
2 Installing ModelVision ............................................................................ 3
Computer Hardware Requirements........................................................... 3

Installing ModelVision................................................................................ 3
Installing from CD-ROM ....................................................................... 4
Installing from the Web ........................................................................ 5
Installation Folders ............................................................................... 5
Encom Licensing ....................................................................................... 6
Licensing Procedures........................................................................... 6
Installing a Hard-disk Licence for the First Time .................................. 7
Upgrading an Existing Licence............................................................. 9
Transferring a Hard-Disk Licence ...................................................... 10
Displaying Licence Information .......................................................... 13
Troubleshooting ................................................................................. 13
3 Getting Started ...................................................................................... 15
Introduction and Guidelines .................................................................... 15

Using the Tutorials .................................................................................. 16
Starting and Closing ModelVision ........................................................... 17
4 Getting Help ........................................................................................... 21
Online Help ............................................................................................. 21

User Guide .............................................................................................. 22
Tutorials .................................................................................................. 22
Technical Support and Updates .............................................................. 22
Using Adobe Reader ............................................................................... 23
5 Understanding the Interface................................................................. 25
Main Menu .............................................................................................. 25

File Menu ........................................................................................... 26
Edit Menu ........................................................................................... 27
View Menu ......................................................................................... 28
Layout Menu ...................................................................................... 28
Model Menu ....................................................................................... 29
Filters Menu ....................................................................................... 30
ii ModelVision User Guide
Utility Menu ........................................................................................ 31

Tools Menu ........................................................................................ 32
Modules Menu ................................................................................... 33
Window Menu .................................................................................... 33
Help Menu ......................................................................................... 33
Toolbars .................................................................................................. 34
View Control Tools............................................................................. 34
Body Creation and Editing Tools ....................................................... 35
Computation Tools............................................................................. 36
Utility Tools ........................................................................................ 36
Modelling Tools.................................................................................. 38
Speed Tool ........................................................................................ 38
6 Managing Projects and Data Files....................................................... 41
About Projects and Session Files ........................................................... 41

Creating, Saving, and Restoring Sessions ............................................. 42
AutoSave ........................................................................................... 42
Importing, Exporting, and Linking Data Files .......................................... 43
Importing Data ................................................................................... 43
Profile Data ................................................................................... 45
General ASCII Data ...................................................................... 45
Drillhole Data ................................................................................ 46
Geosoft Database......................................................................... 46
ASEG GDF Data Exchange Standard .......................................... 46
Point Data ..................................................................................... 47
Grids ............................................................................................. 47
Exporting Models and Data ............................................................... 47
Profile Export ................................................................................ 48
Grid Export ................................................................................... 49
Drillhole Data Export..................................................................... 49
Point Data Export ......................................................................... 49
DXF Export ................................................................................... 50
External Links .................................................................................... 50
Reading Directly from External Files with ModelVision ................ 50
Writing Directly to External Files with ModelVision....................... 51
Displaying ModelVision Data in Encom PA ....................................... 51
Data Management .................................................................................. 53
Maintaining Data Sets........................................................................ 53
Clipping a Data Set............................................................................ 56
Project Settings....................................................................................... 58
Project Directory ................................................................................ 59
Units................................................................................................... 60
Magnetic Field Specification .............................................................. 62
IGRF Calculator ................................................................................. 63
IGRF Grid Creator ............................................................................. 64
Table of Contents iii
Generating IGRF Grids ................................................................. 64

Using an Existing Grid................................................................... 65
Using an Elevation Grid ................................................................ 65
Map Projections and Datums ............................................................. 65
Project Description ............................................................................. 66
Default Settings.................................................................................. 66
Default Settings File ...................................................................... 67
7 Controlling the View.............................................................................. 69
Managing Windows ................................................................................. 69

Navigating the View ................................................................................ 70
Panning and Zooming ........................................................................ 70
Zoom Mode ................................................................................... 70
Zooming In and Out ...................................................................... 71
Vertical Scale ................................................................................ 72
Zoom Previous .............................................................................. 72
Pan Mode...................................................................................... 72
Pan................................................................................................ 73
Fit .................................................................................................. 73
Redraw.......................................................................................... 73
Interrupt Redraw ........................................................................... 73
Using the Colour Table Editor ................................................................. 73
Creating or Editing a Colour Lookup Table ........................................ 75
Selecting Objects .................................................................................... 77
View Types.............................................................................................. 77
Custom Tiling and Scaling ................................................................. 80
Cross-section View ............................................................................ 84
Opening a Cross-section View...................................................... 85
Cross-section Controls.................................................................. 86
StatWatch ..................................................................................... 96
Export Cross-sections as Georeferenced Images ........................ 97
Map View ........................................................................................... 99
Configuring Map Displays ........................................................... 101
AutoMag Points........................................................................... 108
Body Labels ................................................................................ 109
BMP Backdrops .......................................................................... 112
Drillhole Displays......................................................................... 114
Vector Presentations................................................................... 116
Drillhole Vector Map.................................................................... 118
Perspective Drillhole Display....................................................... 118
ERV Backdrop ............................................................................ 120
Grid Contour ............................................................................... 120
Grid Images ................................................................................ 123
Grid Profiles ................................................................................ 126
Legend Box ................................................................................. 128
iv ModelVision User Guide
Regional Fix Points..................................................................... 128

North Arrow ............................................................................... 129
Points Set ................................................................................... 129
Stacked Profiles.......................................................................... 132
Title Block ................................................................................... 133
Export Maps to Georeferenced Images (.EGB).......................... 133
Bodies......................................................................................... 134
Perspective View ............................................................................. 135
3D Grids ..................................................................................... 136
Drillhole Visualization.................................................................. 141
AutoMag and Standard Points.................................................... 143
Multi-Track View .............................................................................. 144
Opening a Multi-track Window.................................................... 145
Functional Elements of a Multi-Track Display............................. 147
Page Layout View............................................................................ 151
8 Modelling Techniques ........................................................................ 153
Modelling with ModelVision................................................................... 154

Modelling Guidelines ............................................................................ 155
Before You Start ................................................................................... 157
Confirm Model Settings ................................................................... 157
Select the Points for Model Response Computation ....................... 157
Create or Import a Starting Model ................................................... 158
Creating Bodies .................................................................................... 158
Controlling Body Colours ................................................................. 160
Polygon............................................................................................ 162
Sphere and Ellipsoid........................................................................ 163
Tabular............................................................................................. 165
Plunging Prism and Frustum ........................................................... 165
Elliptical and Circular Pipe ............................................................... 167
Cloning Bodies...................................................................................... 169
Editing Bodies ....................................................................................... 169
Selecting Bodies .............................................................................. 170
Moving Bodies ................................................................................. 170
Changing Physical Parameters ....................................................... 171
Changing Remanence Properties.................................................... 174
Changing Anisotropy Properties ...................................................... 177
Changing Spatial Properties ............................................................ 179
Changing Display Properties ........................................................... 185
Editing Vertices................................................................................ 187
Undoing Edits .................................................................................. 188
Locking Bodies ................................................................................ 188
Polygroup Bodies.................................................................................. 189
Creating Polygroup Bodies .............................................................. 189
Editing Polygroup Bodies................................................................. 191
Table of Contents v
Reshaping a Polygroup Body........................................................... 191

Using the Re-shape Tool ............................................................ 192
Splitting a Polygroup Body ............................................................... 194
Multiple Section Modelling ............................................................... 196
Deleting Polygroup Bodies............................................................... 198
Disassociating Polygroup Components ........................................... 198
Merging Polygroups ......................................................................... 198
Polygroup Outline............................................................................. 198
Moving and Snapping Vertices.............................................................. 199
Snap Settings................................................................................... 199
Snap Toggle Buttons........................................................................ 199
Snapping and Moving Vertices in Map View (Plunging Prisms) ...... 199
What Can Be Snapped? .................................................................. 200
How to Snap Vertices and Move Them Together ............................ 200
Vertex Snapping Considerations for Plunging Prisms ..................... 200
Editing Multiple Bodies .......................................................................... 201
Body Parameters Table ................................................................... 203
Body Conversion and Subdivision......................................................... 205
Body Conversions ............................................................................ 206
Body Subdivision.............................................................................. 207
Terrain Correction Calculator ................................................................ 208
Background ...................................................................................... 208
Approach.......................................................................................... 209
Operation ......................................................................................... 210
Strata Modelling .................................................................................... 216
Positioning of Strata Bodies ............................................................. 217
Vertical Extents of Strata Bodies...................................................... 218
Considerations for Defining Strata Models....................................... 219
Converting Point Attributes to Models ................................................... 219
Testing Response with Synthetic Data.................................................. 223
Synthetic Lines................................................................................. 223
Synthetic Drillholes........................................................................... 226
Graphical Drillhole Design........................................................... 227
Specific Drillhole Design ............................................................. 227
Synthetic Grid................................................................................... 228
Displaying Curves and Tracks............................................................... 228
Adding Curves.................................................................................. 229
Displaying Responses...................................................................... 230
Enclosed Bodies ................................................................................... 231
Drillhole Modelling ................................................................................. 232
Defining a Drillhole ........................................................................... 233
Importing Drillhole Data.................................................................... 233
Using Synthetic Drillholes ................................................................ 233
Modelling Downhole Data ................................................................ 234
Point Modelling...................................................................................... 236
Hints and Modelling Tips ....................................................................... 237
Manipulating Models to Fit the Data................................................. 237
vi ModelVision User Guide
Optimizing Computations While Modelling ...................................... 237

Finalizing a Model............................................................................ 238
3D Model Generator ............................................................................. 239
3D Extrusion Wizard ........................................................................ 240
Introductory Modelling Tutorial.............................................................. 246
Setting Up the Tutorial ..................................................................... 247
Background...................................................................................... 248
Step-by-Step.................................................................................... 248
9 Working with Models .......................................................................... 257
About Models ........................................................................................ 257

Model Types ......................................................................................... 259
Importing Models .................................................................................. 259
Checking the Integrity of Imported DXF Models .............................. 260
Input File ..................................................................................... 261
List View ..................................................................................... 261
Surface ....................................................................................... 262
Global ......................................................................................... 262
Rendering ................................................................................... 262
3D View Controls ........................................................................ 263
Exporting Models .................................................................................. 264
Modelling Tools..................................................................................... 266
Using the Active Line Tool ............................................................... 267
Using the Traverse Tool .................................................................. 268
Using the Next Line Tool ................................................................. 269
Using the Active Points Tool............................................................ 269
Using the Clip Grid Tool................................................................... 273
Using the Clip Project Tool .............................................................. 274
Potential Field Modelling Controls ........................................................ 274
Data Compression ........................................................................... 275
Differential Mode.............................................................................. 275
Inversion .......................................................................................... 276
Line Control ..................................................................................... 276
Grid Control ..................................................................................... 276
Edit Regional ................................................................................... 277
Magnetic Field ................................................................................. 277
Gravity and Magnetic Components ................................................. 277
Defaults............................................................................................ 277
Profile Modelling Controls ..................................................................... 278
Line Controls.................................................................................... 278
Grid Controls.................................................................................... 283
Drillhole Controls ............................................................................. 284
Point Controls .................................................................................. 285
Regional Field Controls......................................................................... 286
Using a Regional Field..................................................................... 286
Table of Contents vii
Computing a Regional Surface ........................................................ 288

Magnetic Field Controls......................................................................... 293
IGRF Calculator ............................................................................... 294
Remanence...................................................................................... 294
Demagnetization .............................................................................. 295
Full Tensor Magnetic Gradiometer Computation .................................. 295
Enabling Magnetic Tensor Computations ........................................ 296
Computing Magnetic Field Tensor Components.............................. 296
The Magnetic Field Gradient Tensor................................................ 297
Magnetic Gradiometer Units ............................................................ 297
Working with Magnetic Field Tensor Computations......................... 297
Full Tensor Gravity Gradiometer Computation...................................... 298
Enabling Gravity Tensor Computations ........................................... 299
Computing Tensor Components ...................................................... 299
The Gravity Gradient Tensor............................................................ 300
Gravity Gradiometer Units................................................................ 300
Working with Gravity Tensor Computations..................................... 300
Examples of Gravity Tensor Computations...................................... 302
Default Model Parameters..................................................................... 303
Model Parameters............................................................................ 304
Cross-section Defaults ..................................................................... 305
10 Inversion .............................................................................................. 307
About Potential Field Data Inversion ..................................................... 307

Inversion Techniques ............................................................................ 308
Quick Inversion ..................................................................................... 309
Creating the Seed Body ................................................................... 311
Improving the Fit .............................................................................. 312
Auto Mode Inversion ........................................................................ 313
Manual Adjustment of Body Parameters.......................................... 314
Restoring Previous Models .............................................................. 314
Manual Mode Inversion.................................................................... 314
Modelling Other Anomalies .............................................................. 314
Data and Body Selection.................................................................. 314
Regional Removal............................................................................ 315
Local Regional ................................................................................. 315
Regional Extent................................................................................ 316
Inversion on First Vertical Derivative................................................ 316
General 3D Inversion ............................................................................ 317
Inversion Strategies ......................................................................... 318
Treatment of Regional Fields ........................................................... 319
Limitations ........................................................................................ 320
Inversion Controls ............................................................................ 321
The Inversion Toolbar ...................................................................... 321
Inversion Progress Bar..................................................................... 323
viii ModelVision User Guide
Standard Inversion Data Control ..................................................... 324

Joint Inversion Data Control ............................................................ 325
Using Joint Inversion for Single Channel Data ................................ 326
Configure Standard Inversion .......................................................... 328
Configure Joint Inversion ................................................................. 330
Free Parameters in Inversions......................................................... 332
Inversion Tolerances ....................................................................... 335
Inversion Parameters Spreadsheet ................................................. 336
Setting Vertex Tolerances Graphically ............................................ 337
Remanence Inversion ........................................................................... 338
Remanence as an Exploration Parameter ...................................... 339
Geological Parameters from Remote Remanence Detection .... 339
An Exploration Definition for Remanence .................................. 340
Physical Expressions of Remanence Maps................................ 341
Remanent Inversion......................................................................... 345
Specifying the Remanent Magnetization ........................................ 346
Inverting on Resultant Magnetization ............................................. 348
Remanence Inversion Test Session ............................................... 350
Remanence Calculator .................................................................... 352
Theory ........................................................................................ 353
ModelVision Procedure .............................................................. 356
The Remanence Calculator Dialog............................................. 357
Initial setup for Remanence Calculator dialog ............................ 358
Anomaly Analysis Steps ............................................................. 359
Removal of Regional Magnetic Field .......................................... 362
Export Remanence Results ........................................................ 362
Work Tips ................................................................................... 364
Joint Inversion....................................................................................... 366
Joint Inversion Limits ....................................................................... 367
Theory.............................................................................................. 368
Performing an Inversion........................................................................ 371
Selecting the Data ........................................................................... 371
Selecting Free Parameters .............................................................. 372
Controlling Parameter Variation....................................................... 372
Running the Inversion...................................................................... 373
11 Page Layout ........................................................................................ 375
The Layout Window .............................................................................. 375

Creating a New Layout ......................................................................... 376
Setting Page Size ................................................................................. 377
Adding Map Frames ............................................................................. 378
Creating a Frame............................................................................. 379
Moving and Resizing Frames .......................................................... 382
Changing Layout Properties ................................................................. 384
Controlling the Redraw Speed......................................................... 384
Table of Contents ix
Zooming In and Out ......................................................................... 385

Adding Text and Drawing Objects......................................................... 385
Drawing Operations ......................................................................... 386
Drawing Tools .................................................................................. 386
Adding and Editing Text ................................................................... 388
Editing Multiple Text Objects............................................................ 389
Changing the Display Order............................................................. 389
Aligning Objects ............................................................................... 390
Saving a Layout .................................................................................... 390
12 Using Filters ........................................................................................ 391
About Filters .......................................................................................... 391

Convolution Filters................................................................................. 393
Convolution Filter Operation ............................................................ 395
FFT Filters ............................................................................................. 398
In-Line Filters ........................................................................................ 401
Grid Filters............................................................................................. 406
2-D Convolution Filters..................................................................... 406
Grid Filter Tool ................................................................................. 407
How to Use the Grid Filter Tool................................................... 408
Using the Preview Windows........................................................ 408
Grid Information .......................................................................... 409
Altering Settings .......................................................................... 410
Fill Holes Operation..................................................................... 411
Noise Generator............................................................................... 412
13 Data Analysis and Processing ........................................................... 413
Computing New Channels..................................................................... 413

Reserved Channel Names ............................................................... 415
Errors ............................................................................................... 416
Object Selection ............................................................................... 416
Special Functions............................................................................. 417
GINT ........................................................................................... 417
Axis Translation .......................................................................... 419
Interpolating Values Along Lines and Drillholes .................................... 420
Generating Grids from Channel Data.................................................... 420
Gridding Fundamentals.................................................................... 421
Initial surface generation ............................................................. 422
Smoothing of the original surface................................................ 423
Reduction of the grid cell size ..................................................... 423
Minimum curvature...................................................................... 424
Grid Computation Procedure ........................................................... 425
Interpolating Channel Values from a Grid ............................................. 427
Manipulating Gridded Data.................................................................... 428
x ModelVision User Guide
Classify ............................................................................................ 431

Clip................................................................................................... 432
Convert ............................................................................................ 433
Create RGB ..................................................................................... 434
Curvature ......................................................................................... 434
Edit................................................................................................... 436
Fill Holes .......................................................................................... 437
Flip ................................................................................................... 437
Overlay ............................................................................................ 437
Replace............................................................................................ 438
Reproject ......................................................................................... 439
Resample......................................................................................... 440
Rotate .............................................................................................. 441
Shift.................................................................................................. 441
Split.................................................................................................. 442
Reporting and Statistics ........................................................................ 442
Calculating Statistics........................................................................ 442
Project and Line Statistics .......................................................... 442
Drillhole Statistics ....................................................................... 444
Point Statistics ............................................................................ 444
Grid Statistics ............................................................................. 444
Generating Reports ......................................................................... 445
14 Graphical Output................................................................................. 447
Printing.................................................................................................. 447
Print Scaling..................................................................................... 447
Print Setup ....................................................................................... 449
Printer Error ................................................................................ 450
Making a Movie..................................................................................... 451
15 UBC Model Mesh Designer (Optional Module)................................. 453
About UBC Software............................................................................. 454

Working with UBC Software.................................................................. 457
Installing UBC Software ........................................................................ 457
Before You Start ................................................................................... 458
Preparing Your Data ............................................................................. 459
Subset a Project .............................................................................. 460
Regional Modelling ............................................................................... 461
Model Conditioning for UBC Inversion.................................................. 463
UBC Mesh and Data File Creation........................................................ 463
Mesh Design.................................................................................... 464
Density Bounds................................................................................ 467
Data Outputs.................................................................................... 468
GRAV3D and MAG3D Interface ........................................................... 470
Table of Contents xi
Generated Files................................................................................ 471

UBC-GIF Magnetics Tutorial ................................................................. 471
Tutorial Data..................................................................................... 472
Running the Tutorial......................................................................... 472
16 Encom AutoMag (Optional Module) .................................................. 481
About AutoMag ..................................................................................... 481

AutoMag Overview ................................................................................ 482
AutoMag Versus Other Methods...................................................... 482
AutoMag Theory............................................................................... 483
Single Anomaly Tutorial ........................................................................ 485
Setup the Data ................................................................................. 485
Set the Parameters .......................................................................... 487
Background Control .................................................................... 488
Operational Parameters .............................................................. 489
Anomaly Location ....................................................................... 490
Depth Estimation......................................................................... 493
Use Quick Inversion to Estimate Parameters ............................. 494
Run the Analysis .............................................................................. 495
Display the Solution ......................................................................... 496
Modulate and Annotate the Solution ................................................ 497
Test the Solution .............................................................................. 498
Save Your Solutions......................................................................... 499
AutoMag Controls ................................................................................. 499
AutoMag Tool................................................................................... 500
Parameters Set from the AutoMag Run Dialog................................ 502
AutoMag Reporting .......................................................................... 509
Filtering Solutions............................................................................. 510
Point Modulation of Solutions........................................................... 512
Annotation ........................................................................................ 514
Strike Correction .............................................................................. 514
Point to Body Conversion................................................................. 518
Running AutoMag in Batch Mode.......................................................... 518
Profile Results .................................................................................. 519
Map Results ..................................................................................... 520
Appendices .......................................................................................... 523
A File Formats ......................................................................................... 525
Conventions .......................................................................................... 525

Null Values ....................................................................................... 526
Channel Naming Conventions ......................................................... 526
Importing General ASCII Data............................................................... 527
xii ModelVision User Guide
Importing Fixed-Width Data ............................................................. 529

Importing Delimited Data ................................................................. 530
Importing Data with Interspersed Line Numbers ............................. 531
Importing Point Data ........................................................................ 531
Reading Field Names from the Header ........................................... 533
Input Null Values.............................................................................. 533
Saving and Reloading a Current Layout.......................................... 534
Auto Classification ........................................................................... 534
Other Features................................................................................. 536
Importing the File ............................................................................. 536
Supported Single- and Multi-Line Data Formats................................... 537
TOOLKIT Format (TK) ..................................................................... 537
Single Line Geosoft Format (DAT) .................................................. 538
ER Mapper ASCII Format Profile..................................................... 539
Simple XYZ Line Format (LIN)......................................................... 540
XYZ Multi-line Format with Separate Header (LIN+HDR) ............... 541
Multi-line Geosoft XYZ File (XYZ).................................................... 542
Geosoft Database (GDB)................................................................. 543
ASEG-GDF2 File Format................................................................. 545
AMIRA Multi-line Format (TEM)....................................................... 547
Point Data Format................................................................................. 548
Drillhole Data Format ............................................................................ 549
Supported Grid Formats ....................................................................... 550
Encom Grid Format ......................................................................... 550
ER Mapper Grid Format .................................................................. 551
Geosoft Binary Grid Format............................................................. 552
ASEG GXF format ........................................................................... 552
Geopak Grid File Format ................................................................. 553
USGS Binary Grid File..................................................................... 555
B Body Descriptions .............................................................................. 557
General Guidelines ............................................................................... 557

Polygonal .............................................................................................. 558
Plunging Prism...................................................................................... 559
Frustum................................................................................................. 561
Elliptic and Circular Pipe ....................................................................... 562
Tabular.................................................................................................. 563
Sphere .................................................................................................. 564
General 3D Ellipsoid ............................................................................. 565
Polyhedron............................................................................................ 567
C External Data Links ............................................................................ 569
External Link Operation ........................................................................ 570

Creation of External Link Programs ...................................................... 572
Table of Contents xiii
Examples of Link Definitions in MVISION.INI File............................ 572

Linking to Intrepid Databases................................................................ 573
Example Intrepid Link Definition in MVISION.INI File ...................... 575
Geosoft Oasis montaj™ GX Add-in....................................................... 576
Display a ModelVision Model in a montaj Map ................................ 577
Export a montaj Traverse for Modelling in ModelVision ................... 578
Export a montaj Line and Grid Subset to ModelVision..................... 580
Export montaj Lines and Data to ModelVision ................................. 582
OASIS montaj Installation Considerations ....................................... 584
External Model Link............................................................................... 584
Input File Preparation....................................................................... 585
Running the External Link ................................................................ 586
Specifying External Link in MVISION.INI and TOPO2.INI ............... 590
D Defaults and Settings.......................................................................... 593
System Defaults (MVISION.INI) ............................................................ 593

Example ........................................................................................... 595
Project Defaults (MVPROJ.INI) ............................................................. 597
Example ........................................................................................... 599
Datums and Projections ........................................................................ 601
Supported Map Projections and Datums ......................................... 602
Universal Transverse Mercator Zone Locations ......................... 603
USA Map Projections .................................................................. 604
Australian Map Projections ......................................................... 609
Spheroids .................................................................................... 610
Projections File (PROJECT.DAT) .................................................... 611
Datum File (DATUM.DAT) ............................................................... 617
IGRF Settings........................................................................................ 621
E Model Files........................................................................................... 623
ModelVision Model File Format............................................................. 623

Previous Versions ................................................................................. 628
F Symbols ............................................................................................... 629
G Filter Descriptions............................................................................... 631
Convolution Filters................................................................................. 631

The Convolution Filtering Process ................................................... 632
Convolution Filter Descriptions ........................................................ 632
Smoothing Filters ............................................................................. 633
Enhancement Filters ........................................................................ 634
Applying Convolution Filters in ModelVision .................................... 638
xiv ModelVision User Guide
One-Dimensional FFT Line Filter Descriptions ..................................... 642

The General Linear Filter................................................................. 643
The 1D FFT Vertical Continuation Filter GVC(k) ............................. 644
General Expression for the 1D FFT Directional Derivative Filter Gqdd(k)
644
The 1D FFT Vertical Derivative Filters Gvdd(k) and G1vd(k).......... 644
The 1D FFT Horizontal Derivative Filters ........................................ 645
The General 1D Phase Transformation Filter GT2q(k).................... 645
The BT(k) to BH(k) Transformation Filter GT2H(k) .......................... 646
The BT(k) to Bz(k) Transformation Filter ......................................... 646
The 1D FFT Reduction to the Magnetic Pole Filter Grtp(k)............. 646
The 1D FFT Reduction to the Magnetic Equator Filter Grte(k)........ 647
The 1D FFT Pseudogravity Filter Gpsg(k) ...................................... 648
The 1D FFT Pseudomagnetic Filter Gpsm(k).................................. 648
The 1D FFT Low-Pass and High-Pass Butterworth Filters.............. 649
Two Dimensional FFT Filter Descriptions ............................................. 649
FFT Derivative Filters............................................................................ 650
Derivative Filter of nth Order (Advanced) ........................................ 650
The General Expression for FFT Directional Derivative Filters ....... 651
The FFT TMI Reduction to the Pole Filter Grtp(k)........................... 653
The FFT TMI Reduction to the Equator Filter Grte(k)...................... 654
The FFT Pseudo-gravity Transform Filter Gpsg(k) ......................... 655
The 2D FFT Pseudo-magnetic Transform Filter Gpsm(k) ............... 656
FFT Magnetic Component or Phase Transformation Filters................. 656
The TMI General Phase Transformation GT2q(k) ........................... 657
The BT(k) to Bx(k) Transformation Filter GT2x(k) ........................... 658
The BT(k) to By(k) Transformation Filter GT2y(k)............................ 658
The BT(k) to Bz(k) Transformation Filter GT2z(k)............................ 658
The FFT Vertical Continuation Filter Guc(k) and Gdc(k)................. 658
The 2D FFT Low-Pass and High-Pass Butterworth Filters.............. 659
The FFT Band-Pass and Band-Reject Directional Cosine Filters.... 659
The First Order Magnetic Moment Transformation.......................... 660
The FFT Filters for Transforming TMI Grids to Any Element of the Mag-
netic Gradient Tensor (MGT)........................................................... 662
The BT(k) to Bpq(k) MGT Transformation Filters ............................ 666
The FFT Filters for Transforming Grids of Gravity Measurements gz(k)
to Any Element of the Gravity Gradient Tensor (GGT).................... 667
FFT TMI Reduction to the Pole (Low Latitude) Processing ............. 670
Aspects of Numerical Computation ................................................. 674
Computation of the Magnetic Moments ........................................... 676
Low Pass Filter ................................................................................ 677
High Pass Filter ............................................................................... 677
Band Pass Filter .............................................................................. 677
Directional Pie Slice Filter................................................................ 677
Table of Contents xv
H Bibliography ........................................................................................ 679
Index ..................................................................................................... 683

1 Introduction 1
1 Introduction
In this section:
• About ModelVision
• About this Manual
About ModelVision
ModelVision is an interactive geophysical modelling package for the display,
analysis and simulation of magnetic and gravity data. ModelVision includes many
features.
Visualization and graphics presentation
• 3D visualization in full colour for field data, grid surfaces, topography,

drillholes and airborne flight paths
• Fast graphic presentation of complex rendered surfaces and models

enabling rapid inversion and interactive modelling
• Overlay map representations - contours, stacked profiles, flight paths,

images, scanned bitmap images.
Data import and export
• Comprehensive data import/export support for both line and grid data.
• Data processing utilities for filtering, statistical analysis, re-sampling and

calculated variable manipulation.
• Seamless data transfer with support for imports and links to other
geoscience software systems such as OASIS montaj™ and Intrepid™.
Modelling
• Interactive and compute-on-demand operation.
• Forward and inverse gravity and magnetic modelling. Specification of the

inducing magnetic field via an interactive IGRF function.
• Powerful multi-line inversion using an active zone concept to enable the

automatic inversion of bodies within a defined area.
2 ModelVision User Guide
• Implementation of demagnetization, remanence and topographic

simulation with the ability to apply these on a wide range of 3D body types
and geological situations
• Computation of magnetic and gravity response for all data lines, points
and drillhole readings. In addition, responses can be computed to match
the extent, location and node points of grids.
• An optional automatic magnetic depth analysis (AutoMag) integrated with

modelling. This procedure uses a modified Naudy method but provides a
high degree of user control and graphic interaction.
Hard-copy output
• Improved hard-copy incorporating a CAD layout facility to facilitate

production of report quality graphics.
• Incorporation of any displayed windows in the graphic layout with

generation of profile and map displays at user defined scales
• Publish the content of ModelVision sections, profiles and maps into

Encom PA
ModelVision operates under Microsoft Windows® XP, Windows Vista, and

Windows 7. Within these computer environments, the user interface is
functionally identical.
About this Manual

The information in this manual applies to ModelVision only. Pitney Bowes
Software has taken care to ensure that the information is accurate at the time of
release. From time-to-time, both major and minor releases of ModelVision are
made. Changes made after release of the program are not always reflected in the
accompanying documentation.
This manual is available in several different formats. For more information about
how to get help, see Getting Help.
2 Installing ModelVision 3
2 Installing ModelVision
This section describes the installation and operation of the software under the
Microsoft Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7 operating systems.
• Computer Hardware Requirements
• Installing ModelVision
• Encom Licensing
Computer Hardware Requirements

We recommend that you operate this software on a modern, fast PC. At least 512
megabytes of memory is required to operate ModelVision, but larger memory will
significantly boost the operation of this and other Windows application software.
A high-quality graphics monitor of at least SVGA capability (800 x 600 pixel

screen display) is required. Higher screen resolution is preferred as it improves
the appearance and ease of use of ModelVision.
The ModelVision software requires approximately 170 megabytes of available

disk space to store the executable and library files. A number of example data
files are also supplied with the software and these require significant additional
disk storage.
ModelVision is a 32-bit program will operate on Windows XP Professional

(Service Pack 3), Windows Vista (Service Pack 2), and Windows 7 and 8 32-bit
and 64-bit operating systems. It does not operate under earlier Windows
operating systems.
Installing ModelVision
The software can be supplied on either a CD-ROM that includes installation,
documentation, tutorials, etc. or you can download the software and selected
items of documentation from the Pitney Bowes Software Natural Resources web
site www.encom.com.au.
Software installation is a two-stage process:
Stage 1: Install the software
For instructions, see either:
• Installing from CD-ROM, or
• Installing from the Web
Stage 2: License the software
For instructions on how to perform different types of licensing procedures, see:
• Licensing Procedures
Installing from CD-ROM
Place the supplied Encom software CD in the CD-ROM drive and wait a few
seconds. The CD-ROM should register with your computer automatically and
display an installation menu list. From this menu you can select the compoenets
you wish to install. When selected, the install program will run automatically.
Note If the CD-ROM does not autoload, from Windows Explorer, double-click
AUTOPTN.EXE in the \AUTOPTN folder or double-click SETUP.EXE in the
\Software folder.
The install program guides you through the installation procedure.
When installed, ModelVision can be started from the ModelVision icon on the
Desktop, or by starting the program from the Windows Start button. Initially,
ModelVision is not licensed and, when you first run the program, it requests you
license the software. To license and operate the program, you must install the
licence system.
Note Optional modules are available with ModelVision. The complete installation
requires approximately 45 Mbytes of disk storage. By default, all optional
modules are installed. If you would like to evaluate any of the modules which
may not be licensed, please contact Pitney Bowes Software.
Installing from the Web
The ModelVision installation files can be downloaded from the Pitney Bowes
Software Natural Resources web site. To download ModelVision, visit
www.encom.com.au and select the Downloads page. ModelVision components
are documented and their size indicates the time it will take to download. A
separate installation for ModelVision Viewer is also available from the Pitney
Bowes Software Natural Resources website.
When you have completed downloading the installation file, from Windows
Explorer, double-click the file name to initiate the installation procedure. Licensing
procedures are identical for both a web installation or a CD-ROM installation.
Installation Folders
We recommend that you install this ModelVision application in the default Encom
installation folder under the Program Files folder on your local drive.
The Encom folder can be placed under another folder by changing the default
installation drive and folder name in the ModelVision Installation Folder option
when ModelVision is installed.
Encom Licensing
ModelVision is protected under international copyright law. Encom licensing
systems are designed to protect against unlawful copying and use of the
software. To provide you with a flexible but effective licence system, ModelVision
is supplied with a hard-disk licence system.
Hard-disk licensing involves obtaining an Activation Code from Pitney Bowes

Software (PBS). Hard-disk licences can be moved from one machine to another
without contacting PBS. An Activation Code, which is unique to each computer,
is required to run the software.
The licensing procedures are described in Licensing Procedures.
Licensing Procedures
When installing an Encom licence, choose from the following licensing

procedures:
Display information about Encom software installed
• Displaying Licence Information

Re-installing ModelVision
If ModelVision is installed on the computer with a valid hard-disk licence, the

software does not need to be re-licensed when you re-install the software.
ModelVision has not been previously licensed on the computer
In this case, a hard-disk license is requested . For detailed instructions, see:
• Installing a Hard-disk Licence for the First Time
The licence is being transferred from another computer
You can transfer a licence from one computer to another without contacting PBS.
For detailed instructions, see:
• Transferring a Hard-Disk Licence
A later version of the software has been installed
If you are upgrading an installation with a valid licence to a later version of the
software, see
• Upgrading an Existing Licence
Installing a Hard-disk Licence for the First Time
Following this licensing procedure if you are installing ModelVision for the first
time:
Start ModelVision:
1. Start ModelVision from either the Windows Start button, or from the icon
on the Desktop.
A message is displayed indicating no licence was found. Click OK to

display the notice that the program is running in demonstration mode.
2. Close the message, and then, from the File menu, choose Licence.
Create a new licence:
3. The Create Licence File dialog is displayed. Type the company name
and click OK.
The Encom Licence Manager is displayed, which lists all Encom

programs installed on this computer.
Request an activation code:
4. Select the Activate Software tab.
5. In the Program box, select ModelVision.
6. In the Customer no. box, type the 7-digit customer code supplied with the
software.
7. In the Serial # box, type the 10-digit serial number supplied with the
software.
8. Type your contact details in the appropriate boxes.
Encom Licence Manager
9. Click the E-mail button or, to generate a report that can be faxed to PBS,
click the Print/Fax button. PBS’s fax number is printed on the report.
Wait for PBS to send an activation code:
10. When your request and Hardware ID have been validated by PBS, an
Activation Code will be emailed or faxed to you.
Note If you are submitting your Activation Code request by e-mail, the automatic PBS
tracking system should respond within 30 minutes.
Activate the licence:
11. If necessary, restart ModelVision and display the Licence Manager as

described in steps 1 through 3.
13. In the Activation code box, type the activation code supplied by PBS.
Upper or lower case characters can be used, but no blank spaces.
14. Click the Activate button. The displayed modules, expiry date and version
number are updated.
Confirm details:
15. Select the Current Installation tab and confirm the licence details.
16. Click the Close button.
ModelVision is now ready to use.
Upgrading an Existing Licence
After installing ModelVision, if a licence for an earlier version exists, you will be
asked for an upgrade activation code when you run the software.
To upgrade the licence to the new version:
1. Start ModelVision.

3. From the Encom Licence Manager, select the Current Installation tab.
4. In the Licence File box, select the type of licence.
5. In the Encom Software Currently Installed box, select ModelVision and

confirm that a licence for a previous version of the software exists, and
then continue to step 6. If ModelVision has not been previously licensed
on this computer, select the appropriate licensing procedure for a new
licence, as described in Licensing Procedures.

7. In the Activation code box, type the upgrade activation code supplied by
Encom. Upper or lower case characters can be used, but no blank
spaces.
number are updated.
Transferring a Hard-Disk Licence
If a hard disk licence is operating effectively on one computer (the source), you
can transfer the licence to a second computer (the destination). The process of
transferring the licence does not require contact with PBS for an Activation Code.
Follow the steps below to transfer a valid licence from one computer to another.
Install the software on the destination computer:
1. Install ModelVision on the second, destination computer. The version of

the software on the source and destination computers must be identical.
Start ModelVision on the destination computer:
2. On the destination computer, start ModelVision from either the Windows

Start button, or from the icon on the Desktop.

Create a new licence:
4. The Create Licence File dialog is displayed. Type the company name
and click OK.
The Encom Licence Manager is displayed, which lists all Encom

programs installed on this computer.
Obtain the hardware ID of the destination computer:

6. Write down the 7-digit code in the Hardware ID box.
Display the Transfer Licence tab on the source computer:
7. On the source computer, start ModelVision.
8. From the File menu, choose Licensing.
9. From the Encom Licence Manager, select the Current Installation tab.
10. In the Licence File box, select Disk-based licensing.
11. In the Encom Software Currently Installed box, select ModelVision.
The Transfer Licence tab is added to the dialog.
Encom Licence Manager on the source computer
Transfer the licence from the source computer:
12. Select the Transfer Licence tab.

Transfer Licence tab on the source computer
13. Under Step 1: Enter code, in the H/w ID box, type the Hardware ID code
that you obtained from the destination computer.
14. Under Step 2: Select program, select ModelVision.
15. Under Step 3: Transfer, click the Transfer button.
A confirmation dialog is displayed.
Confirmation of the destination Hardware ID
Important The licence transfer will disable the licence on the source machine. The source
computer licence cannot be reactivated unless the licence is transferred back
from the destination computer or a new Activation Code is obtained from PBS.
16. In the Destination hardware ID box, type the Hardware ID that you
obtained from the destination computer, and which you previously entered
in step 13.
Important Take care that you enter the correct Hardware ID.
17. Click the Transfer button.
The Activation Code for the destination computer is displayed.
Activation Code for the destination computer
Important The licence on the source computer is now disabled.
18. Click the Copy Activation Code to the Clipboard button and then paste
the code into a Notepad or Word document, which you can either print or
copy to the destination computer.
Activate the licence on the destination computer:
19. If necessary, restart ModelVision on the destination computer and display

the Licence Manager as described is steps 2 through 4.
21. In the Activation code box, type or paste the activation code that you
obtained from the source computer. Upper- or lower-case characters can
be used, but no blank spaces.
number are updated.
Confirm details:

Displaying Licence Information
After you have installed and licensed the software, to display information about
the Encom licences installed on the computer, from the File menu, choose
Licence. The Encom Licence Manager is displayed from which you can:
• Examine Encom applications installed on your computer.
• Examine various modules, dates and version settings which are licensed
for your computer.
• Install licensing for ModelVision or other Encom applications.
• Transfer an Encom application licence from one machine to another.

When this is done, the operational licence on the source computer is
disabled.
Troubleshooting
If you believe ModelVision licensing is correctly installed but are unable to

correctly operate ModelVision, you should contact PBS. PBS will respond with a
solution to your problem or with a request for further information. For contact
details, see Contacting Pitney Bowes Software.
3 Getting Started 15
3 Getting Started
In this section:
• Introduction and Guidelines
• Using the Tutorials
• Starting and Closing ModelVision
Introduction and Guidelines

ModelVision is used for data display and potential field (magnetic and gravity)
modelling. A number of guidelines are provided below to assist in your operation
of this software. These guidelines apply throughout ModelVision.
Display the same data in multiple windows
Data and models can be displayed in a number of windows at any one time. One
window (the one with the highlighted banner at the top) is active. You are able to
set display and object attributes only within the active window. To make a window
active, move the cursor to the window and click the left mouse button.
Use the shortcut menus
Alteration of the display appearance is controlled by pop-up dialog boxes, which

can be displayed from a shortcut menu. To open a shortcut menu, right-click
inside the window that you want to modify. The options available on the shortcut
menu will change according to the type of window and where you clicked. For
example, a display may contain multiple tracks. To control the display attributes
of a specific track, position the cursor in the track before right-clicking. The
shortcut menu specific to the track object will be displayed.
Double-click to configure objects
Configuring individual selectable objects such as models, titles, legends, readings

etc is done by positioning the cursor over the object and double-clicking. In each
case a dialog is presented that controls the selected item.
Use standard Windows keyboard shortcuts
Standard Microsoft Windows keyboard usage applies for selecting items in lists
and graphical objects. This means that the SHIFT key in combination with the left
mouse button can be used to select multiple items or objects. The CTRL key can
also be used in combination with the left mouse button when selecting non-
consecutive items in a list.
Use Ctrl+click to cycle through overlapping objects
If selected graphics objects overlap (such as a title box and a body), use the CTRL
key and left mouse button to cycle through the overlapping objects.
Changes are shown immediately in every window type
All of the window display types in ModelVision present models as they are created
and edited. As changes to body shapes are made or new bodies are added, each
window is automatically updated to reflect that change.
Five basic window types exist in ModelVision:
• Profile displays (multi-track presentations)
• Section displays (profiles with cross-sections beneath)
• Map displays (contours, stacked profiles, images etc)
• Perspective views of models, surfaces, drillholes etc
• Page Layout displays which combine the other types for reports.
Using the Tutorials

To assist you in learning how to use ModelVision, we provide a set of tutorials on
your installation CD-ROM. The tutorials are composed of documents that explain
the operation and steps to follow, plus data that are used in the tutorial exercises.
All tutorials are based on real exploration situations in which ModelVision can be
used to display, model and interpret potential field data.
The tutorials are available as PDF documents. The PDF files can be installed from
the supplied CD-ROM or accessed directly from the
.\Mvis 13.0\Documentation folder on the CD. You need to have Adobe
Acrobat Reader installed to view and print the PDF files. Refer to Using Adobe
Reader for additional information. When available, you can open the
TUTORIAL.PDF file to access all tutorials.
If the ModelVision tutorials are installed from the CD-ROM, tutorial data is stored
the .\Mvis 13.0\Tutorial folder . A total of 70 Mbytes of disk space is
required to install the tutorial data. As you work through the tutorials additional
storage is required for session, model, grid and exported data.
Starting and Closing ModelVision

To start ModelVision:
You can start ModelVision in several ways:
• Double-click the ModelVision icon. This icon is added to the Windows

Desktop when the program is installed.
• From the Windows Start button, choose Programs>Encom

Programs>ModelVision.
• Other methods of creating shortcuts to executables are available in the

Windows environment. Refer to Windows Help for additional information.
When ModelVision starts, the Startup Option dialog is displayed, from which you
can choose:
• Demo - Open a demo session: this opens a demonstration session

consisting of a tabular body displayed in both 2D map and cross-section
view. The modelling parameters (e.g. Model>Line Control) are setup so
that moving the body around in either display views modifies the modelled
output.
• Last Session - Open the previously loaded session: this opens the last
session which was opened and saved in ModelVision. If this is the first
time ModelVision has been used then this will open the first tutorial
session.
• Open Session – Choose a session file to open: this will display the Load
Session File dialog and allow you to browse for a desired session file.
If you close the Startup Option dialog (by clicking the Close button in the top right
hand corner), the New Project Folder dialog is displayed, from which you can
create a new project and import data into the project.
You can then choose tools from the main menu:

• File - File handling for projects, data import and export are controlled
using the options on this menu item. Setting of project directories,
licensing, printing and exiting are also available.
• Edit - Standard Windows editing functions
• View - Create displays of data, images, drillholes and models.
• Layout - Access to the CAD layout window
• Model - Access potential field modelling controls from this item
• Filters - Standard geophysical filtering functionality is provided
• Utility - Obtain project and data statistics, status and default information
from this menu item. Data maintenance (delete, rename) of channels,
lines and grids plus generation of grids is available.
• Tools - Control buttons, toolbar and operations dialogs
• Window - Control of the position and selection of windows and toolbars
• Help - Online help and reference facility.
Note The main menu and toolbars will change when a project or session file are
opened.
For more information about using these tools, refer to Understanding the Interface
To exit ModelVision:
• From the File menu, choose Exit. You are asked to save the current
workspace in a binary session file. Session files are useful to quickly
resume the same project files and workspace when next you use
ModelVision.
The window close button at the top right of the window and the ModelVision icon
at the top left of the window will perform the same function.
Demonstration Mode
If you have not licensed your installation, ModelVision runs initially in

Demonstration mode. This mode permits access to specific session files supplied
with the installation but not external data. To enable the software to operate on
your data and projects, ModelVision must be licensed.
For information about licensing your installation, see Encom Licensing.

4 Getting Help 21
4 Getting Help
Should difficulties or questions arise while using ModelVision, there are several
sources of help available.
In this section:
• Online Help
• User Guide
• Tutorials
• Technical Support and Updates
• Using Adobe Reader
Online Help
This form of help is provided in a comprehensive subset of the main ModelVision
documentation. Yopu can view help in several different ways:
• From the Help menu, select Help. This will open online help at the
introduction topic.
• From a dialog, select the Help button. This displays the topic related to the
use of the open dialog.
• Press the F1 key. The topic displayed will depend on what part of the
software you are working from.
The help provided is categorized into subjects (displayed on the Contents tab)
and an alphabetical index (click the Index tab). You can also search for keywords
from the Search tab.
This form of context sensitive help is simple and fast to use. Detailed instructions
on using Help can be found in the Microsoft Windows Users Manual.
Alternatively, the help menus themselves provide extensive information on its
use.
User Guide
This comprehensive user guide provides all the required information for the
operation of ModelVision. The User Guide is supplied as a PDF electronic
document. For more information, see Using Adobe Reader.
Tutorials
These are supplied on the distribution CD-ROM. Tutorials are organized with
step-by-step instructions to solve various common exploration and data analysis
problems. We recommend that you review the tutorial exercises as an aid to
problem-solving with ModelVision. The tutorials and examples can be found in the
\Encom\MVis 13.0\Tutorial and \Encom\MVis 13.0\Documentation
folders on either the installation disk or CD-ROM.
Technical Support and Updates

Purchasers of ModelVision are entitled to free Standard Support for the first 12
months after purchase. Standard support provides:
• Support for software installation and configuration queries, within the first
30 days after purchase. This support can be supplied directly by
telephone, fax, email or through the Pitney Bowes Software Natural
Resources web site.
• Support via fax, email or PBS website for resolving software errors, bugs
and failures that have been encountered in the operation of ModelVision.
A response to a support contact is provided within two business days and may
consist of:
• An answer to a support query.
• An estimate of how long it takes to answer the query.
• A request by PBS for additional information.
• An explanation of why the query cannot be answered.
• A suggestion on where further information can be obtained.
PBS notifies you at the end of the first year following your purchase of
ModelVision to inform you of the details and benefits of our annual support and
updates subscription.
4 Getting Help 23
Contacting Pitney Bowes Software
You can obtain product support by e-mail, fax or telephone from PBS’s offices in
Sydney, or from your Encom reseller (refer to the Pitney Bowes Software Natural
Resources website www.encom.com.au).
Contact details for ModelVision support are:
Pitney Bowes Software
Telephone +61 2 9437 6255
Fax +61 2 9439 1773
E-mail [email protected]
Web www.pbencom.com
Tensor Research Pty Ltd
E-mail [email protected]
Web www.tensor-research.com.au
Using Adobe Reader

The manuals are in the form of PDF files (Portable Document Files) that can be
viewed on-screen, or once displayed, can be printed in part or in full. To view or
print the files, Adobe Reader must be installed on your computer. Adobe Reader
is available (at no cost) from the Adobe web site www.adobe.com.
To view the User Guide with Acrobat Reader:
1. On the disk where ModelVision is installed, in WIndows Explorer, navigate

to the .\Program Files\Encom\MVis 13.0\Documentation folder.
If the documentation has not been installed, load the ModelVision CD-
ROM, and navigate to the Encom\MVis 13.0\Documentation folder.
2. Double-click the file name User_Guide.PDF. Alternatively, right-click the

file name and choose Open.
5 Understanding the Interface 25
5 Understanding the Interface
ModelVision user interface
This section provides an overview and quick reference guide to the ModelVision
user interface. The main components of the user interface are:
• Main Menu
• Toolbars
• Speed Tool
Main Menu
• File Menu
• Edit Menu
• View Menu
• Layout Menu
• Model Menu
• Filters Menu
• Utility Menu
• Tools Menu
• Window Menu
• Help Menu
File Menu
Tool Description
New Erases existing data and models and commences

a session with empty memory.
Open Restores a previously saved session file.
Close Closes the current session.
Save Saves the current work session in the current

session file if one is already open.
Save As Creates a new session file. A dialog box appears

that allows you to enter a file name or overwrite an
existing session file.
Revert to Saved Restores the previously saved work session

without saving the current session. (If no session
file is currently being used, this option is identical to
New).
Import Import datasets for use with modelling, including

profile data, gridded data, drillhole data and point
data.
Export Export datasets currently in use with the current

session including profile data, gridded data,
drillhole data and point data.
Setup Edit the default settings used in ModelVision

sessions, including display parameters and
magnetic and gravity property units.
Tool Description
Project Properties Examine or edit the settings associated with the

current project. For information describing the
project and its use, refer to Project Settings. This
option permits editing of certain aspects of a project
(including magnetic field, descriptions etc) but does
not allow changing of a project and its associated
directory.
Recent Projects Displays the path list of the previous four accessed
projects. You can select any of the displayed paths
and ModelVision immediately accesses the
selected project. Checks are internally made to
ensure project projection and default values are
consistent between projects. The last four project
paths are retained in the MVISION.INI defaults
file.
Print Sends a copy of the active window to a printer

(where connected) or to a print file.
Print Setup Select a printer device and select printing options.
Licence Displays the Encom Licence Manager, from which

you can activate and transfer your ModelVision
licence.
Recent sessions Displays your most recent sessions.
Exit Closes ModelVision.
Edit Menu
Tool Description
Undo Undo last editing action performed.
Cut Remove the selected object and place on the

Windows clipboard.
Copy Copy the selected object to the Windows clipboard.
Paste Copy an object from the Windows clipboard and

insert in the active view.
Tool Description
Delete Delete the selected object.
View Menu
Tool Description
New Layout Open a new layout view window.
Multi-Track Open a new multi-track view window.
X-Section Open a new cross-section view window. Line

Control must be enabled before a new cross-
section view can be created.
Perspective Open a new 3D perspective view window.
Map Open a new 2D plan view window.
Layout Menu
Tool Description
Zoom Select from pre-set or user-defined magnification.
Bring to Front Move the selected object to the front of the display
list.
Send to Back Move the selected object to the back of the display
list.
Align Vertically or horizontally align the selected objects.
Layers View the layers available in the active Layout

window.
Configure Edit the configuration settings of the active Layout

window.
Model Menu
Most model controls are available through the Model menu options. Controls that
you need to access often should be added to the Speed Tool. This particularly
applies to the tools for manipulating the regional field.
Tool Description
Line Control Displays the Line Control tool, which is used to

configure the modelling parameters for line data.
Grid Control Displays the Grid Control tool, which is used to

configure the modelling parameters for gridded
data.
Hole Control Displays the Hole Control tool, which is used to

configure the modelling parameters for drillhole
data.
Point Control Displays the Point Control tool, which is used to

configure the modelling parameters for point data.
Edit Regional Compute and edit the regional computation for line
or gridded data.
Magnetic Field Edit defaults for the magnetic field parameters,

including earth's magnetic fields properties,
remanence, demagnetization and modelled
components.
Gravity Component Specify which supplementary gravity component

channels will be generated during modelling.
Defaults Edit defaults for model parameters (e.g.

background properties and default susceptibility
and density values) and default appearance of
cross-section views.
Import Import a model in a selected inpout format using

TKM (ModelVision), 3D DXF, Gemcom BT2, ESRI
TIN, GoCAD Tsurf, Datamine, Vulcan, 3D Studio
and attributed points.
Export Export a model in a selected output format using

TKM (ModelVision), 3D DXF, GoCAD, spreadsheet
(CSV) and UBC 3D mesh.
Tool Description
Body Operations Select from the available operations that can be

performed on modelled bodies, including: Create
Body, Reshape Body, Body Table, Create Strata,
3D Model generator, Body Conversion, Topology
Checker and Terrain Correction.
Inversion Displays the Inversion toolbar.
Joint Inversion Opens the joint inversion toolbar.
Quick Inversion Opens the Quick Inversion toolbar. This toll

provides a quick tabular body inversion procedure
for limited segments of a line of data. Optionally
use a quick model to seed and open the AutoMag
tuning dialog.
Data Compression Specify the compression of loaded line data.
Diff Mode Set the differential computation mode, which

provides increased performance when working with
a large number of complex bodies. Diff Mode
requires more available memory and system
resources.
For more information about the options available from the Model menu, see
Working with Models.
Filters Menu
Tool Description
Filter List Maintenance Edit filter parameters and add and order in-line
filters.
Convolution Filters Apply a convolution filter to a field in a dataset.
FFT Filters Apply a fast fourier transform filter to a field in a

dataset.
Grid Filters Apply a convolution or FFT filter to a grid using the

Grid Filter tool.
Utility Menu
Tool Description
Calculator Open the Calculator tool, which allows

mathematical computations to be applied to fields
within, line, grid, drillhole or point datasets.
Program Specify your own programs for calculation and

manipulation of channels and grid data.
Interpolate Change the sample spacing between individual

readings in a line dataset stored in memory.
Synthetic Lines Generate user-defined survey lines based on

specified coordinates and elevation.
Sythetic Drillholes Generate user-defined drillhole traces based on

specified coordinates and elevation.
Synthetic Grid Generate user-defined grid based on specified cell

size, coordinates and elevation.
Grid Channel Data Generate a grid of a data channel within

ModelVision.
Sample from Grid Interpolate grid values into a channel for readings
along selected lines.
Grid Utility Display the Grid Utility tool for manipulating loaded
grids, for example reprojecting, merging,
resampling, etc.
Statistics Display details on the current memory contents of

the ModelVision session.
Data Maintenance Rename or delete loaded channels, lines or grids.

Line data and grids can also be interpolated or
subsampled.
Body Table Display individual body properties graphically while

modelling.
Reports Generate statistical reports of models, grids, and

data fields.
Letter Generate a form letter for user comments,

problems, and enhancements.
Tool Description
Colour Table Editor Create lookup tables (.LUT files) for use in
ModelVision to define the palette of bodies, contour
maps, drillhole vectors or any colour grading
presentation.
Tools Menu
Tool Description
AutoMag Display AutoMag depth interpretation tool (see

Encom AutoMag (Optional Module)).
Speed Display user-defined shortcut tool (see Speed

Tool).
Active Line Display tool for graphically selecting and making

active data lines for modelling, regional
computation, AutoMag, or X-section display (see
Using the Active Line Tool).
Inversion Display tool to control the operation of standard

inversion modelling, including line or map selection,
inversion initiation, and control of body parameters
(see Inversion).
Joint Inversion Magnetic Starts the multi-channel joint inversion engine

which can be used on one or more channels of
magnetic data (magnetic tensor, cross gradient,
vertical derivative, etc.)(see Inversion).
Joint Inversion Gravity Starts the multi-channel joint inversion engine

which can be used on one or more channels of
gravity data (gravity tensor)(see Inversion).
Terrain Correction Opens the high precision gravity terrain correction

tool that uses multi-resolution grids for local and far
corrections (see Terrain Correction Calculator).
Remanence Calculator Start the remanence calculator which uses the

magnetic moment method to calculate the resultant
magnetization direction for a sequence of magnetic
anomalies in a grid image (see Remanence
Calculator).
Modules Menu
Tool Description
AutoMag Display the AutoMag toolbar for the optional

AutoMag module.
Terrain Correction Display the Terrain Correction Calculator tool.
UBC Model-Mesh DesignerDisplay the optional UBC Model-Mesh Designer

tool.
Window Menu
Tool Description
Tile Rearrange and resize all open views to fill the

display area of ModelVision in a tiled fashion.
Cascade Rearrange and resize all open views to fill the

display area of ModelVision in a cascading fashion.
Arrange Icons Arrange icons in ModelVision to their default

locations.
Help Menu
Tool Description
Contents Open online help.
Search For Help On Search online help for a keyword.
Special Keys Display information about ModelVision hot keys.
Guides Access the ModelVision guides, including the

Getting Started Guide, Tutorials, Reference
Manual, Information Sheet, and PBBI Natural
Resources web site.
About Displays information about the version and license

of ModelVision installed on this computer.
Toolbars
ModelVision toolbar
ModelVision uses toolbars extensively for controlling the various aspects of

displays, modelling and data analysis. Toolbars are accessible from two sources.
If the cursor is placed in a background ‘grey’ portion of ModelVision’s main screen
and the right mouse button is clicked, a toolbar menu configuration dialog is
displayed. Alternatively, you can select the main menu Tools option.
ModelVision uses toolbars for all the major operations associated with display,
analysis and modelling. One toolbar is even provided to allow you to design your
own toolbar (the Speed Tool). Some operations that are unique to toolbars are
also described. For example, the Traverse option creates lines from interpolated
data derived from a grid.
The toolbar is generally used as a fast method of performing and controlling

numerous ModelVision operations. In some instances, options contained on the
toolbar are also available from the menus and dialog windows. In other
circumstances, the only way to perform certain functions are by using the toolbar.
• View Control Tools
• Body Creation and Editing Tools
• Computation Tools
• Utility Tools
• Modelling Tools
View Control Tools
Pointer
Resets the cursor after operations such as zoom or pan. This is the default
cursor mode. It is recommended that the Pointer cursor mode be always used
for body selection, titling control etc. Other modes such as zoom in or out can
inadvertently perform the wrong action if a mistake is made while selecting the
required item. Selecting Objects.
Zoom In
Initiates a zoom-in operation. See Zooming In and Out.
Zoom Out
Initiates a zoom-out operation. See Zooming In and Out.
Zoom Previous
Undo the last zoom to the Previous Zoom level. This can be repeated up to 10
times. See Zoom Previous.
Pan
Enables a display window view to be roamed. See Pan.
3D Rotation
Perspective displays can be rotated, zoomed and panned by using the cursor
control button. See 3D Grids.
Fit
Fit the data contents to the available window space. This allocates
approximately 95% of the available window area to make the data and models fit
within the viewing area. This is useful when you have zoomed in to look at detail
and want to return to a view of all the data. See Fit.
Redraw
Forces the data and models in a window to be redrawn. This can be useful after
various editing options are performed such that artefacts or vertex symbols may
be left on the screen. There are various contexts where the graphics display is
not automatically updated so that time is not wasted in redraws of complex
displays. You can override this by using the Redraw option. See Redraw.
For more information on using the view control tools, see Navigating the View.
Body Creation and Editing Tools
Undo – Undoes incremental body edits (see Undoing Edits).
Create Body – display the create body dialog (see Creating Bodies).
Reshape – initiates reshape operation for selected bodies (see Reshaping a

Polygroup Body).
Polygon Split – split a polygon in two across vertices (see Splitting a Polygroup
Body).
Properties – edit the properties of a selected body (see Editing Bodies.).
Create strata – from imported depth grids (see Strata Modelling).
Computation Tools
Compute - initiates a response computation, irrespective of computation mode

setting (Immediate, Differential or Manual) . After the model response has been
computed the display windows are automatically updated.
Manual/Intermediate mode – toggle between Manual and Immediate modes of

model response computation.
• In Manual mode, the model response can only be computed by clicking

the Compute button. Manual mode is the default.
• With Immediate mode selected, the model response is recalculated and

redisplayed after each editing operation. The time taken to recalculate and
redisplay the response after each edit operation depends on the speed of
the computer, the complexity of the model, model compression, and the
number of data points and active lines or grids.
Publish Model – automatically updates the current model file (TKM) when
changes are made to a model. This allows programs such as Encom PA to
update their display as soon as the model changes.
Utility Tools
Active Line – select lines to toggle activity (see Using the Active Line Tool).
Traverse – create traverses across displayed grids. See Using the Traverse
Tool.
Next line section – creates a profile X-section of the next sequential line from
the currently displayed X-section. See Using the Next Line Tool.
Select active points – nominate active points from a map window. See Using
the Active Points Tool.
Grid clipping – interactive grid clipping. See Using the Clip Grid Tool.
Clip a project – select a rectangular area from a project. See Using the Clip
Project Tool.
Measure tool – measures distances, areas and perimeters in map and cross-
section views
IGRF Utilities – provides access to the IGRF Calculator and IGRF Grid Creator.
Calculator – provides one click access to the Computing New Channels.
Lighting switch – turns directional illumination of bodies on or off. With lighting

turned off, and assuming colour modulation by property is not being used, the
body colours will match those in the body table.
Publish Model – exports the current model and overwrites the previously saved
version. Use this for live updates of your model in Encom PA which constantly
looks for updates to files connected to profile, maps and 3D views.
Statistics Watch – updates various statistics for a line segment whenever it is

updated via modelling or a computation.
Remanence Calculator – Starts the remanence calculator dialog which uses

the magnetic moment method to calculate the resultant magnetization direction
of a magnetic anomaly selected from a grid image. See Remanence Calculator.
Clip Wizard – This tool provides a easy mechanism for sub-setting a project
using a polygon boundary or rectangular boundary. It subsets lines and grids
and will automatically open the cross-section in one operation. See Clipping a
Data Set.
Movie Mode – Use this tool to capture every change you make to a model and
then play it back at a suitable speed and observe the changes to your model
output. This is a useful tool to illustrate the sensitivity of a model to various body
properties. Use a video capture utility like Camtasia to capture the replay. See
Making a Movie.
Layer Table – shortcut for opening the map or cross-section layer table for
changing the visible attributes of the display.
Modelling Tools
Create Body
(see Creating Bodies).
Reshape
When a body is selected while the Reshape tool is active, its shape can be
modified graphically rather than through numeric in a dialog box. The precise
nature of the reshape option is dependent upon the body type (see Reshaping a
Polygroup Body).
Create Strata
This button permits layer models to be created from imported depth grids (see
Strata Modelling).
Property (Body Table)

If a body is selected when this tool is chosen, a dialog box that is relevant to the
particular body type appears on screen. You can change the display and
physical properties of the selected body. Note that you can also achieve the
same result by double clicking with the left mouse button when the point is over a
body (see Editing Bodies.).
3D Model Generator and Extrusion Wizard Will generate a 3D model from a

simple or complex polygon drawn in a map window or else imported with a
vector file (see 3D Model Generator).
Quick Inversion This button executes a utility which produces a starting tabular
in a x-section view by dragging the cursor across a magnetic anomaly (see
Quick Inversion).
You can also edit common body properties from a spreadsheet editor that is
available from the menu Utility>Body Table. Refer to Editing Polygroup Bodies
for additional information.
Speed Tool
The Speed tool is a useful facility which enables you to assign various menu items
to push buttons. The button assignments are restricted to menu options. Up to ten
(10) commonly performed menu operations can be defined by the push buttons
on the Speed tool.
Available buttons on the Speed tool are not initially displayed. ModelVision has
an internal list of frequently used menu options and also stores the last menu
operation performed. If the “+” button is pressed then the last operation will be
added to the toolbar or if it is already there then one will be added from the internal
list. The “-“ button removes the last item from the toolbar. More comprehensive
control over the toolbar is available by selecting the Set button. A scrollable list of
the available menu items is displayed with an empty list area at the base of the
dialog.
List of menu items which can be assigned to Speed buttons

To assign items to a push button, locate the cursor over the required item and
click the left mouse button to highlight (select) it. Click the Selectbutton and the
selected item transfers to the bottom scrollable list. If an item is selected which is
no longer required, you can select it and click the Deselect button.
When the menu items contained in the Selected list are as required, click the OK
push button and the newly configured Speed bar is displayed.
Once a Speed toolbar is displayed, the contents of the push button items can be
edited by clicking the Set button and redefining the Selected list. To use the
toolbar, clicking any of the defined buttons immediately displays the requested
dialog or perform the specified action. In many circumstances the Speed toolbar
can save many mouse movements and button clicks.
If the combination of button settings are of ongoing use, they can be saved by
enabling the Load at Startup option. The individual menu item specifications for
a Speed toolbar are saved by entries made in the MVISION.INI defaults file.
Refer to Appendix D: Defaults and Settings for additional information.
6 Managing Projects and Data Files 41
6 Managing Projects and Data Files

In this section:
• About Projects and Session Files
• Creating, Saving, and Restoring Sessions
• Importing, Exporting, and Linking Data Files
• Data Management
• Project Settings
About Projects and Session Files

ModelVision can be used for many tasks. The tasks may be varied and range in
complexity from simple data reformatting to large geophysical integration
projects. For this reason, ModelVision uses two different operational concepts for
its use. These are:
• Projects consist of the summary information used for a task. Defaults,

magnetic property information, units and task descriptions are retained in
project files which reside in specific task directories.
• Session files reside in project directories and relate to specific projects.

The files contain data sets, models and defaults implemented or modified
during a session of ModelVision. At the conclusion of a session, all
associated material that is used by ModelVision to that point can be
saved. Later, the session file can be recovered such that the work
undertaken to that point is not lost. A number of sessions can exist within
a project.
Session files allow you to save snapshots of work in progress. All the
information in memory and your windows are captured in this file and are
restored in a fraction of the time required to load and process the original
data. Since the session file is stored in a binary format, it cannot be loaded
into a text editor.
Project and session file management is controlled by the New, Open, Save, Save
As and Revert to Saved items on the File Menu.
Creating, Saving, and Restoring Sessions

The File items New, Open, Save, Save As and Revert to Saved relate to the use
of project session files. Session files are used to store the full work environment
including data, models, configuration options and screen windows. Session files
are especially useful when a project continues over a long period and you wish to
restart the project without reloading data and resetting all the options.
The following dialog is used to Load session files. After highlighting the required
session file, select Load.
Session file load dialog
If only the data and models of a session file are to be loaded and no windows
(which may have been present when the session file was saved) displayed,
deselect the Restore Displays option.
If a session file from a different directory is required, select the Browse button. A
dialog with directory access is displayed. Highlight the required directory
containing the correct session file and select OK.
AutoSave
ModelVision now comes with an AutoSave option with settings in the File/Setup
dialog box. When turned on (default), it will save a temporary session file in the
project directory at the nominated time intervals. If ModelVision crashes or is
terminated in an abnormal way by the user, this temporary session file is
automatically loaded when ModelVision is next started.
There is also an option to turn on a beep when the save is performed (default).
This allows you to know when the save is being performed.
Note The AutoSave is not performed whenever a progress bar is displayed. During
these times, ModelVision data is in a state of change and saving a session file
may lead to unpredictable results. If you are performing multiple calculations or
operations, the AutoSave may not occur for some time.
Important It is strongly recommended that you do not rely on the AutoSave and that you
manually save sessions on a regular basis.
Importing, Exporting, and Linking Data Files

One of the most important aspects of using ModelVision is the simple importing
and exporting of data (ASCII, grids, points, binary project files etc). The various
data types and supported formats are described briefly with more complete
format descriptions (with examples) available in Appendix A: File Formats. The
use of external program links for input of data from other software systems is also
described.
You can export important information such as data, grids and models to external
ASCII files or standard data formats. It is recommended you export and save grids
in ER Mapper or Geosoft format since these formats are widely used. In
particular, note that ER Mapper grid formats use projection information that is
compatible with ModelVision.
Importing Data
ModelVision can import a variety of external data. Different data types available
include:
• Line data in a variety of formats or from external software systems (such

as OASIS© montaj™ (Geosoft), Intrepid and ER Mapper
• Grids in numerous standard industry formats
• Drillhole data for measurements taken from drillholes
• Randomly located data from point readings

Data to be manipulated, displayed and modelled is loaded by the File>Import

option. Selection of this option displays a second menu list containing ASCII
formats and the possible sources of data. With line, point, and grid data,
ModelVision will automatically display the data in the most appropriate format.
When more than one channel is available, you will be asked to make a selection.
For example, if you use the general ASCII import, the line statistics will be shown
first and then you can select a channel for display in a stacked profile map.
Menu Import selection and options available for data import
For more information refer to:
• Profile Data
• General ASCII Data
• Drillhole Data
• Geosoft Database
• ASEG GDF Data Exchange Standard
• Point Data
• Grids
• Reading Directly from External Files with ModelVision

The formats supported and procedures for importing these files are described in
Appendix A: File Formats.
Profile Data
Fourteen line-oriented ASCII data file types are available for profile import. These
options can be divided into the following categories:
• Single Line - files that contain multi-column data but with columns relating
to only one profile or traverse
• Multi Line - combined traverses of multi-column data can be read using

this style of input
• Geosoft Oasis montaj™ database import
• External Link sources – access and import data from software

applications external to ModelVision.
Detailed descriptions of these file formats and corresponding import procedures

is provided in Appendix A: File Formats.
General ASCII Data
The text import tool can handle a wide range of file types and has these additional
features:
• Flexible import format definition that can accommodate any number of

ASCII data columns and up to 32,000 characters per record
• It can read ASCII files with either fixed width (defined by column size) or
delimited by characters you choose
• It has in-built intelligence to interrogate a specified file and ‘classify’ it as

one of a range of types. A number of interpretations based on these types
is then attempted to assist the decoding and recognition of the file.
• Easy interface for column naming can use a header line or interactive
dialogs. Unwanted header records can be skipped during the import.
• Comment lines are accommodated as are various data formats such as

real, and scientific notation.
• Use or save Geosoft templates to describe the data format for re-use.
Comments, headers and nulls are all handled in the templates.
Procedures for using the ASCII file import tool are described in Appendix A: File
Formats.
Drillhole Data
Drillhole data can be imported into ModelVision by reading a file that contains X,
Y and Z data location coordinates plus sensor channels. The X and Y coordinates
refer to horizontal positioning as for a conventional line oriented dataset and the
Z data contains depth information beneath a nominated datum. The default sense
of direction is positive down for increasing depth.
Examples of drillhole data files are provided in Appendix A: File Formats. Note
that throughout the ModelVision documentation, the words downhole, drillhole
and borehole are all synonymous. For further information on modelling magnetics
and gravity at the reading locations of drillhole data, refer to Drillhole Modelling.
Geosoft Database
A Geosoft Oasis montaj™ database can be loaded directly into ModelVision.

These files typically have the file extension .GDB and are created using the import
utilities associated with the Oasis montaj™ software. For details, see Appendix A:
File Formats.
ASEG GDF Data Exchange Standard
The ASEG-GDF2 data exchange and archive standard for geophysical point and
line data is fully supported. The ASEG-GDF is a self defining format that allows
located data to be automatically identified and loaded. An ASEG-GDF2 data
exchange contains a decodable description of the data in one file plus the
geophysical data in one or more additional files. The description file defines
information such as field names, units of measurement, format, comments and
missing data substitution values (nulls). The data is contained in simple, multi-
column ASCII files (tables). For more information, see Appendix A: File Formats.
Point Data
Certain data collection procedures acquire data at random locations. Examples

of this are regional gravity surveys or geochemical assaying projects. With these
data types there are no line-related methods of collating the data and so each
record of the input data file is dealt with individually. There is however, a
requirement that point data sets have an associated number similar to the line
specification. This number is referred to as a ‘point set identifier’ and is used to
associate records with similar properties (for example, gravity datasets, gold
assay datasets, magnetic solution points etc). Note that each data point can have
its own identifier if this is more convenient, rather be grouped. The input data type
is of a definable XYZ format where the X and Y coordinates specify the easting
and northing location of the sample point. A number of Z channels corresponding
to measurements at each sample location can be loaded.
Points can be modelled for their gravity or magnetic response either individually
or collectively. Use the Model>Point Control option to select the points or groups
of points to model. Results from modelling cannot easily be displayed within a
section, and so results are usually presented in map format with modulated
symbols, labelled points or as contours or images (after gridding results).
Additional information and examples of point data files and their format are
provided in Appendix A: File Formats.
Grids
ModelVision is capable of importing various grid formats, some of which are

written in ASCII although most are in binary. In most grid formats, the first few
lines of the file are assigned to a header. The header contains information relating
to origin, extent, numbers of rows and columns, grid mesh size, rotation etc.
The grid formats and supported by ModelVision are described in Appendix A: File
Formats.
Exporting Models and Data
The Export option enables various output formats to be written using data which
has been loaded or created in ModelVision. When selected, the menu options
that appear are shown here.
The File>Export options available in ModelVision
Profile Export
The available profile export options include:
• TOOLKIT single line format
• ASCII (LIN xe) Multi-line format
• Geosoft database (GDB) - Geosoft Oasis montaj™ database
• Geosoft Multi Line (XYZ)
• Geosoft Single Line (DAT)
• ASEG-GDF2 ASCII files
• All cross-sections (BMP and EGB) – Export bitmaps and their

georeferenced locations for use in Encom PA. See Displaying
ModelVision Data in Encom PA.
• AMIRA format for TEM files
See Appendix A: File Formats. for details of these formats.

Grid Export
The available Grid Export options include:
• Encom Grids
• ER Mapper
• Geosoft Binary
• ASEG GXF
• Geopak Binary
• USGS Binary
See Appendix A: File Formats. for details of these formats.
Drillhole Data Export
Drillhole data can be exported as an XYZ data file. The data contained in the file
is in ASCII multi columns with the X and Y coordinates referring to horizontal
positioning as for a conventional line oriented dataset. The Z data contains depth
information beneath a nominated datum. The default sense of direction is positive
for increasing depth. Additional data columns are created which record the
nominated output channels requested by the user. Examples of drillhole data files
are provided in Appendix A: File Formats.
Alternatively, drillholes can be exported as a Geosoft Oasis montaj™ database

(with filename extension .GDB).
Point Data Export
ModelVision can create ASCII multi column output files which contain point or
random location data (file extension default .PTS). This data type usually has no
line name recorded and so each record of the created data file is written
individually with no relationship to any other record. The output data file is of a
definable XYZ format where the X and Y coordinates specify the easting and
northing location of each point. A number of Z channels corresponding to
requested data channels at each sample location can be created. Examples of
point data files and their format are provided in Appendix A: File Formats.
Alternatively, points can be exported as a Geosoft Oasis montaj™ database (with

filename extension .GDB).
DXF Export
ModelVision can export models in AutoCAD digital exchange format (DXF). The
file is a three-dimensional DXF format that can imported into other software such
as mine planning applications or 3D modelling or visualization systems (such as
Noddy and Encom PA). Facets of each body are represented by polygons in the
DXF. An option is available to decompose all polygons into triangular facets. This
option is available from the Modelling>Export>DXF Format menu option.
External Links
• Reading Directly from External Files with ModelVision
• Writing Directly to External Files with ModelVision
Reading Directly from External Files with ModelVision
ModelVision enables access to data contained in other software systems and

databases. This access is available through a user definable 'external link'. An
external link is an executable program that implements the calling and data
retrieval routines of the external software system. This link is initiated by
ModelVision that opens and accesses the storage facility of the external data.
You are able to interrogate the contents of the external database and select the
data required based on line ranges and channels. Once specified, the link
program extracts the required data and stores it in a temporary file that
ModelVision can read and input.
A number of example link programs are provided with the ModelVision

installation. An example of this type of link is to the Intrepid processing system.
A second form of link is the Geosoft OASIS montaj add-in. With this form of link,
ModelVision is run from the Geosoft program menus. The montaj add-in is
supplied with ModelVision.
The use of all external link programs and add-ins are described in Appendix C:
External Data Links.
Writing Directly to External Files with ModelVision
ModelVision can export data to other software systems or databases through

external links. An external link is an executable program written by the user or a
third party that implements the calling and data retrieval routines of the external
software system. This link is initiated by ModelVision and opens and writes data
to the storage facility of the external database or software system. The user can
specify the line ranges and channel data to export. Once specified, the link
program writes the required data from ModelVision and stores it in a temporary
file. The external link passes the data in this file into the external database or
software system.
The construction and use of external link programs is detailed in Appendix C:

External Data Links. Example link programs are provided with the ModelVision
installation.
Displaying ModelVision Data in Encom PA
The Encom PA software is a powerful display environment that is capable of

displaying nearly all the data used in ModelVision but with additional visualization
capability such as interactive 3D and anomaly management.
Data that can be displayed from ModelVision as well as Encom PA includes:
• Line-based output from ModelVision when exported using the Geosoft

GDB format
• All grid formats (ER Mapper, Geosoft, Surfer, etc.)
• ModelVision models when exported as DXF vector files (see Exporting

Models)
• Drillholes used in ModelVision when exported in GDB or ASCII line

formats compatible with the import utility of Encom PA (see Profile Export).
• Bitmap cross-sections as geo-referenced files with (WHOLE) or without

(DEPTH) their response tracks (use File>Export>Profiles>EGB
Profiles). The bitmap file (geo-referenced) is accompanied by a
secondary file with the filename extension of EGB. Encom PA uses the
EGB file to display the bitmap saved from ModelVision and to correctly
position it for display. The bitmap has the format of a Windows BMP file.
An example of an Encom PA three-dimensional view using data exported from

ModelVision is shown below. This is an interactive display allowing zoom in/out,
pan and fly through capability.
An example of air photo, drilling and ModelVision bodies displayed in Encom PA
To export the various items that may be displayed or available for use in Encom
PA, the File>Export>Profile Analyst option displays the following dialog:
Display of items from ModelVision to databases or bitmap formats
If requested the following formats are used to output the various entities and are
saved in the project directory:
• Grids – Created as ER Mapper format files (.ERS)
• Lines – Saved in a Geosoft database called MV_LINES.GDB
• Holes – Saved in a Geosoft database called MV_HOLES.GDB
• Points – Saved in a Geosoft database called MV_POINTS.GDB

• Models – Exported as AutoCad DXF format called MV_MODEL.DXF
• Profiles – For each displayed cross-section, an EGB and a bitmap file are
created. The bitmap can contain both the profile data and model cross-
section (if WHOLE is selected) or just the model cross-section (DEPTH
option).
Note Profiles that are iconized in a display in ModelVision are not exported as a
bitmap. To create bitmaps of these, maximize their profile windows before
requesting the Encom PA export option.
Data Management
• Maintaining Data Sets
• Clipping a Data Set
Maintaining Data Sets
The Data Maintenance option enables projects, channels, lines, points, drillholes
and grids to be renamed, interpolated, deleted or arranged into subsets.
Select a data type from the menu item displayed. Different data maintenance
operations are provided depending on the data type selected. Below is an
example of the displayed dialog for line data (a similar dialog is used for drillhole
maintenance).
Dialog for Line Maintenance

Lines can be renamed or deleted. Multiple selection of lines is possible. The

Delete option requires you to confirm your selection before any data is deleted.
The Interpolate option performs the same operation as the Interpolate menu
item. Refer to the section on Interpolate for information on this feature.
Channels can be renamed or deleted by selecting the Channel Maintenance

push button. When selected, the following window is displayed:
Channel Maintenance dialog
As for lines, you are required to confirm your channel selection before a deletion
is done.
An option is also provided to Generate Lines from the rows of a grid (in the
Utility>Data Maintenance>Grid.
Grid Maintenance dialog

This process automatically creates traverse lines (suitable for modelling) with
data values interpolated from the nominated grid(s). You can use the
File>Export>Profiles option if desired to create an ASCII file with easting and
northing locations for the grid. ModelVision can use any of the supported import
grid formats and the content of an exported file can be controlled in the
Export>Profiles dialog.
The line names are row_1, row_2 etc. and the sample spacing is equal to the row
cell size. These can be renamed in the Utilities>Data Maintenance>Line utility
if required. This method of creating lines is similar to the Traverse and Synthetic
options, but the grid rows are used instead of a user defined traverse. Also note
that null values of the grid is included in the line data as –99999.
Clipping of line, grid or project data to rectangular geographic coordinates is also

possible by selecting the Clip option. This option presents a window which
enables clipping of the project or line area as shown.
Clip option for subsetting a data area.
Important If a project, grid or line data is clipped using this option, the original data in
memory is destroyed. Save the original data in a work session file if data security
is required.
When Data Maintenance of a grid is requested, it is possible to sub-sample a grid

using the Clip option. The following dialog is displayed:
Clip option for sub-sampling or deleting a portion of a grid
Grid resampling (specifying a different Spacing) or grid reduction can be

undertaken with this feature. This is particularly useful where a large grid is loaded
but only a portion of it is required for modelling.
Important If a grid is clipped or sub-sampled using this option, the original grid in memory is
destroyed. Use the Calculator option to create a copy of the original grid before
performing any clipping so subsequent grid clipping can be achieved without
having to reload the original grid.
Clipping a Data Set
The Data Clip Wizard makes it easy to select an anomalous region for modelling
through automatic subsetting of the project and opening of multiple cross-section
views. This wizard can save you 15 – 30 minutes in preparing a complex anomaly
for full 3D inversion.
The Data Clip Wizard is started by clicking on its icon at the right of the toolbar
below the menus.
Data Clip Wizard dialog and project map showing the area to clip.
Upon opening, you will be prompted to save the current session. This is
advisable, particularly if you think there is a chance you will need to experiment
with the clip area or if you wish to clip out several areas.
Select either the Draw Polygon or Draw Rectangle buttons and draw the
desired area in a map view which has flight-lines displayed (see Configuring Map
Displays). Both draw a clip polygon in the map view which is later used to clip
both line and grid data.
Note If you want to redraw either the polygon or rectangle areas, you must first select
the current clip polygon and delete it. The clip polygon selected for the clip
function is the first polygon in the list of polygons.
Before you can clip the data, you must click the Preview Clip to view what is to
remain of the lines after the clip operation. This is a mandatory quality step.
If the Calculate min length from clip area checkbox is checked, the clip wizard
will determine the minimum line length that is valid for this clip area and input that
into the minimum length text box (see below).
After applying the clip, you may have lines which only have a few points and are
not valid for either interpretation, modelling, or inversion. To remove these short
lines, check the Discard lines less than check box and enter a value into the text
box. If you have the Calculate min length from clip area check box checked,
this value will already be filled in with a calculated value. Lines with lengths less
than the minimum value will not form part of the clipped data set. However, grid
portions under these removed lines will still be included.
The wizard can automatically open a sectin for each valid line in the clipped area.
To do this, check the Open windows on lines checkbox and specify the
maximum number of sections to open. If the clipped area contains more valid
lines than you specify, it will only open sections on lines up to this maximum
number.
If you wish to scale all sections to a common vertical scale, check the Scale to
project limits checkbox.
The regional will remain the same as for the whole large dataset unless you
specify to recalculate the regional based on the clipped data. Do this by checking
the Recompute regional checkbox and specifying the order of regional to
compute. You can also compute this later using the Model/Edit Regional menus.
Once you are happy with the clip area and parameters, click on Apply Clip. The
clip operation will be performed on all lines data and loaded grids and the sections
will be displayed (if selected).
You will then be prompted to save the new session file.
Project Settings
The dialog for entering and reporting the project properties

ModelVision requires you to organize your work into project directories. When you
create a new project using the File>New>Project menu item, a project definition
file (MVPROJ.INI) is created in a pre-existing directory. Information specific to the
project is stored in the file and updated whenever you exit ModelVision. For
details on the content of this file, refer to Appendix D: Defaults and Settings.
The magnetic field parameters are entered manually or via the IGRF calculator
button. Once you set the magnetic and gravity modelling units, they are
maintained for all projects. Coordinate projection details are used for export grids
that support projection parameters. If you do not require this information, turn on
the Local Grid option.
Project settings include:
• Project Directory
• Units
• Magnetic Field Specification
• IGRF Calculator
• IGRF Grid Creator
• Map Projections and Datums
• Project Description
Project Directory
Project details are written to a file called MVPROJ.INI. Each project must be
created in its own folder. If you create a project in a folder containing an existing
ModelVision project, the details of that previous project are overwritten.
MVPROJ.INI contains coordinate projection and data details, a project
description, magnetic field details, and default values for bodies and AutoMag
settings. Some of this information may also exist in session files (see below).
The Browse button can be used to graphically select a folder. After clicking this
button, a folder tree is displayed. Highlight the required folder for saving the
project and click OK.
Selection of a project directory can be made from the Browse option of the Projects dialog
Whenever a session file is opened, ModelVision performs a compatibility check.

It flags any discrepancies between the project and session file settings and allows
you to select either the project or session file settings.
You can save multiple sessions files within a project either to keep a historical
record of your work and/or to save details of work performed on specific
anomalies.
Units
ModelVision uses many specific measurements for data and modelling.

Specification of the units of these measurements is an essential part of correctly
determining model responses. The following units are used:
• Distance - metre (m) in the SI system or centimetre (cm) in the emu or

cgs system of units. Note: imperial units such as feet are not supported.
• Mass - kilogram (kg) in the SI system or gram (g) in the emu or cgs
system of units.
• Gravity field - milligal (mgal) in cgs units or micrometre per second

squared (µm·s-2) in SI units. This is referred to as gu for gravity units. 1
milligal is equivalent to 10-3 cm·s-2 or 10 µm·s-2 or 10 gu.
• Gravity gradient - Eotvos (Eo) units for model computations and units per
kilometre for gradient filters. Note 1 Eotvos unit is defined as
0.1 mgal·km-1 or 1 gu·km-1 which is also 10-9 s-2 in both the SI and cgs
system of units.
• Magnetic gradient - units per kilometre for both model calculations and
gradient filters.
• Density - g·cm-3 or kg·m-3 in SI units.
• Magnetic field strength - gamma for emu/cgs units or nanotesla (nT) for
SI units
• Magnetic volume susceptibility - cgs or SI units. Note that 1 emu (cgs)

unit is equivalent to 4π SI units.
• Magnetization – emu (cgs) units of gamma or SI units of ampere per

metre (A·m-1)
To assist in conversion between cgs and SI units the following table provides
additional information.
Table of Unit Conversions
Parameter cgs Unit SI Unit Conversion

(multiply cgs unit
to derive SI)
Distance centimetre (cm) metre (m) 0.01
Density gram per cubic kilogram per cubic 1000.0
centimetre (g·cm- metre (kg·m-3)
3
)
Susceptibility (k) - - 4π
Magnetic field (B) gamma nanotesla 1.0
Gravitational milligal (mgal) gravity unit (gu) 10.0
The terms cgs and emu (electromagnetic units) are synonymous. In the SI
system, the unit of magnetization (J) is ampere per metre (A·m-1) and in the emu
or cgs system it is the gauss, where
1 gauss = 105 gamma = 103 A·m-1
Hence the unit conversion for these quantities is:
JSI (A·m-1) = 1000 * Jemu(gauss) = 0.01 * Jemu(gamma)
When the presence of remanence is suspected, the natural remanent

magnetization (NRM) Jnrm is specified in terms of magnetic volume susceptibility
k and the Koenigsberger Ratio (Q) which can be defined as:
Q = Jnrm / Jind where Jind = k F

Jnrm (SI) = Q (kSI F) / 400 π(A·m-1)
Jnrm (cgs) = Q (kcgs F)(gamma)
where the parameter F is the magnitude of the local geomagnetic field measured
in nanoteslas (gammas) and Jnrm and Jind are the magnitudes of the remanent
and induced magnetizations respectively. Note that the Koenigsberger ratio is
dimensionless and identical in both the SI and cgs system of units.
Magnetic Gradiometer Units
Magnetic gradiometer units used in ModelVision are in units of gammas

or nanotesla per metre.
Gravity Gradiometer Units
Gravity gradiometer units used in ModelVision are:
The gravity components gx,gy,gzmilligals or mm·s-2
The Tensor components Guv,GH,GCEotvos
The directions AH,ACdegrees clockwise from north
Magnetic Field Specification
Magnetic bodies interact with the Earth's magnetic field to produce an opposing
induced magnetic field. The magnitude of this opposing field is proportional to the
magnetic susceptibility of the body.
Magnetic anomalies by induction in fields of different inclination

Source bodies generate different induced magnetizations at different latitudes

due to variation in the inclination of the Earth’s magnetic field. At high latitudes
bodies produce predominantly positive total field anomalies, at low latitudes the
anomalies are predominantly negative, and at mid latitudes anomalies are
dipolar. In order to correctly compute induced magnetizations the strength and
direction of the primary field must be specified. In ModelVision, the local magnetic
field is specified as intensity with its direction being defined by an inclination and
declination in degrees.
If strong remanent magnetization exists in the body, the total magnetization is

computed as the vector sum of the remanent and induced magnetization
components. Information on remanent magnetization is often not available and
pure induction is assumed in most modelling. ModelVision can compute the
influence of remanence if the data is available.
IGRF Calculator
Magnetic modelling in ModelVision requires specification of the intensity,

inclination and declination of the average magnetic field for the area under study.
Only the total magnetic intensity information is available from most aeromagnetic
surveys.
ModelVision provides an IGRF calculator to estimate the magnetic field

parameters required for modelling. The International Geomagnetic Reference
Field (IGRF) is a standard specification of the harmonic component values and
their rates of change from which the background strength and direction of the
earth’s field can be derived as functions of space and time.
One of the IGRF map views with calculated field values

You can activate the IGRF dialog from the IGRF button in the Magnetic Field
Parameters dialog (opened through the Model>Magnetic Field menu option) or
from the File>New>Project and File >Project Properties options or from the
globe icon on the toolbar. Select a world view map that covers your project area
from the pull-down list, enter the year of the survey, the survey altitude and use
the mouse to select your survey location. Locate the cursor at approximately the
location of your survey and click the left mouse button. The IGRF parameters are
automatically computed and displayed in the dialog. If you need more precision,
edit the latitude, longitude directly and select Compute button to change the
magnetic field specification.
The IGRF model has been updated to be consistent with the definition and code
provided by IAGA, the International Association of Geomagnetism and
Aeronomy. Details of the model can be found in Finlay et al., 2010.
An extensive set of maps is provided at varying scales to cover the world. If you
wish to use your own area map please contact Pitney Bowes Software and we
can provide details on how to do this.
IGRF Grid Creator
Grids can be created for the Earth’s magnetic field intensity, declination and
inclination for any region of the Earth. This can be done for a specified date and
altitude or, if an elevation grid is available, for the elevations at all grid points.
Generating IGRF Grids
This tool is activated from the IGRF tool on the toolbar. Select the Grid Creator
tab and the most suitable map from the drop down list of maps. The limits
displayed will automatically change to the latitude and longitude limits of that
map. You can change these and set the grid interval, a date between 1970 and
the present and the altitude. When you hit the OK button the IGRF values will be
computed and three grids will be produced with fixed names of IGRFint,
IGRFdec and IGRFinc.
Note These grids have latitude and longitude limits in degrees. They can be displayed
as grid images and contours in a map view but cannot be combined in that
window with data or models which are defined in metres.
Using an Existing Grid
If you have a grid with degree limits already in memory you can use that grid
instead of specifying new limits. Tick the Set from Grid checkbox, select the grid
and the values displayed will update to the grid limits and intervals. A button linked
to the synthetic grid creator is provided to assist if you want to create a new
synthetic grid without leaving the IGRF utility.
Example of IGRF Grid Creator
Using an Elevation Grid
If you have an elevation grid with altitudes above sea level in metres you can
compute the IGRF values for all points using that elevation data. To do this select
the elevation grid and make sure the Fixed checkbox is not ticked.
Map Projections and Datums
ModelVision stores map projection and datum information for reference purposes
and is reproduced in export formats that require this information. The projection
information is used for any internal calculations within ModelVision.
The selection lists for datum and projection are derived from the data files
DATUM.DAT and PROJECT.DAT. The format specification for these files is identical
to those used in ER Mapper and is detailed in Appendix D: Defaults and Settings.
These files can be edited to remove all datums and projections that are of no
interest in your project areas. This reduces the length of the selection list.
Project Description
The project description (60 chars) allows you to save descriptive information that
is retrieved each time you open the project. The description is saved in the project
and session files and is displayed in the project dialog.
Other information can be entered which details the date of project creation,
modification date, who created the project and a brief title.
Default Settings
The File>Setup option enables ModelVision default options to be edited.
File>Setup dialog to define ModelVision defaults of a project
Default settings can be controlled for:
• The directories for default access to help, lookup table and convolution
filter files
• The units to be used in either magnetic or gravity modelling
• The annotation and tick sizes for map, multi-channel profiles and X-
section displays
• The precision for displaying length parameters on various dialogs
• The colour palettes used for displaying bodies, curves and as default for
modulation by property and for general display purposes wherever a
colour choice is available
• A switch to disable automatic line flipping. By default ModelVision

analyses the directions of lines in a survey and chooses a consistent
direction for viewing all lines. This is especially useful for airborne surveys
with alternating line directions.
The default values displayed in the dialog are stored in the MVISION.INI defaults
file (see Default Settings File).
Default Settings File
A number of parameters are defined in a default file called MVISION.INI. This file
is used by ModelVision when it is initially executed. The file is updated at the end
of a ModelVision session so that any changes made to the parameters during the
course of the session are saved. MVISION.INI is an ASCII file which may be
edited by the user to assign preferred defaults but this is not recommended since
they may change whenever ModelVision is exited and the file rewritten.
The purpose of the MVISION.INI file is to provide logical control over a number
of operational defaults when ModelVision is initially executed. The defaults file
must be called MVISION.INI to be recognized by ModelVision. It must reside in
the directory that contains the MVIS executable as defined by the Properties
setup within Microsoft Windows.
If no default file is found, ModelVision uses defaults set within the program.
Details and additional information associated with the MVISION.INI file are
provided in Appendix D: Defaults and Settings.
7 Controlling the View 69
7 Controlling the View

Learn how to control the appearance of the data and models that are displayed in
the various views. Although the models are controlled interactively within the
views, this section does not teach you how to model. It shows you how to control
the presentation and attributes of your model and data.
In this section:
• Managing Windows
• Navigating the View
• Using the Colour Table Editor
• Selecting Objects
• View Types
Managing Windows
Because most time is spent interacting with graphical displays there are several
controls and toolbars that change the appearance of your windows and speed up
the operation of ModelVision. It is important to note that not all options are
accessible through the menu at the top of the main ModelVision window.
Conventional Windows behaviour has been adopted wherever possible so that

the operations are similar to other Windows programs.
Heading bar with highlighted heading bar to indicate an active window

ModelVision allows you to have many windows open at a time, but only one can
be active for user input at any one time. The window bar at the top of each window
changes colour when it is selected with the mouse. The colour of this bar is
determined by the Windows Properties settings.
When an action is selected from a toolbar, the action applies to the currently
active window.
Navigating the View

The behaviour of the mouse, mouse buttons and keyboard are fundamental to the
operations of graphics manipulation in ModelVision. The program behaviour also
changes according to the mode of operation such as pointer, zoom or pan. The
behaviour can be further modified when a mouse operation is performed in
conjunction with the keyboard.
Panning and Zooming
• Zooming In and Out
• Zoom Previous
• Pan
• Fit
• Redraw
Zoom Mode
Zoom in all five window types. In multitrack and cross-section windows it is

sensitive to which track has the cursor.
• Left click - zooms in by a factor of 2 about the selection point. (Not profile
or multitrack).
• Left click + SHIFT key - zooms out by a factor of 2 about the selection
point. Reverses the zoom in to zoom out. (Not profile or multitrack).
• Left click and drag - selects an area for enlargement. (Not perspective).
• Left click, drag + SHIFT key - zooms out by the ratio of the size of the
window divided by the size of the selected area. (Not perspective).
If Zoom Out is selected, the behaviour is the reverse of the above.
Zooming In and Out
Zooming operations can be performed on all display windows. Depending on

whether Zoom In or Zoom Out button is selected, the cursor shape changes to
appear as a magnifying glass containing a minus (zoom out - reduce view) or a
plus (zoom in - magnify). The cursor changes shape to zoom in or out relative to
the active window.
There are two alternative procedures for zooming:
Zoom Procedure 1
1. Activate the window you want to zoom by clicking while the cursor is
positioned within the window. The active window has a highlighted top
window bar.
2. Select either the Zoom In or Zoom Out button. Move the cursor to the
active window and click the left mouse button on the point about which
you wish to zoom. The window is redrawn and a 2-times zoom in or out is
performed. (This method does not apply to track windows i.e. cross-
section and multitrack.)
The zoom cursor remains active for the window until the Pointer button is
selected.
Zoom Procedure 2
1. Activate the window you want to zoom by clicking while the cursor is
positioned within the window. The active window has a highlighted top
window bar.
2. Position the cursor on a location which represents a corner of a 'zoom

window'. Click the left mouse button and drag out a zoom rectangle while
the mouse button remains depressed. When the zoom rectangle encloses
the required area, release the mouse button and the window scales and
redraws the selected area. (This method applies to all windows except the
perspective display.)
In the cross-section window and multitrack window the zoom rectangle is track
specific. It will rescale the vertical axis for the specified track only. It also uses a
minimum tolerance enabling you to zoom independently on either axis. (see
Functional Elements of a Multi-Track Display)
In the Zoom Out option, ModelVision scales the rectangle to the available window
space by taking the ratio of the sides and matching this to the ratio of the sides of
the available window.
Note When zooming out, it is possible to position the second defining corner of the
zoom rectangle (using Procedure 2 above) outside the window being used. This
means that the selected area is not only zoomed, but also panned to redraw the
defined area.
When the SHIFT key is depressed as the cursor is moved, the mode of operation
of the mouse changes from Zoom In to Zoom Out and vice versa.
Zooming in a Multi-Track display, when in Zoom In or Zoom Out mode, can be

performed using the Reference Track combined with zoom box windowing
without using the Zoom In or Zoom Out buttons. For further information on this,
refer to the Multi-Track View.
Vertical Scale
• 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 - Vertical scale multiplier for perspective view.
Zoom Previous
The Zoom Previous button automatically causes a redisplay of the active

window and use the zoom level previously displayed. Multiple zoom levels are
retained for this operation so repeated selection of the option causes the display
to revert to earlier levels of zooming.
Pan Mode
In pan mode you hold the left mouse button down and drag the point to another
location. This shifts the initial point to the final position of the mouse when the
mouse button was released.
Pan
The Pan option enables the contents of a display window to be roamed. If

selected, the cursor changes to a + when moved over the active window.
Panning is achieved by positioning the cursor over a point, clicking the left
mouse button, and moving the cursor to a new location. When the mouse button
is released, the initial point is moved to the new location. Panning is not
operational in the Multi-Track display option although the reference track can be
used similarly.
Fit
The Fit button rescales a window to accommodate the data and models
displayed. The option operates on all display formats (Multi-Track, X-section and
Maps). If a zoom or pan operation has been performed, the Fit option can be
used to return to a manageable display. In some instances, where two datasets
of different geographic origins and extents are imported into ModelVision and a
Fit is requested, the rescaling operation may seemingly not display anything. In
this circumstance, Fit attempts to enclose all data in the display window and with
widely differing origins this is inappropriate.
Redraw
In instances where a window display is not updated by a particular operation, or

is redisplayed with zoomed or fitted presentations which are inappropriate, the
Redraw option can be used to ‘clean-up’ the display.
Interrupt Redraw
• Q - Interrupts the drawing of a map so that another operation can be

performed. If very fine contour maps or images are being drawn this key
can save considerable time.
Using the Colour Table Editor

This feature provides the ability to create colour lookup tables (LUT). Lookup
tables used by ModelVision use the same format as defined in the ER Mapper
Applications manual. If you create an LUT file it is stored with the set supplied at
installation and is available to be used for the display of bodies, contours, grid
images, track displays, etc. An example of a colour lookup table file is shown
below:
LookUpTable Begin
Version = ‘1.0’
Name = ‘Step Contour’
Description = ‘16 bit Step Contoured’
NrEntries = 16
LUT = {
0 0 0 65535
1 0 12287 65535
2 0 24575 65535
3 0 36863 65535
4 0 49151 65535
5 0 61439 65535
6 8447 65535 57088
7 20735 65535 44800
8 33023 65535 32512
10 57599 65535 57936
11 65535 60928 0
12 65535 48640 0
14 65535 24064 0
15 65535 11776 0
}
LookUpTable End
Colours are assigned a value of Red:Green:Blue in the range from 0 to 65535.

The above example breaks the data range linearly into 16 separate colour
ranges. Larger numbers of colour assignments can be entered if required.
Creating or Editing a Colour Lookup Table
Select the Colour Table Editor from the Utility menu.
This utility allows the creation of a table with any number of colours. Each colour
can be set by clicking on the colour patch to bring up a colour chart, or by setting
exact red, green and blue values if the Show RGB box is ticked.
The comment field is optional and in ModelVision the comment field is only used
if the LUT is used for body display. The names will be used when creating new
bodies and the colours and names can appear in a lithology legend in either map
or cross-section views. The order in which they appear in the LUT Editor will be
the same as they appear in the ModelVision legend.
An example of a colour lookup table file which could be used for body lithologies
is shown below:
LookUpTable Begin
Version = ‘1.0’
Name = ‘Rock-1’
Descriptio = ‘Test Rock Types’
n
NrEntries = 16
LUT = {
0 22784 22784 22784 #Slate
1 65280 0 32768 #Tuff
2 0 0 59904 #Gabbro
3 49408 65280 49408 #Quartzite
4 57088 51712 44032 #Siltstone
5 24832 49152 49152 #Schist
6 63488 64256 46848 #Chalk
7 39168 52224 59392 #Dolomite
8 32000 40448 49152 #Greywacke
9 65280 55040 0 #Mudstone
10 0 26112 26112 #Basalt
11 35584 35584 0 #Shale
12 65280 44288 23296 #Sandstone
13 58880 58880 64000 #Limestone
14 65280 0 0 #Granite
15 65280 32768 32768 #Diorite
}
LookUpTable End
Note This table need not be restricted to 16 entries. If labels are missing for some
colours a label "Cn" is used for the default body name where n = the sequence
number.
Selecting Objects
The mouse selection behaviour listed below is important to the correct operation
of the program and should be familiar to regular uses of Windows programs.
• Click - select an object.
• CTRL+click - select next object below current object.
• Click-and-drag - select a group of objects.
• Double-click - display the properties of an object.
• Right-click - display the properties of the window.
CTRL+click is also used in the Multi-track view to select a region of a line for
enlargement (zoom). When an object is selected, the four corner points of the
bounding rectangle are highlighted.
Multiple objects (bodies or drawing objects) can be layered over each other often
2 to 3 deep. If you hold the CTRL key while selecting with the left mouse button,
multiple left mouse clicks tunnels down through the layers until the one you want
is selected. Each object is highlighted in turn by the four corners of its bounding
rectangle. These change in turn as the objects are selected and deselected.
View Types
The View menu provides the visual interface to the model and various data layers
stored in memory. Here you can look at your models in plan, section and 3D
perspective views. These views also allow you to visualize your line, grid, image
and vector data layers in the same context as your models.
Visualization of models in the context of your data is the key to professional

interpretation. Features that you have extracted from your favourite image
processing or mapping system can be viewed as a backdrop to your model.
The main menu presents the View item as follows:

View main menu option
There are five classes of graphical views accessible through this menu:
• New Layout – Compose multiple scaled source windows into a single

layout page and add drawing elements for report quality plots
• Multi-Track – tool for detailed graphing of individual lines
• X-section – Cross-section modelling and data visualization (see Cross-

section View)
• Perspective – Full 3D visualization of model, lines and surfaces
• Map – Map view modelling with images, stacked profiles, contours, points,
lines and backdrops.
The View menu also provides productivity tools for matching scales across all
cross-sections and window tiling options that place windows in logical positions
compared with the standard windows tiling function.
• Fit all X-sections – match the vertical scale of the curve tracks and cross-
sections to the currently selected section (master cross-section).
• Tile windows (custom) – organises the cross-section in line order which

can be either ascending or descending.
• Tiling options – controls the windows to be included in the custom tiling

process and line sequence ordering.
For more information on custom tiling and scaling options, see Custom Tiling and
Scaling.
Multi-window view of data and model showing clockwise multi-track, cross-section, 3D

perspective and map views
Modelling is performed in the map and section views while the 3D perspective
view is used only for visualization. The Layout window is used for producing report
quality graphics presentations where individual source windows can be plotted to
scale within the layout page. The Multi-track view is used for detailed graph
analysis of multi-channel data sets. It is very useful for understanding the fine
detail that exists in magnetic data by comparison of different high pass filter
outputs.
Each view has its own window and you can open multiple windows with the same
type of view. Dynamic links are maintained between the map and section
windows so that changes in models are reflected in all visible windows.
The above figure shows the four main working views that are used during
interpretation analysis and modelling. Each of these windows can be presented
in a layout view where each source window becomes an object on a printer page.
Example of a layout window where each of the source windows is positioned on a printer
page
The layout window has a different function to other display windows. It is used to
prepare report quality graphics where each source window can have its own
output scale within the page and documentation and interpretive layers can be
drawn over the top of windows.
Custom Tiling and Scaling
The multi-window tiling and scaling makes it much easier to work with multiple
views when doing complex multi-line 3D modelling. The new features allow you
more control over window tiling and placement and improves productivity and
data comparison across windows.
The following images show a sequence whereby you open multiple cross-
sections from a map view, tile the cross-sections in line order and then match the
cross-section data and depth tracks to a common reference section.
Initial cascaded cross-section windows open from the map view.
Tiled window view of the sections after using the menu View>Tile Windows (custom)
feature.
Rescaled cross-sections matched to the bottom, left master section.
The dramatic change in the magnetic intensity scale of the off-target sections is
very important when trying to understand the sensitivities associated with each
line of data. The scale matching is activated using the right mouse click in the
master section followed by selection of the Apply Scale to All option.
The apply scale to All is accessed via a right mouse click in the master cross-section.
The custom tiling functions are controlled from the View>Tiling options dialog,
where you select which window styles will be included, line ordering and other
miscellaneous parameters.
There is a buffer set on the right and bottom margins to avoid windows
automatically inserting scroll bars for panning around the workspace area. It also
allows for setting up unused areas that can be assigned to other window types.
Cross-section View
Example of a cross-section display showing the intersection with two tabular bodies
Example of a cross-section display showing the intersection with two tabular

bodies. The total magnetic field, model response and regional magnetic field are
displayed in the track above the cross-section. The next track contains the
residual anomaly difference and the last track shows the first vertical derivative
for the field and model data.
The cross-section window (sometimes also referred to as X-section) is the

fundamental tool used for building models and refining the depth distribution of
bodies within the model. Each window is made up of a depth section, data track
and optional auxiliary tracks. The configuration of the initial window is determined
by the setting in the Model>Line control menu. Configuration of the window is
subsequently controlled by the window configuration dialog box that is accessed
via a right mouse button selection.
This section includes:
• Opening a Cross-section View

• Cross-section Controls for adding tracks, in-line filters, body labels, title
blocks etc.
Note The X-section is drawn along a line between the start and end points of the
selected profile. The distance displayed on the section is the distance between
these two end points. If the traverse departs from a straight line, the true X, Y
and Z locations are used for modelling. The computed results are projected onto
the section as a function of distance.
Opening a Cross-section View
X-section Select dialog box showing override options
To open a section use the View>X-section menu option and select the line you
want to model from the X-section Select dialog. Multiple lines can be opened from
the pull down list beside Line. A separate window is opened for each line that is
selected.
The defaults defined in the Model>Line Control menu dialog are already
selected but you have the opportunity to override them by turning individual
options off. You can perform modelling without field data by turning the Display
Input Channel off.
You can select additional channels that are displayed in extra tracks above the
standard model channels. These are accessed through the Aux Channels
dialog. You can also add auxiliary channels to an open X-section view.
Cross-section Controls
Once a cross-section has been opened, its appearance is controlled from the
Cross Section Layer table, which is accessed by clicking the Layer Table button
on the main toolbar or the Configure Layers option from the shortcut menu (right-
click in window to display).
Note Shortcut menus are available in many locations to access special properties or
perform actions on the selected window.
Right-click in window to display shortcut menu
The Cross Section Layers dialog provides in-depth control over the various
component tracks, section and curves that make up the cross-section view.
Cross-section layer configuration dialog
Most of the layers in the configuration table can be individually configured. This
controls the appearance of the section during modelling. The appearance for
report-quality hard-copy might require a change to some of the default values.
Double-click on the layer number (left of Layer Name) to display the controls for
that layer. These controls are discussed later in this chapter. Right-click
anywhere on a layer to display the shortcut menu, from which commonly used
actions can be accessed.
Layer shortcut menu showing Track 1 submenu
The Add submenu provides the opportunity to include other data in the curve
tracks or cross-section. Only the data type that currently exists in memory will be
accessible in this submenu.
Layer shortcut menu showing Add submenu
The Window submenu is very important because it provide access to properties

that are global to the window along with a facility to export the section to an image
file for use in other products such as Discover PA
Layer shortcut menu showing Window submenu

In general, the default settings are suitable for most modelling operations unless
additional information is needed. Items such as Standard Filters and drillholes
can provide important control information. Modification of the regional field can
also be made through this configuration table.
Important Tracks are numbered from 0 to 8 from the bottom up where the cross-section is
track 0.
Note Where single or multiple consecutive rows are selected in the Cross Section
Layer table, the DEL key can be used to remove those objects from the table and
the view.
When a cross-section view is first created, the default layers present in the Cross-
section Layer table are:
Axis Annotations
The axis annotation control dialog provides access to the tick mark and
annotation styles. This allows you to prepare graphic outputs to suit different
requirements such as reports, slide shows and publications.
Axis annotation style control dialog

Orientation Labels
When made visible this layer displays “E” and “W” or “N” and “S” representing the
survey line orientation. To make this visible click on the tick box in the Visible
column on the layer table for this type.
Line Name
When made visible this layer displays the line number or name of the profile being
displayed. To make this visible click on the tick box in the Visible column on the
layer table for this type.
Track Titles
When made visible this layer displays the name of the curves being shown in the
tracks. To make this visible click on the tick box in the Visible column on the layer
table for this type.
Curves
This layer expands and contracts alternately to show/remove all curves in the
window each time the layer is selected. The symbol preceding the name Curves
alternates between "+" and "-" with each selection.
Expansion of the Curves layer provides access to all curves in the window.
Right-click on any curve to display the shortcut menu, from which you can
configure or remove the curve and change characteristics of the track. The
configuration dialog for the curve provides control over a broad range of display
characteristics. One special feature is the curve offset which helps align similar
data with different ranges. This feature is useful for Free Air gravity modelling
where the full earth model can produce a large vertical shift in the data relative to
the original Free Air data.
The curve configuration dialog illustrating a DC offset for Free Air modelling.
The Window option will allow you to:
• Arrange Legends that are present,
• Change the line number being displayed,
• Set the Horizontal Range for the cross-section view. By default, the
complete line is shown in cross-section but you may wish to display only a
subset. You can specify a distance range for precision or use the Zoom
tool to expand a limited range of the profile.
• Export the full cross-section, depth section or body intersections to

graphics files that can be utilised in other products such as Discover PA.
There is a text file option that lists the vertices of all body intersections
along with the body properties.
• Flip Line horizontally so that the line orientation is reversed, The feature
is useful when modelling a data line which is oriented from north west to
south east, or with a slight deviation from due north-south. ModelVision
makes decisions about the correct way to display a profile by examining
the start and end coordinates of a profile. It also compares these end-
points with adjacent lines (if available). At certain ori entations, the
program may display the profile in a form that is not intuitive to the
interpreter. In this case, use the Flip Line option to reverse the sense of
the line display.
• Print to hardcopy, and
• Resize Auxillary Tracks that may be present

Click on the left mouse button while the cursor is positioned over the “+ Curves”
layer name and the Tracks layer will divide into multiple layers representing each
curve being displayed. This will allow you to configure the curve attributes for
each track separately
The ability add other data objects to the cross-section view is provided by the Add
pop-up menu option when any layer in the Cross Section Layer table is clicked
with the right mouse button. The following data types can be added:
Adding a layer to a cross-section view.
AutoMag Coefficients
This layer type can only be added when the AutoMag module for automatic model
generation is enabled with a ModelVision licence. This controls the display of
similarity curve traces. For more information on this option refer to the section on
AutoMag depth solutions.
AutoMag Labels
labels for AutoMag solutions. Once the labels have been created, their sizes can
be adjusted globally with the Size slider bar and the Arrange button. Each label is
treated as an object that can be edited by changing its position or attributes. This
is normally used for report preparation to improve over-posting problems. For
further information on AutoMag labels see Appendix : Modulate and Annotate the
Solution.
AutoMag Points
depth solutions. For more information on this option refer to the section on
AutoMag.
Auxillary Tracks
If you want to view data channels other than GRAV or MAG, you can add them to
the cross-section display as an additional track You can also insert additional
channels into a track by positioning the mouse cursor in the new track and click
the right mouse button. From the pop-up dialog that appears select another data
channel.
You can delete individual auxiliary tracks by clicking the right mouse button on the
appropriate Curve layer in the Cross Section Layer table and selecting Remove
Curve from the pop-up menu that appears.
BMP Image
You can display an RGB bitmap in the cross-section component of the window as
a backdrop. When you select Add a dialog appears that requests information on
the world coordinate limits of the .BMP file.
When you load a BMP image file as a backdrop into a cross-section window it will
create a .EGB (Encom Georeferenced Bitmap) file containing the registration
coordinates. If you subsequently load that bmp file into a new session it will
search for an .EGB file with the same name and use those values.
Registration dialog for the BMP backdrop option
You can use the BMP backdrop to provide reference information such as mine
cross-sections or depth converted seismic sections. The x and y locations of the
end points of the section are projected onto the line of section. Zmin and Zmax
values allow you to register the vertical position of the image.
Body Section
This is only visible when a body is created in the cross-section view. You often
need to make bodies transparent so that you can see overlapping bodies yet final
presentation is generally better done in solid colour. You can change the
rendering of all bodies in the section view with this layer option. With the cursor
positioned on this layer click the right mouse button to select Configure from the
pop-up menu and display the Default Body Mode dialog. You can override this
setting for individual bodies though the Body Properties dialog box.
Body Labels
This layer can only be added if a body is already visible in the cross-section view.
By default the body label displays the name of the body, the susceptibility value
and the density value of the body. For additional labelling click the right mouse
button while the cursor is positioned over the Body Section layer of the Cross
Section Layer table and select the Configure pop-up menu option to display the
Edit Body Annotation dialog.
Drillhole
This option allows you to add selected drillholes to the display. You can configure
the display characteristics for each hole with the Configure option from the pop-
up menu. Where the drillhole is not directly on the line of section, it is projected
onto the section. Refer to Drillhole Displays for information on configuring the
appearance of drillhole data.
Add Legend
Add a legend box that annotates the name of each data channel alongside a line
drawn in the same colour as the curve colour.
Standard Filters
Provides you with a method of visualizing your model and field data through use
of an In-Line filter. These filters are applied in real time and provide an improved
sensitivity in a variety of field and modelling situations. If you are trying to model
overlapping anomalies or there is a strong regional gradient, use the first vertical
derivative filter. This filter improves the precision of depth and edge location.
Since it is a high pass filter, it also enhances noise.
The Standard Filters dialog.
In areas of laterite, you may want to model a long wavelength anomaly that is
blurred by the high frequency noise from the laterites. Use the upward
continuation filter to reduce the influence of surface noise. Since the same filter is
applied to the field and model data you do not have to adjust the model depths for
the amount of upward continuation that has been applied.
A choice of low pass, high pass, first vertical derivative and upward continuation
convolution filters are available using this method.
The Operator Length and Wavelength cut-off or other appropriate parameters

for specifying the filter can be defined. Once the filter and its parameters are
selected, click the OK button. The selected Standard Filter output of both the
observed and theoretical responses automatically compute and display in a new
track above the normal X-section traces.
The standard filter for the model output is automatically updated each time a new
model result is computed. An example of the first vertical derivative filter output is
shown in the figure at the beginning of this section.
Note That any convolution filter can be added as an auxiliary channel. This also
applies to In Line filters specified prior to modelling and X-section display. This
method enables any filter type to be specified and to be applied to any channel.
Details on using this method of applying filters are described in In Line Filters.
Regional Fix Points
Provides access to the regional parameters dialog box that is outlined in Regional
Field Controls.
Title Block
Increase the amount of annotation on you model section by adding one or more
lines of title information. You can also use the Layout window for this purpose
where you have more control over font size, style and positioning.
StatWatch
The StatWatch or Data Comparator is a tool to compare statistics of two curves

or a subset of the data. Accessed from either the toolbar or a cross-section
window it selects the first two curves in that track.
Multiple instances of StatWatch are supported for different data and statistics,
and are updated as the data changes.
Use the Data Comparator to display the rms value between two fields.
The StatWatch pop-up menu option from a cross-section view and the StatWatch dialog.
StatWatch has the following options:
RMS [1-2] / range: This is the root mean square difference of channel 1 and
channel 2 divided by the range of either channel 1 or 2
(whichever radio button is selected). This is the statistic
reported as RMS during inversion.
Correlation Coefft: This is the correlation coefficient between channels 1 and

2 and will be in the range from -1 to 1.
RMS[1-2] / SD[*]: This is the root mean square difference of channel 1 and
channel 2 divided by the standard deviation of either
channel 1 or 2 (*whichever radio button is selected).
RMS[1-2]: This is the root mean square difference of channel 1 and

channel 2.
Mean[1-2]: This is the mean of the differences between channels 1

and 2. Its sign is dependant on the radio button selection.
Export Cross-sections as Georeferenced Images
An option exists in map and cross-section views to export the display as a geo-
referenced map or cross-section in the format of .EGB (Encom Georeferenced
Bitmap) and .BMP (Bitmap) files. The export option is accessed by a right-mouse
click on the x-section window and an option is presented to either:
• Export the Whole section including the depth section and Input and
Modeled curves
• Export the Depth section only.

The Export Bitmap dialog is displayed:
Specifying a prefix or suffix to the file name for the Export Bitmap option.
The options exist in this dialog to display annotations and to add a prefix or suffix
to the output files
Map View
The map view provides a standard suite of mapping tools for visualization of
models in the context of the data. Where possible we have maintained
presentation techniques that are equivalent to popular mapping systems. In
particular we have adopted the same colour lookup table that is used by ER
Mapper along with support for their filter kernels, image and vector file formats.
Sample maps displays showing stacked profile, contour and pseudocolour image views.
The stacked profile map has a BMP backdrop from a Landsat TM scene. The bi-colour
contour maps has a BMP backdrop from a scanned topographic map. The variable area
stacked profile maps displays the results of a high pass filter.
The map display is very flexible with a wide range of options for each display type.
You can mix any type of display in a single window once a window has been
opened. The main menu allows you to select an empty map view or one of the
main display types. Once the display type is selected from the menu, a quarter
window is opened covering the project data extents. You can change the default
settings for the window, increase its size and zoom in for a more detailed view.
For information on configuring the map view, see Configuring Map Displays. For
information on configuring components in a map view, see:
• AutoMag Points
• Body Labels
• BMP Backdrops
• Drillhole Displays
• Vector Presentations
• Drillhole Vector Map
• Perspective Drillhole DisplayERV Backdrop
• Grid Contour
• Grid Images
• Grid Profiles
• Legend Box
• Regional Fix Points
• North Arrow
• Points Set
• Stacked Profiles
• Title Block
• Export Maps to Georeferenced Images (.EGB)
• Bodies
Configuring Map Displays
Each map view can contain one or more of the data driven elements listed in the
table below:
Map Object Type Data Type Description
Stacked Profile Channel Graph of channel displayed along the base line
Contours Grid Mono or coloured contours
Grid profiles Grid Stacked profiles from grid rows, columns

or both
ERV Backdrops .ERV ER Mapper vector file
Vector Files .SHP ESRI Shape files
.DXF AutoCad DXF files
.MID/MIF MapInfo files
Drillholes Hole Drill hole path and data display
Image Grid Pseudocolour images with 8 sector

illumination
BMP Backdrops .BMP RGB reference image file.
Points Point Standard points with symbol, size, colour,

orientation and annotation
AutoMag Solutions Point Display AutoMag symbols with depth,

property, strike.
Profile Vectors Channel A computed multiple vector resulting from

vector eg. Magnetic or gravity component
modelling (refer to Full Tensor Gravity
Gradiometer Computation)
As well as these data objects there are many other attributes, such as flight lines,
north pointers, annotated grids, title blocks, colour legends and model bodies that
can be added to each window.
Once a map window has been opened, its appearance is controlled from the
Map Layers table. To access these controls for the map window click on the
Layer Table button on the main toolbar or else a right mouse click inside the
window displays a short menu that provides access to the Map Layers Table.
The standard pop-up menu also provides access to the hardcopy dialog and
help system.
Map Layers table
Most of the layers listed in this table have their own individual configuration layers,
accessed by a right mouse click on each layer. These are used to configure the
appearance of the map during modelling. The appearance for report quality hard
copy may require a change to some of the default values.
In general the default appearance of the map view is suitable for most modelling
operations unless additional information is needed. Items such as Stacked
Profiles and drill holes may provide important control information. Modification of
the regional field can also be made through this table.
The Map Layers Table allows you to quickly build simple or complex map
displays. The layers in this table have evolved over time to cater for the needs of
interactive modelling and report quality map displays. These are often
significantly different requirements.
Note Where single or multiple consecutive rows are selected in the Cross Section
Layer table, the DEL key can be used to remove those objects from the table and
the view.
When the Map Layers table is initially opened, the following standard layers are
present:
Axis Annotations
Use this option to change the grid and annotation style. To view the Map
Annotations control dialog click on the Axis Annotations layer in the Map Layer
table with the right mouse button and select Configure from the pop-up menu.
Map annotation control dialog
Flight Line
This layer presents the true location of all data points along a line in sequence
from first to last. The controls allow you to separately set the line thickness and
colour for standard and active model points display. You also have a check box
for turning the line name on or off.
If mag is active, the default line colour is red and blue for gravity and thickness is
2 points. By default the flight line layer is set to on.
Base Line
This layer displays a straight line from the first to the last location points of each
survey line. This line represents the reference base from which the stacked
profiles is scaled. The control dialog for base lines is the same as for the flight
lines.
If mag is active, the default line colour is green and yellow for gravity and
thickness is 2 points. By default the base line layer is set to on.
Station Pos (Positions)
This layer plots a symbol at the location of each data point along survey lines. This
does not refer to the Point data type. Use this option with discretion as a complete
airborne survey takes a long time to display. If you do this inadvertently, use
CTRL Q to abort the draw operation.
Standard Map Window Option
Click on the right mouse button with the cursor positioned over this layer to display
the pop-up menu containing options for Configure, Add and Window.
Map Layers table pop-up menu option.
The Configure option will appear when you have clicked on a layer for a data
object that has an associated dialog for controlling the display of this layer. For
more information on these data objects see Data Objects below.
The Add option will allow you to place additional data object layers in the map
view.
The Window option will allow you to:
• Arrange Legends that are present. You can use this button to relocate
legends to their default position. ModelVision attempts to position these on
the right hand margin of the map window. This operation is applicable to
the title bar and colour bar legends.
• The Display Range is set to the current project range when you open the
window, but you can override these setting by typing new values in the
Map Display Range dialog. This is accessed by clicking the right mouse
button while the cursor is positioned over any of the layers in the Map
Layer table and selecting Window>Display Range from the pop-up menu
that appears.
Accessing the Map Display Range dialog for a map window.
Only one of the data ranges match exactly the ones that you entered
because the aspect ratio of the window is likely to be different from the
entered ranges.
Set the Display Range for the map view. By default, the complete map
area is shown in the map view but you may wish to display only a subset.
You can specify a distance range for precision or use the Zoom tool to
expand a limited range of the profile.
• Specify the Drawing Order of the different layers in the map view. The
Drawing Order option displays a dialog with a list of layer types in the
order of priority. The top of the list is drawn last and is always visible. The
bottom of the list is drawn first.
The Drawing Order dialog.
You can change the drawing order by moving a selected Object Type up
or down with the Up and Down buttons.
The line in the object list box is used to reduce the redrawing of objects
that normally take a lot of time to draw. For example, images and contours
can be slow to draw. If you select a drawing object above Grid Contour
and double click on the item a threshold (indicated by a horizontal line) is
set where all lower objects are written into a virtual image in memory.
Instead of redrawing all the vectors each time the map is changed, the
image is quickly refreshed from the virtual image in memory.
A side effect of this method is a pause while the virtual image is created
before it is written to the screen.
This method of operation is recommended when you are editing models in

a map view. If you have both an image and a contour object, it is
recommended to have the body object above the contours while editing.
When you want to produce hardcopy, move the contours above the body
so you can see the context of the bodies relative to the contours.
• Display the location of the mouse cursor in the map window by turning on
or off the Mouse Co-ords option. The easting and northing of the location
of the cursor appears in the Status Bar.
AutoMag Points
Example display of AutoMag points showing the oriented symbols colour coded by LEVEL
with annotations on the right hand side of the symbol. Large annotations have been picked
manually and re-sized.
AutoMag Point Annotation dialog. Control the size, orientation and colour of AutoMag
solutions.
Body Labels
Labels can be created for AutoMag points or model bodies by selecting the
appropriate option and the Create button. Each label is treated as an object that
means it can be selected with the mouse, re-positioned or modified. If you select
the object with the left mouse and use a double left mouse click, a dialog appears
that allows you to change the label information.
Body label dialog controls the presentation of the selected body label A label for
an individual body can be turned on via the body properties dialog (double click
on the body or select the Property button on the toolbar).
Body label dialog controls the presentation of the selected body label
A label for an individual body can be turned on via the body properties dialog
(double click on the body or select the Property button on the toolbar).
A default 3 line label similar to that shown above is generated for each body. The
contents of the label can be changed with the dialog controls. The text can be
changed by altering the number of lines and template text. For example:
• If you only want the body name displayed, change the number of lines to 1
• If you only want to display magnetic susceptibility, cut the second line and
paste it into the first line and set the number of lines to 1. S =
@(susc,%6.4f).
• If you want to change the template to just show the numeric value, change
the above line to read; @(susc,6.4f).
• Keywords which can be used for all body types are:
label body name
susc susceptibility
dens density
x X value of centroid
y Y value of centroid
depth Z value (position is dependent on body type)
vol Volume in m3 (If calculated.)
vkm Volume in km3 (If calculated.)
• Additional keywords for some body types are:
azim strike azimuth or plunge azimuth
strike Strike length
extent Depth extent
plunge Plunge angle
thickn Width of tabular body
dip Dip angle
rad Radius – for ellipsoid or pipe bodies with more than one
radius this will be the volume or area equivalent radius.
By selecting Apply to All Labels, the format changes that you make on one label,
are automatically applied to all the remaining body labels. Note that if using mixed
body types some labels may not be appropriate, e.g. the radius of a tabular body
would display as zero.
The Default Body Mode dialog.
In circumstances where body labels have been moved in a display, they can be
re-positioned over the body by selecting the Arrange button. This feature is useful
for a rapid clean up of labels which are scattered in a map display. Note that if the
Labels checkbox is not enabled, body labels are not displayed.
To change the appearance of all bodies in the map view with this dialog you can
make bodies solid or wire frame. Alternatively instead of using the standard colour
for the body, you can modulate the colour of the body as a function of its magnetic
susceptibility or density. To do this select the Modulation option in the Body
Colours section of the dialog and then press the Configure button.
This is very useful during inversion where properties are continually changing. A
dual colour or continuous colour scheme can be used. In Table Lookup mode, you
can also add a colour legend.
Body labels can be deleted from a map display by selecting the Remove Body
Labels option in the pop-up menu of the Map Layers table or disabling the tick box
for the Visible column.
BMP Backdrops
Example of a stacked profile image with a BMP backdrop image derived from Landsat TM
satellite data
For multi-disciplinary interpretation sessions and final reports it is helpful, if the

models and geophysical data can be displayed in the context of surface features
derived from conventional mapping or satellite imagery.
When you select a BMP backdrop display, a registration dialog appears where
you enter the easting and northing range for the image. The BMP image is
stretched uniformly across this range.
BMP Image Location dialog.
If you load a bmp file as a backdrop into a map window in this manner it will create
a .EGB (Encom Georeferenced Bitmap) file containing the registration
coordinates. If you subsequently load the BMP image file into a new session it will
search for an EGB file with the same name and use those coordinates.
Drillhole Displays
Sample drillhole displays in map view using the colour modulated track, single channel
graph and 3 component vector display.
Drillholes can be added to a map view as individual holes or groups of holes. The
displays can be used to track the hole, colour modulate the track by a channel
value or display 1, 2 or 3 component vectors. Data for drillholes can be imported
(see Importing, Exporting, and Linking Data Files) or their downhole magnetic and
gravity responses calculated within synthetic drillholes. Multiple drillhole
component responses can also be computed (refer to Drillhole Modelling).
Since multiple component displays of drillhole data is provided, it can also be

used to display geochemistry data and directional physical property data such as
magnetic susceptibility and density logs plus 2 and 3 component magnetic data.
You can also load airborne magnetic gradiometer data as drillholes and display
the data as vectors. The import format is defined as type LIN with a header line
that starts with HOLE rather than LINE (refer to Appendix A: File Formats).
Drillhole configuration dialog
Display controls available include:
• Track - This option controls whether a trace of the drillhole is shown. A

drillhole trace is presented as a line that joins the hole locations as defined
by the X, Y and depth channels in the loaded data. The trace can be
colour modulated.
• Symbols - Displays a symbol at each hole measurement location.
• Vectors - Vectors are referred to in ModelVision Pro by three components

parallel to the X, Y and Z axes with default names of VX, VY and VZ.
Scaling of the length of the vector is controlled by the Auto Scale option.
Selection of the vector components is defined in the Vector Component
Selection option. The individual vectors can be represented as lines or
arrows radiating out from the drillhole trace. Refer to the section on Vector
Presentations for additional information.
• The Auto Scale option is used to allow ModelVision to scale the vector
sizes relative to the size of the display window. If the option is disabled,
the Scale entry is used.
• Colour Mode - Three modes of representing the vector displays of

drillhole data are available. These are:
• Mono (single colour)
• High/Low (dual colours)

• Table lookup (channel modulation)
The colours used to display the vectors can also be modulated by a selected
channel. For example, if the three component magnetic vectors are VX, VY and
VZ but the display is coloured according to the total magnetic vector, the Compute
operation could be used to calculate a new channel that represents the total
vector amplitude *(VX2 + VY2 + VZ2). The new channel could be used to control
the colour of the vector display.
A colour legend can be displayed to show the relationship between colour and
amplitude.
Vector Presentations
Vectors of drillhole components can be displayed in either map, perspective or

cross-section views. The presentation software assumes that vector components
are orthogonal and parallel to the X, Y and Z axes. The Z component is vertical
with the convention of positive down (see diagram below).
Cross-section Displays with Vectors
Vectors derived from drillhole modelling of components can be displayed in X-

sections. The drillholes are projected onto the relevant section if they are not
aligned precisely. To display the drillhole on a section, view the Cross Section
Layers table by selecting the appropriate button from the main toolbar and then
click the right mouse button while the cursor is positioned over any of the layers
of the table to select the Add>Drillhole option. Select any available drillholes
from the dialog that appears and to configure the appearance of the drillholes click
the right mouse button while the cursor is positioned over the Drillhole layer of the
Cross Section Layers table to select Configure Drillholes from the pop-up menu.
Vector displays derived from the computed response of magnetic components of a sphere.
Drillhole Vector Map
Vector displays of drillhole components either imported or computed can be

displayed in a map similarly to X-sections. To display the drillhole on a map view,
view the Map Layers table by selecting the appropriate button from the main
toolbar and then click the right mouse button while the cursor is positioned over
any of the layers of the table to select the Add>Drillhole option. Select any
available drillholes from the dialog that appears and to configure the appearance
of the drillholes click the right mouse button while the cursor is positioned over the
Drillhole layer of the Map Layers table to select Configure Drillholes from the
pop-up menu.
Use the Configure button to define the drillhole vector appearance as described
in Drillhole Displays.
The Map Layers table.
Once the required drillholes are selected and added, they can be configured
using the Configure button and the option described in Drillhole Displays.
Perspective Drillhole Display
Vector displays of drillhole components are perhaps best suited to perspective

displays as they can be rotated and viewed in 3 dimensions. The drillhole vector
data can be either imported or computed (see Drillhole Modelling). From a
Perspective Configuration dialog (right-click or CTRL+right-click to display) the
mouse with the cursor inside a perspective window), you can select the Drillhole
and Add button.
Perspective Configuration dialog
Use the Configure button to define the drillhole vector appearance as described
in Drillhole Displays.
An example of a ribbon of vectors modelled down a drillhole

ERV Backdrop
Vector files in ER Mapper format can be referenced and displayed in a map view.
By default, this layer appears at the bottom of the map layers and may need to be
re-ordered in the Drawing Order dialog that is accessed from the map
configuration dialog.
Image display with an overlay of an ER Mapper vector file (.ERV)
You can use ER Mapper to convert other vector formats such as AutoCAD's .DXF
format to .ERV format. ER Mapper 4 and 5 formats are supported.
Grid Contour
Contour maps are generated from grids stored in memory. These grids are either
imported from an external source such as ER Mapper or Geosoft format files, or
generated internally from line or point data using the Utility>Grid Channel Data
option. Alternatively, they may be created by a grid modelling set up using the
Model>Grid Control option.
Note The vertical scaling of the nominated channel is in units/centimetre of the

screen. This means that if a larger scale of the displayed amplitudes is desired,
the Z Scale value must be reduced accordingly. The vertical scaling of the
response occurs after subtraction of a Baseline Value. Initially the baseline value
defaults to the average of the channel dataset.
Contour map window display of gridded data
You can display more than one contour map in a given display but this can be
untidy unless designed for a specific purpose. You can use two contours to
compare model and field data in the one map by using different colours for the
two grids. You can also mosaic two grids that only partially overlap.
Grids can have different origins and cell sizes, but they should have the same
datum and projection as all other data, models and images in the session file.
To control the appearance of a contoured grid, in the window containing the

contour display, click the right mouse button and select the Configuration option
from the menu that appears. A configuration dialog is accessible after selecting
the appropriate grid and choosing the Configure button.
Contour map control dialog
• Contour Spacing defaults to Auto mode and allocates contours uniformly

across the data range. The Manual mode can be used to change the
contour interval and modify the data range spanned by the contours. If a
colour lookup table is in use, its limits are mapped to the Min and Max
values set in the dialog.
• Colour Mode offers three methods of operation:
• Mono allows you to select a specific colour for all contours in this
data layer
• High/Low allows you to define a colour for high values and another
colour for low values. The changeover value is the mid-point of the
data range.
• Table Lookup assigns a different colour to each contour level. The

lookup table is selected from a list of ER Mapper compatible tables.
Some tables are restricted to a discrete number of colours such as
Step, Solid and VGA, while other such as Pseudocolour are
continuous. The best results are achieved on displays with colour
resolutions of 16 or 24 bit graphics adapters.
• Dropout determines the line density in lines/cm where contours are not
continued across grid cells. By default, ModelVision Pro uses limits of
5–250 for dropout and 3-15 for decimation.
• Decimate is an option that improves drawing speed by decreasing the

number of grid cells that need to be used in the contouring process. The
best results are normally achieved with a setting of 3.
• Line Thickness is used to define the contour line thickness in points. If

major and minor contours are to be created, different line thickness levels
can be assigned for improved appearance.
Grid Images
Image displays are used extensively for the qualitative part of an interpretation.
Much of this work is performed in image processing systems such as ER Mapper.
When selecting magnetic anomalies for modelling, it is helpful to be able to
reproduce the context of the original anomalies during the modelling.
Examples of different image display modes showing in clockwise order; monochrome, dual
colour, pseudocolour linear stretch and pseudocolour histogram stretch. Each image is
illuminated from the north-east.
Images are drawn at the lowest level, with vector overlays drawn on top. Models,
stacked profiles, flight lines and contours can be added to the display for different
visual effects. You can change the drawing order of layers from the
Window>Drawing Order option from the pop-up menu in the Map Layers table.
Example of a model superimposed over an illuminated monochrome image The image

configuration dialog provides controls for illumination, colour mode, histogram
equalization, data range clipping and decimation.
Image display configuration dialog
• Light Source - Data values stored in a grid are presented in the image
display as a surface that is artificially illuminated. The inclination or
intensity of the light source is controlled by a slider control. Illumination
directions are restricted to 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315 degrees.
• Colour Mode - Three colour modes are available for the image
display - Mono, High/Low and Table Lookup.
• Mono - A single colour is used to present the image and shades of

grey are overprinted to provide gradient information. This is useful
when you are interested in trend information and not amplitude. The
colour used in this mode is definable by the Set Colour push button.
• High/Low - Colours are split into high and low values where the
changeover value is set at the mid-point of the Min-Max range.
Note The appearance of a screen image is determined by the colour depth available
with the computer hardware used. Displays with only 256 levels of colour do not
produce high quality images. With colour levels greater than 256, the quality of
the image is significantly enhanced. On most computer video hardware, the
colour depth can be increased but at the expense of reduced screen resolution.
Note Although a reduced colour depth image may be displayed on screen,

ModelVision uses the full resolution and colour depth available when output to a
printer or plotter.
• Table Lookup - This method is commonly used in image

processing to assign specific colours to amplitude values (or
ranges) in a source grid. Different colour schemes or palettes can
be used to achieve a variety of colour effects. We use ER Mapper
palettes to retain the same presentation style for images. Further
information on the format of these palettes is described in the Open
Standards Manual for ER Mapper.
• Image Range entries are used to control colour distribution for the High/
Low and Lookup Table modes. The colours are allocated linearly across
the range. This is not used in histogram equalization where the whole data
range is used.
• Decimate is an option that improves drawing speed by decreasing the

number of grid cells that need to be used in the image drawing process.
The optimum results are normally achieved with a setting of 2. For fine
resolution on screen use 1. Do not use 1 when printing as this can
increase the time required producing hardcopy.
• Modulate Colour by - allows you to associate the Table Lookup colour

with a grid that is different from that used to control the illumination.
• Shadow Enhancement – increases the contrast applied to the

illumination shadows
• Shadow Highlights - increases the contrast applied to the illumination

highlights
Example image where the potassium grid is colour modulated and the illumination channel
is the magnetic grid shown previously.
You must remember to reset the Min/Max limits to suit the colour modulation
channel as the range defaults to that of the primary illumination channel.
Grid Profiles
ModelVision can display a stacked profile representation of the rows or columns

of an imported or generated grid. This form of presentation is useful for grid
modelling since attempting to model by other grid display means (such as
contours or imagery) is difficult. It is possible to control the number of rows and
columns displayed thus making the presentation easier to visualize and faster to
display. Control is also available to alter vertical scaling, display either rows,
columns or both and the colour of the profiles.
Grid Profile display window with rows of grid shown
After selecting the Grid Profiles option, choose one or more grids and whether
rows, columns or both are to be used. The direction of the rows (horizontal) or
columns (vertical) always matches the orientation of the input grid. An example
of a Grid Profile display is shown above.
Note Large grids are decimated automatically, as the display of every row or column is
often too dense for the display resolution.
Control on the amplitude, decimation factor and colour of the display is accessed
from the map window dialog which is invoked by clicking the right button while the
cursor is positioned in the Grid Profile window, and selecting the Configure option
for Grid Profiles. The dialog appears as follows:
Grid Profile control dialog
If you select rows and have the column decimation factor set to 2, it only displays
every second point along the row profile. If you want full resolution of sampling,
make sure that the column spacing is set to 1. Apply the same principle to column
display.
The vertical scaling (ZScale) and Baseline Value of the display are automatically
computed using line data, if available, such that a stacked profile display has the
same vertical scaling as the grid profiles if they are displayed together.
Note The vertical scaling uses units/centimetre as its unit measurement. Computed
values can be overwritten.
Legend Box
This option adds a small box that lists the various overlays that are present in the
map view. This legend is drawn by default and it can be deleted with the DELETE
key
Regional Fix Points
Displays the regional fix point handles. Each handle is associated with an active
line (regional) and the handles can be moved perpendicular to the base line to
change the shape of the regional. See the section on Regional Computation for
more details on this method.
North Arrow
Plots a north arrow symbol in the Map window. The direction of the arrow is to grid
and magnetic north of the coordinate system being referenced in the Map. This
information is entered via the File>Properties menu.
Points Set
Example of colour modulated points for Bouguer gravity values. Contours of the gridded
gravity values have been modulated with the same data range and colour lookup table.
Points are either imported using the File>Import>Point Data, computed

magnetic or gravity responses (refer to Point Modelling) or generated by
conversion of AutoMag points to standard points (refer to AutoMag and Standard
Points).
Point data is used to represent measurement locations that are not constrained
to lines and are often referred to as random locations. The most common use of
points is to track the location of gravity stations, but it can be used for other
information such as ground geochemistry, drillhole locations and spot heights.
You can have more than one point set on a map.
Points have two major plotting attributes:
• Symbol modulation
• Point annotation
Each symbol can be modulated by type, size and colour. These options are
shown in the control dialog below.
Point modulation dialog showing modulation controls and the Channel Annotation button
This modulation dialog is shared with AutoMag that has different symbol modulation
requirements. When modulating standard points, the Angle modulation is not available.
• Type - You can choose from a pull down list of symbols the type of symbol
that you want to display at each point. If the Type check box is enabled,
the symbol can be selected automatically from the modulation channel.
Each symbol is selected from a table mapped by its value to a symbol.
See Appendix F: Symbols for a list of the symbol numbers.
• Size - The size of a symbol is fixed or modulated by its value in the

selected point data channel. The size is scaled across the range Min to
Max where the maximum is the symbol size and the minimum is set to
approximately 20% of Max. A logarithmic scale can be applied to channels
with large dynamic range such as magnetic susceptibility.
• Colour - The colour of the symbol can be set to a predetermined colour

using the colour selection dialog. You can modulate the colour of the
symbol according to values in the selected channel for the point set. Use
the channel and palette selectors if this modulation option is turned on.
• Channel Annotation - Allows you to plot numeric values from point

channels in various positions around the symbol location. You can plot
any number of channel values, but you must ensure that an offset is
added to separate the plotting locations. See the dialog box below for the
list of available controls.
Example point posting of annotations for elevation and Bouguer gravity with a negative
offset applied to elevation to position it on the left side of the symbol.
Annotation dialog with controls to select the channels, colour, font, size, orientation, offset
and justification.
Stacked Profiles
Stacked profile displays of a data channel are controlled from the stacked profile
configuration dialog.
Stacked Profile attributes dialog.
You can set the base level, vertical scaling, line colour, line thickness and fill
colour from this dialog.
Shading produces a variable area fill above and/or below a set value. This is
useful when displaying the results of high pass filters.
Example of Stacked Profile displays
Multiple channels can be added to a single map window, but two is the maximum
recommended since too many can cause confusion in a display.
Note The vertical scaling of the nominated channel is in units/centimetre of the

screen. This means that if a larger scale of the displayed amplitudes is desired,
the Z Scale value must be reduced accordingly. The vertical scaling of the
response occurs after subtraction of a Baseline Value. Initially the baseline
value defaults to the average of the channel dataset.
The Connect Segments checkbox ensures the stacked profile display extends
across any data gaps to give a continuous trace. If the checkbox is disabled, the
profile display is discontinuous where there are large gaps in the data.
Stacked Profiles can be labelled with Line Names. If the Line Name checkbox is
enabled, the line names are displayed. Two radio buttons provide the option of
locating the line name annotation near the baseline for each traverse, or near the
drawn trace for each channel. This selection is significant where large excursions
between baseline and channel data exist at the ends of traverses.
Title Block
Title boxes can be added to map displays. These editable boxes are similar to
body labels in that they can be moved, sized and positioned where required. Once
selected by clicking the push button, a dialog box is displayed as shown below
which enables entry of from one to ten title lines of text.
Example of the Title Block text entry dialog
Export Maps to Georeferenced Images (.EGB)
An option exists in map and x-section views to export the display appearance as
a geo-referenced map or x-section in the format of .EGB (Encom Georeferenced
Bitmap) and .BMP (Bitmap) files. The export option is accessed by a right-mouse
click on the map or x-section window to display the pop-up menu and the Export
Bitmap dialog as illustrated below will appear.
Specifying a prefix or suffix to the file name for the Export Bitmap option
The options exist in this dialog to display annotations and to add a prefix or suffix
to the output files.
Bodies
When a body is created for modelling a Body layer is automatically added to the
Map Layers (or Cross-Section Layers) table. The display of all bodies can be
controlled by the tick box located in the Visible column for this layer. If this tick
box is disabled then no bodies appear in the map view.
Perspective View
The Perspective option displays a three-dimensional representation of models,

drillholes, flight lines and grids. The above example shows a complex model
where rugged terrain is partially transparent. Draped above the terrain are the
flight lines with one active line shown. Above this is a simulation of the total
magnetic intensity of the model and the measured total magnetic intensity.
The view can be rotated, zoomed and panned. Navigation and views are
controlled by cursor movement and combinations of mouse button operations. A
description of the cursor and button combinations are described in 3D Grids.
You open a perspective view from the View>Perspective menu selection. The
initial view displays a 3D box enclosing the model and flight lines.
Note Flight line elevations are assumed to be zero unless an elevation channel is
assigned in the Model>Line control>Use Z sensor channel field.
Use the right mouse button to access the configuration menu shown below. From
the dialog, you can turn on individual grids, symbols and drillholes.
The Perspective Configuration dialog has a set of check boxes for turning on and
off various display types, including modeled bodies, a wire frame bounding box,
survey flightlines, shadows and a preview of a UBC Mesh design (enabled when
the UBC additional module is activated for the ModelVision licence). These
bodies, flightlines and UBC Mesh models will update in real time when any
change is made in another display.
3D perspective configuration dialog
3D Grids
Example of four 3D grid displays showing total magnetic intensity (a), 800m HP filter (c),
1500m HP filter (c) and 5000m HP filter (d) grids. The filter grids were generated by
gridding the output from convolution filters applied to the flight line data.
You can attach one or more grids to the 3D display. Select the 3D Grid option,
followed by the Add button and choose one grid from the displayed list. The
names of the grids appear in the configuration field window. If you have more than
one grid in the list, select the one you require with the left mouse button.
Manipulation and orientation of the view point of images displayed in a 3D

perspective window can be interactively altered using the 3D cursor.
Note While the 3D cursor is invoked, a right mouse click causes a zoom operation to
occur. If you wish to access the Configuration pop-up menu, hold the CTRL key
down while right mouse clicking.
The control of the 3D cursor is governed by mouse movement plus a combination

of the left or right mouse buttons. In general, the speed of navigation of the 3D
image increases if the cursor is moved from the centre of the display window.
Similarly, if an image motion is started, it will move in the opposite direction if you
move the cursor to the opposite side of the screen. For example, a zoom into the
image is controlled by holding the right mouse button down and moving the cursor
up the screen. If the cursor is moved vertically down the action is to zoom out.
The navigation actions and their corresponding image movements are:
• Zoom In – Right mouse depressed and cursor move up the screen
• Zoom Out - Right mouse depressed and cursor move down the screen
• Rotate About Vertical Axis – Clockwise (looking down) if left mouse button
depressed and cursor moved right. Anticlockwise movement if cursor
moved left.
• Rotate About Horizontal Axis – Hold left mouse button and move cursor
up or down the screen.
• Pan Across Screen – Hold both left and right mouse buttons and move
cursor left or right. Pan is in opposite direction to mouse movement.
• Pan With Zoom – Hold both left and right mouse buttons and move cursor
up, or across screen. This action is useful as a means of performing a fly-
through.
• SHIFT key held while cursor movement up/down the screen causes the
image to vertically shift up or down.
• CTRL key held with right mouse click – Displays the Perspective
Configuration pop-up menu.
3D perspective configuration dialog
Vertical exaggeration or colour control is provided by the 3D Grid Configure dialog

(presented from selecting the 3D Grid option and selecting the Configure button).
3D grid configuration dialog
Colour Mode
Example of flight lines over a terrain elevation grid colour modulated by a grid of the radar
altimeter channel (terrain clearance)
Standard colour controls are provided for the grid colour. See the section Image
Display for more details on the colour mode. The elevation of the surface is
derived from the grid. In Table Lookup mode, the colour is derived from the
elevation grid by default, but you can use another grid to control the colour
distribution. An example of this would be colour modulating of the terrain
clearance from an airborne survey over a 3D view of the terrain grid. The above
figure shows an example of how this could be used as a quality control tool to
evaluate is a survey has been flown within specification. You need to set the
dynamic range to suit the second grid as the default value is set to the primary
elevation grid. Use the Utility>Statistics>Grid Data menu function to determine
a suitable range.
Decimate
You can accelerate the refresh times for 3D grids by decimating the number of
cells displayed. Every nth row and column are used in the surface display where
n is the value entered in the decimation field. The best value to use is a function
of the grid size, but for large grids, a value of 3 to 5 typically gives satisfactory
response times. Use a high decimation factor while you are configuring the
display.
Scale and Offset
Use the Scale factor to change the apparent vertical exaggeration of the surface.
If you increase the scale factor, the vertical exaggeration increases.
Use the Offset value to shift the surface up and down relative to the zero
reference. Negative values shift the surface upwards.
Note that the scale factor is applied to the offset as well and it is possible for your
surface to disappear from the field of view if your Scale or Offset is too large.
Transparency and Illumination
You can make a surface partially transparent so that you can see objects that
would otherwise be obscured. The following figure illustrates different
visualization methods where the terrain fully or partially obscures a model body.
Example visualization of terrain transparency using surface transparency, mesh and

combined options. The model is allowed to break through the surface to illustrate the
contrast between transparency and direct visualization.
The transparency slider defaults to 30%. You can change it to non-transparent

(opaque) by sliding it fully to the left or 100% transparent by sliding it to the right.
If you set the Full option on it achieves the same result as transparency set to
opaque.
In the example above, a mesh of the terrain is draped over the surface by applying
a small offset to ensure that it remains above the imaged surface. The mesh was
created from a second identical grid using a decimation value of 5. Note that you
can duplicate a grid by using the Utility>Calculator menu option. To do this set
the calculator mode to Grid and type grid2=grid1 followed by compute. This
duplicates Grid1 to Grid 2.
Note that the options From Top and From Bottom are options that control
transparency depending on the view direction.
Smooth
Although slow, this option improves the interpolation of colours across the surface
facets by using a smooth interpolation method.
Drillhole Visualization
Sample 3 component, colour modulated ribbon vector display with model and computed
model response at the surface
The display of drillhole information provides a method for showing supporting

information such as susceptibility measurements, density, electric log data, 2 and
3 component geophysical measurements and geochemistry as well as the results
of computed gravitational or magnetic modelling.
You can load the measurement locations from a drillhole as a set of XYZ points
(see Importing, Exporting, and Linking Data Files) or you can create synthetic
drillholes and model their responses at each reading (refer to Drillhole Modelling).
Configuration dialog for a drillhole
The drillhole display options allow a modulated drillhole trace and a vector
display. Note that symbol plotting is not supported in perspective view.
The track can be a wire trace or solid square section that can be modulated by an
auxiliary channel. Vectors can be displayed in 3D as wire traces or ribbons (see
Vector Presentations) that join the traces as shown in the example above. You
can display a single channel as a graph by assigning a zero filled channel to the
Y and Z components. Use the calculator in drillhole mode to create a zero filled
channel by entering Z00=0.0.
AutoMag and Standard Points
Example of AutoMag solutions displayed on a 3D surface
You can display point data and AutoMag solutions as prismatic shapes in the 3D
perspective view. If you have points with a Z attribute and other associated
channels such as Euler 3D solutions you can import this data into a point data set
for 3D visualization.
Dialog control for 3D point attributes
Other suitable point data sets include z attributed geochemistry, gravity stations
and geological sample locations.
Example of 3D point display in a semi-transparent surface
The only symbol shape available for 3D points is the rectangular block. This
shape can be displayed as a wire frame or solid block. You can modulate the
colour and size of the symbol using auxiliary channel data.
Colour modulation can be indexed or continuous. The index case is used to match
integer values to specific colours such as the AutoMag operator expansion value
of LEVEL. You could use magnetic susceptibility to modulate the Size of the
block.
Multi-Track View
Sample multi-track view of high pass filter responses with annotations added in the Layout
window
The Multi-track view complements the other display tools by providing a powerful
data presentation tool that can be used to compare and contrast data channels.
It is used routinely to analyse the fine detail in data, investigate the behaviour of
line filters and present data for reports. The addition of a spreadsheet track has
provided access to the underlying numbers with the ability to edit individual
values.
Typical applications include:
• Quality control analysis of noise in aeromagnetic data
• Comparison of different filters
• Comparison of radiometric, elevation, altimeter and magnetic data
• Valuation of fine detail in magnetic data
• Location of bad data points.
Opening a Multi-track Window
The Multi-track dialog allows you to select the line, data channels, number of
tracks and the optional spreadsheet display.
Multi-channel display options menu

Once the desired channel names are highlighted, they can be selected for display
by clicking the Select>> push button. When this is done, the highlighted names
transfer from the Available area to the Selected area. Individual channels can be
selected multiple times.
Note If all channels are to be displayed the Select All push button can be used.
The first nominated channel in the Selected box appears in the bottom track, the
second channel in the second from the bottom track etc. The same channel can
be multiply selected for display in different tracks if required.
If one or more selected channels are not required for display, they can be
highlighted and deleted using the Deselect push button. Note that channels can
be deleted from the multi-track display after the window has been created.
Horizontal Axis - By default, the DIST_ABS channel is selected as the horizontal

axis. Other channels such as east or north can also be for location purposes.
Example of a cross-plot display
A cross plot display can be achieved by selecting non-distance based channels

for the horizontal axis. Only the vertical axis can be set to log scaling.
Track Control - You can control the number of allocated tracks in the window by
overriding the default Auto control. A reference track is added to the bottom of the
display if the check box is left on.
Add Table - Provides a spreadsheet track on top of the multi-track display. This
table can be scrolled to any part of the line and when a record is selected, a cursor
appears in the reference track that indicates the location of the record within the
line.
Functional Elements of a Multi-Track Display
Functional elements of a multi-track display
The multi-track display has a number of functional elements:
• Spreadsheet Table
• Tracks
• Channels within Tracks
• Reference Track
Spreadsheet Table
The spreadsheet provides access to the numeric values within the selected data
channels. Individual values can be edited to remove spikes or detect problems in
the data. Special properties of the table include:
• Show graphics cursor when record row selected
• Scroll up and down the spreadsheet
• Resize columns
• Edit cells
Tracks
One or more data channels occupy each graphics track. Each track is allocated
the same proportion of available space, but can be re-sized by selecting and
dragging a horizontal bar at the top of the track.
The Track Configuration dialog
The properties of a track can be changed by accessing the configuration dialog

with a right mouse selection within the track area.
See the multi-track view that follows for an example of individual control of the grid
characteristics. The annotation increments are set by default but can be changed
from the annotation dialog.
The Annotation Increments dialog to define the range of vertical and horizontal scales
Channels within Tracks
Each channel is treated as an object that has its attributes controlled from the
channel header. The control dialog is accessed with a double left mouse selection
while the mouse is positioned inside the channel header.
Editing the selected channel for style, shading, clip and data range
Examples of different channel and track styles for the same data channel
A wide range of channel styles is available from the channel control dialog. The
above example shows the same data presented with five different styles.
A symbol chooser and colour selection dialog provides additional style controls.
Symbol chooser with size control
Colour selection dialog for changing line and fill colours
Reference Track
The reference track at the bottom of the window always displays the first channel
of data across the complete width of the line. You can zoom into a small segment
of the line by holding down the CTRL key and dragging the mouse with left button
depressed across the segment of interest. The other tracks also zoom to the area
selected, while the same segment is highlighted within the reference track.
The CTRL key is required because the standard left mouse button select is
required for manipulation of the spreadsheet track. You can pan across the line
using the horizontal slider and return to full view by using the fit option in the
graphics toolbar.
The zoom-in and zoom-out tools on the toolbar allow zooming in the multitrack
window using the left-click and drag out a rectangle method. In the x direction
(along the line) all tracks will zoom together. But in the y direction only the track
with the cursor will be rescaled. If one dimension of the drawn out rectangle is
very small (less than 20 pixels) that dimension will not be rescaled. This enables
independent x and y adjustments.
If more precise setting of the track limits is required then the Channel Edit dialog
can be used.
Page Layout View
Example of the page layout window with 4 source window objects

You can prepare your report quality plots using the Layout window. When you
select this option, you must also choose a printer and output page size. On this
page, you can add source windows such as sections, maps, perspective and
multi-track windows. You can position and size each of the windows on the layout
page. All window objects apart from the perspective can be assigned a precise
scale.
Once you have the window objects positioned, add a layer of drafting information
that includes text and interpretation elements. Use the line drawing tools to add
geological information to a model. Highlight important features in the model.
For more information about creating a layout, using the page payout drawing tools
and printing, see Page Layout.
8 Modelling Techniques 153
8 Modelling Techniques
This section provides an introduction to the philosophy of modelling as
implemented in ModelVision.
Body edit controls are described for map and section views. You will learn about
changing the location, size, shape and physical properties, colour, appearance
and labelling of bodies. The theoretical response of the whole model or individual
bodies can also be displayed and analysed. The individual bodies used to
simulate a geological situation constitute a ‘model’. The computed response
interactions of the various bodies, especially as they are affected by physical
properties, are discussed.
To provide modelling experience and assist you in gaining effective techniques,

a section on hints and modelling tips has been provided. These tips lead into an
introductory modelling tutorial for a ‘real’ exploration situation. Regional analysis,
forward model development and refinement using inversion are demonstrated.
In this section:
• Modelling with ModelVision
• Modelling Guidelines
• Before You Start
• Creating Bodies
• Cloning Bodies
• Editing Bodies
• Polygroup Bodies
• Moving and Snapping Vertices
• Editing Multiple Bodies
• Body Conversion and Subdivision
• Terrain Correction Calculator
• Strata Modelling
• Converting Point Attributes to Models

• Testing Response with Synthetic Data
• Displaying Curves and Tracks
• Enclosed Bodies
• Drillhole Modelling
• Point Modelling
• Hints and Modelling Tips
• 3D Model Generator
• Introductory Modelling Tutorial
Modelling with ModelVision

ModelVision allows you to develop complex multi-body models to match the
observed field variations of large data sets. Ultimately field variations due to every
body may be computed at every station, but such computations are intensive and
may not be necessary. To speed up model development you should adapt a
strategy of selective computation. ModelVision allows field variations to be
assigned to a regional field that is not modelled. It also provides for selection of
bodies that are to have their responses computed plus selection of the stations at
which the computations are to be made. The AutoMag module can provide rapid
starting models for magnetic interpretation. Inversion is also a powerful tool to
speed up the final stage of model development. In addition to these tools, you
may be able to reduce complex models to local components that can be
developed independently, exported and amalgamated for final adjustment.
A wide range of model controls can be manipulated to provide versatility in

potential field modelling. You are able to use ModelVision most efficiently if you
learn to use each of these controls and adapt an efficient and versatile approach
to each modelling exercise. This gives you more time to optimize and check
models and to model alternative concepts. An efficient way to learn how to use
ModelVision is to first experiment on a single profile to master the primary model
controls. Following this, test each of the adjustment controls using a multi-line
data set.
ModelVision can be set to compute model fields at profile stations using the
settings in the Line Control dialog and at grid nodes using the settings in the Grid
Control dialog. Most geophysical data is acquired along lines and so it is usually
most appropriate to model along profiles. Profile model output can be gridded or
computed on a grid if required. Points randomly sampled in an area can also be
modelled as well as readings specified down drillholes.
Many actual applications of potential field modelling are provided in the Users
Guide. Applications include:
• Targeting anomalies
• Modelling multiple source models
• Regional simulation
• Basin modelling
• Developing geological cross-sections
• Modelling specific body types such as 3D intrusives, salt domes and

orebodies.
Modelling Guidelines
To assist in configuring ModelVision displays and body editing a few simple
guidelines are adopted. These guidelines apply throughout ModelVision.
Guideline 1
Potential field responses of all bodies are computed at stations selected as active.
Unless a body is specifically set to be inactive for computation, it contributes to
the model response regardless of whether or not it is visible in any of the display
windows currently open. Although bodies are created in specific windows, they
exist within the model space. Following any change or modification, their
appearance is updated automatically in any window that displays the body.
Moving a body may cause it to disappear from a map or cross-section display but
as long as it is active, its response is still computed and contributes to the model
output.
Guideline 2
Amplitudes of the potential fields of a body are proportional to the physical

property contrasts between that body and the background properties. A body with
property equal to background generates a zero response. Field variations of each
body are computed independently and do not take into account the effect of any
overlap. The combined field of two or more bodies irrespective of overlap is the
sum of the fields of those bodies.
Guideline 3
On computation, ModelVision writes a channel of the currently selected output

name at each station or grid cell that is active. This overwrites any previous values
for a channel of the same name. If only a subset of stations within a line is active
for modelling, the output channel is deleted at inactive stations. This prevents
output channel reporting of an incorrect mix of results for different model
computations. If however a complete line is removed from computation, any
existing model output channels are retained. It is possible to have a model output
channel that reports the output of different models on different lines.
Guideline 4
Computations at profile stations are made at the horizontal location of the station.
The computations are made at specified station elevations if the Use Sensor Z
Channel option is enabled. In all other cases, computations are made at zero
elevation. In cross-section view, the input and output model profiles are projected
onto the base line that joins the first and last points of a profile.
Guideline 5
Pop-up dialog boxes control the display window appearance. Clicking the right
mouse button while the cursor is positioned in the relevant window accesses
these dialogs.
Guideline 6
Configuring individual features and objects such as bodies, titles, legends etc. is
done by positioning the cursor over the object and double clicking the left mouse
button. In each case, a dialog is presented which controls the selected object.
Guideline 7
Standard Microsoft Windows keyboard usage applies. This means that the SHIFT
key in combination with the left mouse button can be used to multiply select
objects or items in a list. Similarly, when more than one object is overlapped by
others and selection is difficult, the CTRL key in combination with the mouse
button can be used to select covered items.
Before You Start

You must complete several steps before you can compute a model. All model
settings have defaults that can be altered if necessary. More details of the
prerequisites required for modelling are provided in the Users Guide.
• Confirm Model Settings
• Select the Points for Model Response Computation
• Create or Import a Starting Model
Confirm Model Settings
ModelVision computes the response of a body according to its physical property

contrast compared with the background. Typically, background magnetic
susceptibility is zero and background density is a representative value for the
area. These values can be reset as required in the File>Project Properties or
Model>Defaults options.
If you are undertaking magnetic modelling the strength, inclination and declination
of the Earth’s magnetic field need to be defined. These values are displayed on
the base of the ModelVision window frame.
Select the Points for Model Response Computation
For line-based modelling, you need to set a line or lines as active for computation.
This can be done in several ways. When a cross-section window is opened the
line is made active for modelling according to the current Line Control settings.
You can also select and de-select lines in the Line Control dialog or toggle line
selection using the Active Line tool (see Using the Active Line Tool ) in a map
view. If you de-select a line for line computation, the output channel for that line
is not updated as you make any subsequent changes to the model. The output
channel can therefore be inconsistent between lines deselected at different
stages of model development.
You can also select stations in either map or cross-section view using the Active
Points tool (see Using the Active Points Tool ) to focus on particular anomalies.
To select active points you need to de-select points outside the active area.
Conversely, you can also select active points within an active region. For those
lines with both selected and deselected points, any occurrence of the current
model output channel is deleted to prevent inconsistencies between those
channel values within individual lines.
Create or Import a Starting Model
To start modelling you need to make interpretive decisions about the number,
properties and type of bodies to construct. This can vary from a simple to a
complex exercise that may involve digitizing models to topography or
incorporating constraints from seismic cross-sections and/or drillholes. Bodies
can be positioned, oriented and matched to the extents of an anomaly in image
or contour displays. You can represent bodies of a complex plan view with
plunging prisms that can be digitized to match geophysical anomaly extents or
features in scanned geology map backdrops.
The vertical position and depth extent of bodies is best set in cross-sectional
views. For near-surface models, you can display terrain elevation along the line
to relate the bodies to the ground surface. For airborne surveys, it is also
informative to display the sensor elevation to recognize field variations that might
be related to changes in sensor elevation rather than changes in the model. For
complex models with many bodies, you may find that a perspective view is useful
to check the locations of bodies.
Creating Bodies
Fundamental to ModelVision is the ability to create and manipulate bodies.
ModelVision supports a range of body types and their creation procedure differs
depending on whether an cross-section or a map view is being used. For
example, a body having a complex polygonal cross section can be created in a
map, but only a default cross-sectional shape is assigned. If the same body type
were generated in a cross-section display, the individual vertices of the polygonal
shape can be specified. When a new body is created, it is difficult to achieve the
required shape and parameters immediately. After creation, bodies can be edited
to manipulate their shape and physical properties. A description with information
defining the various body types is provided in Appendix B: Body Descriptions.
Bodies can be created from the Create Body dialog, which can be accessed by
selecting either the Body button or from the Create Body option in the
Model>Body Operations menu.
The types of bodies you can create are:
• Polygon
• Sphere and Ellipsoid
• Tabular
• Plunging Prism and Frustum
• Elliptical and Circular Pipe
The Create Body dialog by default displays a preview window and available
modelling parameters for the selected body type. To hide the preview click the
Hide Preview button, and to view the preview again click the Show Preview
button.
Create Body dialog showing the body preview and modelling parameters.
In the list of body types, the Clone Selected option will clone a body selected in
a map or cross-section view. When a body is cloned, the model parameters for
the selected body are duplicated in each clone. For more information, refer to the
Cloning Bodies section later in this chapter.
Note The Create dialog enables body creation only in the window that was active at
the time the Create dialog was accessed. All body types can be created in either
cross-section or map views.
Beneath the list of body types, is a checkbox that is enabled by default. The One
body only check box enables you to create a single body or to create successive
bodies in the available cross-section or map display.
Note When multiple bodies are to be created (with the one body only option
unchecked), you can force the dialog to vanish by selecting the Pointer button or
toolbox button. Alternatively, you can check the one body only box and create
only a single body.
At the base of the dialog are default physical properties that vary depending on
the type of body selected. Edit these parameters to assign properties to a
selected body. Initially, these body parameters are defaulted from the
MVISION.INI file and the Model>Defaults and File>Project Properties
options. Refer to Appendix D: Defaults and Settings for additional information.
The colour patch indicates what colour will be assigned to the next body created.
This can be changed by clicking on the patch to bring up the colour picker dialog.
See also, Controlling Body Colours.
The Edit button below the colour patch shows the label which will be assigned to
the body. Bodies must have unique labels so if this name has already been
assigned the new label will have a sequential number appended to it.
Controlling Body Colours
Body colours are chosen sequentially from a colour lookup table (LUT) which may
optionally have labels attached to each colour entry. You may use a standard
colour table or set up your own colour table for the lithology of your project area.
(See Using the Colour Table Editor).
The LUT that controls body colour is set in the Setup option of the File menu. If
the LUT does have labels, they are displayed in the drop-down list of the edit
button and also in the drop down list of the colour picker dialog. The colour and
the label are linked so that changing one will change the other.
The Setup dialog contains many default settings for displays and file paths.
Note The colour picker is context sensitive. If it is a body colour choice it loads the
body palette. The picker will only display labels if one or more labels are in the
table. If labels are missing for some colours a label "Cn" is used where n = the
sequence number.
A setting in the Setup dialog allows body colours to be advanced or kept fixed for
each new body.
The lithology LUT with its labels can be displayed as a legend in the map and
cross-section windows. The whole sequence or a subset of it can be displayed.
The lithology LUT for bodies is global to all windows and the displayed colours are
independent of property. However each window can still have its body colour
modulated by property using an LUT which can be specific to that window. This
would enable a user to have body colours modulated by density in one window
and by susceptibility in another.
Polygon
For cross-section polygon body creation, position the cursor in the section area
of the active window and locate the cursor at the first vertex to be defined. Use
the left mouse button to register the vertex. By moving the cursor and repeating
the left mouse click, additional vertices can be defined. Complete the body outline
by positioning the final point near the first point and clicking the left mouse button
to close the polygon. An alternative method to close the polygon is to double click
the left mouse button. If an error is made while placing vertices, click the right
mouse button to delete the previously entered vertex. Repeat to delete additional
vertices. There is no requirement to define the polygon in a clockwise or anti-
clockwise direction.
After creation, the polygon body lies horizontally and has two vertical end faces.
The strike length of the body is defaulted and the azimuth is perpendicular to that
of the cross-section in which it was created. The plunge and azimuth of the
polygon can be edited. See the section on Editing Bodies for details.
For map views, placing the cursor in to the active map display and clicking the left
mouse button can create a polygon body. You can simply create polygon body of
default size by a single mouse click or for a definable size, click the left button and
drag a rectangle. When the button is released, the body assumes the rectangle
dimensions and has a strike azimuth of zero.
Note that it is possible to associate the vertices used to define a polygonal body
between adjacent polygons. This linking of vertices and synchronous movement
is described in Moving and Snapping Vertices and Editing Vertices.
Example of a polygonal body in perspective view
Example of a polygroup body in perspective view
Sphere and Ellipsoid
To create circular cross-section bodies (spheres and ellipsoids), a different

method of defining the location and size is used compared with polygonal bodies.
These body types are created by positioning the cursor in an active cross-section
or map area and expanding an 'entry' box with the cursor. This is done by clicking
the mouse button where required and moving the mouse to dynamically define a
creation box. The initial placement of the cursor defines the centre of the circular
or spherical body. The size of the box defines the axes of the cross-section of the
body type. If a rectangle is drawn, the ellipsoid uses the longer side as its major
axis.
An alternative method of spherical body creation is to position the cursor and click
the left mouse button. When this is done, a body with default size and parameters
displayed in the Create dialog is created.
An example of a spherical body in perspective view
An example of an ellipsoid body in perspective view

Tabular
To create a tabular body, a similar method of defining the location and cross-
sectional size is used as for the circular bodies. After defining the enclosing 'box',
release the left mouse button to form the cross-sectional area of a tabular body
type.
An alternative method of tabular body creation is to position the cursor and click
the left mouse button. When this is done a body with the default size and
parameters displayed in the Create dialog is created.
If the created body is too wide or high, select a corner handle and resize the body
with the left mouse button depressed. When the mouse button is released, the
tabular body is re-sized automatically.
For map creation, the depth and depth extent of the tabular body are defaulted.
An example of a tabular body in perspective view
Plunging Prism and Frustum
The plunging prism and frustum body types are not usually created from an cross-
section window, although they can be. These body types are most often created
and edited in a map window. To define the Plunging Prism or Frustum in this
manner, ensure that the Create dialog is enabled while the Map window is active.
In a map view, plunging prism or frustum bodies are created by positioning the
cursor in the window and locating it at the first vertex to be defined. Use the left
mouse button to register the first vertex. By moving the cursor and repeating the
left mouse click, additional vertices can be defined. If an error is made while
defining the body outline, click the right mouse button to delete the previously
entered vertex. Repeat to delete additional vertices. Completion of the body is
made by positioning the cursor near the first point and clicking the left mouse
button to close the area. An alternative method to close the polygon is to double
click the left mouse button. There is no requirement to define the polygon in a
clockwise or anticlockwise direction.
An example of a plunging prism body in perspective view
An example of a frustrum body in perspective view

To create the plunging prism or frustum body types within a cross-section, use the
same technique as for the tabular body. The created plunging prism or frustum
has only a simple four corner prism cross-section but this can be edited from the
body editing dialog. See the section on Editing Bodies for detail on achieving this.
After creation, the mapped horizontal shape of the body plunges vertically and
lies a default distance below the surface. Editing of the plunging prism can be
used to control the azimuth, plunge and depth, and the top surface of the plunging
prism can also be made to dip at a desired angle with the exception that it cannot
intersect the bottom face of the body (which is flat lying). In the event that the
bottom surface is intersected by the top surface by too large a dip angle, an error
message is displayed.
If an error is displayed, reduce the top surface dip angle and retry the
configuration. Editing of the frustum can be used to control the vertical extent,
plunge, plunge azimuth and taper of the body. The taper value defines the relative
horizontal distances of equivalent vertices on top and bottom faces from the
centroid. If the taper is less than one the cross-section of the body reduces with
depth, and if the taper is greater than one the cross-section increases with depth.
Note The colour picker is context sensitive. If it is a body colour choice it loads the
body palette. The picker will only display labels if one or more labels are in the
table. If labels are missing for some colours a label "Cn" is used where n = the
sequence number.
Note that it is possible to associate the vertices used to define a plunging prism
body between adjacent plunging prisms. This linking of vertices and synchronous
movement is described in Moving and Snapping Vertices.
Elliptical and Circular Pipe
The elliptical and circular pipe body is a frustum body whose top and bottom faces
are constrained to be circular or ellipses. This body is also most commonly
created in a map view, although it can be created in a cross-section window. To
create a pipe body in the map window, a similar method of defining the location
and cross-sectional size is used as for the circular bodies. After defining the
enclosing 'box', release the left mouse button to define the cross-section of the
pipe body.
An alternative method of creating a pipe body is to position the cursor and click
the left mouse button. When this is done a body with the default size and
parameters displayed in the Create dialog is created, and the depth, depth extent,
plunge and taper of the pipe body are defaulted.
The circular pipe body type contains two less parameters than the elliptical pipe.
Parameters which can be manipulated are: Vertical Extent, Plunge Azimuth,
Plunge, Radius and Taper.
The present elliptical pipe is not easily constrained in single profile because of the
two radii, therefore the use of the circular pipe is recommended to be able to edit
a single radius.
An example of a circular pipe body in perspective view
An example of an elliptical pipe body in perspective view

Cloning Bodies
The Clone Selected option, available on the list displayed in the Create Body
dialog, is useful to create a duplicate of a selected body. To create a duplicate
body, initially select the body to be cloned (see Selecting Bodies). After choosing
the Clone Selected item move the cursor to the active window (the cursor shape
is ‘+’), and position it where the new body is to be located. Click the left mouse
button and a new, cloned body is created. The cloned body has identical body
properties to the ‘source body’ except for its location.
Editing Bodies
Bodies in ModelVision can be edited in either cross-section or map displays. As
some bodies (such as the polygonal body) can have complex cross-sectional
shape it is not appropriate that they be modified in map form and the opposite is
true for Plunging Polygonal Prisms.
• Selecting Bodies
• Moving Bodies
• Changing Physical Parameters
• Changing Remanence Properties
• Changing Anisotropy Properties
• Changing Spatial Properties
• Changing Display Properties
• Editing Vertices
• Undoing Edits
• Locking Bodies
See also Editing Multiple Bodies

Selecting Bodies
Instructing ModelVision which body is to be edited precedes all model editing.

This is done by initially selecting the body. Bodies can be selected individually or
multiply. Once selected, they can be shifted, re-sized and have various
parameters altered. Body selection operates identically both in cross-section and
Map displays.
To select a body, ensure the display in which the selection is to be performed is

active and that ModelVision is in Pointer mode.
Note The Status Bar reports if ModelVision is in Pointer mode. If ModelVision is in the
incorrect mode, select the Pointer button.
Position the cursor over the required body and click with the left mouse button. To
indicate a body is selected, four surrounding handles are drawn around the body
or the body’s outline is drawn with a thickened bold line.
To select more than one body, use the SHIFT key and the left mouse button. To
indicate which bodies have been selected, a ‘select’ box, indicated by four
handles, are drawn around each body as well as the bold outline. In the case of
polygons the various vertices are also highlighted. Multiple bodies can also be
selected by drawing out a containing rectangle with the left mouse button held
down.
Where bodies overlap and it is difficult to select a particular one, use the CTRL key
with the left mouse button to cycle through the bodies in the relevant area.
As an added aid to selecting bodies where overlap occurs, a selected body which
is drawn ‘in front’ of another body can be forced to ‘the back’ of the display by
pressing the keyboard B key.
Additional ways of selecting a single or multiple bodies are available from the
Body Parameters Table (see Editing Multiple Bodies).
Moving Bodies
Individual bodies can be moved in cross-section (or map views) by selecting the
body and moving the cursor while keeping the button depressed. This 'drag and
drops' the body to a new location when the mouse button is released. When
repositioned, the response of the new model is automatically computed if in
Immediate mode. If in Manual mode, select the Compute function to recompute
and update the response.
If more than one body is to be shifted, select the required bodies (see Selecting
Bodies). Once the required bodies are selected, they can all be moved together
by clicking the left mouse button with the cursor over one of the bodies. The
selected bodies can be 'dragged and dropped' at the new location.
Changing Physical Parameters
Individual body parameters can be defined using a common dialog. By double

clicking on the body, the Body Properties dialog box is displayed:
Body properties dialog showing only positional information.
At the top of the dialog window, the Label name of the selected body is displayed.
This name can be modified to be more meaningful if desired, for example
‘Syncline Body’ or 'Ore Zone'. The actual body type is specified lower in the
dialog.
The primary physical properties of the selected body are indicated in the dialog.
The body density and magnetic susceptibility can be altered if required. The Add
Label button is used to display the label with the body.
The radio buttons tagged Spatial, NRM, Aniso, Pos and UBC change the right
side of the dialog and display fields that are relevant to the selected option. When
Pos is selected, only summary parameters for the body are shown and right hand
expansion area is not present.
• Spatial – shows spatial parameters such as dip, azimuth, width, etc.
• NRM – natural remanent magnetization properties if enabled (refer to

Magnetic Field Controls).
• Aniso – magnetic anisotropy parameters.
• Pos – shows a property summary and centroid position.
• UBC – set the upper and lower density and magnetic susceptibility
properties to be included in exported UBC models. See chapter on the
UBC Model Mesh Designer (Optional Module) option.
The check boxes tagged Active, Locked, Visible and Regional control the
computational and display properties of the selected body:
• If the Active check box is disabled, the response for this body is not
computed.
• If the Locked check box is enabled, this body cannot be moved in the
display. This prevents accidental movement of a body when editing or
moving other bodies.
• If the Visible check box is enabled, the body is visible in section and plan.
Note that the calculation of the bodies response will still take place if the
body is invisible and the checkbox is enabled.
• If the Regional check box is enabled, this body will be treated as a

regional body. (This is used primarily in Inversion. Refer to the Inversion
section for more information.)
An example of the Spatial parameters for a tabular body is shown below:

Body properties dialog with spatial parameters for tabular bodies selected.
The Add Label button is used to display the label with the body. The button
toggles to Delete Label, which can be clicked to switch the label off. Refer to the
section on Body Labels for editing the content of body labels.
Additional channel buttons control the addition (Display) or removal (Delete) of

Associated Channels into a profile (see Displaying Curves and Tracks). A
button is also provided to control Display Properties. The operation of this
function is described in Changing Display Properties.
Use the Next Body arrow buttons to select the next or previous bodies in the list
of available models. The displayed dialog parameters will alter appropriately as
this is done.
Use the Auto option to apply changes immediately a field is completed, otherwise
use the Apply button.
Changing Remanence Properties
Modelling of magnetic remanence must first be activated from the menu

Model>Magnetic Field dialog or the Remanence check box in the NRM body
properties dialog (below) before remanence properties can be changed when the
NRM radio button is selected.
In the absence of demagnetization, the figure below shows how the induced
magnetization (Jind) and remanent magnetization (Jnrm) vectors are summed to
produce the total resultant magnetization vector (Jres), each of which lie on a
plane. Any change in the induced or remanent vectors will change the direction
of the resultant vector (Jnrm).
Figure illustrating the relationship between the induced, remanent and resultant magnetic
field vectors.
These vector interactions are reproduced in the NRM dialog, shown below.
Body properties dialog showing the NRM remanence parameters.
Departure angles between the induced, remanent and resultant field vectors are
list in the bottom right of the dialog. If you are inverting on resultant magnetization
the apparent resultant rotation angle (ARRA) is an important indicator of the
presence of remanent magnetization. The ARRA value is defined by the field
Jres-Jind. Refer to Pratt, McKenzie & White (2012) for a more detailed
explanation of the use of the resultant magnetization vector.
The distribution of ARRA values in a project area can help better understand the
existence of remanence within a range of target types. The example below shows
a map created from the Jres-Jind values exported from ModelVision for display in
Discover PA.
This image was created in Discover PA from ARRA values calculated in ModelVision for
100 intrusive pipes.
A non-zero Koenigsberger ratio Q is required before the NRM values can be

calculated or alternatively the NRM intensity must be non-zero before a Q value
can be computed. If either is changed the resultant magnetization vector will be
updated. Conversely, if the resultant magnetization amplitude Jres is changed,
then both Q and the NRM values will be updated. Use the View button to activate
a 3D view of the vectors. Click on the 3D view and then select the left mouse
button and while holding it down drag the 3D sphere around until you achieve an
optimum view.
Visualization of the induced (red), remanent (green) and resultant field (blue)
vectors activated from the View button.
Note also that if you change the susceptibility, the value of Q and the resultant
magnetization amplitude Jres will change but the remanence vector NRM and
resultant magnetization vector directions will remain unchanged.
Changing Anisotropy Properties
Magnetic anisotropy occurs in many rocks and is particularly strong in banded

iron formations where the foliation of the magnetic minerals produces a differing
induced magnetization response as the inducing field direction is changed. Thus
the effective magnetic susceptibility varies according to the local IGRF field
direction. See Emerson et al. (1985 pp. 39 – 42), Clark (1997), and Clark and
Schmidt (1993) for background information on magnetic anisotropy.
Laboratory measurements of magnetic anisotropy produce magnetic

susceptibility values for the major, intermediate and minor vector directions. The
axes are orthogonal and an example of this is shown in the following figure.
Vector illustration of the magnetic anisotropy orthogonal vectors
The vectors are normally entered into the dialog illustrated below in order of
decreasing amplitude, i.e. k1 >= k2 >= k3 as shown on the right-hand side of the
following figure.
Dialog used to enter the magnetic anisotropy vectors (tensor) for the major, intermediate
and minor axes.
The anisotropy radio button (Aniso) is used to turn on the feature for the selected
body and must be active for each body that you wish to model with magnetic
anisotropy. The magnetic susceptibility value shown in the left hand side of the
dialog is computed from the anisotropy entries. It is the effective magnetic
susceptibility (keff) that would be computed from the following relationship:
keff = |K.F| / |F|
Where,
K is the anisotropic magnetic susceptibility tensor.

F is the geomagnetic field vector.
Note Inversion on anisotropy is not supported in release 12 of ModelVision.
Anisotropy causes a rotation of the resultant magnetization vector away from the
inducing field direction and can produce an effect that is equivalent to remanent
magnetization.
Changing Spatial Properties
The spatial properties appear at the right side of the Body Properties dialog when
the Spatial radio button is enabled (refer to Changing Physical Parameters). The
dialog entries are different for various body types. In each case, attributes such
as radius, axis lengths, strike length, azimuth etc. can be edited to modify the
selected body.
Depending on the body selected, the Spatial Properties dialog displays one of the
following dialogs:
Tabular body editing dialog. This window permits entry of location, thickness, depth extent,
dip, strike length and azimuth.
Sphere Spatial Properties dialog. Modification of location and radius is available.
Polygon body editing dialog

The polygon body editing dialog is shown above. This dialog permits modification
of the reference point location, azimuth, plunge and strike length of the body.
Modification of the positions of individual vertices is accessed from the Vertex
Edit button in the bottom right of the dialog. Note that editing and display of body
vertices can be performed in either geographic or relative axis coordinate
systems. Note also that the Modify Point button must be clicked after changes
to each vertex in order to activate those changes.
The vertex editing dialog for the Polygon body

The plunging prism body editing dialog
The plunging prism body editing dialog is shown above. This dialog permits
modification of the reference point location, azimuth, strike length, plunge,
azimuth and dip of both the body and its top face. As with the Polygon body,
access to the individual vertices is via the Vertex Edit button in the bottom right
of the dialog. Editing and displaying body vertices can be performed in either
geographic or relative axis coordinate systems. The Modify Point button must be
clicked after editing each vertex in order to apply those changes.
The vertex editing dialog for the Plunging Prism body
The Frustum body editing dialog

The Circular Pipe body editing dialog
The Elliptical Pipe body editing dialog

Ellipsoid edit dialog. This dialog permits specification of location, cross-section axes and
their lengths.
Changing Display Properties
The Body Display option controls how bodies are represented on the screen.
Selection of the Display Properties button presents a dialog as below:
Body display properties dialog
The available display modes are:
• Solid - this display type represents the body by a colour-filled, shaded

solid object
• Wire Frame - the bodies have the same representation as the solid form,
but without the shaded colour fill. Hidden boundaries are drawn
• Outline - the body appears with only its outer boundaries drawn. Hidden
boundaries are not drawn. The bodies are drawn only in monochrome in
this mode.
• Intersection - displays the colour filled body where it intersects a vertical

plane through the line of the profile
• Intersection plus all outlines - displays the body in intersection mode if it

intersects the profile otherwise in outline mode if within the specified
range. This is especially useful when creating polygon bodies and you
want to see the position of the bodies or adjacent lines.
• Intersection Outline - displays the outline of the body where it intersects

a vertical plane through the line of the profile
• Default - sets the selected display mode to be the default for the selected
body
For circular cross-sectional body types (spheres, ellipsoids and horizontal

cylinders) the number of divisions or facets can be defined. This parameter refers
to the number of facets that are used to display the body types. The greater the
number of facets used, the smoother the surface of the body appears. As the
number of facets increase however the redraw speed is reduced.
Body colours can be modified by selecting the Colour button. Use of this option
is described in the Controlling Body Colours section.
Body display modes may be associated with a body or a view. If a body has a
display mode other than Default,, this takes precedence over the display mode of
the view. It is normally preferable to leave body display mode as Default, and
specify the mode for each view. This allows different modes to be used for
different views and means that changing the mode only requires one operation
instead of making a change for each body in the view. However, on some
occasions it may be necessary to associate a display mode with a particular body.
This allows one body to be displayed in a different mode from others in the view.
Note that changing the display mode of a body affects its display in all views, not
just in the one from which the body was selected.
Editing Vertices
In the Body Property dialogs above, the polygonal body types (Polygon and
Plunging Prism) have the additional control of enabling their vertices to be edited.
Select the Vertex Edit button and a display of the vertices defining the body is
displayed.
Polygonal body vertex editing dialog
Body vertices can be modified using either Geographic or Relative entries.

Relative values refer to the displayed vertex location within a cross-section. You
can insert, modify or remove a vertex as required.
Undoing Edits
Most editing operations related to the various body types supported in

ModelVision can have editing steps undone incrementally. The Undo feature is
initiated from the Undo button and can undo an unlimited number of body edits.
Body editing that can be undone includes all graphical moves, reshapes of
vertices, property assignments (susceptibility or density), creation and deletion
of bodies.
Locking Bodies
In complex modelling circumstances, you may wish to lock the editing of a body.
The lock status of a body can be invoked from the Lock entry of the body
Properties dialog, or from the Body Table (see Editing Polygroup Bodies). This
action prevents accidental deletion, or alteration since setting the Body Lock
property makes a body unselectable. To recommence editing, turn off the locked
status of the body in the Body Table or open the Body Properties dialog from the
Body Table by double clicking the left margin next to the body properties.
Polygroup Bodies
A polygroup body is a collection of polygon bodies that share common edges and
vertices. Each component body can have its own gravity and magnetic properties
but its geometry is linked to the group. Changes made to the geometry of a
component body are applied to the whole polygroup. This allows easy creation of
complex models and the manipulation of internal vertices in a cross-section view.
• Creating Polygroup Bodies
• Editing Polygroup Bodies
• Reshaping a Polygroup Body
• Multiple Section Modelling
• Deleting Polygroup Bodies
• Disassociating Polygroup Components
• Merging Polygroups
• Polygroup Outline
Creating Polygroup Bodies
Polygroups are created by adding a new polygon body to an existing one. Firstly
create a polygon in a cross-section window in the normal way using the Body
button. The “one body only” checkbox may be unchecked to save having to bring
up the Create Body tool each time. The vertices of the first body will be
highlighted. It is usually easier to start the second body from a new point outside
the first body than on an existing vertex. When the cursor and rubber band line
from the first vertex comes close to a vertex on body 1 it will snap to that vertex
and a beep will be heard. Left click to create the attached point.
Creating a polygroup model – joining to an existing polygon.
Move to another point on body 1 and left click when the beep is heard. The rubber
band line will connect along the edge of body 1 taking in any other vertices along
the way with an audible beep for each point.
Creating a polygroup model – automatic edge following for second body.
Note The automatic edge following will choose the shorter of the two routes around
the model. If the rubber band does not take the intended route click the right
mouse button to undo that string and redo choosing an intermediate vertex.
Add more points as required and double-click or click on the starting point to end
body 2. This is accompanied by a final high-pitched beep.
It should be noticed that the outside edge of the polygroup is indicated by a heavy
blue line, whereas internal edges are displayed by thin black lines. In create mode
the outer vertices are also highlighted by a symbol to show which vertices can be
connected to in order to produce a solid non-overlapping model.
A polygroup model after adding second polygon
It may be useful at times to temporarily disable the vertex snapping in order to

create a vertex close to another. This can be achieved by holding down the CTRL
key while the mouse is being moved.
Editing Polygroup Bodies
Polygroup bodies can be edited graphically in cross-section or from the Body

Properties dialog.
Using the Body Properties dialog changes to density, susceptibility, remanent

properties, label or colour will apply to the selected polygon body only whereas
changes to position, length, azimuth or plunge will be applied to the polygroup.
Reshaping a Polygroup Body
Graphically choose the Reshape button. In reshape mode bodies cannot be

edited until one of the component bodies is selected and the vertices of that body
will be highlighted by a small black symbol.
Left click on one of these symbols. A beep will be heard and the point can be
dragged to a new position. Any adjoining edges will be moved as well.
Note If the edit causes edges to cross thus forming an illegal solid model the thick blue
outer edge lines will enter the body and the model should be restored using the
Undo button.
New points can be added to any edge of the selected body by clicking close to
the edge but away from an existing vertex. If too close to a vertex that vertex will
be moved instead.
Vertices common to more than one body can be deleted in the usual way by
selecting and pressing the DEL key.
Using the Re-shape Tool
The Re-shape option is used to alter the shapes of bodies. Select the body to be
re-shaped with a single left mouse button click after positioning the cursor over
the body. If difficulty is experienced in selecting the required body, use the CTRL
key while clicking the mouse button and ModelVision cycles through the
selectable bodies. Other techniques for selecting bodies are described in
Selecting Bodies.
The operation of Re-shape changes depending on the type of body selected:

• For spheres, ellipsoids and horizontal cylinders, a selected body appears

with a single 'pick handle' which can be used to resize and reshape the
body. After clicking the Re-shape button, position the cursor inside the
body to be edited and click the left mouse button. The pick handle should
display and this can be selected and repositioned. When the handle is
'dropped' at a new location the body is resized and redrawn. After clicking
the Re-shape button, the handle appears with bodies in both the Map and
X-section displays. The handle can be used to alter the internal axes
lengths of these body types.
• Editing of a polygon cross-sectional shape is undertaken in X-section

displays. Editing the azimuth and strike length can be undertaken
interactively in the Map views.
• Selecting a polygon in X-section display mode highlights all vertices of the

polygon with small black squares. Select a vertex by clicking the left
mouse button on or near the required vertex. Note that the selected vertex
is highlighted in white.
To delete a vertex:
• Once a vertex is selected, it can be deleted by either pressing the DEL key,
or using the Delete option in the Edit menu. Once a vertex is deleted, the
next vertex defining the polygon is highlighted in white.
To move a vertex:
• To move a vertex, first select it by moving the cursor close to it and clicking
the left mouse button. With the left mouse button still depressed, drag the
vertex to a new location and release the button. The vertex is positioned
where dropped.
To add a vertex:
• If a new vertex is to be added, simply position the cursor between two

vertices but close to the boundary of the body. A new vertex is
automatically added which can be edited.
To adjust azimuth and strike length:
• The polygon azimuth and strike length can be adjusted in a Map display
(such as a stacked profile window) by clicking the Re-shape button and
moving the 'grab point'. To do this, locate the cursor over the grab point,
depress the left mouse button and drag the point to a new location. The
length of the line adjusts the strike length, while the direction alters the
azimuth.
• For tabular bodies the editing of strike length and azimuth is the same as
for polygons and is undertaken in Map displays. In section, the editing of a
tabular body is different because its top and bottom faces are, by
definition, horizontal. After selecting a tabular body, it has four handles
surrounding it. The handles can be used to adjust the dip and the depth
extent of the body by clicking and dragging any of the pick handles.
• In the case of plunging prism bodies, edit operations are best performed
in a map window. The vertices of the selected body are highlighted by
small black squares. Move or delete existing vertices and add new
vertices in the same way as described above for polygons.
Editing of the top dipping surface, plunge and azimuth of the plunging
prism must be performed by using the Body Edit dialog that is displayed
by double left clicking on the body. For additional information, see the
section on Changing Spatial Properties.
Splitting a Polygroup Body
Choose the Polygon Split button. Select the first of two vertices of the polygon
that you wish to split and then drag the mouse pointer to the second vertex as
shown in the following figure
Example of splitting a salt dome polygon by selection of two vertices that will form the basis
for separation.
In this example the objective is to provide a basis for splitting the salt into a low density
shallow salt section and higher density lower section as shown in the following figure.
Assignment of a lower density to the upper part of the salt dome
The individual polygon shapes can be edited separately according to the

geological objectives.
Multiple Section Modelling
Once you have mastered the single-section polygroup model, you can use the
technique to build a complex 3D model using multiple, parallel cross-sections.
The example below illustrate part of a full 3D model under construction where four
cross-sections have been used to build four polygroup bodies, where the strike
length is equal to the line spacing.
Example of a complex basement model built on four parallel cross-sections
This method can be used to model steeply dipping basement below a

sedimentary sections to accommodate simultaneous modelling of gravity and
magnetic data.
The same technique can be used to model mine plan data where the geological
sections can be digitized on screen at whatever resolution is appropriate to the
study. Initial properties can be assigned from drillhole data and inverted to obtain
the best overall match with the field data. Unexplained anomalous data in the
magnetics and gravity can on occasions be useful for looking for mineralization
extensions to existing mines.
When modifying an individual section, it useful

to be able to see the context of the
neighbouring cross-sections. Use the Body
Display Mode button, accessed from the
"Bodies" layer in the X-Section Layer Table
("Configure Layers" pop-up menu).
In this example, each cross-section is 5000

metres apart and the Intersection + all
outlines check box selection has been set with
a window width of 7000 metres. This means
that sections within plus or minus 7000 metres
of the current section will appear as an outline
on the section.
The figure below shows a model cross-section

in colour, with outlines of the polygroup bodies
from the two adjacent sections. In this way you
can build continuous models of the subsurface
and simulate complex geological property
changes.
Discontinuities between each line of section

occurs midway between each section and the
impact of the discontinuity should be minimal if
the vertical displacement is small relative to the
section spacing.
Current cross-section in colour with outlines of the two adjacent cross-sections

Deleting Polygroup Bodies
A component body of a polygroup can be deleted in the usual way by pressing

the DEL key after selecting the body in a cross-section or map or in the Body
Parameters table. When there is only one body remaining in a polygroup it reverts
to being an ordinary polygon and the thick blue outer edge will disappear.
It is possible to delete bodies leaving isolated components. Although non-

contiguous the polygroup will still act as one so that moving one will move the
whole. If this is not intended bodies can be disassociated from the group.
Disassociating Polygroup Components
Enter the Body Properties dialog either by double-clicking on the body in cross-
section or from the Body Parameters table. Choose the Spatial page and click
the Disconnect button.
The group status will either disappear or be shown as Group 0. That body
becomes a normal polygon and will act independently of the polygroup.
Merging Polygroups
Polygroups and polygons can be merged into the same polygroup. This can be
done either by snapping a vertex from one to the other in reshape mode or by
adding a bridging polygon in create mode.
It is required that the resulting polygroup has common geometry so the order in
which this operation is done is important. If a vertex from group 1 is moved to join
onto group 2 the geometry of group 2 will override.
Note Situations may occur where a merge will not be allowed. This will usually be
noticed by the thick blue outer polygon not encompassing the intended bodies.
The reason may be that the principal cross-sections of the bodies are not in the
same plane. This could arise if the bodies were created on different lines or if
one was moved in map view.
Polygroup Outline
The thick line used to display the outer polygon of polygroups can be configured
in colour and thickness or turned off if required.
The default setting which applies to all new cross-sections is found in the X-
section Defaults dialog from the menu File>Project Properties X-section
button.
It is also configurable for individual cross-section displays from the X-section

Configuration dialog obtained by clicking the right mouse button in the cross-
section window and going to the Body Display Mode dialog.
Moving and Snapping Vertices

• Snap Settings
• Snap Toggle Buttons
• Snapping and Moving Vertices in Map View (Plunging Prisms)
• What Can Be Snapped?
• How to Snap Vertices and Move Them Together
• Vertex Snapping Considerations for Plunging Prisms
Snap Settings
The Setup dialog from the menu File>Setup allows the snap tolerance to be set
in pixels and the beep to be disabled.
Snap Toggle Buttons
The buttons Snap Vertex and Synchronize Vertex Move have been removed
from the toolbar. Snapping of points and synchronized moving of vertices is now
the normal mode of operation with the introduction of polygroup bodies. If they
are required for any reason they can be put back onto the toolbar by setting a
value in the mvision.ini file.
Snapping and Moving Vertices in Map View (Plunging Prisms)
ModelVision does not support grouped plunging prisms in map view. However a
simple snapping and synchronous movement of plunging prism vertices is
available.
What Can Be Snapped?
The vertices of adjacent polygons can be snapped together and moved in

conjunction while reshaping bodies in a cross-section view. Vertices of plunging
prisms can similarly be snapped together and moved in conjunction when
reshaping bodies in a map window. Other body types cannot be snapped together
but they can be moved in conjunction by dragging a multi-body selection. Note
that snapped vertices still exist as separate entities in both bodies.
How to Snap Vertices and Move Them Together
To snap two vertices together from separate polygons drag one vertex close to
the other. When the vertices are within a set tolerance of the vertex being moved,
it snaps to the stationary vertex with a sound to alert that the snap has been
made.
Movement of one vertex subsequently drags the other to keep them joined. The
controls on vertex snapping and synchronous movement are accessible from the
File>Setup entry on the main menu. The controls are to turn on or off sound on
snapping and to set the tolerance limit in screen pixels that is the threshold for
snapping vertices and producing synchronous movement of two vertices.
Snap tolerance controls on the File>Setup dialog
Vertices from more than one body can be snapped together and moved
synchronously provided all the vertices are within the tolerance radius of the
selected vertex. If the synchronous move button is depressed, any vertex on
another body that is within the proximity of a moved vertex moves synchronously
with it even if they have not been snapped. In this case the two vertices move
together and retain their initial separation.
Vertex Snapping Considerations for Plunging Prisms
A few of operational considerations are placed on snapped vertices to make their

movement manageable. For example:
• Two vertices from the same body cannot be snapped together.

• Vertices from separate bodies only snap if the bodies have the same strike
azimuth and plunge, and if there is no significant displacement between
the bodies in the strike direction.
• Synchronous movement of vertices only operates while in reshape mode
• Once a complete body is shifted, any snapped vertices disengage.
• Synchronous movement is automatically disengaged on activating

inversion.
Synchronous movement of multiple vertices that are not snapped together
Editing Multiple Bodies

Editing of multiple bodies is controlled from the Body Properties Table and allows
you to change certain properties of a contiguous sequence of bodies. If the
required bodies are not contiguous their order in the table can be changed using
the "U" or "D" keys on the keyboard.
Density, susceptibility, remanent properties, display properties and active and

locked status can be changed.
Currently body labels and geometric parameters cannot be edited for multiple
bodies.
Step 1
Select the body sequence by dragging down the numbered row header column
with the left mouse button held down. The selected rows will be highlighted.
Step 2
Right-click in the highlighted area. The action is sensitive to where you click.
• If you click on an active or locked checkbox all the selected boxes in that
column will be toggled.
• If you click on a colour box the colour selector will appear.
• If you click elsewhere the body properties dialog will appear for the first
body in that range. Only certain parameters will be available and when set
for this body they will be applied to the whole selection.
Setting parameters for several bodies
Active and locked status and visibility can also be toggled without preselecting the
group. In order to do this click the left mouse button down in the starting checkbox
and release it in the final checkbox.
Note Bodies can be moved as a group in either a map or cross-section window by

selecting a contiguous group in the body table or by individual selection in the
active window, and moving one of the bodies in that window. (Hold the SHIFT key
down while clicking on bodies to add extra bodies to a selection.)
The Body Parameters dialog has the ability to sort the listing of the bodies or filter
the visibility of the bodies based on their physical properties. To sort the bodies
either ascending or descending order the Body Sorting dialog can be accessed
either directly from the headers of the Body Parameters table or from the pull-
down list of the dialog. The bodies can be sorted on any parameter including
colour and computed values such as magnetic moment or volume.
An option also exists within the Body Parameters table to set the visibility of the
listed bodies based on the range of a particular parameter, such as susceptibility
or depth. The ability to delete the visible or invisible bodies within a set range is
also available and includes the option to undo that deletion.
For more information, see Body Parameters Table.
Body Parameters Table
The Model>Body Operations>Body Table option is a powerful tool for

modifying the display and properties of the bodies. It is a useful tool to have
displayed when interactively modelling as changes can be made without body
selection and dialog access. It is also useful for identifying and selecting bodies
in complex models because there is a direct link between the table and the active
window. E.g. if a cross-section is active selecting a body in the table causes the
body in the cross-section to be selected and vice versa.
When selected, the following dialog is displayed:

Body Parameters table display for modelled bodies
Entries appearing in the Body Table dialog can be edited by positioning the cursor
in the relevant entry and double-clicking. Double-clicking on a row header of the
Body Table will display the Body Properties dialog for the chosen body, which will
give access to additional body properties not displayed in the table.
Right-clicking on a row heading will display a pop-up menu allowing you to display
the Body Properties dialog for the body in the selected row, delete the body in the
selected row, convert the body in the selected row to another body type, edit the
colour of the body in the selected row and add another body type.
Right-click on row heading in Body Parameters Table to display shortcut menu.
The properties available for editing in the table are:
• Label – Body label
• Type – Body type, allows certain body conversions (see Body

Conversions and Body Subdivision)
• Colour
• Suscept – Magnetic susceptibility
• Density – Specific density
• Depth – depth to reference point of body)
Check boxes indicate properties which are either off or on. These are:
• Active – enables or disables bodies from computation
• Lock – prevents bodies from being modified
• Vis – controls the visibility of bodies in all displays. This is independent of

the active status so invisible bodies can still be active for computation. It
can also be used to exclude bodies when exporting the model (see
Exporting Models).
As properties are altered in the Body Table, body displays and labels etc. alter to
reflect the changes in other windows. Conversely, if properties are altered in other
windows, the Body Table is updated (see also Editing Multiple Bodies).
Note The Active and Visibility attributes, when applied to a polyGroup body can be
made to act on just the specified component body or to the whole polyGroup.
The switches to set which way you would like to work are in the Model
Parameters dialog of the Model>Defaults menu.
Body Conversion and Subdivision

Conversion between various body types can be performed via the body
parameters table. This table has a column ‘Type’. A right mouse click or double
left click in that column opens the ‘Body Conversion’ dialog for the body in the
selected row. Any body can be converted to a general polyhedron body type, and
conversions to alternative body types are available in a drop-down list for selected
body types (the sphere, tabular, plunging prism and frustum). The conversion
dialog has a Delete input body check box. If the box is checked the original body
will be deleted, if left empty the original body is retained. Also in this dialog is a
Subdivide into setting which allows the body conversion or copy to be
subdivided vertically into a specified number of horizontal slices. This subdivision
option is only available for tabular and plunging prism body types.
• Body Conversions
• Body Subdivision
Body Conversions
New Body
General Polyhedron
Old Body
Plunging Prism
Elliptical Pipe
Circular Pipe
Ellipsoid
Frustum
Polygon
Tabular
Sphere
Polygon 1 1
Tabular 1S 1S 1S 1S 1S 1S* 1S
Ellipsoid 1 1 1
Sphere 1 1 1
Plunging Prism 1S 1S 1S
Frustum 1Snt 1S 1
Elliptical Pipe 1nt 1S 1S 1S* 1
Circular Pipe 1nt 1S 1S 1S 1
General Polyhedron 1
Legend
1 Conversion enabled.
S Subdivision enabled (by horizontal layers, dip planes and strike
planes where applicable).
nt Taper of sides will be lost.
* Diameter of circular pipe is equal to average of tabular width and
strike length or elliptic major and minor axes.
Note Dipping top surface of a plunging prism should only be retained for the top layer
if the body is subdivided.
Note Previously available cylinder body can be replicated by an elliptical pipe.

Body Subdivision
Also available in the Body Conversion dialog is a Subdivide setting which allows
the body conversion or copy to be subdivided in three planes into a specified
number of bodies. This subdivision option is only available for tabular and
plunging prism body types. The multiple bodies that are produced by the sub-
division have their own independent parameters which can be manipulated. The
density and/or susceptibility can be specified to vary linearly from one end body
to the other by specifying the Top and Bottom fields. The default is to have all
bodies with the same properties as the original.
Before and after examples of the subdivision of a tabular body
The sub-division is performed with reference to a body’s sub-division planes. For

example a tabular body has three sets of parallel faces and the sub-division
planes are parallel to these. The top and bottom faces are referred to as the
Horizontal plane, the dipping sides are referred to as Dip plane, and the vertical
end faces are referred to as Strike plane.
The original body can be subdivided based on the dip plane, strike plane or
horizontal plane of the body.
The Body Conversion dialog with the Subdivide operation enabled.
Terrain Correction Calculator

• Background
• Approach
• Operation
Background
When conducting gravity surveys, it is necessary to correct for the effect of terrain.
The Terrain correction is usually done by calculating the forward model of the
terrain using a constant density. This effect is then removed from the gravity
response as one of the corrections performed when processing raw gravity into a
product used for interpretation.
The usual approach is to convert the terrain into a body by faceting the terrain
surface and giving it some thickness down to a flat base level below the lowest
elevation value. The extents of this body need to be extended out from the
margins of the survey to avoid edge effects.
One approach to faceting this body is to use a constant mesh width over the
whole of the terrain. However, the response from distant terrain variations have
less effect than close variations. When using constant facet dimensions over the
whole terrain, calculation time is wasted calculating a fine response at distance
when a coarse mesh could be used at distance with negligible impact.
Using the fine mesh everywhere takes a considerable time to calculate, especially
for large surveys.
The terrain response calculator significantly reduces the amount of calculation

time needed by using larger mesh sizes at larger distances from the calculation
point.
Approach
The algorithm uses three different grids of successively wider mesh.
Relationship between the three grids (fine - red crosses, medium - green triangles and
coarse - blue circles)
It is a requirement that all grids coincide such that finer grid nodes coincide with
nodes of the next coarser grid. The fulfilment of this requirement is up to the
operator as the program does not check for this coincidence. If the grids do not
coincide, a result will still be generated but is likely to have errors at certain
locations, which usually manifest as jumps in the terrain response.
For each survey point, the fine grid is used to create facets close to the body for
maximum resolution. The fine grid is used to a user-defined distance, called the
near field distance. Beyond the near field distance, the medium grid is used to a
second user-defined distance, called the far field distance Beyond the far field
distance, the coarse grid is used to create facets. All these facets are combined
to create a general polyhedron body which is then fed to the response calculator
to generate the response for that survey point.
Multiple components can be calculated at the same time and it is more efficient
to calculate multiple components in a single pass rather then making multiple
passes for each component.
Example of facets created using successively coarser grids.
Operation
The Terrain Response operation is initiated under the menu Modules>Terrain

Correction.
This will bring up the Terrain Response dialog box as shown below:
Terrain Response dialog
To begin using the Terrain response calculator the user should select three over
lapping DTM grids which have cell sizes as multiples of each other, e.g. 50, 200,
400m cell size.
Specification of three mandatory terrain grids
Next, the Near Field and Far Field values should be set such that they are
multiples of the next largest cell size e.g. 800 and 1600. If the distances are
chosen such that they are not a multiple of the next largest grid cell size, then cells
are chosen out to a node of the next largest grid during computation. While this
will not change the accuracy of the computation, it is worth choosing a distance
that is a multiple so you have control over what is happening.
Specification of the Near and Far fields

To assist with these decisions, the minimum and maximum values are displayed
for all grids. Selecting the Coverage button will display the limits for each grid
using the current line selection and the near and far field parameters specified.
The limits for the near and far fields are the limits for the selected stations plus the
near and far field distances respectively. Your grids must cover the respective
areas before the computation will proceed.
Note If you have an irregularly shaped grid and/or selected stations, you may need to
the grids larger than needed to avoid problems with the computation.
Selecting the Coverage button will display the grid coverage for each grid.
The Elevation of Bottom Surface should be chosen to be lower than any of the
elevations in any grid, but not too low as this will increase edge effects. The
Density Relative to Air should be chosen appropriately. It may be best to change
the line or point selection to be a limited set for the first run to check the
appropriateness of the parameters chosen. By choosing a limited set, you can
also run several density trials to determine the most appropriate density to use for
the whole survey.
Specification of the Elevation of bottom surface and Density
An Elevation Channel should be specified to set the elevation of the Sensor

Stations.
Nomination of an Elevation Channel for the sensor stations
Lines to be used from the database can be selected by clicking on the Select
Lines button. This affects the Line Control selections for ModelVision. The
extents for these lines are shown for the X and Y coordinates.
Selection of lines to be used from a loaded database.
The components calculated for each survey station can be selected using the
Components button. This affects the components used for all ModelVision
calculations as et in the Line Control dialog.
Open the Gravity Components dialog by pressing the Components button.
The Gravity Components are selected in the usual way from the Gravity
Components dialog box as shown below. For a description of the components,
see Profile Modelling Controls.
The Gravity Components dialog
When the Compute button is clicked, checks are run on the dimensions of the
grids and the survey to see if the coverage is satisfactory. The number of facets
is calculated and the computation is initiated for all survey points. The line and
survey points are shown incrementing at the bottom of the dialog box. The
number of facets may change depending on how the facets are positioned for the
current survey point is calculated.
The Terrain Response dialog showing the computed number of facets and the current line
and station numbers.
When the survey point does not fall directly on a fine grid node, there may need
to be more facets created in a particular direction and the combined body may not
be symmetrical. This is needed to preserve the resolution out to the nominated
near or far field distances.
Strata Modelling
ModelVision allows models to be generated from grid interpolation. In both gravity
and magnetic studies anomalies generated by terrain variations can be
significant. To assist in modelling terrain effects the strata model utility allows you
to generate polygonal models with tops and bottoms interpolated from grid
surfaces. The grids used are usually the ground surface, bathymetry or geological
interfaces derived from seismic or drillhole data. If the strata tool is activated from
within an active window map the bodies created are general polyhedra. If the
strata tool is activated within an active X-section window the bodies created are
polygons with cross-sections defined by the intersection of that profile with the
grid surfaces.
The Create Strata dialog can be accessed with either a map window or a cross-
section window active. The dialog is activated from the Create Strata button on
the button toolbar (refer to Toolbars).
• Positioning of Strata Bodies
• Vertical Extents of Strata Bodies
• Considerations for Defining Strata Models
Create strata dialog as opened with a X-section window active.

Create strata dialog as opened with a map window active.
Positioning of Strata Bodies
If the command to create strata is issued with a map window active, the instruction
appears to ‘drag out a rectangle in the map view’. And the pointer changes to a
crosshair. The first operation is to drag a rectangle in the map by placing the
crosshair cursor at one corner of the intended rectangle, clicking the left mouse
button and dragging to the opposite corner. When completed, the Create Strata
dialog appears with the parameters for creation of general polyhedron bodies.
The Pad out parameter allows you to define a perimeter around the selected grid
area to which the bodies will be extended to reduce any end-effects of
computations near the grid margins.
If the command to create strata is issued with a cross-section window active a

different dialog appears to create polygon bodies from the intersection of the grid
surfaces with that profile. This dialog includes parameters to set parameters for
those bodies. The strata bodies are generated with the base line of the profile as
their centre line. The location, extent and orientation of the bodies can be reset
by editing the displayed parameters. The Pad out parameter is the distance
beyond either end of the profile that bodies are extended with horizontal top and
base. The objective of this extension is to reduce end-effects in the in-line
direction. As a general rule, an extension of 3 times the depth extent of the model
is usually sufficient to reduce the end-effects to a negligible level. The
Compression factor, if set active, removes any model vertices that have vertical
displacements less than the set tolerance from the depth predicted by
interpolation of adjacent vertices. This utility allows you to reduce the complexity
of models so as to reduce computation times.
Vertical Extents of Strata Bodies
Strata bodies are defined between bounding top and bottom surfaces. These
surfaces may be defined either from intersections of the profile line with existing
grids or by user-supplied depth limits. Before defining the surfaces, you should
select the depth (positive downwards) or elevation (positive upwards) convention
and the option of Interleaved or Overlapping beds.
Depth or elevation definition option Interleaved or overlapping beds option
The Elevation (+ve up) option should be selected if your primary surface is a
terrain surface that has maximum values at its highest elevation points. The
Depth (+ve down) option is used for surfaces that have values increasing with
depth. If you have grids of mixed convention, use the calculator in grid mode to
convert them to a single convention (see Computing New Channels).
Surfaces are defined either by selecting from the list of available grids or by typing
a depth/elevation value and clicking the Make horizon button.
The option Interleaved beds produce bodies that extend only between two
adjacent surfaces so that the top of one body is the base of another. The
alternative, Overlapping beds, uses the topmost surface as the top surface for
all bodies. Models produced in this way are more convenient for editing as there
is a single interface rather than two to represent each contact between layers. To
model with overlapping bodies requires that density and susceptibility contrasts
be set so that they sum to that required for the body. While editing bodies created
with the Interleaved setting you generally need to use synchronous vertex
movement to lock together the coincident top and bottom surfaces (see Moving
and Snapping Vertices).
The Depth sorting facility should usually be enabled. This option checks the
depth or elevation values of the various interfaces to ensure that they are in their
correct sequence. With this facility switched off the surfaces are used according
to their position in the Selected Horizons list that depends on the sequence in
which they have been selected and created.
Considerations for Defining Strata Models
The polygonal bodies used to create strata models have uniform cross-section
across their strike width. These bodies can be created to have parallel axes and
horizontal spacings equal to their widths to create a continuous block of bodies.
Between adjacent bodies there are step discontinuities. The step discontinuities
are not evident if field computations are restricted to profiles along the axes of the
strata bodies, but are encountered on any oblique profiles that cross the body
edges. Using a larger number of narrow bodies to more closely represent a
surface reduces the amplitude of these steps. Using general polyhedron bodies
avoids any step discontinuities, but it is not possible to subsequently edit the
vertices of a general polyhedron. General polyhedron bodies are most
appropriate where the grid surfaces defining the body surfaces will not need
editing. If the grid surfaces may need adjustment as part of the modelling process,
a series of polygon bodies is more appropriate for building the model.
A stratigraphic body must conform to the requirement of a polygonal body. That

is, it has finite thickness at all points. Any attempted crossing of the top and
bottom surfaces renders the body computationally illegal and should not be
generated. A current limitation is that no two surfaces are allowed to intersect. To
generate a terrain model it is therefore necessary to have the bottom surface
below the minimum elevation of the terrain so that only a single body is created.
Converting Point Attributes to Models

You can build a collection of 3D tabular bodies from an attributed point dataset
that may have been exported from AutoMag, a Euler 3D application or another
modelling system. Follow these basic steps:
• Import point data into a single line of data.
• Check the point data attributes in a map display.
• Run the point to model import menu option.
• Display the model in map and 3D.
The figure below shows an example of an ASCII point import dialog that will
import an attribute point dataset from a csv format file. Note that the Line type is
highlighted by default in this example. Turn the line attribute off so that all points
are loaded into a single dataset. This makes it easier to control the annotation of
all points in a map view.
Point data ASCII import dialog
Once loaded, check the point data from the Utility>Statistics>Points data menu
option and then display the data in a map view.
Map view of point data with depth annotation turned on.

Now run the Model>Import>Bodies from Points menu options to access the
conversion dialog shown below.
Point to tabular body conversion dialog illustrating the mapping between the body
attributes and the point data channels.
The attribute mapping for the tabular body is shown in the Channel column and
if no equivalent channel is available, then you can enter a fixed value in the right
hand column. The models should be immediately visible in your map view. A D/U
toggle is displayed next to the Depth as the vertical position of a dataset may be
defined as depth below ground (D) or elevation above sea level (U).
Map showing the tabular bodies and point depth annotations.
Next view the data in 3D perspective from the View>Perspective menu option
and check the suitability of your model.
3D perspective view of the converted tabular bodies

Inappropriate bodies can be deleted from the model in map view. The model is
now ready for forward modelling in point, line or grid modes and export to a TKM
model file.
Testing Response with Synthetic Data

• Synthetic Lines
• Synthetic Drillholes
• Synthetic Grid
Synthetic Lines
ModelVision permits you to create an artificial survey with fictitious data readings
so theoretical responses can be computed without the need for observed data.
After selecting the Utility>Synthetic lines option the dialog presented is shown
below: This dialog allows you to specify a full synthetic survey. If you only want a
single line, clicking 1 line changes the dialog so that you can enter parameters to
define a single profile. The dialog also appears differently if opened when a map
view is active. In this case a select in map button is available which allows you to
drag-out the extent of the survey or profile in the map window.
Dialog for creating synthetic data
Dialog for creating a single synthetic profile

Dialog for creating synthetic data from an active map window
The dataset lines are appended to a Name Prefix. The Name Prefix can be either
character or numeric but cannot be blank. Specify an origin to the survey, azimuth
(with angle positive from true north), number of lines, samples per line, line
spacing and sample spacing. Once these parameters are entered, select OK and
ModelVision creates a new set of survey lines and sample points.
Lines created using this facility can be made active by using the Active toolbar,
using the Line Control option, or selected from the X-section View option.
Note The Synthetic option creates data points at each of the required sample points
as defined by the line specifications, sample interval etc. When each sample
point is created, a channel with the name specified (elev in the above example)
is created.
If an elevation grid is available checking Sample from DTM grid allows you to
select the grid from a list of available grids. If a grid is selected the Terrain
Clearance check box also becomes active to allow you to nominate a fixed
clearance above the elevation grid. This allows you to emulate a drape flown
airborne survey.
The synthetic data is created by clicking the Create Survey button. If a map
window is open the new survey lines will be displayed. If you detect any mistake
in creating the survey the Delete Lines button allows you to delete the newly
created lines and to repeat the operation after adjusting the settings. The dialog
also contains a Line Maintenance button to provide convenient access for
editing the line data.
Synthetic Drillholes
ModelVision permits you to create an artificial drillholes with fictitious data

readings so theoretical responses can be computed without the need for
observed data.
After selecting the Utility>Synthetic Drillholes option the dialog presented is

shown below:
Dialog for creating synthetic drillholes and data
The drillholes are appended to a Name Prefix. The Name Prefix can be either
character or numeric but cannot be blank. Drillholes can be specified graphically
(by using the cursor) or specifically (from entries in the dialog).
Graphical Drillhole Design
To interactively design drillholes, you will need to have an active map window
displayed. The map can be empty but if you are attempting to locate the drillhole
to intersect a particular body, have the bodies displayed as well.
Once the Utility>Synthetic Drillholes option has been selected and the dialog
is displayed, move the cursor into the active map window. The cursor changes
shape to become a cross (+). Position the cursor at the site of the proposed
drillhole collar and drag it with the left mouse button depressed to the map
representation of the bottom of the hole. The base of the hole is represented by
the vertical point on the map directly above the hole base. If you want to apply a
specific dip (inclination) to the hole, enter this into the dialog and select an
alternative entry to register the entry. Adjust any other parameters such as
sample interval or collar adjustment.
If a specific collar height is to be used to account for topography, you can enter a
Z value (positive up), or you can specify a particular data grid (that represents a
digital terrain model) and select the from grid option and grid name.
When you have specified the drillhole parameters above, click the Save button. If
you wish to create additional drillholes, deselect the one hole only option and
design a second and subsequent drillholes.
Specific Drillhole Design
To apply specific data locations to synthetic drillholes, enter the collar, azimuth
(with angle positive from true north) and dip values directly into the dialog. Note
that changes and entries to the drillhole are not displayed until you position the
entry to another data field. As changes are made the display in a map updates.
You can apply the same drillhole parameters of topography and multiple holes as
described above. When completed, select the Save button to create the drillhole.
Note The Synthetic Drillhole option creates data points at each of the required
drillhole reading points as defined by the drillhole design and reading
specifications, sample interval etc. When each sample point is created, a
channel with the name specified (MAG in the above example) is created. This
channel can be used for modelling or display purposes.
Synthetic Grid
Allows you to create a grid with exact limits, cell sizes and number of cells in X
and Y directions and to fill it with either nulls or a fixed value.
Synthetic Grid Creator dialog
ModelVision assumes all grid dimensions are in metres but if you click the LL
radio button you can specify latitude and longitude limits in degrees. The edit
fields will accept +, -, N, S, E, W and decimal degrees or d:m:s format. Once
created the grid can be further manipulated using the ModelVision calculator in
grid mode.
Note If you use a geodetic grid in a map display, you will be warned that no projection
conversion to metres will be done. You must therefore be careful not to mix
geodetic and XY data in the same display.
Displaying Curves and Tracks

In a cross-section display it is possible to add curves in additional tracks above
the response and observed data. The additional tracks can contain two types of
curves:
• Specifically selected channels held in ModelVision memory
• The theoretical response of a selected body. See the section on Single

Body Responses for information on displaying a body response.
For more information, see:
• Adding Curves
• Displaying Responses
Adding Curves
Position the cursor in an active profile window track and click the right mouse
button. A menu with options applicable to the displayed track is presented.
Available options are:
• Configuration – Selecting this item displays the main X-section

configuration dialog. Refer to Cross-section Controls.
• Print – Create a print of the profile and X-section window.
• Change Line – From a displayed line list dialog, select an alternative line
to display. Note that this feature replaces the existing profile display with
data from the selected line and uses the same display settings. This is a
useful option for rapidly scanning adjacent lines that are currently being
modelled. To assist rapidly scanning through lines, you can also use the
UP and DOWN keyboard keys.
• Add Curve – This option displays a channel list as

shown. You can select the channel required and when
OK is chosen the channel is displayed in the initially
selected track. When additional traces are added to
existing cross-section displays, the vertical scaling of
the data must be considered. For correct displays to
be achieved with suitable vertical scaling, similar data
ranges for channels should only be used together.
• Export - This option allows the export of the whole or

depth section of the window to a Windows .BMP file
which can be imported into Encom PA as a
georeferenced image (Displaying ModelVision Data in
Encom PA).
• Fit Track - This allows the independent fitting of the horizontal scale or the
vertical scale of each track to the displayed data.
• Help – Context sensitive help for this item.
Displaying Responses
This option provides the useful facility of displaying the theoretical response
derived from individual bodies. Either gravity or magnetic responses can be
displayed. The responses from single bodies can be displayed using the following
procedure:
1. From a cross-section display with bodies present, (one of which is to have

its response displayed), position the cursor and click the right mouse
button to display the X-section Configuration dialog.
2. Select the option in the dialog called Single Body Response. This sets
the response computation of bodies for the cross-section to be available
for individual display.
3. Close the X-section Configuration dialog and position the cursor over the
body required for its theoretical response to be displayed. Double left click
the body to select it and display the Body Configuration dialog.
4. Click the Display button of the Associated Channels group item. When
OK is clicked on the dialog, the cross-section redisplays with an additional
track containing the body’s theoretical response.
An example of three individual body responses plus their summed response

A second method of adding individual body responses to an existing cross-

section track is provided in Adding Curves described above.
While the Single Body Response track is displayed, edits and changes made to
the relevant body alter the response displayed when a recomputation is
requested (by clicking the Compute button or automatically in Immediate mode).
To delete the track displaying the Single Body Response, select the DEL button
on the Associated Channels group of the relevant body. Alternatively, to delete
the tracks of each of the displayed individual responses, select the X-section
Configuration dialog and de-select the Single Body Responses option.
Enclosed Bodies
Occasionally modelling situations may exist where bodies overlap in volume or
are totally enclosed by a larger body. Where bodies are only partially enclosed by
another, no compensation is made within ModelVision. In the latter case, the
following steps are necessary:
• The volume of the enclosed body must have its volume response
calculated, relative to the background and this response is subtracted
from the enclosing body response.
• The inserted body has its volume response added to the enclosing body
response. Note all bodies have responses computed with properties
relative to the default background.
To perform these steps, the relative physical properties to be assigned to the

bodies must be carefully computed. Below is a formula to compute the necessary
physical properties for enclosing bodies. Assume body B3 is enclosed by B2 and
B1, as shown.
B1
B2
B3
B’2= BBgnd + B2 - B1
Where,
B’2 is the property to enter into ModelVision
BBgrnd is the assigned background value
B1 and B2 are the absolute property values required.
Note for body B3, the calculation need only be made relative to its enclosing body
(B2) therefore the formula used would be:
B’3 = BBgnd + B3 - B’2
The above formula applies equally for both gravity and magnetics but is made
simpler for magnetics since the background value is usually zero.
As an example, if a default background density of 2.85 g/cm3 has been defined

and a body with absolute density of 3.00 g/cm3 is enclosed by another lower
density body of 2.65 g/cm3, what density is to be assigned to the innermost body?
Using the above formula, the density to assign the enclosed body is:
Enclosed Density
= BBgnd + B2 - B1
= 2.85 + 3.00 - 2.65
= 3.20 g/cm3
Drillhole Modelling
ModelVision allows you to model magnetic and gravity responses at readings
within a drillhole. Response computation can be outside or inside modelled
bodies that are intersected by the holes. The drillhole location, shape and
readings can be input from an external file or they can be created synthetically to
simulate a drillhole.
• Defining a Drillhole
• Importing Drillhole Data
• Using Synthetic Drillholes
• Modelling Downhole Data

Defining a Drillhole
The specification of a drillhole is usually from a hole survey that details the
location of a hole collar plus a number of survey points down the trace of the hole.
These survey controls usually have dip, azimuth and a distance down the hole.
Importing Drillhole Data
In ModelVision, data from existing drillholes can be imported from an ASCII file
with the following format:
HOLE EAST NRTH DEPTH VX VY VZ MAG

DDH1800 -20.000 54200.000 20.00 0.00 -5.98 0.00 56507.109
DDH1800 -18.000 54201.000 25.00 2.00 -6.69 2.00 56507.082
DDH1800 -17.000 54202.000 29.00 4.00 -7.53 4.00 56507.066
DDH1800 -16.000 54202.000 32.00 6.00 -8.52 6.00 56507.053
DDH1800 -15.000 54203.000 37.00 8.00 -9.69 8.00 56507.055
DDH1800 -12.000 54203.000 40.00 0.00 11.07 0.00 56507.066
DDH1800 -9.000 54204.000 43.00 2.00 12.63 2.00 56507.090
DDH1800 -7.000 54204.000 47.00 4.00 14.33 4.00 56507.129
DDH1800 -4.000 54205.000 51.00 6.00 16.06 6.00 56507.188
DDH1800 -2.000 54205.000 54.00 8.00 17.59 8.00 56507.273
DDH1800 0.000 54206.000 57.00 0.00 18.65 0.00 56507.395
DDH1800 2.000 54208.920 60.00 2.00 18.97 2.00 56507.555
DDH1800 4.000 54210.760 63.00 4.00 18.60 4.00 56507.766
The import process is initiated from the File>Import>Drillholes menu option.

Note that the file has a HOLE identification column (entries can be alphanumeric)
plus reading locations down the hole in East, North and vertical Depth.
Component data values can also be imported.
Using Synthetic Drillholes
For drillhole design and siting of drillholes to intersect a specific target, you can
create artificial drillholes using the Utility>Synthetic Drillholes option. Refer to
the section on Synthetic Drillholes. Drillholes can be designed specifically or
graphically.
Modelling Downhole Data
As for grids and lines, drillholes must be made active before they can have model
responses computed for their reading locations. This is enabled from the Select
Holes button of the Model>Hole Control dialog.
Drillhole selection for making active for modelling
With the drillholes selected for modelling, if you are to be magnetically modelling,
you must also nominate which response components are to be calculated. These
are specified in the Model>Magnetic Field menu option.
Drillhole magnetic component responses can be in the X (mx), Y (my) or vertical

(mz) orientations. The drillhole total field vector can also be derived (mh). Select
the Components button to specify the responses to be computed.
Specification of magnetic components to be computed
A similar dialog is available for gravity component computation. An alternative

location of enabling the component computation is from the Model>Magnetic
Field option as shown below:
Magnetic Field Parameters dialog to compute supplementary magnetic components

Point Modelling
Random sample point data can be imported into ModelVision (see Importing,
Exporting, and Linking Data Files). This data type requires no geometric or line-
based distribution and may be derived from such surveys as gravity or
geochemical sampling where the reading location is dictated by factors other than
a local survey grid.
ModelVision can use the point locations to compute the magnetic and
gravitational responses. The selection of the points and the modelling undertaken
is controlled from the Model>Point Control menu option (refer to Point Controls
for details on using this feature). Gravity tensor components or magnetic
components can be computed as well as total field responses and these are
controlled by the Components option within the Point Control dialog.
Display of modelled responses is usually not applicable to cross-sections since

the random distribution of points does not lie on a line suitable for a cross-section
display. Consequently, maps are used to present the computed point responses.
You can use modulated symbols (refer to Points Set) or the data can be gridded
(from the Utility>Grid item) and displayed as a contour or image map. Data
points can have labels of the required value displayed to give an actual indication
of the modelled data values.
Example of points with modelled labeled data values and contours

Hints and Modelling Tips

• Manipulating Models to Fit the Data
• Optimizing Computations While Modelling
• Finalizing a Model
Manipulating Models to Fit the Data
Geophysical modelling is an exercise in successive approximation. You may

learn during modelling that a starting model cannot be amended to explain the
observed data and that you need to start again. It is important to continually bear
in mind that the models you manipulate must have some geological
representation and therefore must conform to geological guidelines of geometry,
scale and physical property. Model development therefore requires continuous
interpretation even (or especially) when the model is automatically manipulated
by inversion.
Having created a model and selected the stations for response computation, you
can calculate and display the model output to determine what changes to the
model might result in a closer match between the observed and computed data.
The most reliable models match complete anomalies, not only specific profiles.
You should not spend too much effort on matching a model to one profile without
inspecting how it explains the complete anomaly. It is quite easy to develop a
model that perfectly fits one profile but poorly matches adjacent profiles.
When developing a model, and in particular when running an inversion, it is worth

displaying any images you want beneath the draw-below limit for that window
(refer to Configuring Map Displays). This prevents the images from being
continually re-drawn. Stacked profile map displays of input and output channels
can be useful in multi-line modelling as they reveal which part of the data is poorly
matched without the need to grid the data.
Optimizing Computations While Modelling
There are several controls available to reduce the time of model computations.
Appropriate controls can be used at different stages of model development.
While focussing on one part of the model there may be some other bodies that
you can set to be inactive. Bodies set inactive remain as part of the model but do
not have their responses computed until they are set active again.
You can speed up model development by reducing the number of stations at

which computations are made. Stations can be removed from the active
computation list by de-selecting individual lines, by sub-sampling the selected
lines using the Model>Model Compression control or by sub-setting on
geographic range using Active Point selection. When you develop a model by
matching the data on only one or a few cross-sections you should set other lines
inactive for computation as the model response on those lines is not being
evaluated. Another means of selecting stations (but which is irreversible within
that session file) is to delete and/or clip lines to focus on an individual anomaly or
set of anomalies. If you decide that the station spacing is closer than required at
any stage of modelling, you can also reduce computation times by interpolating
the line data to a wider station spacing.
Finalizing a Model
Final stages of model development may be best undertaken using inversion. If

you have already achieved a reasonable match to the data using forward
modelling, you should be able to set tight constraints on the free variables and
invert with confidence. Once you are satisfied with a model or decide that it is not
warranted to spend further time in improving it, the model should be saved. You
should check that the model output channels on all lines refer to the current
model.
Output of different models can be retained by resetting the model output channel
name between changes to the model, renaming the output channel using data
utilities, or creating a new channel equal to the current output channel using the
Computing New Channels.
The results of line-based modelling can be gridded for matching against grids of
the input data. The capabilities and failures of the model in matching the data can
be shown in both cross-section and map views. You can create map view image
displays of observed and modelled grids with identical display parameters to be
shown side by side in a layout window. Alternatively you can show observed and
computed fields together in the same view using stacked profiles and/or
monochrome contours. You can also use perspective displays to show spatial
relationships within the models and between the model and magnetic depth
estimates and/or drillholes. Annotated model results in a combination of cross-
section and map views can be presented in a layout window.
3D Model Generator
It is often useful to have two dimensional map polygonal interpretations transfered
to meaningful three-dimensional displays when the objects can be associated
with properties of height or volume. Polygonal objects drawn in a map may have
an elevation, but with the addition of size or volume, a 3D display can be much
more appealing, allowing visual comparisons between areas. For example, a
geological map showing polygons of interpreted geology may be overlain over a
topographic surface. However, a 3D representation of geology is more useful if
thickness and volume can be displayed. With the ability to associate the volumes
with physical properties such as density or magnetic susceptibility the volumes
can be geophysically modelled.
3D Model Generator for extruding polygonal bodies into 3D models
The 3D Model Generator tool in ModelVision allows the creation of a body given
a polygon or multiple polygons and two surfaces which can be grids or fixed
heights. Polygon input can either come from an external vector file or by drawing
a polygon in the map window. The latter creates a file mv_tmp.tab.
The tool has been designed to run in a "simple" mode where the Top and Bottom
surfaces can be set as grids or fixed values and the model is created without any
further interaction. However it can also be run as a wizard, where the "simple"
data is passed to the wizard but the user has full access to all the features of the
3D Extrusion Wizard for associating additional data such as input density,
susceptibility, azimuth and dip and input colour for multiple polygons. The
extrusion process can operate both above (+) or below (-) a surface.
An extruded volume is created as a ModelVision .TKM file that is loaded directly

into ModelVision or as an AutoCAD .DXF file that is available externally or can be
imported into ModelVision using the Model>Import option.
An example of an extruded series of interpreted polygons from a geological map

is shown below. In this case an estimate of the depth-to-top, density, susceptibility
and thickness of the individual geological regions has been associated with the
individual polygonal regions.
Example of extruded objects below a terrain surface
3D Extrusion Wizard
Select the Wizard button in the 3D Model Generator dialog to initiate the external
3D Extrusion Wizard utility.
Step 1 - Choose Input Data
The polygon loaded within the 3D Model Generator is displayed by the Wizard.
Otherwise select the Browse button and select an external vector file containing
the polygonal outlines that are to be displayed as 3D extruded volumes.
Select the vector file with 2D outlines of items to be extruded

Select a table that has suitable map object outlines such as polygons, closed
polylines (eg. Contours) or regular objects such as rectangles, squares or circles.
If the table or selection contains point objects the 3D Extrusion Wizard can create
three-dimensional objects such as ‘curtains’ or vertical bars using point data.
Click OK.
Step 2 - Set Primary Surface Properties
The Base Z value of the objects to be extruded can be specified in one of three
ways:
• Primary Z: enter a fixed primary Z value to be applied to the objects to be

extruded. Note that the elevation uses a positive up sense of height.
• Plus Field Value: use a Primary Z value from a field contained within the
imported vector for each map object to be extruded. For example, if
geological units were to be used, these could be stored in the selected
table with a data column called ‘Vert_base’ or ‘Thickness’. The values are
in metres and are added to any entry in the Primary Z field.
• Plus Grid Value: use a Primary Z value calculated from a surface grid for
each map object to be extruded. For items that you wish to lie on top of a
topographic surface, use this surface as the base height. The values are
in metres. Check the Generate flat surface using centre grid line to use
a constant grid value as the Primary Z value. Note that these values are
added to any Primary Z and Field Value entries.
3D Extrusion Wizard Step 2 defines the base of the extruded object

You can apply a scaling or add field or grid values to the data values of the base.
This is useful when attempting to match the elevations of other objects you may
wish to import into your three dimensional views. The Scale factor is multiplicative
such that a value of 2 doubles the offset height of the base of the object. To use
field or grid Base Z values only leave Primary Z as 0.
The Generate Primary Surface option is turned on by default. This option

creates a base for the extruded object. If this option is left unchecked the extruded
object is left open at the base. Click Next to continue.
Step 3 - Set Extruded Surface Properties
The Extruded Z value (or upper surface value) of the objects to be extruded can
be specified in one of three ways:
• Extruded Z: enter a fixed value of height to be applied to the objects to be

extruded. Note that the elevation uses a positive up sense of height.
• Plus Field Value: use an extruded Z value from a field contained within
the vector file for each map object to be extruded. For example, if a
geological depth below surface were to be used, these could be stored in
the selected table with a data column called ‘Depth_to_Top’ or ‘Depth’.
The values are in metres.
• Plus Grid Value: use an Extruded Z value calculated from a surface grid
for each map object to be extruded. The values are in metres. Check the
Generate flat surface using centre grid line to use a constant grid value
as the Extruded Z value.
You can apply a scaling or add field or grid values to the data values of the
Extruded surface. This is useful when attempting to match the elevations of other
objects you may wish to import into your three dimensional views. The Scale
factor multiplies the dimensions; for example, a value of 2 doubles the offset
height or depth of the base or top of the object. To use field or grid Extruded Z
values only leave Extruded Z as 0.
Step 3 - Define the extruded surface of the objects
The height of the upper surface can also be chosen Relative to primary (ie. An
object height from bottom to top) or in Absolute terms such that the actual
elevation of the top surface is defined.
The Generate Extruded Surface option is turned on by default. This option will
create a top for the extruded object. If this option is left unchecked the extruded
object will be open at the top.
Step 4 – Set Azimuth and Dip
The dip of the extruded polygons can be set to tilt the volumes with a dip in the
azimuthal directions defined. Both the azimuth and the dip can be constant or
specified individually for each polygon. In this case the angles are required to be
defined in the vector file or Feature dataset.
Step 4 - Specify the azimuth and dip angles for volumes to be tilted
This feature is useful for fault definitions or block offsets of interpreted objects.
By default the dip angle is 90 degrees (vertical). An angle of 0 degrees is

horizontal.
Step 5 – Choose Body Properties
The physical properties of extruded objects can be controlled by the following

wizard screen. The input fields can be assigned from the loaded external vector
file or else from the Boundary & Parameters section of the 3D Model Generator
dialog.
Step 5 – Choose body properties for each polygonal body to be extruded
Step 6 - Set Appearance
The colour and appearance of individual extruded objects can be controlled by

the following wizard screen.
Step 6 - Specify the appearance properties of the extruded objects

The extruded objects are drawn as 3D .DXF objects in the 3D Map display.
Three options are provided to allow the colour of the objects to be controlled:
• From input - the individual objects obtain their colour from the default list
of standard colours.
• Fixed - all the created objects are of the same colour. Select the required
colour from the pull-down palette.
• Modulated by Field - individual objects are coloured using the data value
in the specified field and a selected look-up Colour table. A wide range of
look-up tables is provided.
Step 7 - Choose Output File
This wizard screen specifies the output file. The output uses the ModelVision
.TKM file format. This format will automatically load the extruded model into the
open ModelVision session. The AutoCad 3D DXF file format is also available but
will not be automatically displayed in ModelVision. To display this file the DXF file
must be imported using the Model>Import>DXF Format menu option.
Step 7 -Specify an output file name and location
If the Finish button is clicked, the extruded objects are created and if in TKM
format will be automically displayed in a map, cross-section or perspective view
window. The Extrusion Wizard is then exited.
An example of a 3D model created from an external vector file and extruded using the
Extrusion Wizard to assign input rock unit colours and density and susceptibility.
Introductory Modelling Tutorial

This tutorial is to illustrate the various presentation formats available in
ModelVision and to introduce the concepts of multi-line displays and modelling.
Geologically, the area to be studied is complex with a number of steeply dipping
interbedded volcanics trending NNE to SSW. In some instances, the units are
faulted, typically with NE-SW trending structures. Granitic intrusives are evident
within the data and these are typified by low magnetic responses. Surrounding
these intrusives are magnetic aureoles and demagnetizing affects associated
with intersected volcanics.
The aim of this tutorial is to identify and investigate a specific anomaly that has
been isolated by regional geochemical surveys and which lies adjacent to a
granitic margin. Nearby are known sites of tin deposits and base metal
occurrences.
Note In Demo mode you cannot import your own data. You can, however, load one of
the supplied binary session files which contains data. For access to the tutorial
you are required to load a session file (see Background).
• Setting Up the Tutorial
• Background
• Step-by-Step
Setting Up the Tutorial
Initially, ModelVision requires a project to define location, magnetic properties

and a description of the work. ModelVision stores project information in a file
(MVPROJ.INI) which resides in the project directory. Before any data can be
imported or a session with ModelVision is commenced, a project must be created.
Select the File>New Project option and enter the information as required.
Initially, select the Browse button and navigate to the \Program
Files\ENCOM\MVIS_PRO\EXAMPLES folder. The dialog below illustrates the
browse facility. It is important at the commencement of a project that you know
the location of the data to be used in the session. You can enter the project datum
and projection information plus you can supply the location to derive the local
Earth’s magnetic field using the IGRF tool (refer to Magnetic Field Controls and
IGRF Calculator).
Project definition with Browse facility

Background
The data file for this tutorial was acquired from a small airborne survey flown in
1989 in south western New South Wales (near West Wyalong). This survey data
has been acquired with traverses that are oriented northeast to southwest with
line spacing of 1200 metres (only every fourth line has been retained for this
tutorial). Within the data file are Australian Metric Grid (AMG) coordinates (using
AMG Zone 54), Fiducials, Magnetics, Altimeter and the spectrometer channel for
Potassium (K40). The survey was over relatively flat grazing and intensely
cultivated agricultural areas. Known granites, volcanics and metamorphosed
units predominate in the area with some minor basic intrusives and dyking.
Extensive structural deformation and faulting exist in the survey coverage.
Note In Demo mode you cannot import your own data. For this tutorial, you are
required to directly access the binary session file TUTORIAL.SES in the
EXAMPLES directory. This file contains the necessary information of the project.
Once loaded, you can check this by selecting the File>Project Properties item.
After the data is loaded, skip forward to Step 2.tutorial you are required to load a
session file.
Step-by-Step
The following tasks should be undertaken for this tutorial:
Step 1
Load the data with the File>Import>Profiles>Sep. Header (HDR & LIN) option.
The import file is the TUTE.LIN dataset but the Separate Header option uses the
TUTE.HDR file. This import file format illustrates how large multi-column data files
can be loaded without extensive editing of the data file. The header and data file
appear as below:
Header File
LINE X Y FID MAG K40 ALT
Data File
1201 489435 6259404 18612 58158.1 91 292

1201 489415 6259397 18613 58157.8 81 292
1201 489396 6259390 18614 58158.4 72 292
1201 489377 6259384 18615 58159.2 70 293
1201 489358 6259377 18616 58159.3 68 295
1201 489338 6259371 18617 58159.7 74 295
1201 489319 6259364 18618 58158.5 80 296
1201 489300 6259357 18619 58157.8 77 296

1201 489280 6259351 18620 58156.4 74 297
1201 489261 6259344 18621 58155.4 70 296
1201 489242 6259337 18622 58153.9 66 296
1201 489222 6259331 18623 58153.2 67 297
After loading the data file, examine the data ranges and statistics of the channels.
You can analyse the statistics of any individual line by double clicking on the
nominated line.
Step 2
Produce a stacked profile map of the data to indicate the general trends and main
features of the data. Use the View>Map>Stacked Profiles option and select the
MAG data channel. Once a map is presented you can adjust the vertical scaling
to highlight features in low gradient areas. This is done by locating the cursor in
the map window and clicking the right mouse button. Select the Configuration
option and edit the dialog entry accordingly.
Dialog for a Stacked Profile map and the display created
From regional geochemical sampling, the location of an area with anomalously

high tin and base metal associations is known (see above). The anomaly
correlates with a magnetic trend produced by mildly magnetized volcanics and
was covered by the airborne survey along line 1500.
Step 3
To prepare line 1500 and the anomaly for modelling, it is necessary to define a
regional trend. Select the Model>Edit Regional>Magnetics option.
The regional is used to ensure the background level for modelling is precisely
matched. For this situation, only a single line is to be modelled. In other
circumstances, a two-dimensional regional surface can be created and used for
multi-line modelling (see Regional Field Controls).
Regional specification for the selected line (1500)
Using the Active Lines button, nominate line 1500. Once selected, click OK and
click the Compute from Data button using a polynomial order of 2.
Step 4
With the regional created, you can now display line 1500 with a track beneath to
be used as a cross-section below the flight line (use the View>X-Section option).
The displayed dialog allows you to select line 1500 from a pull-down list. Note also
that the dialog enables magnetic modelling on the line and uses the regional in
the computation of magnetic body responses.
Nominate the line (1500) and specify magnetic modelling using a regional
Once specified, click the OK button. Line 1500 is displayed in a profile window
with a cross-sectional area beneath. This area is used to create and edit the
magnetic model. The model response is superimposed on the regional trace
(indicated by three regional ‘handles’).
Profile display with cross-sectional area beneath
The location of the magnetic anomaly is at the left margin of the profile. In
preparation for modelling, you need to zoom into the anomaly. You also need to
instruct ModelVision that only this anomaly is to be modelled and not the whole
profile.
Step 5
Zoom into the anomaly by right-clicking and Configuring the display. Specify the
Min and Max range of the Distance Along Profile.
Configuration dialog and profile of specified anomaly
Note Make the required portion of the profile active for modelling by using the Active
Points button (or menu item). Select the Draw Profile Region button and
position the cursor in the profile window at the start of the area to be modelled.
Click the left mouse button and drag an area along the profile for modelling.
Ensure the complete anomaly is defined with any side lobes that may affect the
source modelling.
After the bounding lines of the active region have been defined, release the
mouse button and you notice the model response curve changes colour.
Step 6
To create a model and compute a magnetic response, select the body Create
button (or menu option). As the geological source is not defined, the simplest
body type should be used initially. From the Create Body dialog, select the tabular
body.
Create a body from the Create Body dialog
Notice that within the dialog the body default properties are displayed. These can
be edited if desired. Once the tabular body has been selected, position the cursor
in the profile cross-section, click the left mouse button and drag a rectangle that
will form the body outline. When the button is released, the body is created.
Note You can display the magnetic response due to the created tabular body by
clicking on the Compute button (or Compute menu item). Only the responses
along the nominated active points of line 1500 are computed as no other
readings in the dataset have been selected as active.
Computed response of the tabular body with regional and observed data
Step 7
Initially, the body location and orientation are unlikely to be correct for a match
between the computed magnetic response and the observed data. It must
therefore be edited to a correct position and shape. After each edit you can force
ModelVision to update the computed response by toggling the Manual/
Immediate mode of computation.
The tabular body can be positioned by selecting with the cursor and locating as
appropriate. Its width can also be modified interactively by selecting a corner
handle and dragging. You need to have ModelVision in the Pointer mode for these
operations (select the Point button). By using the Reshape button you can edit
the dip of the body.
Profile with observed and calculated tabular body responses
Modify the location and orientation until there is a close match to the anomaly
shape. Note that there is a level shift between the observed and theoretical
traces. One of the fastest methods of removing the level difference and improving
the model fit is to use inversion.
Step 8
The use of inversion in ModelVision is a powerful tool for rapidly refining models.
To initiate inversion, select the Tools>Inversion option (or click

the right mouse button when the cursor is in the ModelVision
screen window).
The Inversion toolbar is displayed and can be positioned on the

screen.
Within the inversion option, ModelVision assumes that all

parameters controlling bodies are initially fixed (that is, they are
invariant). You have control over the parameters that are allowed
to vary. Initially the regional level requires adjustment, so select
the Free button to present the dialog to control parameter freedom
(Free Parameters dialog). At the base of this dialog is a check box
that controls the Regional Level and Shape. Enable these
options and from the Inversion toolbar click the Run button. An
inversion is executed and you can see the profile move and
become closer to the observed data after each iteration.
Once the regional level is adjusted, disable the Regional options.

You can commence freeing other body parameters. It is generally
recommended that you locate the body first (use the Distance and
depth-Z body properties), and allow parameters that control the
shape and susceptibility to vary.
Note that the Select Bodies item at the top of the Free Parameters dialog is set
to All. In this case, only one body exists but in more complex cases where
additional bodies may be present, you can individually select the body and its free
parameters.
Step 9
You may need to perform a few runs of the inversion to optimally fit the theoretical
and observed response curves. If the appropriate parameters are freed
sequentially, a good fit between the curves can be achieved quickly. This
approach can save considerable time in evaluating even complex anomalies.
The final match between the modelled and observed magnetic responses is
shown below.
Final inverted model and response fit over the active points of the profile
9 Working with Models 257
9 Working with Models

This section covers the operation of the controls and defaults of geophysical
modelling in ModelVision.
A useful description of how to approach gravity and magnetic modelling is

presented in Modelling Techniques. The ModelVision controls and settings for
modelling are described in this section, together with a discussion of the
importance and display of regional field variation. Issues associated with
magnetic modelling such as the influence of the Earth’s magnetic field,
remanence and demagnetization are also described.
In this section:
• About Models
• Model Types
• Importing Models
• Exporting Models
• Modelling Tools
• Potential Field Modelling Controls
• Profile Modelling Controls
• Regional Field Controls
• Magnetic Field Controls
• Full Tensor Magnetic Gradiometer Computation
• Full Tensor Gravity Gradiometer Computation
• Default Model Parameters
About Models
Gravity and magnetic modelling is the core activity and purpose of ModelVision.
Primary controls over the modelling are available from the Model menu option.
The Model option functions include:
• Import and export of models

• Selection of lines or grid cells for computing model results
• Selection of drillholes or points to compute modelled responses
• Setting of the mode of computation including forward and inversion

operation
• Specification of background properties. The physical contrast between

background and individual bodies is fundamental to correct model
response calculation.
ModelVision recognizes GRAV and MAG (in upper or lower case) as default
names for the model input channels and GRAV_MOD and MAG_MOD as output
channels. Generally, it is convenient to use these names. For certain operations,
such as residual-regional calculations, these names must be used.
Most model controls are available from the Model Menu. The controls available
from this menu are described in more detail in the following topics in this section:
• Model Types
• Importing Models
• Exporting Models
• Regional Field Controls
• Using a Regional Field
• Magnetic Field Controls
• Full Tensor Magnetic Gradiometer Computation
• Full Tensor Gravity Gradiometer Computation
• Default Model Parameters
Controls that you need to access often should be added to the speed toolbar
(refer to Speed Tool). This particularly applies to the dialogs for manipulating the
regional field.
Model Types
Each body type has special characteristics that are suited to modelling of
magnetic and gravity anomalies. Simple shapes such as the tabular body are
easy to manipulate and fast to compute. This is often used when little time is
available for detailed analysis. The polygon and plunging prism allow you to build
much more complex models but more time is usually required to achieve a match
between field data and the model response. Body types are defined in
Appendix B: Body Descriptions and the methods used to create them in Creating
Bodies.
Importing Models
Model import options

Models are typically saved by Encom programs in TKM format and can be loaded
as a new model or appended to an existing model in the current session. This
supports all the available body types.
Many other formats which support faceted or 3D vector models can be imported
and loaded as general polyhedron type bodies. These must conform to particular
rules to be valid for modelling and are checked for compliance upon import.
See Importing, Exporting, and Linking Data Files.
Checking the Integrity of Imported DXF Models

ModelVision has a special utility, the Topology Checker, to check the integrity of
models imported from 3D DXF files. Previously it was essential for the software
that created the file to use a consistent method of ordering the vertices of every
face and that all surfaces were closed. This is a requirement of the modelling
software and any gaps or incorrectly defined faces in a model will lead to errors
in the model computations. The topology checker collates all faces and organizes
them into closed surfaces reporting any that break the rules. It can then correct
errors and export the intact surfaces as a new DXF file or as individual polyhedron
bodies in a TKM file that will be automatically loaded into ModelVision. It has its
own 3D visualizer with many features to identify and examine anything from the
entire model right down to individual facets and their coordinates.
The controls available from the Topology Checker dialog are:
• Input File
• List View
• Surface
• Global
• Rendering
Input File
Selects the model file to load into the Topology Checker.
List View
The list view displays all surfaces for the input model. Right-click on the list view
to display a shortcut menu with various options on how to sort and select cells with
the list view columns.
• Layer - Name of the layer in the input file of one is provided.
• Surface - The surface number.
• Show - Select/Unselect the tick box to show/hide the surface.
• # Facets - The number of facets in the mesh for the surface.
• Area - The Area of the surface.
• Volume - The volume of the surface.

• Closed - Green tick indicates that the surface closed. Blue tick indicates
the surface is closed but has a negative volume. Red cross indicates that
the surface is not closed. A surface is closed if all edges of the triangles in
the surfaces mesh are shared by another triangle in the mesh.
• # Unclosed Edges - the number of edges that are not shared in the
surface.
• Export - Indicates whether the mesh for this surface should be added into
the output file when saving.
Surface
The Properties button will open the Surface Properties dialog for the currently
selected surface in the list view. This dialog displays a spreadsheet containing the
X,Y, and Z coordinate for each vertex in each triangle for the surface. Triangles
that are not closed, that is, have an edge that does not join another triangle are
displayed in a different colour.
Global
Define each layer in a separate mesh
This control will determine whether a defined layer in the input file should be
defined in its own mesh or whether all layers should be defined in a single mesh.
This is done on loading the input file.
Coincident Point Tolerance
Tolerance value that is used to improve the mesh by detecting coincident points
and reassigning the triangles to use the first instance of any repeated point. Set
this to -1 for the Topology Checker to automatically calculate this value.
Advanced button
The Advanced button will open the Advanced Options dialog. This dialog allows
the user to specify the Body Density and Body Susceptibility values for the
model. These are used when saving the model to a .TKM file.
Rendering
Cull reverse facing
Turn on/off display of any back facing triangles.

Wireframe
Turn on/off display of the wireframe mesh for the model. The colour of the
wireframe mesh can be chosen by using the appropriate Set… button.
Show unclosed
If this option is turned on then the colour of any triangle faces that are not closed
will be overrided with the set colour. The override colour can be set using the
appropriate Set… button.
Show selection bounding box
Turn on/off the bounding box for the model. The bounding box is defined for the
currently selected surface in the list view.
Show selection normals
Turn on/off the display of normals for the model. The normals are defined for the
currently selected surface in the list view only. The size of the normals can be
modified using the Size slider control.
Transparency
Turn on/off transparency for the model. The percentage of transparency can be
modified using the slider control.
3D View Controls
These controls are located at the bottom of the Topology Checker dialog.
Fit view to window
Fits the view so that the entire model can be seen.
Fit view to bounding box of selected surface
Fits the view so that the selected surface is the focus of the view.
Advanced settings for the axes scale
Allows the user to apply individual scales to the X, Y and Z axes, as well as
defining the position where the user wants the view to look at.
Zoom speed
Changes the speed at the which the user can zoom in/out to/from the model.
Background colour
Sets the colour of the background window for the 3D view.
Exporting Models
Model export options
See Importing, Exporting, and Linking Data Files.

Model>Export allows you to save your models in a variety of formats. Files can
be saved in a ModelVision file format with a default .TKM name extension.
Alternatively, an external link to a user-supplied utility can be used to translate a
model to or from ModelVision file format. Contact Pitney Bowes Software for
advice on preparing external link programs. Models saved from previous versions
of ModelVision can be loaded and there is an option to export files in the previous
format for import by ModelVision SE (16-bit version).
Export of models in DXF format can be used directly in other display software
such as Encom PA (refer to Displaying ModelVision Data in Encom PA).
Model export normally applies to all existing bodies, but bodies which you wish to
exclude from the export file can be made invisible using the Body Table and when
the model export is chosen you will be asked if you wish to exclude those bodies.
This applies to all export formats.
CSV Format
The Model>Export>CSV Format option will write information to a .CSV file on

active bodies and in the case of prism bodies their vertices. Information exported
includes:
• Body name
• Body type
• XYZ coordinates
• Susceptibility
• Density
• Magnetic remanence and departure angles (optional)
• Geometry (optional)
An option exists during the export to create and display small spheres at every
location of the bodies exported to view what it is exporting. The exported .CSV file
will open directly in Excel for review. It can also be exported without descriptive
fields in a compatible format for re-importing into ModelVision as point sets using
the General ASCII point file option.
Model selection dialog for exporting to CSV text file.
The remanence parameters include Q, the remanence vector, resultant vector

and apparent resultant rotation angle (ARRA). The ARRA angle is a first order
indicator of remanent magnetization (Pratt et al. 2012). You can import the csv
to a point dataset and then plot the ARRA values in a map to study their amplitude
and spatial relationships.
Modelling Tools
• Using the Active Line Tool
• Using the Traverse Tool
• Using the Next Line Tool
• Using the Active Points Tool
• Using the Clip Grid Tool
• Using the Clip Project Tool

Using the Active Line Tool
The Active Line toolbar is used to graphically select lines for modelling,
AutoMag, X-section display, and inversion. The term active line is used to
provide status information to ModelVision for modelling, regional/residual and
AutoMag calculations. This tool allows you to retain all your data but perform
computations on a subset. Without this option you would need to continually
subset the data to a manageable size to avoid large computational overheads.
To use this tool, ensure that your map window is active and has the flight lines
displayed. With a map view displayed (either map, stacked profiles, contour or
image) ensure the baselines are turned on (see Configuring Map Displays).
Select a tool option on the Active Line toolbar and then drag the cursor (hold down
the left mouse button) across the lines that you want to activate. The selected
flight lines change colour. If you perform the operation again, the lines are
deactivated. The operation behaves as a status toggle. Use the Deselect All
button to deactivate all currently active lines.
The X-Section option behaves differently. When lines are selected, a cross-
section window view is opened for each selected line. This also activates the lines
for modelling.
In addition to using the Active Line toolbar, the activity of lines can be specifically
set by selecting them in one of a number of lists. Such lists are available in the
Line Control menu item (see Profile Modelling Controls) and in the Magnetic or
Gravity Regional computation dialogs (see Regional Field Controls). Selection of
lines from either lists or graphically report the state of line activity. If one selection
method is used, it reports the nominated active lines in the alternative method.
Using the Traverse Tool
New lines of data can be generated from grids with this tool, which is particularly
useful for modelling when no flight line data is available. A traverse is created by
specifying a start and end point that crosses an available grid. The grid may be
imported or generated. When positioned, the new data line is stored within
ModelVision with data values derived from the nominated grid or grids. The
values at each traverse point are interpolated from the appropriate cell node
points of the grid.
To use this tool, display a plan window of data (i.e. contours, stacked profiles or
grid profiles), and then select the Traverse button from the toolbar. Now move the
mouse pointer to the place where you wish to start the line, depress the left mouse
button and hold it down while dragging the mouse pointer to the end of the line.
Release the left mouse button and a dialog box appears that allows you to enter
the new line name, sample interval and grids that you want to sample. You can
also modify the start and end points of the profile.
After this has been completed, a window describing the start and end points,
number of points, length, sample interval and azimuth are displayed.
Any of these parameters can be altered if desired. Various grids can also be used
to create new channels for the traverse. By default, ModelVision selects and
highlight the first available grid but it is possible to select one or more grid(s) to
generate new channels.
Note The Line Name for the newly created traverse is taken from the northing at the
start of the traverse. If desired this name can be overwritten.
Also note that a traverse may be specified to extend past the limits of a grid. In
this case the data points on the grid cannot be assigned data values from
interpolation of the grid and so null values are used. This situation can also exist
if the traverse passes over a 'gap' or break in the grid. If nulls are inserted in the
traverse values they are present in modelling and displays which may not be
desirable. If nulls are not required, select the Strip NULLs check box.
Using the Next Line Tool
The Next Line button creates X-section displays for lines adjacent to the active
displayed X-section. The orientation and line availability is taken into account
when selecting the next adjacent line. For example, a line at the edge of a survey
has only one ‘next line’. For a line within other lines, the nearest parallel line is
selected (unless it is already displayed). Note that the Next Line option only
operates when a X-section window is active.
Using the Active Points Tool
This tool makes it possible to use a subset of points in a X-section or Map view
that becomes active for modelling and inversion. You can isolate single
anomalies or groups of anomalies from a large data set. Multiple areas can be
selected with this tool in both the X-section and Map views. Selection polygons
can be saved in a file and retrieved for use in a later operation.
This feature is available for use with either:
• Active Points in a Map
• Active Points in a Section

The number of active points affects the time required for each model computation.
Active Points in a Map
When Active Points is selected with a map display window active, the following
dialog is presented.
Active Points dialog for use with maps
Options available include:
• Select All the points displayed in the map to be active for modelling
• Deselect All currently active points

• Select a number of points as defined by a graphically drawn region

(polygon). The active points can be selected or deselected both inside or
outside the polygon. If multiple regions are required, select the Multiple
Operations before drawing polygons.
• Active points can be saved by storing the polygon(s) in a .PLG file. The file
can be restored using the Load option.
• When creating polygons, select the Draw Map Polygon button and move
the cursor to the map. The cursor is a ‘+’ symbol. Position the cursor at the
first vertex of the polygon and click the left mouse button. Drag the cursor
to the next vertex, click the mouse button again and repeat until the
polygon shape is drawn. To close a polygon, double click the left mouse
button, or bring it close to the first vertex and click.
Active Points in a Section
If a X-section window is active and the Active Points is selected, the following
dialog is presented:
Active Points dialog for reading selection on a profile X-section
Options available are:
• Select All the points displayed in the X-section to be active for modelling
• Deselect All currently active points in the X-section

• Select a number of points in a portion of the X-section. The active points

can be selected or deselected both inside or outside the region. If multiple
regions are required, select the Multiple Operations before drawing.
• Active points can be saved by storing the polygon(s) in a .PLG file. The file
can be restored using the Load option.
• When creating X-section regions, select the Draw Map Polygon button
and move the cursor to the profile window. The cursor is a ‘+’ symbol.
Position the cursor at one end of the region, depress the left mouse button
and drag out a region. Release the button to define the active points of the
profile. If Immediate mode is enabled, ModelVision immediately computes
and displays the response of any active bodies.
Saving Active Points Regions
The Save button creates an ASCII file (with file extension .PLG) to store the active
points/polygon regions.
The format of a line region is similar to:
Polygon File.ModelVision.Vers:3.00
Date: Fri May 07 16:21:40 1999
Company Name: Pitney Bowes Software
LINE: [6204], [10068], [inside], [select], [1250]
For a map polygon(s), the active points file appears with the format:
Polygon File.ModelVision.Vers:3.00
Date: Fri May 07 16:25:15 1999
CompanyName: Pitney Bowes Software
POLYGON: [5], [inside], [select]
VERTEX: [476676], [6262828]
VERTEX: [477331], [6265543]
VERTEX: [478736], [6264419]
VERTEX: [478923], [6262360]
VERTEX: [476676], [6262828]
END_POLY
POLYGON: [7], [inside], [select]
VERTEX: [480421], [6264981]
VERTEX: [480421], [6265824]
VERTEX: [481826], [6266386]
VERTEX: [482388], [6264607]
VERTEX: [481919], [6264326]
VERTEX: [480796], [6264419]
VERTEX: [480421], [6264981]
END_POLY
Using the Clip Grid Tool
The Grid Clipping option enables you to graphically define a polygon for clipping
a displayed grid. Any map window (contour, image etc) of a grid can be used for
clipping.You can use this tool to draw a polygon in a map view and apply the tool
to clip the grid either inside or outside the mask area. Null values are assigned to
the excluded area. The size of the grid in memory is not changed by the
boundary of the clip operation.
To use this tool, select a map window, click the Grid Clip button, and then
position the cursor in the map window (which is now a ‘+’ shape). Position the
cursor at the first vertex of the polygon outline and click the left mouse button.
Drag the cursor to the next vertex, click the mouse button again and repeat until
the polygon shape is drawn. To close a polygon, double click the left mouse
button, or bring it close to the first vertex and click.
Graphically clip a grid either inside or outside the defined area
With the polygon clip defined the dialog above is displayed and allows you to
select clipping either inside or outside the defined polygonal area. When OK is
selected, the clip operation is performed and the window with the new grid area
is displayed. Note that multiple grids can be selected for clipping in the above
dialog.
Using the Clip Project Tool
Use this tool to reduce the data in a project to a rectangular clip boundary. All
grids, points and lines are clipped to this data range. Note that the clip
investigates each point independently. For large data sets, it is faster to first
delete any lines that do not include any points to be retained.
The Clip Project option operates in map displays only. To use this tool, select the
map window, click the Clip Project button, and then position the cursor (which is
now a ‘+’) in the map window. Locate the cursor at a corner of the new project,
click the left mouse button and drag the cursor to the opposite corner of a
rectangular area. When the button is released, the clip dialog is presented:
Clipping a project with boundary limits which can be edited
Once the clip dialog is displayed, you can edit the four project limits to precise
values or use the Snap to button to force the limits to adjust to the next largest
limit.
Potential Field Modelling Controls

A number of Model menu items provide useful facilities for potential field
modelling in ModelVision.
• Data Compression
• Differential Mode
• Inversion
• Line Control
• Grid Control
• Edit Regional
• Magnetic Field
• Gravity and Magnetic Components
• Defaults
Data Compression
Model>Data Compression causes a reduction in the number of stations at which

the model output is computed. The compression factor is the frequency of
computations. For example, a factor of 3 causes computation at every 3rd station.
The model output at intermediate stations is obtained by a rapid interpolation
procedure.
Differential Mode
Choose Model>Diff Mode to set Differential computation mode. ModelVision

computes and stores the response of each active body. When you make a
change to the model, the field of the altered body is recalculated and added to the
fields of the other bodies to provide the model output. Differential calculation is
only activated in Immediate mode. If you have selected differential calculation
and are in Immediate mode, the status bar indicates ‘Immed/Diff’ as shown. The
advantage of working with differential calculation increases with the number and
complexity of the bodies and with the number of stations at which the model is
computed. This mode provides increased performance, but a higher requirement
on available memory and system resources. If you make several changes to the
model before recomputing, it may be more efficient to work in manual mode.
Note When Immediate/Diff mode is enabled, the push button displays Immediate
mode but the Status Bar reports Immediate/Diff.
Inversion
Inversion is accessed through its own toolbar or from the Model menu. For more
information, see Inversion.
Joint Inversion
Most parameters used in Joint Inversion are accessed through the Inversion
toolbar. Selecting this option allows the mandatory specification of channels to
invert on. For more information, see Joint Inversion.
Quick Inversion
Quick Inversion can be accessed from the Quick Invert toolbar button or from the
Model menu. For more information, see Quick Inversion.
Line Control
Most modelling in ModelVision is done on profiles. The Line Control option (see
Profile Modelling Controls), accessed from the Model menu, provides control
over profile modelling.
Grid Control
Although most modelling is performed on profiles, model output can also be

computed at grid nodes. The Grid Control option (see Grid Controls) controls this
form of modelling. In grid model computations, any compression applies similarly
to both grid rows and columns. For instance, a compression factor of 3 selects
only those nodes in every 3rd row and 3rd column – that is, a sub-sample of 1 in
9 nodes.
Edit Regional
ModelVision provides a utility to create a broad, smoothly varying regional field by

a polynomial surface. This approach can be used as an alternative to modelling
a regional field. The controls for manipulating this surface are available in the Line
Control dialog and the Model>Edit Regional>Magnetics and Model>Edit
Regional>Gravity options. Regional field use in model computations is
explained later in this chapter (see Regional Field Controls).
Magnetic Field
The strength and direction of the Earth’s magnetic field at the survey site must be
specified in order to model magnetic data. Normally these are specified as project
parameters when first starting a new project, but the Magnetic Field Parameters
and IGRF options (see Magnetic Field Controls) are both also accessible through
the Model menu and the Line Control dialog. Compute Remanence and
Compute Demagnetization must be enabled in the Magnetic Field Parameters
dialog in order for these computations to be enabled. For additional information,
refer to Remanence and Demagnetization.
Gravity and Magnetic Components
Analytic computation of the full gravity and magnetic gradient tensors are
available within ModelVision. The controls to enable computation of gravity and
magnetic components, gradient tensor components and various secondary
functions are available in the Model>Gravity Component and Model>Magnetic
Component options. For more information, see Full Tensor Magnetic
Gradiometer Computation and Full Tensor Gravity Gradiometer Computation.
Defaults
The Model Parameters option allows you to specify background density and
susceptibility values. In this option, you can also define the default physical
property values to be assigned to new bodies and set switches which control how
the component bodies of a polygroup act. (see Changing Physical Parameters).
The X-Section defaults option allows you to set default display properties for
model input and output channel traces in cross-section windows (see Cross-
section View).
Profile Modelling Controls

• Line Controls
• Grid Controls
• Drillhole Controls
• Point Controls
Line Controls
Most modelling is conducted on profiles. Profiling of data is the main acquisition

mode for input of geophysical data and provides a convenient means of
developing models in vertical sections beneath the data. The Model>Line
Control option provides access to the controls for most of the profile modelling
modes. When selected, the Line Control option presents the following dialog:
Line Control dialog to provide control parameters of magnetic and gravity profile modelling
Gravity and magnetic modelling are activated independently. (There is a single

selection of active lines which applies to both gravity and magnetic modelling.)
Profile model responses are only computed for lines selected to be active. The
activation of lines is undertaken from the Select Lines button. Modelling controls
not available in the Line Control dialog such as manual/immediate mode, model
compression and selection of differential mode apply simultaneously to gravity
and/or magnetic modelling.
Two Components buttons are provided to enable component response

activation for both magnetics and gravity.
Magnetics component selection for computation
Gravity component selection for computation
The various components can be displayed in profiles, as stacked profiles in map

displays or as vector plots in perspective displays. For additional information on
the gravity tensor and components, refer to Full Tensor Gravity Gradiometer
Computation.
Some components are derived relative to a nominal line direction. If you have
selected one of these components, the Nominal Line Direction text box will be
displayed. Enter the nominal line direction.
Note Instruments are usually placed on stabilized platforms so the nominal line
direction is used instead of the true line direction which can vary.
Model Magnetics and Model Gravity
These controls toggle on and off magnetic and gravity computation respectively.
Default displays of newly created cross-section views are created according to
the current line control settings. With neither magnetic or gravity modelling
selected, you are not able to open a new cross-section view. Without setting
magnetic modelling active in the Line Control option, you are not able to run
AutoMag (see Encom AutoMag (Optional Module))
Input and Output Channel Entries
The input channel name is displayed as the observed data in a cross-section. If

there is no channel to be input (when modelling synthetic data), this entry should
be blank. If there are channels other than easting, northing and the channel
DIST_ABS, one must be selected for input. The input channel only affects
computations if the Match Average mode is selected. There are several
instances in ModelVision where channels named GRAV and MAG are recognized
as default input channels and it is recommended you follow this convention
(channels can be renamed using the Utility>Data Maintenance>Line menu
option). The output channel is the name given to the computed model output.
Again, there are advantages to retaining the default names of GRAV_MOD and
MAG_MOD.
Match Average and Use Regional Options
Only one of these options can be selected at any time.
Match Average adds a constant value to the model output so its average value
is the same as the average of the input values. When a subset of points is
selected using active point selection, the average is derived from only the active
points. When used with multiple lines Match Average does not use the active
point selection. It uses the project averages for the field and model channels and
adjusts the model results by the difference. This results in an overall shift for the
survey retaining the background variation between lines.
Use Regional allows you to create and manipulate a polynomial surface to

represent any broad variations across the survey area that you may not wish to
model. This polynomial surface is added to the model output values. See the
section Regional Field Controls for details of how to define and manipulate the
regional. With neither Match Average or Use Regional options selected the model
output is as computed directly from the model around a base level of zero.
Compute Residual
This control toggles the computation of a residual on and off. The residual is the
difference between computed and observed fields. While this control is active, the
difference is updated each time a model is recomputed. The channel can be
displayed in a track in the model cross-section. The residual is used to provide a
convenient indicator of how the model mismatch varies along a profile.
Use Sensor Z Channel
This control toggles on and off the selection of a channel in the line data to provide
a Z (elevation) value at which to make the station computation. For synthetic
modelling you may wish to create an elevation channel using the
Utility>Calculator to investigate the influence of flying height on anomaly
amplitudes and resolution. If this control is toggled off, the computations are made
at a zero elevation.
Display Topography Channel
This control allows you to select a channel available in the line data for display as
a reference elevation trace. Usually this would be the ground surface but it might
also be the water bottom for a marine profile or could be a reference depth-
converted seismic horizon. This channel is for display only – it does not contribute
to model computations. It does however provide a convenient means of digitizing
a polygonal body to the topographic surface if you want to model gravity and/or
magnetic terrain effects. Note that as a data channel the depth convention is
positive upwards (topographic highs have higher absolute value than topographic
lows). In displays you see the topographic trace displayed with opposite sign on
ModelVision’s positive downward depth sections.
Select Lines
Line selection dialog to make selected profiles active for response computation
The Select Lines Active for Modelling dialog (enabled from the Select Lines
button on the Line Control dialog) allows you to select and de-select lines as
active for modelling. These lines are active for gravity and/or magnetic modelling
according to the current Line Control settings. You only need to set lines active in
this dialog when modelling in batch mode. When you open new cross-section
views, those lines are automatically made active for modelling. You may find it
more convenient to select and de-select lines in map views using the Active Lines
toolbar that can toggle the state of the line activity. Active and inactive line states
are indicated by the colour of their baselines and flight lines in map views.
Grid Controls
The individual controls in the Model>Grid Control option are identical to those in
the Line Control dialog (see Profile Modelling Controls). Rather than making a
selection of active lines, you specify a grid to which the computations are made.
The grid can either be specified as Seed from Existing Grid or can be created
using the option Specify Grid Dimensions. If the output is seeded from an
existing grid, Clip Output Grid provides an option to report null values in the
model output grid at the location of any nulls in the seed grid. Without this option
enabled the output is reported at all grid nodes.
The Model>Grid Control option presents the following dialog:

Grid Control dialog for grid response computation
By default, the model field is created at every node of a grid, but the grid can be
sampled using Model>Data Compression. The compression factor is a de-
sample rate for both grid rows and columns so that the computation time is
reduced by approximately the square of the compression factor.
The Components button in the Gravity group box provides access to

computation of components of the gravity and magnetic gradient tensors that are
available in ModelVision. These tensor components and functions can be
computed in grids as well as line mode.
Drillhole Controls
The individual controls in the Model>Drillhole Control option are identical to

those in the Line Control dialog (see Profile Modelling Controls). Rather than
making a selection of active lines, you specify the drillholes to which the
computations are made. The drillholes can be derived from imported data files
(see Importing, Exporting, and Linking Data Files) or from synthetic drillholes
(refer to Drillhole Modelling).
The Model>Drillhole Control option presents the following dialog:

Drillhole Control dialog for drillhole response computation
Once a drillhole is selected, responses for all readings designated with that hole
are computed. If you wish to compute the magnetic responses for various
components, you must enable these from the Model>Model Parameters dialog.
Refer to the Drillhole Modelling section.
The Components button in the Magnetics and Gravity group boxes provide
access to computation of components of magnetic and gravity components,
tensor elements and functions that are available in ModelVision. These
components and functions can be computed in drillholes as well as in line and grid
modes.
Point Controls
The individual controls in the Model>Point Control option are identical to those
in the Line Control dialog (see Profile Modelling Controls). Rather than making a
selection of active lines, you specify the point groups to which the computations
are made. Note that points are specified as ‘groups’ and are treated similarly to
lines. Each point must have its own ‘group’ such as a station number or a
collective group. The points are imported using the File>Import>Points menu
option (see Importing, Exporting, and Linking Data Files).
The Model>Point Control option presents the following dialog. Use the Select
Points button to specify the data points to be used for response calculations.
Point Control dialog for point response computation
Once the required points are selected, magnetic or gravity responses can be
computed. If you wish to compute the responses for various components, you
must enable these from the Model>Model Parameters dialog.
The Components button in the Magnetics and Gravity group boxes provides
access to computation of components of gravity and magnetic, tensors and all
functions that are available in ModelVision.
Regional Field Controls

• Using a Regional Field
• Computing a Regional Surface
Using a Regional Field
There are many controls used in the generation of regional surfaces and there are
significant benefits in understanding their use. Manipulation of the regional
surface with ‘live’ modelling interaction is a powerful tool and is applicable to most
modelling problems.
To incorporate a Regional field in your model you need only to specify that you
wish to use a regional in the Line Control or Grid Control dialogs plus define the
regional surface in the Model>Edit Regional option. Note that in joint modelling,
ModelVision keeps the specification of the gravity and magnetic regional surfaces
totally independent.
It can be difficult to manipulate the regional field when modelling of grid data with
no accompanying profiles. In such a case, the most convenient solution is to
create synthetic lines and interpolate the input grid onto them. You can set these
lines active for regional computation and ModelVision creates the fixes to
manipulate the regional polynomial surface.
Having selected lines and chosen the polynomial order you can first create the
regional surface using the Compute from data option. The regional channel and
associated polynomial fixes are defaulted and drawn in any new cross-section
windows. These can also be easily added to map views as Stacked Profiles and
Regional fixes respectively.
You can graphically adjust the regional by moving the fixes in either cross-section
or map views. To do this, position the cursor over a regional fix, select it by a left
mouse click, and ‘drag-and-drop’ it to a new location. The polynomial coefficients
are recomputed as soon as one of the fixes is moved. In immediate mode
changing the regional triggers recomputation of the model but in manual mode
the revised regional is only added to the model output when the modelled field is
next re-computed.
Example of a (3rd order) regional in a cross-section view. You can move the handlebars to
manipulate the regional surface.
Working with a regional on a single profile basis is straightforward as the

computed regional is displayed in the model track together with the input and
output model channels. Working with regionals on multiple lines requires more
management to ensure the modelling on all lines is developed with the same, final
regional surface. This is generally an iterative process. As you revise the regional
field on one line you need to subsequently adjust the model which may no longer
match the data on the lines previously modelled.
Example of a regional in a map stacked profile view. Note that you can select and move
groups of points.
If the regional field being used is complex or has local, steep gradients that are
difficult to reproduce with a polynomial surface, you can position the regional fixes
on the interpreted surface and convert the fixes to a point data set. The points can
be gridded to give you an interpreted surface. You can interpolate this grid back
onto the lines and use the Utility>Calculator option to make a residual
separation (using the equation Residual = Input – Regional). This method allows
you to define and remove regional fields of complex shape but it does not provide
the flexibility of the interactive ‘live’ polynomial definition of a regional field.
Computing a Regional Surface
Regional computation is an important and powerful means of representing broad

field variations. There are two ways of creating a regional to be added to the
model output. If you already have a suitable grid of the regional field you can
interpolate from it onto the data lines. Such a grid would usually be created by
simulating the regional from the response of deeply buried sources. Alternatively,
you can compute a polynomial surface to fit a set of samples (fixes) on selected
lines.
ModelVision uses default channel names for regional computation. The

MAG_REGIONAL channel is created when a regional surface is computed for
magnetics, and GRAV_REGIONAL for gravity.
Use either the Model>Edit Regional>Magnetics or Gravity option to present the

relevant regional control dialog.
The Magnetics Regional dialog
This dialog can also be accessed with the Compute Regional button on the Line
Control dialog..
The Use Grid option allows you to select an existing grid. On exiting from the
dialog with the OK button, a regional track is interpolated from that grid onto all
lines that traverse it.
The more common form of regional modelling is to use the polynomial surface
generator operated through the Compute Using Params Below option. In this
method the regional field is defined as a polynomial surface of specified order that
is first computed from all data on lines selected for its definition. Subsequently,
the polynomial surface can be adjusted to match only what is interpreted to be
regional variation. During modelling the regional surface can be adjusted as
changes are made to the models so that the sum of regional and computed model
output best fits the input data.
Input Channel
This is the channel from which the polynomial is first calculated. By default, this
is the input channel for the modelling.
Polynomial Order
This number sets the order of the polynomial surface. A zero order regional has
a single coefficient that is a constant to be added to the model output. A first order
regional has two additional terms for gradients along the two horizontal axes, a
second order regional has an additional three orthogonal terms. Complex
regional fields may require third or fourth order polynomials but control of higher
order polynomials rapidly becomes impractical and any sharp local gradients that
are introduced may interfere with the modelled field variations. Separation into
model and regional components of field variation is empirical and interpretive and
most importantly it can be easily adjusted (including choice of the polynomial
order) during model development.
Parameters
These are the coefficient values for the polynomial. The values are computed
from the data or from the fixes but you can edit the values if you want to specify
a particular surface.
Active Lines
The Active Lines button provides access to lists of lines active and inactive for
computing the regional. The regional is computed only from the lines selected as
active but is applied to all lines that are modelled while in Use Regional mode.
For large surveys it is generally sufficient to sub-sample the lines so that 10 to 20
lines across the survey area may be selected. You can also toggle this line
selection in a map view using the Active Lines toolbar.
The dialog in which to select lines active for computing the regional. Note that the regional
is applied to computations on all lines.
Compute from Fixes or Compute from Data
Initially you need to compute the polynomial from the data using Compute from
Data. This computation is used to give the initial values for the regional fixes on
each line. You can graphically move those fixes to improve your interpretation of
the regional field.
Recompute Fixes
In adjusting individual fixes to achieve the polynomial surface that you want, you
may need to move the fixes some way from the regional surface. Moving regional
fixes can be done interactively. Refer to Using a Regional Field for information on
this. The Recompute Fixes button moves the fixes back onto the polynomial
surface. This does not change the values of the coefficients or the regional field
computed from them.
Convert Fixes to Point Sets
Having positioned the fixes on what you interpret to be the regional surface you
can save the fixes as a point data set. From these points, you can create a
regional grid that is not constrained to have any particular polynomial form.
Save / Load
The regional coefficients can be saved as an ASCII list in a file with a .REG
extension. This file can subsequently be loaded to recover that regional field.
After loading the coefficients, click the Recompute Fixes button so that the fixes
take values according to the newly loaded coefficient set. Clicking the OK button
to exit from the dialog sets the regional field to the newly loaded coefficient values.
Generate Regional Grid
This control enables the creation of a grid computed directly from the coefficient
values. There is an option to Use seed grid or to Specify a new grid range and
cell spacing. The Auto Recompute setting causes the regional grid to be
recomputed as soon as there is any change to the polynomial coefficient values.
Grid specification dialog for regional grid creation
Generate Residual Grid
This control enables creation of a residual grid computed as the difference

between the regional grid and the Reference grid. This computation requires the
two grids being compared to have coincident nodes. The most direct way to
ensure this is to set the Reference grid for the Generate Residual Grid operation
to be the same as the Seed grid for the Generate Regional Grid operation.
Magnetic Field Controls

If you are modelling magnetic data, it is essential to have reasonable estimates
of the strength, inclination and declination of the Earth’s magnetic field at the
survey site. Correct inclination values in particular are essential to obtain reliable
dip estimates in bodies. Most anomalies can be matched using incorrect
geomagnetic inclination values, but the resulting models may be meaningless.
The field strength is specified in nanoTesla (or gammas). The declination and
inclination are specified in degrees, with inclination measured from the horizontal
plane and declination measured from the north axis of the data coordinate
system.
Dialog to define the Earth’s magnetic field, remanence, demagnetization and field
component
Magnetic field parameters are entered in the Project Parameters dialog and can
be subsequently edited through the File>Project Properties or
Model>Magnetic Field menu items or the Magnetic Field button in the Line
Control dialog. Enter the field values if you know them or generate the values with
the IGRF Calculator accessible through either of the above menu options.
IGRF Calculator
The IGRF calculator provides the Earth’s field parameters for a site that is
specified by latitude and longitude values or graphically selected in any of the
map views of the world. The IGRF is computed from standard tables of harmonic
coefficients that incorporate variability with time and elevation. Date and elevation
should match those relevant for the input data. Clicking the OK button updates
the field parameters with the displayed values. The Cancel button closes the
dialog with the parameters unchanged.
One of the many world map views for rapid estimation of the local strength and direction of
the Earth’s magnetic field
Remanence
To compute the remanent magnetization of a body you must first enable the
Compute Remanence box in the Magnetic Field Parameters dialog. Remanent
magnetization properties can be specified for any body as the Koenigsberger
Ratio (Q) and the inclination and declination of the remanence. Remanent
magnetization contributes to many magnetic field anomalies. It is however,
generally ignored as far as possible because of lack of knowledge of the
magnetization properties. Dominant reverse remanent magnetizations are often
modelled as negative susceptibilities. ModelVision uses the definition of the
Koenigsberger Ratio (Q) as the ratio of remanent to induced magnetization
intensity:
Q = MRem / MInd
where MRem is the remanent magnetization intensity and MInd is the induced
magnetization intensity in the same units. MInd is derived by slightly different
equations according to the units system (SI or cgs) but in both cases involves the
product of susceptibility and inducing field strength.
Demagnetization
It is incorrect to assume that the induced magnetization of a high susceptibility

body is directly proportional to the inducing field. Bodies sit in their own magnetic
anomalies and the induced field from a high susceptibility body is a complex
function of the inducing field, susceptibility, shape, size and orientation of the
body. Allowing for the effect of the field modification by the body reduces the
amplitude of the induced field which is why this effect is termed ‘demagnetization’.
There is no exact formulation of demagnetization for generalized bodies.
ModelVision uses exact analytic code for the special cases of the sphere and
ellipsoid. For all other bodies, demagnetization is computed by approximation
using surface integrals with the body surface broken into facets. There are
several special cases where the computations are invalid and requests to
compute demagnetization may produce warning messages that demagnetization
cannot be computed for a particular facet. Computation of demagnetization is
intensive and should be disabled unless you have high susceptibility bodies (0.2
SI or greater) where the demagnetization effect is significant. Demagnetization is
enabled in the Magnetic Field Parameters dialog and is subsequently computed
for all bodies with susceptibility in excess of 0.01 cgs.
Full Tensor Magnetic Gradiometer Computation

Instrumentation is now available to provide the full magnetic tensor within an
absolute reference frame. The magnetic tensor is defined by the gradients of
each Cartesian component Bx, By, Bz along each Cartesian direction. The
magnetic tensor is symmetric so the nine tensor terms reduce to six with
Bxy=Byx, Bxz=Bzx and Byz=Byz. The magnetic tensor utility in ModelVision
provides the ability to model such tensor data. Tensor components are computed
analytically for all ModelVision body types to provide exact values at any point in
space exterior to the bodies themselves.
The magnetic component option in ModelVision models:
• The principal components of the magnetic field computed in a fixed

Cartesian reference frame
• The tensor of the gradients of those components along each principal axis
• Various statistics as functions of the tensor components and total field

(TMI) gradients.
Enabling Magnetic Tensor Computations
The magnetic tensor computations are accessed from the Model>Magnetic

Field menu item or alternatively, from the Component button in the magnetic
modelling section of the Model>Line Control or Model>Grid Control dialogs.
The magnetic component dialog
Computing Magnetic Field Tensor Components
Magnetic field tensor computation is controlled in the magnetic component dialog

as shown above. From left to right this dialog lists the available tensor
components and derived parameters that can be computed. Each can be made
active for calculation by enabling the accompanying check boxes. Selected items
are updated on all active lines when a magnetic field computation is triggered.
The lower part of the dialog allows any one item to be selected for display as the
primary computed magnetic response in cross-section views.
Note Any of the other items can also be shown in cross-section views by adding them
as auxiliary channels in the cross-section configuration dialog.
On selecting the computed response, you should check in the line control dialog
that the equivalent data channel is set as the input channel. If you invert on
magnetic field data, the inversion uses this input channel and modelled
component pair. To invert on a different parameter you must change both the
input channel and modelled component.
ModelVision uses the convention x = east, y = north, z = down. The magnetic field
components are:
Bx The horizontal component in the easting direction
By The horizontal component in the northing direction
Bz The vertical component
The Magnetic Field Gradient Tensor
This is the tensor of the gradients of each component in each direction (for
example, Bxy is the gradient in the northing direction of the easting component).
The magnetic gradient tensor contains nine terms from the gradients in three
principal directions of each of the three principal components. Symmetry across
the diagonal and the zero sum of the diagonal components reduces the number
of independent terms to five.
Magnetic Gradiometer Units
Magnetic gradiometer units used in ModelVision are in units of gammas per metre
(nT/m).
Working with Magnetic Field Tensor Computations
The complexity of full tensor data can be overwhelming and difficult to

immediately understand. Generally, to interpret tensor data, you need to look at
the data in map form. You can do this either by computing the tensor along survey
lines and gridding it (just as is done with measured data) or alternatively you can
directly compute grids via the grid control dialog (using the Utility>Grid option).
To assist in interpretation of tensor data, ModelVision also provides automatic

computation of a number of derived parameters and gradients of the total
magnetic field intensity as listed below:
Algebraic Function Description

dTdx, dTdy, dTdz Easting, northing and vertical
gradients of TMI
dTdH Horizontal gradient amplitude of TMI
Bm The amplitude of the total field (TMI)
Bp The component of the magnetic field

along the profile direction
Algebraic Function (Continued) Description

BH Total horizontal component of the
magnetic field
BAS = √(B2xz+B2yz+B2zz) Analytic signal of the vertical
component
TAS = √(dTdx2+dTdyB2y+dTdz2) Analytic signal of TMI
Full Tensor Gravity Gradiometer Computation

Most gravity surveys provide (relative) measurements of what is approximately
the vertical component of gravity (component gz). Instrumentation is now
available to provide the full gravity tensor within an absolute reference frame (one
that does not use gravity itself to define the vertical). The gravity tensor is defined
by the gradients of each Cartesian component gx, gy, gz along each Cartesian
direction. The gravity tensor is symmetric so the nine tensor terms reduce to six
with Gxy=Gyx, Gxz=Gzx and Gyz=Gyz. The gravity tensor utility in ModelVision
provides the ability to model such tensor data. Tensor components are computed
analytically for all ModelVision body types to provide exact values at any point in
space exterior to the bodies themselves.
The gravity component option in ModelVision models:
• The principal components of gravity computed in a fixed Cartesian

reference frame
• The tensor of the gradients of those components along each principal axis
• Various statistics as functions of the tensor components.

Enabling Gravity Tensor Computations
The gravity tensor computations are accessed from the Model>Gravity

Component menu item or alternatively, from the Component button of the
Model>Line Control or Model>Grid Control dialogs.
The gravity component dialog
Computing Tensor Components
Gravity tensor computation is controlled in the gravity component dialog as shown

above. From left to right this dialog lists the available tensor components and
derived parameters that can be computed. Each can be made active for
calculation by enabling the accompanying check boxes. Selected items are
updated on all active lines when a gravity computation is triggered.
The lower part of the dialog allows any one item to be selected for display as the
primary computed gravity response in cross-section views.
Note Any of the other items can also be shown in cross-section views by adding them
as auxiliary channels in the cross-section configuration dialog.
On selecting the computed response, you should check in the line control dialog
that the equivalent data channel is set as the input channel. If you invert on gravity
data, the inversion uses this input channel and modelled component pair. To
invert on a different parameter you must change both the input channel and
modelled component.
ModelVision uses the convention x = east, y = north, z = down. The gravity

components are:
gx The horizontal component in the easting direction
gy The horizontal component in the northing direction
gz The vertical component of gravity (the ‘traditional’ value of gravity).
The Gravity Gradient Tensor
This is the tensor of the gradients of each component in each direction (for
example, Gxy is the gradient in the northing direction of the easting component of
gravity). Of all the component and gradient combinations, the most widely used
gradient is the vertical gradient of gravity Gzz.
The gravity gradient tensor contains nine terms from the gradients in three
principal directions of each of the three principal components. Symmetry across
the diagonal and the zero sum of the diagonal components reduces the number
of independent terms to five.
Gravity Gradiometer Units
Gravity gradiometer units used in ModelVision are:
Component Units
Gravity components gx, gy, gz milligals or µm·s2
Tensor components Guv, GH, GC Eotvos units
Directions AH, AC degrees clockwise from north
Working with Gravity Tensor Computations
The complexity of full tensor data can be overwhelming and difficult to

immediately understand. For example, the cross-horizontal tensor component
(Gxy) over a sphere as shown below consists of 2 anomaly minimum/maximum
pairs. Generally, to interpret tensor data you need to look at the data in map form.
You can do this either by computing the tensor along survey lines and gridding it
(just as is done with measured data) or alternatively you can directly compute
grids via the grid control dialog (using the Utility>Grid option).
To assist in interpretation of tensor data, ModelVision also provides automatic

computation of a number of derived parameters. These parameters are computed
as algebraic functions of selected tensor terms as listed below:
Algebraic Function Description
Guv = (Gyy - Gxx)/2 An indicator of source horizontal

asymmetry and orientation
Component measured by the Falcon

gravity gradiometer system
GH = √(G2yz + G2xz) Horizontal gradient amplitude of the

vertical component
AH=arctan(-Gyz/Gxz) Horizontal gradient direction of the

vertical component
GC = √(4G2xy + (Gyy-Gxx)2) Curvature gradient amplitude
AC = ½ arctan(-2Gxy/(Gyy-Gxx)) Curvature gradient direction
AS = √(G2xz + G2yz + G2zz) Analytic signal of the vertical component
I1 = GxxGyy + GyyGzz + GxxGzz – Invariant 1

(G2xy + G2zy + G2yz)
I2 = Gxx(GyyGzz – G2yz) + Invariant 2

Gxy(GyzGxz – GxyGzz) +
Gxz(GxyGyz – GxzGyy)
Gaa The along line gradient of the along line

component calculated in the nominal line
direction.
Gcc The cross line gradient of the cross line

component. This is perpendicular to the
nominal line direction.
Gza=Gzz-Gaa Component measured by the VK gravity

gradiometer system when oriented along
(Also called VKa) line.
Gzc=Gzz-Gcc Component measured by the VK gravity

gradiometer system when oriented cross
(also called VKc) line.
Examples of Gravity Tensor Computations
Below are examples of typical theoretical and applied gravity tensor

measurements computed in ModelVision. The cross-horizontal gravity tensor
component over a sphere is shown here. The alternating high and low response
of the tensor uniquely defines the centre of mass of the anomalous body.
The cross horizontal gravity tensor component over a sphere
In an applied case, a salt dome and a salt wall have been simulated and their
gravity sensor response shown in both map and cross-section form. In this case,
the Gxy cross-horizontal tensor component has been used to create a grid across
many lines and the computed response gridded to display the image map. Note
the magnitude of the data ranging between +/- 6-7 gravity units.
A layout view showing map image, cross-section and perspective windows of gravity
tensor modelling of a salt wall and salt dome
Default Model Parameters
Default model parameters and cross-section settings are set from the Defaults
option on the Model menu.
• Model Parameters
• Cross-section Defaults
Model Parameters
The Model>Defaults>Model Parameters option provides access to change the

background properties and the default model properties.
Default Model Parameters dialog
Background Properties
The background density and susceptibility are the values against which a contrast
is computed with the property of each body. Changing background values
changes the amplitude of the model output due to each body.
Body Default Values
These are the values ascribed to new bodies when they are created. If you wish
to create a number of bodies with common physical properties it is worthwhile
placing these values in the default property setting.
PolyGroup Body Settings
These checkboxes control whether the body visibility switches and active for
computation switches apply to all components of the polygroup or just to the
specified one.
Cross-section Defaults
The default dialog for creating profile cross-section displays and bodies
This dialog allows you to set defaults for the display of the gravity and magnetic
input and output model curves and the body display type.
10 Inversion 307
10 Inversion
In this section:
• About Potential Field Data Inversion
• Inversion Techniques
• Quick Inversion
• General 3D Inversion
• Remanence Inversion
• Joint Inversion
• Performing an Inversion
About Potential Field Data Inversion

Potential field data inversion strategies can be broadly categorized as either
following a pure processing approach or one that is geologically guided. The pure
processing method is often defined as objective, whilst the geologically guided
approach is subjective, the inference being that subjective is “not good”.
Objective approaches are reproducible. If you apply the same parameters then
you will get the same result, whereas subjective methods can produce a different
result depending upon the starting model and processing path.
Pure processing methods transform the potential field data into information that
generally resembles a fuzzy view of the geology. Examples include Euler
deconvolution, Werner deconvolution, Naudy inversion and unconstrained UBC
voxel inversions. Each of these methods uses simple geological concepts and
tries to apply them to every anomaly. Some recent developments in the Euler
method try to automatically determine the most appropriate structural index, but
there is no guiding geological hand to arbitrate.
We use the term “user-guided inversion” to describe the subjective inversion

process where inversion is a tool used to help create a model that matches the
geophysical data and available geological constraints. In this context inversion is
a productivity tool to build a geological model, rather than an end in itself. As soon
as we introduce appropriate geological thinking, the inverted parameter quality is
improved for properties such as magnetic susceptibility, density, depth and
boundary locations.
Geological constraints can be in the form of hard facts from drilling or outcrop data
or deduced constraints. These are based on the concepts of geological mapping
of the potential field data and the application of a regional geological environment
that is appropriate for the survey area.
One of the challenges for the geophysicist is the need to transfer our
understanding of the confidence in our interpretations to the geologist. A perfect
data mach does not necessarily mean a good geological solution. With User
Guided Inversion, you can test a range of options to determine which is the one
that provides the best geological solution.
For a more detailed overview of User Guided Inversion, the reader is referred to
Pratt, Foss and Roberts (2006). Other Pitney Bowes Software research
publications on inversion can be found on the Pitney Bowes Software Natural
Resources web site www.encom.com.au.
Pitney Bowes Software’s geophysical research team is continually working at the

leading edge of inversion technology and the public release of ModelVision
includes three different implementations, each suited to a different workflow
requirement. These include QuickInvert, Standard Inversion and Joint Inversion.
Inversion Techniques
Geophysical inversion is a complex topic for first-time users, so we recommend a
through review of the reference documentation and practise on the tutorial
examples. This guide will take you through the simple and advanced techniques
that can be applied to modern survey datasets:
• Quick Inversion
QuickInvert is a productivity tool designed to work on individual lines using

the tabular body model for rapid depth estimation for long strike length
magnetic anomalies. It is an easy place to start modelling, but it does not
work for gravity or any of the other body types supported in ModelVision.
• General 3D Inversion
General 3D Inversion provides a standard single channel Marquardt style

inversion process and multi-channel Joint inversion for multi-sensor
instruments. Standard Inversion supports all body types and can be used
on single or multiple lines of data. You can do cooperative inversion of
gravity and magnetic data by alternately switching modes so that you end
up with one consistent density and magnetic susceptibility model.
10 Inversion 309
• Remanence Inversion
Remanence Inversion is possible for both Standard and Joint Inversion

methods. This chapter will explain how to invert for remanent
magnetization or resultant magnetization and explain the limitations
associated with this type of inversion.
• Joint Inversion
Joint Inversion supports the use of multiple magnetic or gravity sensors for
a multi-body geological model. Joint Inversion is essential for extracting
the most geological information from the new generation of sensors such
as full tensor gravity gradiometers, full tensor magnetic gradiometers and
multi-sensor systems such as wing tip gradiometers and ground based
towed arrays. Check the release notes to see which body types are
supported. The tabular, sphere, ellipsoid, circular pipe, elliptic pipe,
plunging prism, and frustum bodies are supported in version 13.0. Joint
Inversion is a new technology for potential field interpretation, so we have
included some background on the method plus a summary of the theory at
the end of this chapter.
Quick Inversion
Quick Inversion is a productivity tool that is optimized for inversion of single

magnetic anomalies using a tabular body source. It is easy to learn because it
automates many of the steps used in Standard Inversion. This includes a single
control dialog that automates the use of a 2D regional magnetic field, easy
toggling between TMI and first vertical derivative inversion methods and the
setting of geological constraints.
How it works:
Quick Inversion has a number of helpful features that make it easy to use. From
the selected cross-section line, you first create a seed model by selecting a
magnetic anomaly and Quick Inversion builds a starting model that is ready for
inversion. It automatically calculates a regional and sets up the section for
inversion on the first vertical derivative (1VD) or total magnetic field (TMI). When
the Local regional check box is selected, Quick Inversion estimates the 2D
regional from the magnetic grid in the immediate vicinity of the selected anomaly
and disables the standard regional field calculation.
You then run the inversion in TMI or 1VD modes using the free/constrain options
associated with the regional, susceptibility, position (distance), depth, width, dip
and depth extent parameters. Each anomaly takes just a few seconds to interpret
in this mode.
The Quick Inversion Dialog.
Note that the AutoMag button is functional only with an AutoMag licence option
and is used to create the tuning parameters for an AutoMag run (see Encom
AutoMag (Optional Module)).
• Creating the Seed Body
• Improving the Fit
• Auto Mode Inversion
• Manual Adjustment of Body Parameters
• Restoring Previous Models
• Manual Mode Inversion
• Modelling Other Anomalies
• Data and Body Selection
• Regional Removal
• Local Regional
• Regional Extent
• Inversion on First Vertical Derivative

10 Inversion 311
Creating the Seed Body
The tool is started from the Quick inversion button on the toolbar which brings
up the Quick Inversion dialog. The title bar of the dialog will indicate which line
you are currently working on.
If you have a TMI grid available select the grid channel containing the TMI data
and press the Create Seed button. A prompt will appear asking you to drag out a
region in the cross-section window. This message can be suppressed for the
remainder of the ModelVision session. The cursor in the current cross-section will
change to a cross and holding down the left mouse button drag out a region
across an anomaly. When the button is released an analysis of the grid data in
this region takes place, a regional is determined in this locality and an initial body
is created.
If a TMI grid is not available then select <none> as your grid and proceed as
above. A more basic analysis will take place using the line data on each side of
the selected region in order to estimate a local regional and a body will be created
at the centre of the selection.
Dragging out a region to create a seed body.

Seed body showing active data region.
Improving the Fit
The inversion phase uses line data from the chosen cross-section only. It will
encompass the selected region and if the initial analysis has been successful will
not extend far enough to include outlying anomalies.
You should select the parameters you want to be free to adjust. The others will be
fixed and can be set to specific values if you want.
10 Inversion 313
Auto Mode Inversion
Auto mode uses a preset scheme of inversion stages to obtain an optimum

solution quickly. You have control over which parameters are free and the number
of times it iterates through the cycle.
Selecting the Invert on TMI button will compute the inversion on the initial model.
The example above gives a single adjustment on susceptibility, then on

susceptibility, position and depth, then on susceptibility, position, depth, width and
dip:
susceptibility
susceptibility + position + depth
susceptibility + position + depth + width + dip
A total of 3 iterations are selected in the Quick Inversion dialog above so this cycle
is repeated three times. If the regional level is set to be free then an adjustment
for this would be made only at the start of each cycle and would be fixed while any
other parameters are free.
Note A body will have been created but it is possible that you might get a message
that the best starting body was not achieved or that the solution was not found
within drawn limits. You can choose to delete the body and try again or you can
continue with the inversion phase. In many cases the inversion can cope with
this and bring the body back into the correct solution space, but factors such as
noise, adjacent anomalies or a bad regional could cause the inversion to fail.
Manual Adjustment of Body Parameters
The values current for the each of the parameters is displayed in the dialog. The
body can be moved in the cross-section window or changed via the Body
Properties dialog or Body Table and the dialog will be updated with the new
values. In addition any value which is not free for inversion can be edited in the
dialog and when the Apply to Body button is selected the body will be modified
and updated in any open window.
Restoring Previous Models
Restoring models computed from the previous inversion run can be done by
pressing the Revert button. This may be necessary if the inversion has taken an
undesirable course and allows you to go back and free different parameters.
Manual Mode Inversion
This mode turns off the preset scheme and allows you to do successive iterations
just on the selected free parameters. This mode is not as fast as the Auto mode
but it gives you more control over the process.
Modelling Other Anomalies
The process of creating a seed body and inversion can be done on other
anomalies on the same line or on anomalies in other cross-section windows.
Quick Inversion will keep track of which window you are currently in and update
the dialog accordingly.
Each inversion is carried out using the selected data but the contribution from all
bodies currently active for modelling is taken into account. At times it may be
desirable to remove the influence of nearby bodies. That can be done by
deactivating particular bodies from the Body Table or by pressing the Deactivate
button in the Quick Inversion dialog which will deactivate all bodies other than the
current body.
Data and Body Selection
The Select tab in the Quick Inversion dialog is an alternative to the seed body
creation. It allows you to select the exact data region to use in the cross-section
and to select an existing body. This means you can create your own starting body
or go back to a previous one.
10 Inversion 315
The Select Data button prompts you to drag out a region in the current cross-
section and will update the cross-section highlighting only that data. If there are
bodies nearby it will select the nearest and display its name and colour in the
dialog.
The Select Body button allows you to override the previous body selection. Once
data and a body selection have been made the Quick Inversion controls are
enabled.
Selecting data and body with multiple anomalies
The Show All Data checkbox toggles between showing the response with all
data points on the line active and just showing the response of the selected
region. It is for display only and has no effect on the inversion process.
Regional Removal
If the regional is turned on for modelling in the Model>Line Control dialog then
the regional field defined by the Magnetic Regional parameters will be used
during Quick Inversion. The only adjustments made will be to the regional level if
that parameter is inverted on or changed manually in the Quick Inversion dialog.
Local Regional
If the Local Regional checkbox is selected then the other regional parameters
are allowed to change prior to inversion. In this case only the line current for Quick
Inversion is active for regional and changing the line will cause a change in the
line active for regional. This means that you can use the regional handles in the
cross-section window to alter the regional to match the section of data you are
working on.
If a seed body is created using a magnetics grid then the Local Regional option
enables the program to compute a new regional based on the non-anomalous
part of the data. This will override the existing regional. You can control how much
data is used to determine this new regional by setting the Regional Extent.
Note There is only one regional for magnetics so a change to the parameters to adjust
the regional for the current line will cause a change over the whole regional
surface. This may be inappropriate for other lines and should be kept in mind
when moving between lines.
Regional Extent
The Regional Extent control is normally set to 3 and defines how much grid data
perpendicular to the line direction gets used in determining the new local regional.
The program will attempt to determine anomalous data in this region and exclude
it from the regional calculation. However if you want to make sure you eliminate
interfering anomalies then you should reduce the regional extent.
Inversion on First Vertical Derivative
The 1VD checkbox, when first selected, will create an in-line filter channel to be
set up which is applied to both the field channel and the computed magnetics data
channel. This will immediately appear as a supplementary track in the current
cross-section window with two new curves which have a _FVD suffix. The filter is
an FFT based filter which reduces end effects and eliminates the need to tailor
the filter length to the data.
While the 1VD checkbox is ticked inversions will try and match the 1VD channels.
When turned off the supplementary track will remain but inversion will then be on
TMI instead of 1VD. So you can change freely between these to optimize your
inversion.
10 Inversion 317
Quick Inversion on first vertical derivative
General 3D Inversion
Standard Marquardt single channel and multi-channel joint inversion methods are
provided for 3D inversion of magnetic and gravity data. Joint Inversion can be
used on a single data channel, but in version 9.0 support is limited to a subset of
the body types (tabular, circular pipe and elliptical pipe). We recommend that you
use Joint Inversion for gravity and magnetic gradiometers. cross-wing magnetic
gradiometers, sled mounted multi-sensor magnetometers and had held
gradiometers. Magnetic gradients can be pure field component gradients from
SQUID magnetometers and paired fluxgates or total field gradients as measured
by cross-wing systems.
The mechanics of preparing for Standard and Joint Inversion are similar except
for data specification, inversion engine tuning parameters and the treatment of
regional fields.
• Inversion Strategies
• Treatment of Regional Fields
• Limitations
• Inversion Controls
• The Inversion Toolbar
• Inversion Progress Bar

• Standard Inversion Data Control
• Joint Inversion Data Control
• Configure Standard Inversion
• Configure Joint Inversion
• Free Parameters in Inversions
• Inversion Tolerances
• Inversion Parameters Spreadsheet
• Setting Vertex Tolerances Graphically
Inversion Strategies
The inversion facility in ModelVision is guided by statistical decision making.

Because of the inherent ambiguity in interpretation of potential fields there are
several requirements for producing a sensible geological model:
1. You must have a clear geological concept that shows how the model will
explain the data
2. Decide on the method for managing the background regional field as a

model or a polynomial surface.
3. Start with a model that already provides an approximate match to the data
and embodies your geological concepts.
4. Select appropriate free variables and constrain tolerances to restrict the

inversion search within appropriate limits.
5. Guide the inversion through active intervention where necessary
The first three conditions require a clear geological hypothesis and that significant
interpretation is undertaken before turning to inversion. The last two conditions
require that you continue to interpret as you initialize and run the inversion and
that you develop the necessary skills to control the inversion procedure.
10 Inversion 319
We recommend that you first experiment with some synthetic models and data
where you know the answer, prior to working with instrument data. Create a
profile or set of profiles using the Utility>Synthetic menu option. Create a simple
model (say a tabular body), compute its field and use the calculator to copy that
model output channel to a GRAV or MAG channel. You can save and delete your
starting body, create a new and different body and experiment with inversion to
investigate the capability and difficulties of reproducing the original. Conducting
such exercises not only allows you to master the inversion controls but also
provides insight into the fundamental aspects of potential field interpretation.
Treatment of Regional Fields
Two methods are supported for computation and management of the background
potential field data, otherwise know as the regional. A 2D polynomial surface can
be used to explain the background behaviour for a single channel inversion (see
section on Regional Computation) but this is not suitable for Joint Inversion (multi-
channel) where the regional field for each data channel must be explained by one
or more regional bodies within the ModelVision model.
Bodies designated as “Regional” have a special significance in both styles of

inversion. They can be inverted as a group, while keeping the target or primary
geological model inactive during inversion. This process is controlled simply from
the Inversion Free Parameters dialog and saves the many steps that would be
required to deactivate a primary geological model with numerous individual
bodies.
Conversely, when Target is activated, only the primary geological model bodies
will be included in the inversion. Of course the regional body contribution is added
to the total calculated response, but none of the Regional bodies are modified.
As the model matures and approaches a satisfactory match to the field data, you
can invert on the Target and Regional bodies together by selecting the All radio
button.
Limitations
The default number of free parameters and data points for any one step of an
inversion is set to 100 and 1000 respectively. You can increase these numbers in
the Config option in the inversion dialog, but you are likely to find that inversion is
very slow and not suitable for interactive inversion outcomes. It is better to limit
the size of the problem by focusing on a subset of the free parameters and use
active point selection and compression to further limit the amount of data that is
used in the inversion.
Joint inversion has some specific limits on the amount of data and free
parameters that can be used during inversion. The limits for release 13.0 are:
• Total number of bodies: 200
• Total number of plunging prism and frustum bodies: 16
• Total number of free parameters: 800
• Data channels: 8
• Points per channel: 2048
• Vertices per plunging prism or frustum body: 100
In practice, an inversion will take a long time to run if these limits are fully utilized
and convergence can be very slow.
10 Inversion 321
Inversion Controls
Inversion can be activated using either of the following methods.
1. Select the Tools>Inversion or Tools>Joint Inversion option.
2. Place the cursor on the open work area of the ModelVision screen and
click the right mouse button. A pop-up dialog provides access to a number
of frequently used functions, as well as inversion.
The Inversion Toolbar
The Inversion Toolbar appears the same for both the standard and joint inversion
methods. Differences exist however, for the Configure and Data buttons.
The top button on the inversion toolbar indicates what data is selected for the
inversion. If you start inversion with a cross-section as the active window, the
name of that profile is shown. You can change focus to another displayed profile
by clicking on the top button to open the Inversion Line Selection dialog and
selecting the alternative window from the drop-down list.
Beside the list, the control Fixed keeps the focus of the inversion on the data in
that window while Tied to active window shifts the focus of inversion as you
change selection of active windows.
If you start an inversion with a map view as the active window, the toolbar reports
a map selection and all active points are selected for the inversion. Other buttons
on the Inversion toolbar are:
• The Configure button opens the Inversion Configure dialog. Most of the
controls in this dialog rarely need to be changed and you should only
change them when you are experienced with inversion.
• The Data button opens the Inversion Data dialog that allows you to select
the data channels for modelling and to change the compression (sub-
sampling) factor. The number displayed beside the button is the number of
active points currently selected for inversion.
• The Free button opens the Inversion Free Parameters dialog in which
you can select and de-select the free parameters for the inversion.
• The List button opens the Inversion Parameter List dialog. This dialog
provides a more precise manipulation of the model parameters.
• Current RMS reports the percentage RMS difference between the model
input and output channels computed for all those stations at which the
field values are used in the inversion. This statistic is of key importance in
inversion as it is used as a ‘quality’ criterion of a model and is the basis for
making decisions about changing the model. For standard inversion, the
RMS is expressed as a percentage of the dynamic range of the active
data. In the case of joint inversion, the RMS is a expressed as a
percentage of the normalized data range across all active channels for the
selected data points.
10 Inversion 323
• Target RMS (root mean square error measurement) is the value that has
been set as an objective for the inversion. Inversion stops as soon as the
current RMS value reaches the target value. The RMS target value is
used in a test to switch off inversion once the match between observed
and model fields is reduced below the specified value. The RMS target
value can be reset between inversion steps. It plays no part in the
inversion provided the current RMS value remains greater.
• The Run button starts an inversion after you have ensured that all the
settings and parameters are as you want them.
• The Revert button allows you to undo the changes just made by an
inversion. If you want to undo the changes of the last inversion you must
do it before making any subsequent changes to the body as only
parameters for a single inversion run are stored by ModelVision.
Inversion Progress Bar
When inversion is running a progress bar advises of the status of the inversion
and provides an opportunity to halt the inversion. The percentage progress
reported is measured by:
Progress = 100 * (current RMS – target RMS)/(starting RMS – target RMS)
The RMS relates to the fit on the current line only. Also reported are the iteration
number and the current epsilon value. The Cancel button or ESC key can be used
to halt an inversion if you can see that the model is not changing as you wish or
if the inversion has already met your requirements even though the target RMS
has not been reached.
At completion of an inversion, a report window is displayed. The messages

displayed can be scrolled to review progress of the inversion. Messages indicate
the result of an individual inversion run and may report:
The maximum number of iterations has been reached if:
• The RMS threshold was met.
• One or more control parameters have been exceeded and the inversion
cannot continue.
• An inappropriate model is being created.
An example of the report window is shown with incremental messages and

suggestions to assist the inversion.
Standard Inversion Data Control
The Data button of the Inversion toolbar presents a dialog that reports the data
set active for inversion (joint inversion is not yet implemented). If line modelling of
either gravity or magnetics is not enabled, the option is greyed out.
ModelVision has the additional capability of performing inversion on data that is

derived from an in-line filter by selecting the Use in-line filter check box. This
allows you to access the first vertical derivative or in the case of noisy data an
upward continuation filter. The same filter is applied to model and line data during
the inversion. The tool can be applied to one line at a time.
Note that this method is different from the direct modelling of first vertical
derivative data where you have an input channel that has been measured or
calculated from a first vertical derivative grid and then resampled onto the line.
This inversion is applied to filtered versions of the original data where the same
filter is applied both to the model and the data.
Compress is a sub-sample factor used to reduce the number of active points.

The total number of data points that can be inverted is limited only by computer
memory (and can be configured – see Configuring Inversion) but realistically the
number of data points should be kept relatively low (600-1000) to make
computation times manageable. The initial value is the current setting of the
Model Compression factor. This value is reset on exiting from inversion.
10 Inversion 325
Joint Inversion Data Control
Apart from the compression number, the Data Control is significantly different to
that used for standard inversion. You cannot switch between gravity and
magnetic modelling in this control, it must be done from the Model>Line Control
dialog. Note also that if both gravity and magnetic data is active in this dialog,
then the Joint Inversion Channel Selector dialog will automatically select the
magnetic method.
Check boxes allow you to select as many channels as you have data, however it
is important that you select channels that are appropriate. For example Bx, By,
Bz could be used for three component fluxgate magnetometers, Bxx, Byy, Bzz …
for a full tensor magnetometer, dTdx and dTdy for a cross-wing total field
gradiometer. Use the pull down list to match the computed channel (Bx, Bxx etc.)
with a measured data channel.
A # button appears at the head of the tensor group which is used to search the
data channel names for appropriate matches. For example a data channel name
of rBxx would automatically map to Bxx.
The Set Tracks button makes it easy to display all the joint inversion data
channels in auxiliary tracks above the primary section view because their display
cannot be configured from the Model>Line Control menu. If you have multiple
cross-section views open, then you can select them from the pull down list beside
the Set Tracks button prior to the display of the auxiliary tracks.
Example application of the set tracks button for the cross-wing gradiometer data example.
Using Joint Inversion for Single Channel Data
The joint inversion engine has more advanced convergence management than
standard inversion and has some advantage for resolving multiple parameters
during inversion. A good example is the simultaneous resolution of dip, geometry
and resultant magnetization during inversion.
You may consider using single channel joint inversion for total magnetic intensity,
gravity of the magnetic components Bx, By, Bz each of which may be offset from
zero by a DC regional field. Any higher order regional fields such as first or
second order must be removed from the data prior to inversion, but often a
residual DC offset remains that needs to be managed during inversion. The
Offset data entry field is activated by ticking the checkbox next to the component
selector.
10 Inversion 327
The joint inversion engine has been updated to allow a floating offset or a
manually controlled offset as shown in the figure below.
The data channel dialog provides a float option for joint inversion.
To adjust the DC regional during inversion check the Float check box next to the
data channel. You can also activate or deactivate the DC regional in the inversion
toolbar. When deactivated, it will use the last value derived from inversion or
entered manually in the data channel selection dialog.
Configure Standard Inversion
This dialog controls the mechanism of inversion. Default settings for these
controls are quite robust and rarely need to be changed. You should be well
practiced in inversion before changing these settings.
• Derivative scaling adjusts the perturbation of the model parameters so

that each parameter has a similar influence in varying the model
response. The default setting is to have derivative scaling on and it should
only be switched off if it appears that it is not working correctly for that
model or to investigate absolute sensitivity to model parameters. If an
inversion does not converge or is only converging slowly and you suspect
that it is a derivative scaling problem, you can set some parameters
inactive to investigate if the inversion can converge.
• Maximum iterations defines the number of iterations before inversion is

automatically halted. This setting is of minor significance as you can
intervene at any stage to stop an inversion. You can again restart an
inversion with a single click on the Run button. To step through an
inversion progressively you can set the maximum iterations to 1 or set it to
an arbitrarily high number so that inversion proceeds if you need to leave
the computer for a while.
10 Inversion 329
• Epsilon is a measure of how much each model parameter is perturbed in

the inversion. The epsilon value is initially determined by derivative scaling
and is amended during the inversion to provide a variable focus on the
parameter space. Maximum epsilon increase is a limit on the
proportional increase of this value during inversion. If the epsilon factor
reaches this limit, the inversion indicates this (by an audible beep if
enabled) and the parameter is automatically fixed since it can no longer
take part in further processing. The epsilon factors / and x are the scaling
factors by which the epsilon value is revised during the inversion.
Once a successful step is made in improving the model the epsilon value
is reduced by the divisor / to tighten the search for the next improvement.
If a cycle of tests does not find an improvement for the model, the epsilon
value is increased by the multiplier x to search for a solution in a wider
parameter space. These divisor and multiplier values control the rate of
convergence of an inversion and its ability to escape from local minima.
If you have problems with an inversion, you can experiment by changing

these values, but the consequences of making changes are difficult to
predict and optimum settings must be determined empirically for each
individual inversion. Changes to the epsilon factors are usually a last
resort if manual adjusting of the model or changing the selection of free
parameters does not enable an inversion to converge.
• Maximum Data Points defines the upper limit of observations that are
inverted in ModelVision. The maximum sets an upper limit that restricts
computation time for inversions. Theoretically, no limit is placed on the
number of readings that can be inverted, but as this number increases,
the time for processing of the inversion increases. In practice, keep the
upper limit to be within 600-1000.
• Maximum Free Parameters is similar to the maximum number of data

points. The greater the number of allocated parameters, the larger the
computation time of an inversion.
• Default Target RMS is the value for Target RMS used at the start of each
inversion session. The additional controls determine what happens when
inversion attempts to take a parameter beyond one of its limits. The Beep
default setting advises that a limit has been reached. For greater
intervention in the inversion, you can choose Fix parameter or Stop
inversion to indicate if a limit is reached.
• Minimum Length defines the minimum dimension of a spatial parameter

such as width, length, depth extent or radius.
• Message Level defines the level of information provided in the Inversion

Report window. As an inversion progresses, status information is
displayed in a report window. No messages are provided if the level is set
to 0. Full, informative messages are provided if the level is 3.
Configure Joint Inversion
This dialog controls the mechanism of inversion. You should be well practiced in
inversion before changing these settings.
• Damping selects the style of damping factor (Pratt and McKenzie, 2009)
that is used to control the parameter steps during inversion. Parabolic
allows the inversion to search a wide parameter range and helps avoid
local minima. It is usually best to start with this option. Quasi-linear
forces a much narrower parameter range and is often faster to converge,
when your model is approaching a good match.
10 Inversion 331
• Max iterations defines the number of iterations before inversion is

automatically halted. A small number is best when starting a complex
model, but as the model gets closer to a match, it can be beneficial to
increase the number of iterations. You can again restart an inversion with
a single click on the Run button. To step through an inversion
progressively you can set the maximum iterations to 1.
• Maximum Data Points defines the upper limit of observations that are
inverted in ModelVision. The maximum sets an upper limit that restricts
computation time for inversions. Theoretically, no limit is placed on the
number of readings that can be inverted, but as this number increases,
the time for processing of the inversion increases. In practice, keep the
upper limit to be within 600-1000.
• Maximum Free Parameters is similar to the maximum number of data

points. The greater the number of allocated parameters, the larger the
computation time of an inversion.
• Default Target RMS is the value for Target RMS used at the start of each
inversion session. The additional controls determine what happens when
inversion attempts to take a parameter beyond one of its limits. The Beep
default setting advises that a limit has been reached. For greater
intervention in the inversion, you can choose Fix parameter or Stop
inversion to indicate if a limit is reached.
• Minimum Length defines the minimum dimension in metres of a spatial

parameter such as width, length, depth extent or radius.
• Show Intermediate Models allows the inversion engine to update the

cross-section display for each model that it generates during an inversion
run.
• Minimum Length defines the minimum dimension of a spatial parameter

such as width, length, depth extent or radius. The ms delay provides a
pause between display updates to allow time for the observer to absorb
the visual change.
• Sec Timeout provides an interrupt that cancels the inversion engine run,
if it takes longer than the designated time in seconds.
Free Parameters in Inversions
All model parameters in ModelVision by default are initially set as fixed (that is,
they do not vary during an inversion). Inversion cannot proceed until some model
parameters have been set free to vary. The Free Parameters dialog is displayed
if the Free button is clicked in the Inversion toolbar. The Select Bodies entry at
the top of the dialog indicates which body is selected. The default selection All
allows parameters to be selected and deselected for All bodies. Individual bodies
can be selected from the drop-down list or by clicking on that body in the window
active for inversion.
Parameters that are not relevant for the current body selection are greyed out.
Free parameter dialog illustrating the change from X,Y map mode (left) to Distance mode
inversion.
Inversion behaviour is different for single and multiple lines and the behaviour of
the Free Parameters dialog changes between standard and joint inversion. In the
single line case where only one line is active for modelling, the position of bodies
and vertices is based on the Distance along the line rather than the X and Y
values. This is true for both the standard and joint inversion modes. This
restriction ensures the bodies only move parallel to the line. The regional field is
also computed as a function of distance.
10 Inversion 333
When multiple lines are active for standard inversion, the X and Y parameters can
be freed during the inversion. The regional polynomial is also computed from the
X and Y locations. This means that a body can roam anywhere across the map.
In the case of joint inversion, you can also constrain the bodies to move
backwards and forwards along the line direction even if inverting on multiple lines.
The Mode button is used in Joint Inversion to toggle between the Distance and
X,Y methods, but is not required for Standard Inversion.
The following table lists the behaviour of the Free Parameter dialog depending
upon the inversion engine. Clearly the joint inversion is more flexible and the
ability to constrain the inversion direction across multiple lines provides a
powerful capability for studying property changes along the length of a long
geological target.
Line Mode Standard Inversion Joint Inversion

Single line Distance Yes Yes
Single line X,Y No Yes
Multi-line Distance No Yes
Multi-line X,Y Yes Yes
The figure below shows the result of from an inversion of 7 dipping tabular bodies
across multiple flight lines where the bodies are constrained to move backwards
and forwards along each survey line while maintaining the relative positions and
azimuth of individual bodies. In standard inversion it would be difficult to achieve
this result with X,Y free.
Joint inversion results for 7 tabular body segments constrained to move backwards and
forwards in the same direction as the flight lines.
The regional inversion also behaves differently in standard and joint inversion.
Standard inversion allows both the dc level and slope to change while joint
inversion only allows a dc offset when a single channel is being inverted.
When more than one channel is inverted, the concept of a mathematical regional
is replaced by the use of regional bodies. Bodies can be designated as being of
type regional in the properties dialog which allows inversion to be restricted to
regional, target or all body types. The inversion behaviour is controlled by check
boxes in the Free Parameters dialog.
The All button provides a short cut to select or de-select all parameters for the
selected body on the dialog and the Reset button is a short cut to de-select the
entire list of free parameters including the regional. The Tolerance and List
buttons open the Inversion Tolerances and the Inversion Parameters List dialogs
respectively. The Cancel button closes the dialog. Note that Tolerances can only
be set for standard inversion. The dialog closes automatically if you exit from
inversion using the close (X) button at the top of the main Inversion toolbar.
10 Inversion 335
Inversion Tolerances
The inversion tolerances are the range by which each parameter is allowed to
vary about its current value. The tolerance control dialog is presented if the
Tolerance button on the Free Parameters dialog is selected.
The name of the selected body or bodies that the settings apply to is recorded at
the top of the dialog. When inversion is opened, default tolerances are applied to
all parameter values to give minimum and maximum permitted values. The limits
may be inappropriate or you may need to change them if a parameter reaches its
limit. To change the limits for a parameter check the respective checkbox, edit the
tolerance value if required and click on the Apply button. You can use the All
button as a shortcut to enable or disable all checkboxes. The Retain settings
checkbox refers to the values displayed in this dialog. If checked on then these
values will appear the next time you bring up the dialog, otherwise the former
values will appear. These values are retained in memory until ModelVision is
closed down. This allows you to load other sessions in the same project without
losing the values. The Reset button may be used to reinitialize the values based
on the current data. This is likely to produce more reasonable values for the X, Y
and Z tolerances.
Inversion tolerance control dialog

Inversion Parameters Spreadsheet
The List button of the Free Parameters dialog presents each inversion in a
spreadsheet. The list of parameters can be scrolled. The spreadsheet shows all
model parameters (such as individual body vertices) together with their free or
fixed status, minimum and maximum values and the sensitivity of the model
output. Note that the sensitivities are provided for guidance only as the absolute
values can only be compared between parameters measured in the same units
(eg. metres or degrees). Sensitivities are computed at each iteration of the
inversion for free parameters only or on demand for all parameters by clicking on
the Sensitivities button.
The list of inversion parameters and their individual settings
Except Joint Inversion (see below), the individual parameters can be toggled
between free and fixed status by clicking on the respective status cell. The status
for a selection of parameters can be set by selecting a block in the status column
and using the Free and Fixed buttons. The current value, minimum and
maximum values for parameters can be edited. This list provides greater control
than through the Inversion Tolerances dialog where the minimum and maximum
values can only be set symmetrically about the current value.
In the case of Joint Inversion, individual parameters are either fixed or free and it
is not possible to set limits on the parameter values. Sensitivities are managed
automatically in Joint Inversion by constraining parameters that have little
influence on the computed model.
10 Inversion 337
Setting Vertex Tolerances Graphically
To assist in editing of polygon vertices there is a link between the currently

selected vertex on the spreadsheet and the display of that vertex in cross-section
view. The view shows a tolerance box drawn in red around the vertex as in the
figure below.
Linked spreadsheet selection and vertex tolerances box in a model cross-section window
This tolerance box can be selected and the handles at the four corners of the box
can be dragged to new locations. When a handle has been re-positioned you see
any changes to the minimum and maximum values for that parameter made in the
spreadsheet. The Z values for the vertices are depths. The X values are the
horizontal positions perpendicular to the body axis with respect to the reference
position of the body. These coordinates are unaffected by the geographic or
relative definition modes for the body (as set in the Polygon Edit dialog accessed
through the Body properties dialog). The Z values correspond directly to the depth
axis on the side of the cross-section window. The X values do not in general
correspond to either the geographic X coordinates or to the DIST_ABS distance
measure along the profile.
Remanence Inversion
Magnetizations that give rise to measured magnetic field anomalies are the vector
sum of induced and remanent magnetizations. This magnetization is called the
Resultant Magnetization Vector. An induced magnetization has the same
direction as the ambient earth’s geomagnetic field (except in extreme cases of
anisotropy or self-demagnetization effects) but a remanent magnetization may be
in any direction, according to its age and subsequent rotations of the rock carrying
it.
Illustration of the relationship between the induced, remanent and resultant magnetization
vectors.
Remanent magnetization is usually ignored in magnetic field interpretation, but

only because the relevant information about the remanent magnetization is
unavailable. The failure to correctly incorporate remanent magnetization effects
in an interpretation gives rise to errors in the resulting estimates of the source
body parameters (including size, shape, dip and position).
ModelVision has the ability to invert for the remanent magnetization vector or the
resultant magnetization vector. Our research shows that the resultant
magnetization is innately stable as an inversion parameter and is a property of the
geological unit. By contrast, direct inversion for the remanent magnetic vector can
produce wildly different directions depending upon the setting of the Konigsberger
ratio or magnetic susceptibility.
In addition to inversion, ModelVision has the Remanence Calculator module used

for direct estimation of the resultant magnetization vector. The technique is
based upon the magnetic moment method and is discussed in full later in this
chapter.
10 Inversion 339
Remanence as an Exploration Parameter
The magnetic method is now the most widely employed exploration method used
to allow exploration geoscientists to explore the subsurface and extend the limited
control provided by drilling and outcrop. It provides a three-dimensional
understanding of the subsurface geology that allows geoscientists to build
hypothetical models governing more detailed exploration and targeting. This
information may be supplemented by lower resolution gravity and superficial
remote sensing methods.
The parameter being mapped is the three-dimensional change in magnetic

susceptibility. From this one parameter we are able to map geological
boundaries, classify rock types, locate structures and determine depth
distributions of the properties. The global impact of magnetic mapping on
exploration outcomes has led to the successful detection of many world class
mineral deposits. The ubiquitous use of the magnetic method tends to downplay
its significance in exploration, yet the magnetic method played an important role
in the initial targeting of Australian mineral deposits such as Olympic Dam, Ernest
Henry and Cannington.
Geological Parameters from Remote Remanence Detection
If we can extract remanence as a new physical property in magnetic surveys, we

must postulate what new deposits could be found by using both magnetic
susceptibility and remanence. If we can detect the existence of remanence in a
rock as well as its magnetic anomaly amplitude, this provides information on a
range of potentially useful geological parameters.
Events
If a rock can be shown to have a remanent magnetization as well as an induced

magnetization, then the existence of the remanence is indicative of an event in
time. This event could have geological significance in a particular geological
context. Something has happened to produce the remanent magnetization. This
may be a chemical, thermal, metamorphic or structural event.
Timing
Remanent magnetization is the basis for the palaeomagnetism specialization

within geophysics and is often seen as an academic part of our profession. Much
of the work is focused on the study of changes in the magnetic polar direction over
time. The integration of this knowledge with the ability to derive remanence
directions in an exploration context will provide a powerful tool for adding new
time information associated with detectable remanence events.
Differentiation
Once we can assign a remanent magnetization to a particular suite of rocks then

we have a new tool for improved geological classification. It is feasible that the
timing could be used to differentiate similar intrusion, structural and alteration
events.
Interpretation Precision
A classic problem in exploration geophysics is the interpretation of dip in the

presence of a strong remanent magnetization that perturbs the magnetic field
away from that of the inducing field. If we can determine the direction of resultant
magnetization, then the precision of the interpretation of dip is significantly
improved in any modelling exercise. This improvement will translate to complex
geological shapes as well.
An Exploration Definition for Remanence
Remanence can be measured directly in the laboratory as a vector with both

strength and direction. This however requires collection of fresh, oriented rock
core, with sufficient samples to represent the geology despite high variability from
centimetre up to kilometre scales. We are aiming for a useful proxy for this
expensive and time consuming laboratory process, through a rapid and more cost
effective analysis of magnetic field data. This proxy necessarily has some
limitations of lower achievable precision, due in part to the superposition of
magnetizations induced in the present earth’s field. However, there are also some
advantages, for instance in providing remanence estimates at the same scale that
we commonly interpret geology.
The total departure angle of the resultant magnetization vector from the inducing
magnetic field vector is a direct indicator of the existence of a remanence event.
From this knowledge it is possible to derive or deduce additional geological
information. The total magnetization vector is the vector sum of the induced
magnetization and remanent magnetization vectors. Useful parameters that can
be plotted or displayed in map and 3D include:
• 3D total magnetization vector symbols
• 2D magnetization amplitude
• Total angular departure from the inducing field
• Inclination departure
• Declination departure
10 Inversion 341
Physical Expressions of Remanence Maps
• Dykes
• Folded Magnetic Sediments/Volcanics
• Intrusive Magnetic Pipes and Diatremes
• Alteration Events
• Pod
• Skarn
• Metamorphic Events
Dykes
A change in magnetization direction along a remanently magnetized dyke is a

direct indication of an alteration event affecting part of the dyke. The presence of
the alteration event could be useful in identifying nearby prospective host rocks
that could be favourable for emplacement of mineralization during the same
event. In this situation, the dyke provides evidence of the event rather than the
mineralization itself.
Diagrammatic view of the change in magnetization strength and direction that could be
detected in a remanently magnetized dyke
The event may be thermally induced in which case there is a change to the
magnetic properties but not magnetite destruction. A fluid invasion may produce
magnetite destruction as well as a change in the magnetization direction.
In a mining engineering context, the event may signal a change in rock

competence associated with a hydrothermal event and require special attention
to avoid mining hazards and production losses.
A change in the magnetization direction is likely to be associated with a change

in magnetization amplitude which would most likely be expressed as a reduction
in the anomaly amplitude. Such a change is ambiguous because thickness
changes and susceptibility changes will produce equivalent results. The addition
of a direction change reduces the interpretation ambiguity where a direction
change indicates a higher likelihood of an alteration event.
Folded Magnetic Sediments/Volcanics
Sediments could have a similar expression and geological application as dykes

for the detection of alteration events as shown in the figure below.
A change in magnetization direction along the trend of magnetic sediments indicates the
existence of an event
Other scenarios are also possible where the change in magnetization direction is
associated with a change in the magnetic minerals. It is possible to have parallel
banded sediments where some sediments have different magnetization
directions as illustrated below.
Parallel banded sediments with differing magnetization directions

10 Inversion 343
In this situation the explanation could be a difference in magnetic characteristics

that have retained a remanence overprint, while others have not. In this scenario,
it is possible to postulate different mineral assemblages and magnetizing events.
For example pyrrhotite and magnetite/haematite will behave differently during
upper greenschist facies metamorphism.
Field reversals during deposition could also be responsible for the cyclical nature
of the remanence change.
Granites often exhibit a series of concentric rings that give the appearance of
changes in rock chemistry. It is also possible to have an overprint of remanence
relating to field reversals during cooling. Differentiation of these two extremes
may provide useful insights into the granite and mineralization events.
Intrusive Magnetic Pipes and Diatremes
Just as magnetic susceptibility is a differentiator for intrusive magnetic pipes,

remanent magnetization is more so. For small pipes, magnetic susceptibility is
difficult to estimate where the diameter of the pipe is less than the distance
(depth) from the sensor. However, remanence can still be detected even for very
narrow pipes. The precision is further enhanced if it is assumed that the pipe is
near-vertical.
The difference in magnetization direction may indicate a change in the time of

emplacement of the pipes or a difference in the rock properties. This form of
differentiation will be useful in a range of exploration situations, particularly
kimberlite exploration. Grain size differentiation may also be a useful
discriminator as the intrusions with fine grain size are likely to have higher
remanence Q ratios than intrusions with coarse grained magnetitite.
Alteration Events
Remanently magnetized intrusions that occur within a generally magnetic host

such as a granite can produce a well defined magnetic low that has a similar
appearance to the magnetic low produced by a non-magnetic intrusion or
alteration event. A distinction between these two geological scenarios is possible
if we can determine the existence of strong remanence in the magnetic anomaly.
Illustration of a remanently magnetized intrusion and a non-magnetic intrusion
Pod
A pod of mineralization will have similar expression to an intrusive pipe, but its
limited depth extent may mean that the associated magnetic anomaly has clearly
recognizable side lobes.
Remanent magnetization will produce a distinctive anomaly for a pod shaped deposit
Although it will be possible to detect the resultant magnetization direction of the

pod, with some assumption regarding geometry, it may even be possible to
estimate the Koenigsberger ratio and hence the remanent magnetization vector.
Skarn
A skarn at the edge of a major intrusion may be remanently magnetized and

provide an indication of the mineralization styles particularly when it can be
related to the host rocks.
10 Inversion 345
Illustration of a normally and remanently magnetized skarn model
Metamorphic Events
Metamorphic events have the potential to change the magnetic properties and
remanence characteristics of rocks. There are many situations where tectonic
events may bury part of a geological sequence and not another leading to
differing magnetic expressions of the same rocks. Analogues of this scenario can
be seen along the western margin of the Lachlan Fold belt in the Cobar region of
New South Wales, Australia.
A study of the low grade metamorphic rocks, may lead to predictive geological
models that can be guided by magnetic exploration principles.
Remanent Inversion
ModelVision allows the remanent magnetization of any source body to be

specified, and from the combination of induced magnetization and remanent
magnetization a resultant magnetization is calculated and used to derive the
anomalous geomagnetic field arising from the body. If the remanent
magnetization of a body is unknown ModelVision inversion can be used to
estimate its strength and direction. There are however two fundamental
limitations that must be considered.
Firstly an external magnetic field is a complex function of the source body

position, geometry and magnetization, and non-uniqueness in solving the inverse
problem does not allow that those parameters can be jointly recovered with any
confidence. ModelVision is able to simultaneously invert on all source
parameters, including magnetization, but it is not recommended that you do this
as it is not possible to sensibly discriminate between various sets of source
parameters based on different assumed magnetizations if those parameter sets
produce almost identical external fields. Inversion is only appropriate to estimate
a source magnetization if the other parameters can be supplied, or alternatively
to estimate those other source parameters if the magnetization is supplied.
The second limitation is that inversion provides the resultant magnetization, and
to resolve this into the correct induced and remanent magnetizations it is
necessary to know the strength of the induced magnetization (that is, to know the
susceptibility). If the strength of the induced magnetization is not known a
continuous range of co-planar induced magnetizations of different direction and
strength can be postulated to obtain the same resultant magnetization. In theory
this problem also has a unique solution if the Koenigsberger ratio (the ratio of
remanent to induced magnetizations) is supplied. However, the Koenigsberger
ratio is not a parameter which can be reliably predicted, and so this solution is of
little practical value.
Specifying the Remanent Magnetization
Before you can work with remanent magnetization in ModelVision it is necessary

to enable those computations in the Magnetic Field Parameters dialog (available
from the drop-down menu item Model>Magnetic field).
Enabling remanence computation in the Magnetic Field Parameters dialog

10 Inversion 347
Once remanence computations have been enabled you are able to enter the
remanence properties for any body in the Body Properties dialog. To gain
access to the remanence properties first click on the Remanence radio button.
Remanence parameters report in the Body Properties dialog
There are three vectors used to calculate remanence:
• Induced magnetization
• Net remanent magnetization (NRM)
• Resultant magnetization
Another property called the Koenigsberger ratio (Q ratio) is the ratio of the
remanent intensity over the induced intensity. A Q of zero means there is no
remanent while high values of Q indicate strong remanent.
When specifying the remanent properties in the Body Properties dialog, you can
enter the remanence intensity, declination and inclination or the resultant
intensity, declination and inclination. As you leave a text box after changing a
value, the other values are changed to be consistent with the new value. You can
therefore use this as a remanence calculator.
You can view a 3D representation of these vectors by clicking the View button.
This view will show that all vectors are in the same plane with resultant and
remanent summing to give the resultant. The surrounding sphere is scaled to the
largest vector and the projections of all vectors onto this sphere are shown as dots
of the same colour are the vector. A black vector shows the location of the north
pole (Dec=0, Inc=90) and a grey dot shows east.
View of induced, remanent and resultant magnetization vectors.
Recalculation of the properties includes the Koenigsberger ratio (Q ratio). For

example, once a value is entered for intensity the Koenigsberger ratio (Q ratio) is
calculated. As an alternative to entering the remanence intensity you can enter
the Koenigsberger value, and the remanence intensity is calculated.
Once a remanent magnetization has been entered for a body that remanence is
incorporated with the induced magnetization into a resultant magnetization which
is used in the magnetic field computations.
Inverting on Resultant Magnetization
Inversion on the resultant magnetization vector is preferred to inversion on the

remanence vector, because it is innately more stable and a property of the body.
We discovered this characteristic while developing the Remanence Calculator L
magnetic moment method for estimation of the resultant magnetization vector.
You can then fix Q or susceptibility and determine the remanent magnetization
vector that would give rise to the resultant vector.
A radio button has been added to the Inversion Free Parameter dialog shown
below that allows you to switch between inversion for resultant magnetization or
remanence. When using the resultant magnetization option, you should set all
three parameters free.
10 Inversion 349
Inverting on Remanent Magnetization
Once remanent magnetization has been enabled in the Magnetic Field

Parameters dialog it is automatically incorporated into inversion computations,
and the remanence parameters are available as free variables in the inversion.
For the reasons discussed above it is not recommended that remanence
parameters be set free in an inversion that also frees many of the other body
parameters. Once the magnetization direction for a body is admitted to be
unknown, any results of magnetic field modelling must be acknowledged as being
of low reliability. In particular, if remanence properties are to be freed during
inversion, the body dip should be locked to be vertical, or to some known regional
geological dip value. It is also recommended that the regional field settings are
not allowed to vary in the same inversion as the remanence properties.
Inversion of remanence properties allows the intensity, declination and inclination

to be varied independently. The Koenigsberger ratio is automatically updated in
all cases that the susceptibility and the remanence intensity of a body is varied,
either by the user in forward modelling or by ModelVision during inversion. If the
magnetic susceptibility and remanent magnetization intensity are both free to vary
in an inversion, the direction of the remanent magnetization is not uniquely
defined, and it will vary with the value of Koenigsberger ratio.
If the Koenigsberger ratio is small, the resultant magnetization is dominated by

the induced magnetization, and as a result the direction of the remanent
magnetization is poorly constrained. Also, if the remanent magnetization is nearly
parallel, or anti-parallel to the induced magnetization, the value of the
Koenigsberger ratio, and the susceptibility and intensity of remanent
magnetization values will be poorly constrained because of the low sensitivity in
separately resolving two magnetizations of similar direction. ‘Soft’ or ‘viscous’
remanent magnetizations acquired in the present direction of the earth’s magnetic
field can be represented in magnetic field modelling by an increase in the
apparent susceptibility of the body. Furthermore remanent magnetizations which
are exactly reverse to the present direction of the earth’s magnetic field and are
the cause of ‘reverse’ magnetic anomalies (as are found over Tertiary volcanics
in many parts of the world) can be represented by an apparent negative
susceptibility.
Note In all cases remanent magnetization intensity itself should be positive. Any
apparent negative remanent magnetization intensity should be replaced by the
equivalent positive value, with its direction rotated by 180 degrees.
Remanence Inversion Test Session
The session file START_TABULAR_REMANENCE.SES, accessed from C:\Program

Files (x86)\Encom\Mvis 13.0\Examples\, contains a synthetic model data
set for testing inversion with remanence properties as free parameters. The
starting body is also supplied as TAB_REMANENCE_INITIAL.TKM, which can be
reloaded into the session to return at any time to the initial conditions. If you check
the body properties for the starting model (double click on the body to open the
Body Properties dialog) you should find that it has a susceptibility of 0.01 SI and
a remanence intensity, inclination and declination of 100, -20 and 45 respectively.
The Q ratio is 2.093.
Change the susceptibility to .002, close the dialog and force a recompute of the
field by clicking on the Recompute button towards the centre of the main toolbar,
or by toggling the Compute mode button (to the left of the Recompute button)
from red M (for manual) to green I (for immediate). In the map window you will see
the red stacked profiles of MAG_MOD diverge from the blue stacked profiles
computed from the original model. You can now invert on the remanent
magnetization to find the remanent magnetization which together with the new
induced magnetization gives an identical resultant magnetization to that of the
original model.
Turn on inversion from the Tools>Inversion menu. The Inversion tool should
report that you have 970 points active for inversion, and that the current
percentage RMS difference between the input and computed channels for those
points is 29.4. Click the Free button on the inversion toolbar and in the Inversion
10 Inversion 351
– Free parameters dialog, enable the inversion of remanent magnetization

intensity, inclination and declination. Click the Run button at the bottom on the
Inversion toolbar. You should see the MAG_MOD stacked profiles change as
inversion adjusts the remanent magnetization.
Note that you can achieve ever closer matches of the input and computed fields
by resetting the target RMS value to smaller values and re-running inversion.
When inversion has stopped and you are satisfied with the match again, double
click on the body and check the remanent magnetization details in the Body
Properties dialog. These should read 127.5, -31.8 and 37.8, with a Q factor of
13.35.
If you reset the susceptibility of the body to .015 SI you should find that the
recomputed MAG_MOD stacked profiles again differ from the blue stacked
profiles for the original model. Again click the Run button on the Inversion toolbar
and inversion should find the new corresponding remanent magnetization to
reproduce the original resultant magnetization. In this case, the remanent
magnetization values are 87, -8.9 and 50.6, with a Q ratio of 1.21.
In these inversions we have searched for the unique remanent magnetization to

be added to a specified induced magnetization to give a required resultant
magnetization. This problem has a unique solution. If however you re-run the
inversions with the Property parameter (susceptibility) also free to vary the
convergence point of the inversion is not precisely predictable because both
vectors giving the resultant are free to vary (the induced magnetization in strength
only), and the solution is non-unique. Also you can experiment with inversion to
investigate the relationship between remanent magnetization and other body
parameters. For instance if you go to the Body Properties dialog, click on the
Spatial radio button and change the body dip from 60 degrees to 20 or 90, you
will discover that a subsequent inversion can find quite a close (though not
perfect) match to the magnetic field of the original model even across this wide
range of body dips, by finding an appropriate remanent magnetization to
compensate for that change of dip.
Clearly from these exercises the simultaneous inversion of all body properties,
including remanent magnetization is ill-posed as the scope for non-unique
solutions is considerable.
Remanence Calculator
The calculation of remanence information from a magnetic anomaly has been

made possible using a method first published by Helbig (1963), where he
proposed that you could calculate the resultant magnetization direction of a
remanently magnetized body without having to create a model. While the
resultant magnetization does not allow you to calculation the remanent
magnetization vector or Konigsberger ratio (Q), it does provide a first order
indicator of remanence.
From a knowledge of the resultant magnetization direction, we can calculate other

parameters such as:
• Inclination departure angle
• Declination departure angle
• Total departure angle
Large departure angles a director indicators of the existence of strong remanent

magnetization and departure angles greater than 45 degrees indicates that the Q
value must be greater than 1. Of course a small departure angle does not mean
that the Q value is low as it could be closely aligned with the existing magnetic
field.
For a particular rock type, we may be able to make reasoned estimates of the
magnetic susceptibility and thus compute the Q value directly for a given model
using ModelVision.
Importantly, the initial values calculated by the Remanence Calculator can be

used to seed and constrain ModelVision inversion to produce more reliable
estimates of dip and geological boundaries.
The Remanence Calculator module in ModelVision is accessed from the

toolbar button.
During our research we have discovered some insights into Helbig’s method that
he could not have foreseen as he had no access to modern computing methods
at the time of his original work. We have found solutions to problems that make
the Remanence Calculator module practical in a wide range of geological
situations.
10 Inversion 353
Theory
Helbig analysis (Helbig, 1963; Schmidt and Clark, 1998) provides a direct method
for the estimation of magnetization direction from the magnetic field itself. It is
therefore a desirable aspect of all magnetic field interpretations, if only to confirm
that magnetic anomalies are indeed caused by a magnetization parallel to the
geomagnetic field. Schmidt and Clark (1998) emphasized the value of this
analysis and the suitability of present day computational power to apply the
analysis and resolve magnetization direction.
The Helbig Integrals
Consider a disturbing magnetic body or magnetic source with uniform

magnetization J centred at (xc,yc,zc) whose anomalous magnetic field is ΔB(r) =
[ΔBx(r),ΔBy(r),ΔBz(r)]. Whence Helbig (1963) has shown that the magnetic dipole
moment M = (Mx,My,Mz) of the disturbing magnetic source may be calculated
from the components of the anomalous magnetic field at any point r = (x,y,z0) in
the horizontal plane z= z0. In this instance the three components Mx,My,Mz of the
zero order magnetic dipole moment M are the first order moments of ΔBz(r), about
the x, y axes and the first order moments of ΔBx(r) and ΔBy(r) about the x, y axes
respectively. These relations between the zero order dipole moment of the body
and the first order moments of its anomalous magnetic field may be expressed
through the following double integrals, namely, for the Mx moment we have:
and for the My moment we have,
and for the Mz moment we have,
or alternatively
Furthermore and importantly it is also noted that the following pair of integrals are
identically zero
and also,
In addition to the above expressions, it is noted that the zero order moments of
the anomalous magnetic field due to the disturbing body are all identically zero,
namely
and
and
By inspection of equations (1a-1f), it is noted that the magnetic moment M is

completely determined from measurements of a single pair of magnetic field
components, i.e. either from ΔBx(x,y,z0), ΔBz(x,y,z0) or from ΔBy(x,y,z0),
ΔBz(x,y,z0). In practice however a more stable estimator of the vertical
component Mz of the magnetic moment is
where Mz(x) and Mz(y) are given by equations 1c and 1d respectively. Also a
further necessary condition for the existence of a reliable magnetic moment is that
both integrals in equations (1e) and (1f) are approximately zero, namely,
Other magnetic moment components which can be used are the horizontal
moment,
10 Inversion 355
and the total magnetic moment,
Furthermore the declination Dm and inclination Im of the magnetic moment vector

M and also of the magnetization vector J (since J = M/v where v is the volume of
the source body) are given by
It is noted that the above formulae are for the zero order magnetic dipole moment
of the disturbing body under the plane z= z0 [see Helbig, 1963, p. 84].
Implementation of the Theory
Helbig’s theory requires the calculation of the magnetic field components in the x,
y and z directions. This is done conveniently by using the discrete FFT procedure
(Blakely, 1995) for transformation of the total magnetic field into the component
directions for a finite data window surrounding the data. The components are
then integrated numerically as set out in equation 1. These procedures are
managed automatically within the Remanence Calculator module.
There are some practical limitations that need to be considered that are not
properly covered by the theory. The calculations applied to a finite, rather than
infinite window introduce two problems:
• Truncation of the integration and its implications
• The origin of the finite integral calculation for equation 1.
Helbig’s theory requires that the integration take place from minus to plus infinity
in the x and y directions (equation 1), which means for a finite window, the
integrals will underestimate the amplitude of the magnetic moments. Schmidt
and Clark (1998) indicated that the error in the magnetic moment calculation can
be as high as 30%. While a correction for the moment could be calculated, this
is not entirely necessary if the moment is properly calculated during a
ModelVision inversion.
Equations 4c and 4d show how the inclination and declination angles of the
resultant magnetic field are calculated from ratios of the magnetic moments.
Here the impact of the finite integration area will be similar for the numerator and
denominator and this is verified in our experimentation with theoretical anomalies
where the numeric values are normally recovered to a precision of around 2%.
The origin of integration is irrelevant according to Helbig’s theory, but in practice

we found that the method is sensitive to the choice of origin and thus requires a
procedure to be adopted that allows the user to optimize the selection of origin.
The origin should be the centre of magnetization which is equivalent to the centre
of gravity and we identify this location by inserting an initial seed model at the
centre of the anomaly window drawn by the interpreter. You can then adjust the
location of the seed model to the optimum location for the integration and
experiment with minor perturbations of the seed to determine the noise levels for
the vector calculation.
ModelVision Procedure
The Remanence Calculator works from a total magnetic intensity grid, so the only
information you require in addition to the grid is the inclination, declination and
intensity of the inducing magnetic field. The process is applied to an individual
anomaly, or anomaly group and ModelVision provides a drawing tool to isolate
the anomaly.
Examples of the method for selection of the magnetic anomaly area.

10 Inversion 357
After you start the Remanence Calculator, you select the anomaly by drawing a
polygon around the anomaly as close as possible to avoid interference with other
anomalies, but far enough out to be sampling the background magnetic field. In
experiments with theoretical datasets, the quality of the computed results was
generally better when using a rectangular area rather than a polygonal selection.
It is however necessary to use the polygonal method to excise unwanted
interference from adjacent magnetic anomalies.
The area that you select is padded to a distance of 25% of the bounding rectangle
prior to running the FFT component transform. The minimum curvature method
is preferred as the padding method as the error levels are 25% of those returned
using the maximum entropy method. Experiments on theoretical datasets
indicate that the optimal padding distance is 25% of the bounding rectangle.
The optimum size for the polygonal area is related to the depth of the magnetic
material. As a general rule, shallow, near surface magnetic sources should use
polygons that are very close to the edge of the anomaly. For deeper targets, it is
important to capture the background field area to obtain the best results as this
drops off slowly compared with the magnetic anomalies from shallow targets.
The Remanence Calculator Dialog
When you start the Remanence Calculator, the dialog shown below will appear
and persist for the duration of the session.
Remanence Calculator dialog box showing key features of the resultant vector calculation
process.
The following sections explain how the dialog is used to setup the session and
then perform a sequence of Helbig analyses on one or more magnetic anomalies.
Initial setup for Remanence Calculator dialog
The Grid Processing component of the Remanence Calculator dialog is shown

below and this controls your initial identification of the input magnetic grid, FFT
parameters, regional adjustment and initiation of the remanence calculation.
Grid Processing controls for the Remanence Calculator procedure.

10 Inversion 359
In Model Mode a body is created at the centre of the drawn area. The location,
susceptibility and volume of this body is used to seed the Remanence Calculator
dialog.
If the body is edited then the modifications are applied to the Remanence
Calculator dialog and parameters may be adjusted in response to the changes.
Anomaly Analysis Steps
The following sequence of steps is applied to each magnetic anomaly that you
wish to analyse.
1. Under Grid Processing, click Select Area in Map to define the area of
the magnetic grid that will be used in the Helbig calculation.
2. Click Compute to apply the Helbig process to the selected region. You
may need to wait several seconds while the FFT process is performed in
the background and then the dialog will be populated with the results. A
body called REMnn will be automatically created automatically at the
centre of the polygon. “nn” refers to the anomaly sequence number and is
a useful tag to tie specific bodies to the Helbig analysis.
Make sure that you move the body REMnn to where you believe the
centre of mass should be positioned. You can experiment wih this
position and then click Compute each time you move the body. Note that
REMnn is automatically detected if you come back at a later date to
recalculate the specific anomaly. Remanence Calculator looks for a body
of name “REM*” within the area of the polygon and selects the closest to
the polygon centre. If it does not find one, then it will create a new seed
model.
3. Under Helbig Analysis, review the values returned by the analysis.
The primary information of interest are the Ires and Dres values—the
inclination and declination of the resultant magnetization vector.
Theta_res is the total departure angle of the resultant magnetization

vector from the inducing field direction and a strong indicator of the
strength of the remanent magnetic vector. For example if this angle is
greater than 45 degrees, then Q must be greater than approximately 0.9.
As this angle approaches 90 degrees, then Q is likely to be greater than
10.
4. Under Derived Parameters, select the Show Vectors check box, and
then click Update to visualize to resulting vectors. You can rotate the
sphere by selecting it with a double mouse click and then drag it around to
a preferred view. The projections of the inducing field, remanent, resultant
vectors and due north vectors are projected onto the surface of the
sphere. The black north arrow shows the north magnetic pole rather than
map geographic north.
Theta_nrm is the total departure of the remanent magnetic vector from

the inducing field vector and Theta_diff is the difference in angle between
the remanent magnetization vector and the resultant vector.
5. Experiment with the values under Model Parameters by either adjusting

the Q ratio or Suscept (magnetic susceptibility) of the volume. The
Volume is derived from the seed model generated at the start. If you
change the volume of the model REMnn, then the volume appearing in
the dialog will update to the model volume and force a change in the
magnetic susceptibility value.
10 Inversion 361
By changing the Q ratio value and susceptibility, the remanent vector is

recalculated and forces an update to the following parameters:
• Jnrm – remanent magnetization field
• Inrm – inclination of the remanent magnetic vector
• Dnrm – declination of the remanent magnetic vector
• Theta_nrm – is the total departure of the remanent magnetic vector

from the inducing field vector
• Theta_diff – difference in angle between the remanent

magnetization vector and the resultant vector.
6. To capture your Helbig analysis as a ModelVision in-memory point data

set, under Log Result, click a quality button between 1 and 5. Each time
you perform this action, the “log result” number is incremented and stored
within the point dataset designated by the current “Region” number. The
“Region” number is specific to the anomaly and a “Run” number is also
incremented each time an analysis is performed, even if it is not logged
into the point dataset.
Removal of Regional Magnetic Field
The regional magnetic field should be removed prior to the Helbig analysis, but
this is not always practical. If there is any tilt or curvature in the background field
that is unrelated to the magnetic anomaly of interest, then the results will be
adversely influenced by the regional field. You can apply a minor tilt to the field
by adjusting the x and y gradients in the field. When you press “Compute
Regional” it will subtract the regional from the field and open a 3D view that shows
the magnetic field within the selected polygon and the regional adjustment. You
can then adjust the shape of the regional until you are satisfied with the correction.
Export Remanence Results
Each anomaly that you analyse can have one or more Helbig analyses logged to
a named point series such as REM_nn. Individual groups or the complete suite
of points can be exported to an ASCII csv file for the purpose of editing in
Microsoft Excel. You export the points sets from the File>Export>Point
Data>Text (.CSV). Once edited, you can use the general ASCII import
(File>Import>Point Data>General ASCII) to re-import the points into a single point
set for annotation as shown in the figure below. This process is more convenient
for annotation than setting up individual controls for each point set.
10 Inversion 363
Annotation of the total departure angle superimposed on the image, original pipe models
and REMnn series models. The top row has Q = 0, the middle row has Q = 1 and the
bottom row has Q = 10.
The channels and units used in the Remanence Calculator that are exported to
the CSV output file are listed in the following table.
Field Description Units

X Easting m
Y Northing m
Z Elevation M
region Region number
run Run number
log Log number for this Region
quality User defined quality when Logged
errEst Normalized error estimate from Mx and My %
Field Description Units

moment Total magnetic moment Am2
volume Volume estimated from the seed body m3
suscept Assigned or computed magnetic susceptibility (depends cgs/SI
on MV Project settings)
Q Konigsberger ratio
Jind Induced magnetization nT
Iind Inclination of the induced magnetic field deg
Dind Declination of the induced magnetic field deg
Jnrm Remanent magnetization nT
Inrm Inclination of the remanent magnetic vector deg
Dnrm Declination of the remanent magnetic vector deg
Jres Resultant magnetization nT
Ires Inclination of the resultant magnetization deg
Dres Declination of the resultant magnetization deg
thetaNrm Angular difference between the inducing and remanent deg
magnetic field vector
thetaRes Angular difference between the inducing and resultant deg
thetaDiff Angular difference between the remanent and resultant deg
Work Tips
This section covers useful hints regarding the use of the Remanence Calculator
technique on different problems.
• Sample Synthetic Dataset
• Model Parameters
• Aspect Ratio
Sample Synthetic Dataset
A synthetic Remanence Calculator dataset is supplied for training purpose using

the same grid and models that are illustrated above. Data for the example shown
above can be found in the folder for tutorial 14 “Tute14 Remanence from
Magnetic Moments”. This includes three rows of intrusive pipes where the
properties are set out in the table below.
10 Inversion 365
Row Susceptibility Q Inrm Dnrm Ires Dres thetaRes

cgs
Q
1 0.000796 0 -60 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.000796 1 0 90 -37.8 63.4 45.0
3 0.000796 10 0 90 -4.9 87.1 84.3
The first row has no remanence, row 2 has a Konigsberger ration of 1 and row 3
is set to 10. For rows 2 and 3 the remanent vector is horizontal and pointing to
the east. The last three columns show the theoretical results that you should
recover from the Helbig analysis for the inclination, declination and total departure
angle of the resultant magnetization vector.
The following files are supplied for test purposes:
Remanent pipes D90 I00.grd (total field grid in Geosoft format)
Remanent pipes D90 I00.tkm (ModelVision model with variable

remanence properties).
Note that the model field parameters are as follows:
60000 magnetic field intensity

-60 magnetic field inclination
0 magnetic field declination.
Model Parameters
While it is not possible to directly calculate the remanent magnetic vector with the
Helbig method, you can experiment with the process and use geological
inference to gain more insight into the interpretation of specific anomalies. If you
know two out of the following three parameters, then you can estimate the third:
• Volume
• Susceptibility
• Q ratio
Once you model an anomaly, then you have a reasonable quality estimate of its
volume. We recommend that you limit the depth extent to approximately twice
the depth to the top of the model as it is unlikely that the Helbig method to see the
influence of magnetic material beyond this depth.
If you have been working in a specific terrain for some time you may be able to
deduce the probable value of the magnetic source based on its geological setting.
This will then give you an estimate of the Q value and hence the remanent
magnetization direction.
The interaction between the parameters in the “Model Components” segment of

the Remanence Calculator dialog is detailed in the table below.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Change k Change Q Change V Change Q Change V Change k with
Parameter
with fixed V with fixed V with fixed k with fixed k with fixed Q fixed Q
Jind changes changes - - changes changes
V - - edit changes edit changes
k edit changes - - changes edit
Q changes edit changes edit - -
Jnrm changes changes changes changes changes changes
Inrm changes changes changes changes - -
Dnrm changes changes changes changes - -
Jres - - changes changes changes changes
The table indicates the effect of fixing one of the three check boxes, Volume,
Suscept or Q ratio and altering the value of one of the other two parameters. For
example, changing the geometry of the seed body causes a change in volume
while the Volume check box is on will have the effect of scenario 3 in the table.
Aspect Ratio
When the aspect ratio of the pipe axes exceeds 5 – 6, the quality of the declination
and inclination calculations degrade because the anomaly is beginning to look
like a dyke. That is it looks like a 2D rather than 3D source.
While the information is degraded, it is still useful as a guide to use for inversion
and you can apply the technique to dykes by using the polygon selection to select
a part of the dyke anomaly. No systematic tests have yet been applied to this
class of anomalies.
Joint Inversion
Magnetic instruments such as cross-wing gradiometers, vertical gradiometers
and full tensor SQUID magnetometers presented challenges for geological
interpretation and geophysical inversion. In particular, the full tensor
magnetometer presents many new challenges for an interpreter where only the
vertical derivative of the vertical magnetic component presents a useful
geological analogue for visual interpretation. With six channels of information how
do we make practical use of the other five channels which implicitly contain useful
information about the 3D distribution of magnetic properties?
10 Inversion 367
Joint inversion of all six channels is the logical solution whereby the data is
inverted directly to a 3D magnetic susceptibility model. When compared with the
scalar amplitude of the total magnetic intensity measurement, the magnetic
tensor has valuable 3D information. For example just a few samples can provide
sufficient information to immediately determine if an igneous pipe is on the left or
right side of the flight line. A few more samples can locate the position and depth
of a pipe that is off to the side of a flight line.
Joint inversion can be used with various combinations of sensors and derived
parameters. For example a cross-wing total magnetic field gradiometer can be
used with the centre point total field value to derive important off-line geological
information. The first vertical derivative derived from gridded data can be
combined with total magnetic intensity measurements for two channel joint
inversion to optimize the quality of depth, width, dip and depth extent inversions.
In standard inversion, bounds constraints can be applied to limit the range of a

free parameter, but this is not possible for joint inversion. A body parameter can
only be free or fixed.
Examples are provided to illustrate the improvement in geological information

extraction when compared with single channel inversion of total magnetic
intensity data. The methods provide new opportunities to look at the latest
generation of instruments and new ways to look at old surveys.
Joint Inversion Limits
Joint inversion has some internal limits on the number of bodies, free parameters,
channels, and data that you can use.
Limit Property
200 Bodies
16 Map polygonal bodies (not cross-sections)
800 Total free parameters across all bodies in model
8 Joint data channels
2048 Data points per channel
100 Vertices per map polygon shape
1440 Facet per map polygon or polyhedron
Note that:
• Horizontal polygonal bodies are not supported for joint inversion
• Distance based multiple data line inversion is limited to tabular bodies.

Theory
Our current implementation of joint inversion limits the problem to cover

measurements from multiple sensors at a series of x, y, z locations where all data
channels are available at each location. The algorithm does not presently support
simultaneous inversion for multiple physical properties, although this can be done
cooperatively by using the same model sequentially. The following section
provides a brief overview of the theory behind our joint inversion algorithm
development.
In the context of this paper, the joint inversion of multi-channel magnetic or gravity
data is a constrained, cooperative, parametric non-linear inversion of fully
overlapping data sets dobs=(d1,d2,…,dNchan)T gathered simultaneously at Ns
observation points r1,r2,…,rNs. Each channel (j) contains Ns data points so
that dj=[dj(r1),dj(r2),…,dj(rNs)]T . Hence for all the Nchan data channels
there are a total of Nd=NsNchan data observations, i.e.
d obs = d j ( j = 1 ,N chan ) = d 1 ∪ d 2 ∪ d 3 ∪ … ∪ d j ∪ … ∪ d Nchan
From a statistical viewpoint, the set of Nd data observations dobs[1:Nd] are

considered to be incomplete and insufficient with standard errors σd[1:Nd].
Whence the non-linear inverse problem may be stated as follows: given a forward
modelling function ƒ(m;{ri}) containing Np model parameters
m=(m1,m2,…,mNp)T, then find an optimum solution vector mbest such that the total
standardized residual squared error Qd=||ed||2=edT·ed between the set of Nd
observed data observations dobs[1:Nd] and the set of Nd predicted or modelled
data observations dmod[1:Nd]=ƒ(m;{ri})[1:Nd] is minimized subject to some
constraints on the physical reliability of the model parameters themselves. In this
instance the objective function or functional Qt(m) to be minimized is:
T T 2 2
Q t ( m ) = Q d ( m ) + μQ m ( m ) = [ e d ⋅ e d ] + μ ( [ e m ⋅ e m ] = e + μ e m ) (1)
where Qd(m)=||ed||2 is the measure of the data misfit (the L2 norm);

Qd(m)=||ed||2 is a measure of the relative change in the model parameters and
μ>0 is a Lagrange multiplier. The objective function Qt may be further expressed
as:
Qt(m)=[(dobs–ƒ(m;{ri})/σd]T[(dobs–ƒ(m;{ri}))/σd]+μ[xsTxs–R02](2)
where y=ed=[dobs–ƒ(m;{ri})/σd] is the (Ndx1) column vector of

standardized errors between the observed and modelled data measurements;
edT is the transpose of ed;xs=xs[j][1:Np] is the scaled parameter step length
vector and R02 is the maximum bound placed on the energy level xsTxs of the
scaled parameter changes. The Qd(m) and Qm(m) functionals are computed as:
10 Inversion 369
Nd Nd
∑ ∑ [(d
T 2 2 2 2
Qd ( m ) = ed ⋅ ed = ed = y = yi = obs [ i ] – d mod [ i ] ) ⁄ σ d [ i ] ] (3a)
i=1 i=1
and
Np Np
∑ ∑ [ δm
T 2 2 2
Qd ( m ) = em ⋅ em = em = xs[j] = j ⁄ sj ] (3b)
j=1 j=1
where sj is the scaling factor for the j th

parameter step δmj.
Ridge regression or the Marquardt-Levinburg method provides a stable method

of solving the non-linear equation Bobs=ƒ(mp;{ri})+ed for an optimum mbest
such that the objective function Qt(m) is minimized. Ridge regression is
essentially a constrained inversion method in which the step length ||xs|| of the
solution vector xs is kept within physically realizable limits.
To apply the ridge regression method, we first convert this non-linear inversion
problem into an approximate linear form by expanding the response or forward
modelling function ƒ(m;ri) in a Taylor series about an initial starting point m0,
namely,
ƒ(m)=ƒ(m0)+Aδm+O(||δm||2) (4)
where δm=m–m0 and A is the Jacobian or gradient matrix of partial derivatives of

ƒ(m;ri) with respect to each of the model parameters mj ,namely, Aij=∂ƒi(m;
ri)/∂mj. Whence it may be shown (Meju, 1994) that the objective function Qt(m)
in equation (2) is now:
Qt=Qd+β2Qp=[y–Axs]T[y–Axs]+β2[xsTxs–R02] (5)
where b2>0 is the ridge parameter or Lagrange multiplier μ. The scaled least
squares solution vector xs is found by expanding equation (5) and then
differentiating the resulting expression with respect to xs. Finally setting
∂Qt(m)/∂xs=0, we obtain the least squares solution for the scaled model
parameter perturbation xs=sδm
xs=(ATA+β2I)-1.ATy (6)
Whence the new model mk+1=mk+δmk is given by the relation:
mk+1=mk+s-1(ATA+βk2I)-1.ATy for k=0,1,2 (7)
where s-1=diag(1/sj) for j=1:Np is a diagonal matrix of inverse scaling

factors; βk is the optimum ridge parameter for the kth trial model step δmk and mk
is the vector of model parameters from the previous (kth) iteration.
One means of accurately estimating the model parameters mk+1 as well as

investigating their sensitivities during the course of the inversion is via the use of
singular value decomposition (SVD) of the Jacobian matrix A or, in the case of
joint inversion, its scaled and weighted equivalent As=WAs-1
(for W=1/σd=diag[1/σd[i]];i=1:Nd]). For example, the singular value
decomposition of the (NdxNp) matrix As is [see Menke, 1989; Press et al, 1992]
As=UλVT (8)
where U and V are the (NdxNp) and (NpxNp) column orthonormal matrices for
the data space and parameter space respectively, i.e. UTU=I ?and VTV=I, and λ
is the (NpxNp) diagonal matrix of singular values λj[1:Np]. In terms of the
singular value decomposition of the scaled and weighted Jacobian or sensitivity
matrix As, the solution vector xs[1:Np] of scaled parameter steps is now
computed as (Menke, 1989: Meju, 1994)
xs[i]=viΛdUTy for i=1,2,...,Np (9)
where vi is the ith row vector in the right-side V matrix and Λd = diag(Λd[i])
is the diagonal matrix of damping factors Λd[i] for the ridge regression defined
as:
Λd[i]=λi/(λi2+βk2) for i=1,..,Np (10)
where βk is the ridge parameter for the kth trial model step and λi is the ith
singular value.
The symmetrical (NpxNp) covariance matrix C=Cij=cov[xi,xj] is calculated

using the relation [see Press et al, 1992, p.671]
Np
∑γ V
2
c ij = cov [x i,x j] = k ik V jk (11)
k=1
where γk=1/λk for λk≠0 and Cij=Cji, from which estimates of the variances
σm[i]2[1:Np] are obtainable as the diagonal elements Cij of the covariance
matrix C.
A major advantage of singular value decomposition over other matrix inversion or

decomposition techniques, is that SVD enables the user to diagnose and rectify
situations where the matrices A and λ are singular, i.e. when any λk=0, or from a
numerical standpoint, where any λk≈0. This latter situation in which λ is ill-
conditioned may be tested using the inequality
λk<max(λk)εw where εw=Npεm

10 Inversion 371
and εm is the machine accuracy or zero tolerance which is about 1.18x10-7 for
positive floating point numbers in standard IEEE representation (Press et al,
1992). Therefore in situations where A is deemed as ill conditioned, the ridge
parameter b should be made sufficiently large so as to ensure that the parameter
perturbation in equation (9) remains physically realizable and has not jumped
outside the linear range.
Performing an Inversion
• Selecting the Data
• Selecting Free Parameters
• Controlling Parameter Variation
• Running the Inversion
Selecting the Data
Inversion is a highly intensive computation. It is worthwhile spending some time

to restrict the computations to as few bodies and as few stations as required.
When focussing on one area you may be able to delete or set distant bodies
inactive so that they have little influence on the area of focus. You can also make
inactive any lines that do not pass through the area of interest and use active point
selection to window out those parts of any lines that are only partly within the
anomalous area. The number of data points active for an inversion is displayed
on the Inversion toolbar. Inversion does not run unless this number is less than
that defined in the Inversion Configure option.
There are three approaches to reducing the number of points that are active for
inversions:
1. You can use active point selection to clip the geographic extent.
2. You can reduce the number of active lines.
3. You can sub-sample the data points on the active lines.

None of these selection methods is specific to inversion and they are explained
in other sections of this manual. For convenience, the utility for sub-sampling data
is also made available through the Data button on the Inversion toolbar. The only
difference from sub-sampling from the Inversion toolbar and with the Model>Data
Compression utility on the main menu is that the sub-sampling in inversion is
reset when the inversion is closed. The degree of sub-sampling you can use
depends on the degree to which the steepest gradients of the field are over-
sampled by the available data points. For large and complex inversions you may
need to use a combination of these methods. As you change your selection of
points the new total of active points is reported on the toolbar.
Selecting Free Parameters
You can set free any model parameters for inversion but with a summed total less
than specified in the Configure Free Parameters setting. When first activated, the
Inversion – Free Parameters dialog reports All as the body selection. With this
setting you can select a parameter and all instances of that parameter for all
bodies in the model are set free to vary. If, for instance, you have 6 bodies and
set depth and property free with the All bodies option displayed, the number of
free parameters reported on the inversion toolbar is 6x2=12. You can free
parameters for individual bodies by first selecting that body in the active map or
section window or by selecting it by name from the drop-down menu on the dialog.
Selecting the List button in the centre of the Inversion toolbar displays the list of
model parameters (see Inversion Parameters Spreadsheet). This list reports all
parameters of the model, their current status (free or fixed), and their value range
in an inversion. You can toggle the status of the variables in the list to select or
de-select them and you can also edit the current, minimum or maximum values.
Controlling Parameter Variation
It is important to limit the range of each free parameter. Initial minimum and
maximum values are set by addition and subtraction of a default tolerance (1000
metres for most spatial parameters). In the Inversion Tolerances dialog, you can
reset tolerances and, after changes have been made to the model, you can re-
centre the permitted range for variables about their current value. For more
precise control of the permitted range of variables you can use the Inversion
Parameters Spreadsheet to set minimum and maximum values independently for
any parameter. For example, you may want to use this spreadsheet to ensure that
the depth to any model vertex is not permitted to rise above the ground surface
by setting all minimum depths greater than the ground surface depth value.
10 Inversion 373
Note that physical properties are allowed to take negative values. Negative
properties may be meaningful. Negative density contrasts are normal in gravity
modelling. A negative susceptibility often indicates the existence of remanence.
If however negative properties are not meaningful, you should set the minimum
limit on property for each body at or above zero.
Also note that freeing both the X and Z vertices in polygonal bodies can lead to
geologically inappropriate body shapes although the inversion may satisfy the
response criteria. In most instances, for example if modelling a layered horizon,
it is normal to very the Z (depth) vertices only.
Running the Inversion
Once you have selected the data points and free parameters, you are ready to
start the inversion using the Run button at the bottom of the Inversion toolbar. A
progress bar reports the number of iterations and the percentage progress. As the
model changes it is updated in all open windows so you can monitor the changes
and intervene if necessary by stopping the inversion with the Cancel button. You
may change the model or the inversion parameters and re-initiate the inversion.
If inversion has caused some undesired changes to the model, selecting the
Revert button returns the model to its starting condition before the previous
inversion run. As the inversion saves only a single previous situation, it is
sometimes appropriate to save either session or model files in case the inversion
follows an undesirable course.
It is possible that some inversion predictions could produce an invalid body or be

insensitive to a free parameter. In such cases, a message is displayed. There is
unlikely to be any action required as ModelVision has taken appropriate steps
when these inconsistencies are deleted.
During an inversion, an Inversion Report window is displayed. Messages appear

in this window as the inversion progresses. The content of the messages is
determined by the Message Level (see Configure Standard Inversion). Messages
contained in the Inversion Report window can be scrolled up and down to view
their content.
Messages displayed during an inversion run

At the end of an inversion two possible messages appear. If the maximum

number of iterations has been reached, the inversion has terminated before
reaching the required RMS value. This break provides a convenient occasion to
consider making any changes to the model or the inversion parameters before
continuing with the inversion. If the inversion has been unable to find an
improvement to the model it stops and you need to either edit the model manually
or reset the inversion parameters before proceeding further.
Once you start an inversion it is easy to confuse the ModelVision directive to

minimize RMS difference with your objective of developing an acceptable model
and testing geological hypotheses. A good RMS fit does not mean that you have
a correct geological model. It means you have a good fit between the response
derived from your model to the observed data. Inversion is a tool that should be
used to accelerate the rate at which you can test your geological models, rather
than a tool that is used to derive geology.
11 Page Layout 375
11 Page Layout
One of the most important aspects of operating ModelVision is to produce report-
quality hard-copy of results. This section describes the operation of the Layout
window. The Layout window provides an interactive tool for combining various
ModelVision displays, annotating them and printing hardcopy in a form directly
useful in reports and interpretations. The annotation tools can even be used for
drawing sketch interpretations which can be plotted out.
In this section:
• The Layout Window
• Creating a New Layout
• Setting Page Size
• Adding Map Frames
• Changing Layout Properties
• Adding Text and Drawing Objects
• Saving a Layout
For information on generating the hard-copy output, see Printing.
The Layout Window

The layout window allows you to composite the displays of other windows for
presentation. By creating a layout display you can:
• Plot one or more map, X-Section or perspective views on a single sheet of

paper
• Add titles and other text to your printed maps
• Add your own graphical elements such as polygons, polylines, rectangles

etc.
• Move and/or modify inserted text such as body names and title blocks
• Modify colours and line styles of annotation, lines etc.

Once created, the Layout window simulates a piece of paper on which you can
place copies of graphical displays, annotations, text and graphical items. The size
of the paper is initially set in a dialog when the display window opens with the
initial default taken from the page setting of the default window’s print driver.
Windows placed in the Layout, retain the attributes of the source display. This
means that as you alter the ‘source’ window, the Layout rendition is updated
automatically. A multi-level Undo function is also available in the Layout to enable
corrections to be performed and undone.
When operating within the Layout window, certain Edit menu items become
available. In particular, the Undo item enables mistakes or editing steps to be
reversed. This is especially useful when detailed object editing is being
undertaken. The Delete item operates on selected drawing objects in the Layout.
Note The Cut and Copy options are also available for use from the Edit menu item.
They do not write the selected objects to the Window’s Clipboard.
Creating a New Layout

To create a layout display window, use the New Layout option on the View menu.
A layout window similar to that shown on the next page is displayed. You can use
the Layout window as a drawing tool without embedded objects if you wish.
Components of a Layout Window
A layout window consists of 5 main components:
• The Page is the printed area. Any objects (map frames, text strings, lines
etc.) that are wholly contained within the Page are printed. Any objects
that are partially contained within the Page are clipped at the edge of the
Page. The margins of the drawing area are indicated by dotted lines
displayed inside the edges of the Page.
• The Pasteup area is the grey area in the Layout window surrounding the
Page. It is a ‘scratchpad’ area on which you can place objects that you
want to retain but don’t want to print. Any objects that are wholly contained
within the Pasteup area are not displayed. If an object extends from the
Pasteup area into the Page, the portion that lies in the Page, is included in
a print.
• The Text Formatting Ribbon is displayed along the top of the

Layoutwindow and is used to control text sizes, fonts and symbols.
11 Page Layout 377
• The Toolbar along the left margin displays buttons that represent different
editing tools.
• The Status Bar is found along the bottom of the Layout window and is
used to display messages relating to your current layout operations.
Empty Layout Window
Setting Page Size

When a Layout is created, the page size and orientation defaults to the size of
your currently attached printer. The area available for drawing is determined by
the size of the printer page. If you use a large format printer, you can draw on an
A0 page. If you want to include the plots in the body of a report, use the A4 page
size supported by your printer. The page size is obtained from your default printer
driver.
You can change page settings in two ways:
1. By selecting Print Setup from the File menu.
2. By selecting Printer from the Layout Configure dialog that is activated by

right-clicking in the Layout window.
When page size or orientation is changed, ModelVision makes no attempt to re-

organize elements on the new page. For example, if you change from portrait to
landscape page orientation, any objects that were near the bottom of the page are
now in the Pasteup area underneath it. Likewise, any objects that were in the
Pasteup area to the right of the page are now on the page. It is your responsibility
to move objects into their appropriate positions once page size or orientation has
been modified.
Example of page size setup and the link to the standard windows printer setup
Note The page width shown in ModelVision is the printable area of the output printer
page rather than the size of the paper that is loaded.
Adding Map Frames

When you want to bring a ModelVision view into the Layout tool, you do so by
creating a frame and linking it to the appropriate window. Once this link has been
established, you can move and resize the frame on your layout and ModelVision
takes care of making sure that the view you have selected is displayed within the
frame. Note that a View in ModelVision can be a Map, Multi-Track, X-section or
Perspective display.
If you go back to the linked View either by clicking on its window or by selecting it
from the Window menu, you can Pan, Zoom and change the displayed elements
within the displayed View and ModelVision adjusts the contents of the frame on
your Layout accordingly.
11 Page Layout 379
Map Frames, therefore, provide a dynamic link between your Layout and any
Views that you currently have active.
• Creating a Frame
• Moving and Resizing Frames
Creating a Frame
Map Frames can be created in two ways:
• Automatically if you create a new Layout from the Window menu and you
have one or more Map Views active.
• Using the Frame tool on the Layout toolbar to drag out a new frame.
If the option to automatically create frames is nominated after selecting the New
Layout option, the Page size defaults to the paper size and orientation (portrait or
landscape) which is set in the Printer Setup option of the File menu. You can
modify this prior to opening the Layout window by selecting the Printer button in
the following dialog:
Create a new layout from the New Layout option on the Window menu
If you create a Layout as described above, ModelVision creates Frames for each
of your Views and fills your Layout page with the most recently accessed one. The
other views are positioned in Frames within the Pasteup area. You can use the
pointer tool to move and resize the Frames.
When you create a Frame using the Frame tool, as described in 2 above, you are
asked to select from a list of your displayed Views by the dialog below. This dialog
automatically displays when a Frame tool is used and display views exist in
ModelVision.
Placing a window into a created frame
You can select which View window is to be linked with the created frame (use the
pull-down list to select it). The scale of the window in the frame can also be
specified. Note that when a scale has been defined, the frame bounds are
displayed in centimetres. In the case of maps, the scale is the same in the
horizontal to vertical direction. For cross-section or multi-track plots, the scale is
used to define the horizontal scale only.
If you have created a frame of a different shape from the View to which you are
linking it, you can click on either the Fit Frame to Source Window or Fit Source
Window to Frame button to adjust your Frame and its corresponding Map
Window to the same aspect ratio.
Note To create a Frame, at least one ModelVision View must be active. If you select
the Frame tool and no Views are active, an error message appears.
11 Page Layout 381
Layout Window with a single frame
Layout Window with multiple frames

Position each of the source windows in the location that you require and you can
add additional drawing objects over the top of the windows. Note that fonts often
appear larger than they are on the final printed page. If the font is a fixed size such
as a coordinate box, it is correctly scaled on the final hardcopy output.
Example ModelVision display with four windows to be placed in a Layout
Moving and Resizing Frames
When you select a frame, it is highlighted by a dashed line and four handles at
the corners of the bounding rectangle. You can select and drag any of these
handles to resize the window. The source window redraws into the new area by
choosing the best way to draw into the box. You can force the rectangle to match
the window shape by accessing the object properties dialog with a double left
mouse click and choosing the Select Fit Frame to Source Window option.
A frame can be moved by dragging and dropping. Click within the frame using the
left mouse button and while holding the button down, drag the frame to reposition
it and release the mouse button.
11 Page Layout 383
Initial presentation of the layout window with the first object positioned in the output page.
The remaining window objects are positioned off the page
Each time the window is moved or re-sized, it is re-drawn under control from the
original source window. This means that you can make changes to the original
windows and the changes appear in the layout window next time it is re-drawn.
To access the properties of a frame, select it with the left mouse and double click
with the left mouse. The Frame Object dialog as shown above appears. Here you
can set precise centimetre limits on the object position or give it a specific scale.
This allows you to have a map view at 1:25 000, while a detailed cross-section
could be at a scale of 1:5 000. You can also select other objects from the list and
change their scales.
Changing Layout Properties

You can change various characteristics of a Layout window. Position the cursor
in the window and click the right mouse button. The dialog below is displayed
which permits you to enter Layout display attribute information.
The Layout Configure dialog allows you to change the characteristics of your Layout
window
Controlling the Redraw Speed
Because each frame is linked to a ModelVision view, each time you pan and zoom
in Layout mode or move a frame, its contents are redrawn. Depending on the
amount of information contained within the frame (view limits, displayed layers
etc.), and the speed of your PC, this can take some time. You can speed up
Layout’s redraw by changing the Show Frame Contents setting:
• With the Slow option, the entire contents of the Frame are redrawn every
time you change the view.
• With the Faster option, ModelVision does not redraw the contents of a
Frame as it is moved or zoomed but simply redraws the screen bitmap
which corresponds to the Frame. This is a fast redraw option, but it does
have some side effects. If Faster is in effect and you zoom your Layout,
you see that the image within each Frame become coarser. The further
you zoom, the coarser and less detailed the display becomes. At any
stage, you can click on the Redraw button of the main toolbar and your
screen is re-drawn at full resolution.
11 Page Layout 385
• With the Fastest option, each frame is filled with a simple crosshatch
pattern and the name of the Frame contents is drawn within it.
Note Printed output is always drawn at full resolution irrespective of the setting of the
Show Frame Contents option.
Zooming In and Out
The zoom option presents preset or definable levels of zooming for the Layout
view. The dialog that provides zoom control is shown:
Zoom level for the Layout window
Adding Text and Drawing Objects

A toolbar is attached to the left side of the layout widow. These tools can add
considerable annotation and interpretive information. A tool tip appears in the
Status Bar at the bottom of the ModelVision window when the mouse is positioned
over one of the toolbar buttons.
For more information see:
• Drawing Operations
• Drawing Tools
• Adding and Editing Text
• Editing Multiple Text Objects
• Changing the Display Order
• Aligning Objects
Drawing Operations
• Nudge - Use the keyboard arrow keys to move a selected object in small
increments. This also applies to group selected objects.
• Group Select - Use the shift key with multiple left mouse selections to
group objects. The objects can be moved as a group or have their
attributes changed as a group.
• Set Group Attributes - Apply the attributes used when Get Attributes was
selected to all objects in the currently selected group. You can change the
line thickness and fill colour of multiple polygons.
• Set Group Font - Change the font style for all selected text in one
operation.
• Set Group Line Style - Change the line style for all selected lines in one
operation.
Drawing Tools
Pointer tool - Allows you to select items, to drag and drop, to resize etc. When
the Layout window is active, you can also use the Pointer button on the main
toolbar to perform these functions.
Polyline - Draw polylines (two or more connected line segments)
Polygon - Draw polygons
Oval - Draw ovals
Rectangle - Draw rectangles
Rounded Rectangle - Draw rectangles with rounded corners
Text - Add text to your Layout

11 Page Layout 387
Frame - Open a new window object where you can insert an additional window
object. Use this if you deleted an object frame, or when you create a new source
window that you would like to add to the layout. Note the windows are selected
by name and it is possible to have multiple windows with the same name. The
window name is generated from the view type and channel name. If a duplicate
name occurs, rename one of the input channels or grid in the source window and
recreate the source window.
Bring to Front - Redraw a selected item (or items) at the front of your layout
Poly Edit - Move vertices of a polyline or polygon. Vertices can also be added
using this tool.
Fill Colour - Select a new colour for filling closed shapes (polygons, rectangles,
ovals etc.). Any selected objects have fill colours modified and the selected
colour used fills all subsequent objects until altered.
Send to Back - Send a selected item (or items) to the back of your layout
Pen Colour - Select a new pen colour. This affects lines, polylines, text and the
bounding lines of filled shapes.
Line Style - Modify line style and line thickness. This affects lines, polylines and
the bounding lines of filled shapes.
Font - Activate the font dialog which allows you to change the font, style and size
of text items.
Get Attributes - Obtain the attributes of a currently selected object (text string,
line, polygon etc.). These attributes can be applied to other items of the same
type by selecting them and clicking on the Apply Attributes tool.
Apply Attributes - Apply the currently selected graphics attributes to one or

more selected objects.
Note The Fill Colour, Pen Colour, Line Style and Font tools set the current state for
the addition of new objects and also apply the new attributes to any currently
selected objects.
Adding and Editing Text
Adding text:
Example of font control from the Text Object attribute dialog
To add text, select the Text tool and move the cursor to the Layout area. The
cursor changes to a text I-bar. Move to the point at which you wish to place your
text and click the left mouse button. The text entry dialog appears.
Enter the text you want to display and optionally click on the Font button to
change the text characteristics. The precise location and the angle of text can also
be controlled by entries in the appropriate fields. Note that the location specified
for text entries applies to the lower left position of the first character in the text
string.
Modifying text:
After a text object has been created you can delete it, move it or modify it.
Editing text:
To edit a text object, double click on it with the Pointer tool and edit the contents
of the text dialog. Click on the Font button to access the font control dialog.
Deleting text:
Text is deleted by first selecting it with the Pointer tool and pressing the DEL key
or selecting the Delete option in the Edit menu.
11 Page Layout 389
Moving text:
To reposition the text, select the text and drag the bounding box to the new
location. If you select a box handle, the text is resized without changing the origin
of the text.
You can move text items a pixel at a time by selecting one or more text objects
using the Pointer tool, use the arrows keys to move the selected items. This is
particularly useful where the precise positioning of text items is required.
Editing Multiple Text Objects
You may wish to select several text objects and apply the same text attributes
(colour, font, style, size etc.) to each one. To do this you must:
1. Select a text object that has the desired attributes, or modify a text object
so it has these characteristics. This is done by double clicking on it to
enable the Modify Text dialog. If you need to change its colour, select the
object and click on the Pen Colour tool.
2. Save the characteristics of the selected object by clicking on the Get

Attributes tool.
3. Select the remaining text objects by clicking on each in turn while holding
down the SHIFT key.
4. Click on the Apply Attributes tool to apply the saved attributes to the
selected items.
Changing the Display Order
Since graphical objects can overlap, there are times where you wish to adjust the
order in which objects are displayed.
When a Layout is created, ModelVision assigns the following priority to items

within the Layout:
1. The background rectangles of all frames are placed at the back (drawn
first).
2. All non-text objects which have been produced in ModelVision (X-

Sections, maps, perspectives etc.) are placed next.
3. Locational symbols from ModelVision are placed next.

4. All text objects which have been produced by ModelVision (title boxes,
body labels etc) are placed next.
5. All objects created using the Layout graphical tools are placed next with
later objects being placed on top of earlier objects.
Layout provides you with limited capabilities for adjusting the priority of an item
(or group of items) by allowing you to select it and to move it either to the front or
back using the Bring to Front or Send to Back tool or menu item.
Aligning Objects
It is frequently useful to force an alignment and so make selected objects line up

vertically or horizontally. To force an alignment, select two or more objects (by
drawing out a select rectangle with the cursor or selecting objects individually with
the SHIFT key depressed). Once selected, chose one of the Layout>Align
options as shown. When the menu option is selected, the objects realign their
positions.
Saving a Layout
In the current version of ModelVision, you can only have one Layout active within
a single ModelVision session. You can close a Layout and start a new one.
However, if you wish to save a Layout, you must do so by saving it as a
component of a ModelVision session file. This is done using the Save option of
the File menu.
12 Using Filters 391
12 Using Filters
Filters and their use are powerful geophysical tools. The various filter types
(convolution, FFT and two-dimensional) and their controls are explained in this
section with tips for optimal use. For descriptions of the available filters, see
Appendix G: Filter Descriptions.
In-Line filters are also of great assistance to interpretation with their ability to
highlight subtle responses. Adding filter displays to model sections and
comparing filtered field data with them enables identification of model edges and
features due to the high sensitivity of filtered output. The filter displays and their
controls are discussed with examples in this chapter.
In this section:
• About Filters
• Convolution Filters
• FFT Filters
• In-Line Filters
• Grid Filters
About Filters
ModelVision supports both Convolution and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) line
oriented filters as well as two-dimensional kernel filters and two-dimensional FFT
filters for grid based data. Both convolution and FFT line filters can operate on any
number of lines loaded into ModelVision.
In-Line filters allow any of the convolution or FFT filters to be used dynamically in
the modelling process. An In-Line filter is applied in ‘real time’ and provides an
improved sensitivity for examining your data in a variety of field and modelling
situations. A subset of the main convolution filters (called Standard Filters) are In
Line filters directly accessed through the cross-section view. For additional
information on In-Line and Standard Filter operation, refer to Cross-section
Controls.
All filters are designed to operate on one channel or grid at a time. Line filters can
be applied to lines individually, in groups or to a complete project. When tests for
an optimum filter design are being performed, it is advisable to reduce the
computational overheads by applying the filter to one or two lines only. When
satisfied with the output, run the filter on the complete project.. This decision
depends on the filter type, quantity of data and machine speed.
The major advantage of the convolution filter over the FFT filter is its simplicity of
operation and speed for short filter lengths. Convolution filtering becomes slow at
long filter lengths and is subject to major problems as the length of the filter
operator becomes shortened. End effects of convolution filters are handled by
reducing the length of the operator while trying to maintain its filter characteristics
as the ends of the data set are approached. As the operator becomes smaller
than the wavelengths that it is trying to remove, the integrity of the result begins
to deteriorate.
2D convolution filters operate in the same way as kernel operations in ER

Mapper. Kernel processing is a spatial operation generating output data based on
the result of moving a template over the required grid. Kernels are used to detect
and enhance edges, sharpen and smooth images and remove noise. A range of
filter kernel functions are available. ModelVision uses the same kernel definition
as ER Mapper and this is described in the ER Mapper Applications manual. The
kernels supplied include averaging kernels, geophysical kernels, sun angle,
Sobel, sharpening and edge enhancement kernels.
Note In version 11.0, all gradient filter units were changed to units per metre rather
than units per kilometre for consistency with industry practice.
Convolution Filters
Convolution filters are accessed through the main filter menu where a list of the
available filters is presented.
Filter menu for the convolution option
Specialized geophysical filters as well as standard frequency cut-off filters are

supplied. Select one of the filters from the menu list and a dialog box appropriate
to the particular filter appears.
Example of filter dialog box for the band pass convolution filter
It is possible to filter on a selected line (highlighted) or on range of lines (by

selecting with a combination of the mouse cursor and the CTRL or SHIFT keys). A
further option is to use the Filter all lines radio button that forces the filter to
operate over the complete loaded dataset. Use the Channel Select list to choose
which channel to use as input for the filter. The Output name assigns this name
to the filtered output channel. The name of the output filter channel is generated
automatically by ModelVision appending 2 characters that indicate the type of
filter. It is possible to override this name by editing the Output name field.
Note If the Output name field is the same as that of an already existing channel, that
channel is overwritten by the application of a new filter.
This has been intentionally designed to operate this way since comparison of filter
results with slight modifications of settings can be important. The Multi-Track
display can be used for designing optimal filter settings and comparing the filtered
result with the original input channel. By using the overwrite facility of the channel
Output name, the Multi-Track automatically redisplays when the filtered channel
is overwritten. This provides an immediately updated comparison of input and
output channels.
Average sample interval is the average sample spacing computed from the
DIST_ABS column.
Nyquist Frequency is the highest frequency distinguished in a discretely

sampled set of data. This is equivalent to a wavelength equal to twice the sample
interval.
Fundamental Frequency is the lowest frequency that the sample spacing is

capable of defining.
After setting the line options and entering the parameters into the filter design box,
click the Apply Filter push button. A 'busy' cursor (hourglass) appears while the
computation is in progress. The wait time depends upon the amount of data being
processed and the length of the convolution filter operator. When selecting the
controlling parameters of a filter, in most instances only a single entry is required.
For example, for the pass band filters (high, low or band pass), the operator length
is automatically set to an optimal size after the wavelength or frequency for the
filter design has been entered. The operator length can be overwritten if desired.
The default units of both displayed information and parameter entries can be
changed. For instance, if you have a preference for defining a filter in terms of
frequency rather than wavelength, choose the appropriate measurement unit
located on the right of the entry field.
The In Line Filters and Connect to ILF List push button are explained in In-Line
Filters.
Convolution Filter Operation
Most of the filter algorithms used (e.g. band-pass, low, high etc.) are those
described by Johnson, B.D. (1971). The upward and downward continuation
filters use the transfer functions of Bhattacharyya, B.K. (1972).
• Low pass filter outputs wavelengths that are longer than the specified
wavelength. Selection of this filter requires specification of the cut-off
wavelength and operator length.
This filter is grouped with the high and band pass filters which all use a
common specification for pass wavelengths and operator length. Operator
lengths should be chosen such that they can properly resolve the longer
wavelengths.
For example, if the sample spacing is 10 metres and you wish to remove
frequencies of 2 cycles per kilometre (500 m in wavelength), do not
choose an operator length of 11 (110 metres). Maintain an operator length
which is in the order of twice the longest wavelength that you are trying to
remove from the data, that is, length = 2 x wavelength/data spacing.
Within ModelVision, this formula is automatically applied in selecting the
operator length.
• High pass filters output wavelengths that are shorter than the specified
pass wavelength.
• Band pass filters require the specification of an upper and a lower

wavelength. Output from this filter gives the same result as subtracting
two low pass filters with cut-offs equivalent to the top and bottom
wavelengths of the band pass.
• Vertical magnetic gradients can be computed for gravitational or

magnetic fields. This is the vertical rate of change of the potential field. A
high pass filter enhances the edges of shallow magnetic sources. The
operator length should be as long as possible for accurate computation.
• First derivative filters compute the horizontal gradient of the selected

column. No operator length is required as this is a simple 5 point
numerical operator (weights -0.125, -0.25, 0, 0.25, 0.125).
• Second derivative filters compute the second horizontal derivative of the

selected data. A three point operator based on the work of McIntyre
(1981) is used.
• Square root of second derivative is the square root of the amplitude of

the second derivative filter. McIntyre demonstrated that this method
provided an effective enhancement procedure for the recognition of small
anomalies on the flanks of large amplitude anomalies. Care is required
with this filter because it is also a noise enhancement filter. It is often
desirable to low-pass filter the selected column prior to second derivative
filtering.
• Analytic signal – The analytic signal filter uses the computation of the
Hilbert Transform. The filter creates an amplitude spectrum which differs
by 90 degrees from the original input data. This operation is especially
useful in magnetic anomaly detection since the anomaly peaks created
occur at inflection points of the original input.
The modulus of the (3-D) complex analytic signal of a function g(x,y,z)

is given by:
AS(g) = [(∂g/∂x)2 + (∂g/∂y)2 + (∂g/∂z)2]1/2
This enhancement is popular for use in magnetic interpretation because it

reduces complexity due to magnetization direction. ModelVision provides
the 2D version of the analytic signal given by :
AS2D(g) = [(∂g/∂x)2 + (∂g/∂z)2]1/2
For inputs that vary perpendicularly to the profile, the 2-D analytic signal
does not record the full variation of the 3-D function. The advantage of the
2-D version is that it can be computed rapidly along any individual line.
The 2-D analytic signal is also available from the list of ‘standard filters’ in
the cross-section configuration dialog. Selection of the analytic signal as a
standard filter plots its output in the cross-section from both the model
input and output channels. While the 2-D analytic signal provides only an
approximation of the 3-D function it does produce a valid comparison of
model input and output channels as it is applied identically to each.
• Moving average filters are similar to low pass filters. The major difference
is that the cut-off is not as clean as the low pass filter and it allows
considerable leakage of high frequencies into the filter output.
• Median or Threshold filter is a specifically designed filter for the removal

of spikes or data having a specific wavelength and amplitude. In particular,
this filter can be used for the removal of cultural noise in magnetics data.
The filter operates by defining a threshold amplitude. An operator window
is also specified by the user to define the wavelength. The filter moves
incrementally along the required lines and compares the middle sample of
the window with the difference between the median value of the window
and the threshold. If the absolute value is greater than the threshold, the
median is substituted for the value.
• Fourth difference filters are useful tools for the detection of noise spikes,
especially in aeromagnetic data. This technique is commonly used for
quality control of magnetic data recording systems. The amplitude of the
operator is divided by 16 to normalize the output to equivalent noise
levels.
• Upward continuation is a classic geophysical filter for low pass filtering

of magnetic and gravity data. It is mathematically exact for two-
dimensional geological sections. This is the case if the geology is uniform
in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the data profile.
Continuation height is specified in multiples of the sample interval or as a
specific distance in metres. Operator lengths should be as long as
possible to achieve accurate continuation.
• AGC filters apply a non-linear amplification process to a dataset intended

to increase the amplitude of small anomalies and decrease the amplitude
of large anomalies. A benefit of this filter is that it maintains an anomaly's
shape and wavelength as far as possible while filtering. That is, small
amplitude features are amplified and large amplitude features are
attenuated.
The AGC process is achieved by defining a window width and using the
mean amplitude for the line or survey to define an amplification factor that
is applied to the centre value for that window..
The formulation of the AGC filter is provided by Rajagopalan (1987) as:
( f in − f av ) * f sdwin
f out = + f av
f sdsur
where
ƒout = computed AGC output

ƒin = function input
ƒav = average value at point f in the moving window
ƒsdwin = standard deviation for window

ƒsdsur = standard deviation for survey
• Noise Generator – The Noise Generator filter can be used to study the
application of other filters. You can artificially add ‘white’ noise from this
filter to create a new channel of signal plus noise. This channel can be
filtered to test the design and characteristics of a second filter in removing
noise.
The Gaussian Noise Filter provides a powerful tool for survey design
when added to the output of predictive models computed along synthetic
survey lines. The Gaussian noise generator dialog allows the specification
of a constant offset and standard deviation for the noise. The range, mean
and standard deviation of the input channel are reported for reference.
Gaussian noise can also be also added to grids from the Filters>Grid
filters>Noise generator menu item. The filter parameters of a mean
offset and standard deviation are identical to the parameters specified for
adding noise to line data.
FFT Filters
Fast Fourier Transform Filters are selected from the main Filter Menu that
presents a list of filters similar to that of the convolution filter set.
Menu selection for Fast Fourier Transform filters
After a filter is selected, a dialog box appears to allow you to enter the control
parameters appropriate to that filter. Fast Fourier Transform filters provides an
alternative method to convolution filters for transforming data.
The major advantages of the FFT approach are its ability to look at the energy
spectrum and to more efficiently process long wavelengths.
A disadvantage often associated with FFT is that it normally uses data sets with
lengths that are powers of 2. To avoid this constraint, a mixed radix FFT that is
based on prime factors up to a maximum of 23 has been used in ModelVision.
With this algorithm, an FFT can normally be performed on a data set length that
is within 1 percent of the total data length. This computation and adjustment is
automatically made by ModelVision.
Example of an FFT dialog box for the vertical derivative filter
The In Line Filters and Connect to ILF List push button are explained in the
section In-Line Filters.
The Fast Fourier Transformation operation performed in ModelVision uses the

theory described by Singleton, (1969).
The FFT dialog requests information on the channel to be transformed and on

data spacing.
Note New data channels may be created for the forward transformation process but,
as for convolution filters, care must be taken in naming output channels since
newly created channels overwrite previously generated data with the same
channel name.
• Low pass filters pass frequencies below a specified frequency. The

controlling parameters required are the low frequency cut-off and the cut-
off rate.
Frequencies are specified in a range of cycles or as wavelengths (in

distance). Cut-off rates control the sharpness of the filter and the tapering
of the energy spectrum. A high value for the cut-off rate has the effect of
removing high frequencies, but causes ringing on the edges of large
amplitude changes.
• High pass filters pass frequencies that are higher than the specified cut-
off. As for low pass filters, the high frequency cut-off and cut-off rate are
required.
• Band pass filters pass frequencies that lie between two specified
frequencies or wavelengths. Information must be entered for high-
frequency cut-off , low-frequency cut-off and the cut-off rate.
• Horizontal derivative filters are computed directly and the only additional
information required is a choice of smoothing of the spectrum. This is
often desirable because the horizontal derivative is a high pass filter.
• Vertical derivative filters are computed directly. As this is also a high

pass filter, smoothing of the spectrum is recommended to enhance the
usefulness of the results.
• Upward continuation filters allow either magnetic or gravity data to be

filtered in such a manner that it appears to have been collected at a
greater height than was actually the case. This is similar to a low pass
filter operation. The height of continuation is specified in distance or
multiples of the sample interval.
• Downward continuation is the reverse process to upward continuation.

Care should be taken not to continue below the top of the shallowest
magnetic or anomalous density contrasts, as in this circumstance the
process becomes unstable.
• Reduction to the Pole performs a transformation on magnetic data to

make it appear as though it were recorded at the Earth's magnetic pole.
Information is required on the direction of the Earth's magnetic field
(inclination and declination in degrees) and the direction of remanent
magnetization (if any). Field inclinations should be specified as negative
for the Southern Hemisphere.
• Pseudo gravity filter can be computed from a magnetic profile in a

manner similar to that of reduction to the pole. The information required is
the Earth's field inclination and the field declination in degrees.
• Band limited noise generator enables low frequency, pseudo-random

noise to be added to the data. The noise has a uniformly random
distribution of amplitudes about a user-specified mean value. The root
mean squared (rms) amplitude of the noise is determined from a user-
specified standard deviation. You must also define a cutoff frequency or
wavelength such that the generated noise is band limited in the spatial
frequency or wave number domain. This ensures that short-wavelength
random noise will not be present in the data at spatial frequencies much
above the desired cutoff value.
In-Line Filters
Both the convolution and FFT line filters can be used as In Line filters during
modelling. The use of In Line filters means that a computed magnetic or gravity
model response can be filtered in real time as the model is edited and displayed
in the same track as filtered field data.
As an example, in surveys with high regional gradients, it may be preferable to

model the first vertical derivative of the observed magnetic response rather than
the total field. In this case, the first vertical derivative of the measured magnetic
field data can be computed and set as input in the Line Control option of the Model
menu (see Line Control). After computation of the total magnetic field you can
connect the model output to another first vertical derivative In Line filter.
In Line filters can be used and specified by two methods:
• An In Line filter can be specified in the X-section configuration dialog

(refer to Standard Filters for a description of this method of applying filters
in modelling). This technique is fast to create and automatically provides
traces of filtered output for both the theoretical and observed responses.
Only low pass, high pass, first vertical derivative upward continuation and
analytic signal convolution filters are available using this technique.
• A second method is provided which enables any filter type or design to be

applied to any channel and presented in a cross-section view. The
application of this method is described below. These steps describe the
implementation of an FFT first vertical derivative filter applied to observed
and modelled magnetic data.
After opening a new cross-section perform the following steps:
Step 1
After loading an observed magnetic dataset, apply the FFT first vertical derivative
filter (Input - MAG, Output MAG_VD) in the conventional manner.
Step 2
Compute the forward model response so that a channel called MAG_MOD is

available for connection to the In Line filter.
Step 3
From the Filters menu item select the Filter List Maintenance option. When
selected the following dialog is displayed:
In Line filter configuration dialog
Step 4
Choose the FFT vertical derivative filter from the list box of Available Types. By
selecting the New button, the normal dialog for this filter type is displayed.
First Vertical Derivative filter configuration dialog
Configure the filter with parameters that match those specified for the observed
magnetic data.
Note The Channel Select item has been modified to operate on the data derived from
modelling (channel MAG_MOD). The Output name is defaulted to
MAG_MOD_FVD but you can override this. Also note that the In Line Filter
name has been altered to FVD of Model.
Step 5
To update the In Line Filter list, select the Connect to ILF List button. When this
is done, the filter configuration dialog disappears and the Filter File Maintenance
window reappears. Note that the specified In Line Filter now appears in the Filter
List.
In Line Filter Maintenance dialog with updated filter list
Step 6
Any number of filters can be added to the Filter List. If the controlling parameters
require modification, highlight the required filter and select the Parameters push
button. Filters can be manipulated in their position on the list, or removed by the
Delete button.
Step 7
To add the two In Line filter channels (MAG_FVD and MAG_MOD_FVD) to the
current cross-section display use the right mouse button to access the cross-
section configuration dialog.
Use the Aux Channels Add button to define the In Line filter channel
Adding a curve to a X-section track
Use the Add Curve button to add the first filter as a new track. Next, double click
the left mouse button in the new track. This displays an Add Curve dialog from
which you can select the second curve. This is displayed at the same scale as the
first curve.
Grid Filters
• 2-D Convolution Filters
• Grid Filter Tool
• Noise Generator
2-D Convolution Filters
2D convolution filters operate in the same way as kernel operations in ER

Mapper. Kernel processing is a spatial operation generating output based on the
result of moving a template over the nominated grid. Filter kernels are used to
detect and enhance edges, sharpen and smooth images and reduce noise. A
range of filter kernel functions are available. ModelVision uses the same kernel
definition as ER Mapper, as described in Appendix G: Filter Descriptions. The
kernels supplied include averaging kernels, geophysical kernels, sun angle,
Sobel, sharpening and edge enhancement kernels.
To filter a grid using the convolution kernels, select the 2-D Convolution Filter
menu item. The dialog below is presented.
2D Convolution Filter dialog

Select a filter group and the range of appropriate filters is displayed. Use the
cursor to highlight one of these and click the Select button. The selected filter is
displayed and an Output grid name is required. Since some convolution filters can
affect the margins of a grid, it is sometimes necessary to clip the grid margins. The
clipping performed by this option is half the kernel filter width.
If detail on the filter design is required, select the Characteristics button.

Information is displayed on kernel size and operator. If additional information is
required, or new kernels are to be added, edit the ASCII files that describe the
kernels. These files and their format are documented in Appendix G: Filter
Descriptions.
The filter characteristics can be visualized by loading the filter coefficients into a
grid. You can use the contour or grid profile view option to examine the two
dimensional shape of the filter operator.
Grid Filter Tool
The Grid Filter option is a powerful tool that provides the following functionality:
• Numerous grid operations including padding, filtering and null filling can
be undertaken
• A wide range of convolution grid filters can be applied including average,

standard, Gaussian, geophysical, seismic and sun-angle filters
• FFT filtering using sophisticated operators to apply geophysical filter

results such as reduction to the pole and reduction to the equator,
component transforms and pseudo gravity transforms etc.
A detailed description of the various filters and their application is provided in

Appendix G: Filter Descriptions.
To use Grid Filter, the grid must first be loaded into ModelVision. Grid Filter is
initiated by the Filters, Grid filters and GridFilter menus. You then select a grid
to filter forom a list of currently loaded grids. This grid is then passed to the
GridFilter plug-in via a temporary file.
ModelVision passes the grid data to the GridFilter plug-in via a temporary file. You
apply the desired sequence of filters, and when happy with the preview of the
output save this to a file. On closing GridFilter ModelVision will automatically read
and display the output grid in a new map window.
How to Use the Grid Filter Tool
The grid passed from ModelVision is loaded and the grid content is displayed in
the three preview windows.
Using the CONV (Convolution filters), FFT (FFT Filters) or Utils (Utilities) buttons
and the provided pull-down lists, select the operations to be performed on the
grid. Note that as operations are added, they are immediately performed on a
portion of the input grid. The area over which the operations are applied is
indicated by a square drawn in the top preview window. The content of this square
is shown in the second, middle window. The output of the processing steps is
shown in the bottom preview window.
Using the Preview Windows
If you wish to examine the effects of the processing more closely, you can position
the cursor in the middle or lower preview windows and click the left mouse button.
When placed in the window initially, the cursor changes to be a magnifying glass.
Clicking the left mouse button zooms the view in the middle and output preview
windows and allows you to see a portion of the processed area. A subsequent left
mouse click returns the view back to the original size. If you wish to pan the
zoomed view, click the right button and while the cursor hand is shown, you can
drag-and-drop the zoomed image.
Note that the square drawn in the upper window indicates the area of processing.
Since processing can take some time for complex operations, only this small (400
x 400 row/column) area is used. If you wish to move the processed area, position
the cursor over the square in the upper preview window and with the left mouse
pressed, drag-and-drop it to a new location. The processing is then applied to this
new data.
When you request that the processed grid be output, using the Save As button,
the processing is applied to the entire grid and written to the new file specification
nominated from the Save As button.
The dialog for the Grid Filter with input, raw and output grids
More than one filter can be applied sequentially to the input grid. Filters and
processing operations are applied in the order listed. Each operation may require
you to specify some controls in the Filter parameters area. The controls and
parameters for each operation and filter type are described in Appendix G: Filter
Descriptions.
The processing is applied such that the output of one operation is the input of the
next. This means that complex processing can be applied cumulatively. If you
wish to alter the order of operation, use the Up and Down button to the right of the
operation list. You can also remove an operation by selecting it and then clicking
the Delete button.
Grid Information
Information relating to the size, rows/columns and data within each of the three
preview buttons can be displayed by clicking the Information button. When
zoomed and processing is applied, each preview window contains different grid
data content and so the displayed dialog report indicates this:
Grid Information for the three preview windows of the Grid Filter
Altering Settings
The Grid Filter allows you to control the zoom and padding of the Grid Filter.
Select the Settings button to display a control dialog.
The zoom level can be specified as default. The integer indicates the increase of
level such that an entry of 5 zooms the area to 5 rows/columns for each one seen
in the original, upper preview window. The window titles (Full, Input and Filtered)
can also be eliminated if required.
Grid Filter settings for zoom levels and padding
Padding controls permit an area surrounding the input grid to be created to

minimize edge and filtering effects when certain filters are applied. Refer to
Appendix G: Filter Descriptions for additional information. The area around the
original grid to be processed can be set as a percentage of grid area around the
perimeter. This is referred to as the Padding margin. Two methods are also
provided for the padding. These are:
• Padding by row and then by column – This option duplicates the outer
rows then columns of the input data grid and extends them outwards to
the Padding margin to surround the grid
• Padding in 2D using gridding – This method extends the grid margin by

extending the grid data and gridding it over the extent of the Padding
margin. This method produces a relatively seamless edge to the grid and
allows for smooth filter application without edge effects. This method is
superior in many cases to the first because it eliminates the horizontal and
vertical streaks which padding by row and then by column can introduce.
The Padding Margin as it is appended to the original grid can be saved for
examination if required. Enable the Save padded grid option to this.
It is recommended that padding is always used when running an FFT filter. If the
input grid is not square then FFT filters cannot be used unless padding is
selected. Padding squares up the grid.
Fill Holes Operation
The Grid Filter Utils>Fill holes option can be used to replace nulls in a grid by
extrapolating the surrounding data. There are two options available for this
module:
• Fill internal holes only.
• Fill internal holes and nulls surrounding grid.
If the first option is selected then only null values which are not connected by nulls
to the outer edge of the grid are filled that is, internal holes. If the second option
is selected, then all nulls in the grid are replaced with extrapolated values.
The method used to fill holes involves progressive extrapolation from the outer
rim of the hole towards the centre until the entire hole is filled. This process can
be slow for large holes.
Noise Generator
This allows noise with a Gaussian distribution to be added to an existing grid. The
user specifies the mean noise level and standard deviation of the added noise
about this mean.
13 Data Analysis and Processing 413
13 Data Analysis and Processing

ModelVision provides many useful data analysis and processing tools. Most of
these tools have been placed in the main Utility menu item. This section describes
the operation of most data maintenance, analysis and processing tools. The
Utility menu is used frequently to assist other operations within ModelVision. For
instance, imported line data can be rapidly gridded in the Grid option and
displayed in the View option. Similarly, recomputation of channels of data using
arithmetic relationships can be achieved by the Calculator feature.
• Computing New Channels
• Interpolating Values Along Lines and Drillholes
• Generating Grids from Channel Data
• Interpolating Channel Values from a Grid
• Manipulating Gridded Data
• Reporting and Statistics
Computing New Channels

The Calculator utility can be accessed from the Utility menu and provides a
calculator style interface for the computation of new channels, grids or other data
types from those existing and stored in memory. The option can also be used as
a standard calculator within the ModelVision environment.
Compute window calculator interface

The calculator has six major functional units:
• Equation entry line
• Available data type names
• Mode control
• Keypad entry
• Push button options
• Object selection
Equations can be entered with channel names appearing in algebraic expression

statements using trigonometric functions and operators shown on the calculator
interface. The above example computes a new channel called DTM_CLIP using
the statement:
DTM_CLIP = IF(DTM<1000,DTM,1000
Where the syntax for an IF statement is defined by:
IF(Boolean, result_if_true, result_if_false)
To use the calculator capability, type in a new or existing channel name followed
by the = symbol, and then the formula, and then click the Compute button. If the
channel name does not exist, it will be created as a new channel.
You can edit the equation and click Compute again for a new result.
Entries can be typed explicitly or selected from the keypad with the left mouse
button.
Example of use of equation line as a calculator
Note Trigonometric functions are entered in radians. A conversion button is provided

to convert degrees to radians.
Mode Control - Computational operations are not restricted to line based

channels. Operations can be performed on and between grids, channels in
drillholes and on point data. For example, if the difference between a regional and
a theoretical grid is to be computed, select the Grid mode of operation to display
the available grids in the list box. Select (or type) the required computation and
Compute the result.
Available input data names are displayed in the scrollable list box on the left hand
side of the calculator. The names appearing reflect only the data type selected in
the Mode Control option. This serves to remind you of the available data channel
names and can be used to select a name and append it to the equation line by
using the Select button.
Note Output channel names should be chosen with caution. ModelVision has a
number of reserved words that should not be used for channel names.
Reserved Channel Names
ABS ACOS AND ASIN ATAN

COS DATA DATE DEC ELSE
EQV EXEC EXP GINT GRID
FIX IF IMP INT JOIN
LEFT LEN LOG LOOP LWRC
MAX MENU MID MIN MOD
MOVE NOT NPF OR POS
RUN SIGN SIN SQRT TAN
TIME TRIM UPRC XOR C
Keypad entry can be used as an alternative to direct typing of the equation.
Note Keypad entries can only be appended to the current equation rather than
inserted within it. Insertion and editing can be achieved by keyboard operation
only.
Minimize - allows the Calculator dialog to be minimized without loss of the

computation function. Once minimized, a second, maximize button is available
to restore the original size.
Load - allows retrieval of a previously saved calculation stored in a file of type

‘MVP‘.
Save - stores the current equation in a file of your choice.
Compute - performs the computation on all data points and all lines in the current
project.
Close - terminates the calculator session.
Errors
If you incorrectly specify a computational algorithm, or make an error in its

definition, an error message is displayed. There are a number of circumstances
under which this occurs. Some of these are:
• An inappropriate expression has been defined. For example:
MAGNEW=20800-MAG)MAG_REGIONAL/10.0)
• An error occurs if a constant value is used which is greater than 32000 but
not defined as a real number. The first of the following expressions fails
whereas the second computes successfully:
MAGNEW=MAG+34000
MAGNEW=MAG+34000.0
• The Compute function generates an error if a new channel name has a

digit as the first character, for example:
2MAGNEW
• Certain keywords are not recommended to be used as output channel

names and these are listed in the reserved list (see Reserved Channel
Names).
Object Selection
The Calculator enables requested operations to be performed on specified data

only. You can perform computations on selected items by specifying Lines, Points
or Holes using the All and Select options in the Object control of the Calculator.
The Mode setting defines the Object type. If All is enabled, you cannot specify a
data subset.
Special Functions
Some functions available within the Calculator perform specialist operations.

These special functions include:
• GINT
• Axis Translation
GINT
The GINT function creates a new data channel with values interpolated from a
specified grid. The location of the derived values are determined by the easting
and northing locations of loaded readings. The reading locations can be either
along traverses or as point data.
Note The GINT function is also available in ModelVision from the Sample from Grid
option found in the Utility menu.
The syntax for the GINT calculator function is:
NEWCHAN=GINT(h_GRID,X,Y)
where
NEWCHAN The generated new channel name.

h_GRID GRID is the name of the grid to be used for interpolated
data values. Note that the h_ must be used to explicitly
name the grid. For example, a grid with name MAG would
be defined in the GINT function as h_MAG.
X, Y Easting and northing locations channels of readings.
An example of using the GINT function would be to precisely match the locations
of observations between magnetics and gravity. If a gravity grid (called GRAV)
were available, to interpolate the data values from the grid (and call the output
GRAVNEW) to the observed magnetic readings a Calculator command similar to
that below could be used.
GRAVNEW=GINT(h_GRAV,EAST,NRTH)
Other uses of the GINT calculator function
• Joint modelling of gravity and magnetic data
You can use this function to extract gravity points from a grid and store
them in a new channel alongside the aeromagnetic data. This enables you
to do joint modelling of magnetic and gravity data along the same line.
• QC your contractor’s grids
You can use the GINT function to resample your magnetic grid onto the
same lines that were used to generate the grid. Use this to test the quality
of your ModelVision gridding or QC your contractor’s grids.
• Synthetic airborne surveys
If you have a digital terrain model you can use the synthetic line
generation to create a set of flight lines that traverse the digital terrain grid.
From the synthetic lines you can use the GINT() function to extract the
elevation data along a set of flight lines and tie lines if required. If you
apply a long wavelength filter to the elevation data you can approximate
the flying characteristics of an aircraft.
Once you have this simulated aircraft flight path with elevation you can
construct a geological model that is appropriate to your exploration
objectives and calculate the response for each (x,y,z) point along each
flight line.
You can simulate the response at the pole and the equator. Test your data
processing routines or ask the contractor to apply his processing to your
simulated survey. This helps validate the contractor’s processing procedures
where methodologies are regarded as ‘proprietary’.
Any grid data including geochemistry, radiometrics, water table, electrical

properties can be resampled onto your line and point data sets. A bilinear
interpolation procedure is used to estimate the grid value at the data point
location.
Axis Translation
Quite often it is useful to translate the easting and northing locations of data points
associated with axes transformations. The Calculator utility can be used to do this
with the following formulae:
Clockwise Axis Transformation
X=X’cosθ+Y’sinθ
Y=-X’sinθ+Y’cosθ
Anticlockwise Axis Transformation
X’=xcosθ-Ysinθ
Y’=Xsinθ-Ycosθ
Where the following grid translation convention is used:
Grid translation convention used for axis translation.

Interpolating Values Along Lines and Drillholes

The Interpolate feature enables line or drillhole based data to be resampled to a
user specified sampling interval. The operation can be applied to an irregularly
sampled dataset as well as regularly sampled data.
Interpolation dialog control
Select the channel (usually a distance channel) on which the data is to be

interpolated. Linear interpolation is used in this operation. That is, each data value
is evaluated according to a straight line fitted between the data points.
Important When performing interpolation, the original data in memory is lost. Before
performing the interpolation, save a work session file to retain a copy of the
dataset.
Generating Grids from Channel Data

If grids are not available for the project being analysed they can be generated
from data that is loaded into memory. The gridding procedure uses a multi-stage
algorithm that starts with surface fitting using local polynomials followed by grid
cell size reduction and minimum curvature adjustment. The minimum curvature
procedure is based on the publication of Briggs (1974). You have control over
each of these stages if desired.
The gridding process, computation time and the quality of the resulting grid can
be controlled by a number of variables. These include data quality, data
distribution and grid parameters such as mesh size and consequent number of
rows and columns. Another consideration in generating grids within ModelVision
is that high quality, large grids take time to generate, display and model. It is
recommended, therefore, that for large datasets gridding be undertaken only on
the part of a dataset which is required for modelling rather than on the dataset as
a whole.
To decrease the computation time of theoretical grids, it is possible to implement

grid decimation which forces computation of responses for the grid at every nth
mesh point rather than every point. This decimation is controlled by the
Compression tool that is accessed via the Model>Compression menu option.
Gridding Fundamentals
The ModelVision gridding option is an efficient system for producing grids from a
set of randomly located or line oriented data points. There is no effective limit to
the number of input data points and grids generated. The gridding utility is
capable of handling a wide variety of data distributions ranging from several
randomly spaced points to large sets of line-oriented data such as airborne
geophysical surveys.
The production of grids from raw data consists of creating a regular grid that
approximates the surface that would pass through the input data points. The grid
is used as the basis for generating images or contours by following lines of equal
amplitude through the mesh of grid points.
Unlike some gridding packages which require you to choose a different gridding
technique for different types of data, ModelVision uses one overall procedure for
generating grids. However, it does use a variety of techniques for different stages
in the production of the final grid surface. These have been developed on the
basis of their speed, ability to handle a large number of input data points and
quality of the final surface which they produce. It is necessary to use a multi-stage
process to achieve both speedand accuracy. A combination of surface projection
and minimum curvature techniques are used in ModelVision.
The process of grid generation can be thought of as successive approximation to

a final surface that honours all the data points if enough iterations are used. In its
most fundamental form the grid generation consists of the following stages:
1. Initial surface generation
2. Smoothing of the original surface
3. Reduction of the grid cell size

4. Minimum curvature
5. Repeat stages 3 and 4 (up to two times, if required)
Initial surface generation
This is performed to give the iteration process of minimum curvature a good

starting point. This stages is performed in three major steps:
Evaluate grid points surrounding a data point
• The evaluation of grid points surrounding data points is performed very

rapidly by the simple process of assigning the data value to the nearest
grid point or points. The figure below illustrates the way in which this is
achieved.
• Schematic presentation of the assignment of data values to mesh points

as a function of location within the grid cell. (a) Nearest neighbour (b)
Nearest neighbours (c) Central.
• The grid cell is divided into 9 segments and the proximity of the segment
to a grid corner determines which corner is assigned the data value. This
is a rapid and effective technique for producing a first approximation to the
surface in the vicinity of the original data points. However, the output grid
is not suitable for contouring as the process of shifting the data value
introduces undesirable local oscillations in the surface.
• If more than one data point falls near a grid point, the old value for the grid
point is added to the new data value and the sum divided by two. This is
equivalent to applying a binary filter to the data and ensures that all data
points have some influence on the evaluation of the initial grid. Although
the weighting of data points is not equal, this is not important in obtaining
the first approximation to the surface. This method also provides a rapid
procedure for condensing a large data set.
Evaluate grid points at every 4th row and column
• Every 4th grid row and column intersection is evaluated using an eight
sector search and surface projection procedure. For a mesh point to be
assigned a value, there must be at least one evaluated grid point in five
out of eight sectors. A maximum search radius can be specified for this
evaluation stage. The default is to search the whole grid. For line oriented
data, you would choose a search radius of 1.5 to 2.0 times the average
line spacing. If no data is found, the value is assigned a null value which is
commonly referred to as ZNIL.
• If the space assigned to the grid completely surrounds the data, a convex
boundary is automatically generated with ZNIL values at the boundary.
The contour tracking procedure stops when it encounters this boundary.
Since the procedure works from left to right and bottom to top, there is
some asymmetry in the process that means that more grid points are
evaluated at the right hand boundary than the left.
Evaluate remaining grid points
• An initial evaluation of the remaining mesh points is computed using the

same eight sector search procedure. The difference in this case is that the
data search does not have to extend more than four mesh points in any
direction. This greatly reduces the time required to complete the initial
surface generation.
Smoothing of the original surface
This is performed to reduce the amplitude of the oscillations caused by using the
nearest neighbour evaluation of mesh points. This process uses a simple first
order surface fitting procedure to recalculate the grid points on the basis of the
surrounding values. This improves the shape of the surface both near the data
points and in the spaces between data points. It is the latter that takes the longest
to adjust in the following minimum curvature procedure.
Reduction of the grid cell size
This is used to create a finer grid for the minimum curvature procedure. The finer
grid is required to more accurately represent the shape of the surface, especially
for closely spaced data points. The figure below shows an example of a 2 x 2 grid
reduction.
In this process, the input rows and columns are first interpolated and then used
to provide data for secondary interpolation of the grid cell centres.
Minimum curvature
This procedure is used to refine the grid. Minimum curvature algorithms are
particularly useful for the contouring of potential field data and they generally
produce an aesthetically pleasing representation of the surface that passes
through the data points. The method used here is based on the paper by Briggs
(1974). To speed up the calculations, some aspects of his algorithm have been
modified.
Two stages are involved in the minimum curvature approach:
1. Re-evaluation of grid points near data points. Adjust the surface shape
using the data points as anchors.
Briggs provides a mathematically exact procedure for re-evaluation of grid

points in the vicinity of data points. Unfortunately, this method is very
expensive on computer time and requires considerable additional storage.
Since this procedure is essentially an iterative one that uses
approximations for the surrounding grid cell values, several
approximations can be made which speed up the gridding process. An
approximation to Briggs' method is used with an algorithm which is similar
to the grid cell reduction phase. Each mesh point that is evaluated is
frozen and used as an anchor point in the minimum curvature iteration
phase.
This process can be thought of as a ‘data honouring’ stage. Despite this

improvement in efficiency, it can be very time consuming especially if the
complete grid cannot fit into memory and has to be paged from disc. In
this case, the processing time is improved if the data is sorted in order of
increasing ‘Northing’ or ‘Y’ value.
2. After the data honouring stage, an iteration stage is used in which all
unfixed grid points are recalculated from the surrounding points based on
the principles of minimum curvature. You control the number of iterations.
The shape of the surface changes rapidly for the first 20 iterations and
then more slowly as it approaches the ‘ideal’ shape. In most cases, 20
iterations provides a good representation of the final surface. Remember,
that these iterations do not improve the data honouring, only the shape of
the surface. Data honouring can be improved by running the Minimum
Curvature operation multiple times on the one grid or by using a series of
grid cell reductions (Reduce) and Minimum Curvature operations.
Grid Computation Procedure
To compute a grid in ModelVision, select the menu option provided. A dialog box
is displayed as shown below:
Dialog to control the gridding of channel data in ModelVision
Data available for gridding can be of either line or point types. Select the data
mode and the channel to be gridded. Modify the output grid name accordingly.
Grid limits can be defined manually or automatically. When using the automatic
grid extent option, a masked outline is applied which extends a small distance
beyond the limits of the channel dataset (usually 1-2 grid cells).
Grid controls enable the grid to be defined by either nominating a cell size, or
defining the number of rows and columns desired. As a cell size is entered, the
row and column numbers are automatically adjusted to cover the required grid
origin and extent. The smaller the cell size, or the larger the numbers of rows or
columns, the longer the grid takes to generate. Large grids can be created by
ModelVision but usually this is not required.
As a general guide, for modelling purposes using theoretical response grids on

portable computers, keep the grid size to approximately 100-200 rows and
columns. Grids of this size are fast to generate and provide adequate resolution
for screen display. If larger grids are required, for example with observed data,
grid decimation can be implemented with the Model/Compression option.
If further control is required over the gridding process, the Expert Params push
button can be selected. Modification of the gridding procedure is only
recommended where the data must be honoured to a high degree and where the
user has a detailed understanding of the processes involved in grid generation.
When selected, the expert option dialog is presented as below.
Expert gridding parameter dialog
Note When initially displayed, the Grid Expert Parameters dialog has five gridding
operations already selected. It is recommended that these operations remain as
shown.
The addition of extra Minimum Curvature and Reduce stages enhances the
quality of the final grid but increase computation times. The gridding performs the
list of operations as specified in the Selected box. The specific operations are:
• Smooth - This operation smooths the generated surface and reduces the
amplitudes of oscillations caused by using the nearest neighbour
evaluation of mesh points in the initial grid. The process uses a simple first
order surface fitting procedure to recalculate the grid points on the basis of
the surrounding values. The shape of the surface is improved both near
the data points and in the spaces between data points. Usually only one
Smooth operation is required.
• Minimum Curvature - This operation is used in two stages to refine a

grid. The first stage re-evaluates grid points near data points but using the
data as anchors. Each mesh point that is evaluated is 'frozen' and used as
an anchor point in the following minimum curvature phase. This phase is
called the 'data honouring' phase.
The second stage is used to recalculate all unfixed grid points from
surrounding points based on the principles of minimum curvature. The
number of iterations is controlled by the entry in the dialog. The shape of
the surface changes rapidly for the first 20 iterations and then more slowly
as it approaches the ideal surface. These iterations do not improve the
data honouring, only the shape of the surface.
Data honouring can be improved by selecting the Minimum Curvature

operator several times or by combining it with the Reduce function.
• Reduce - The Reduce operator is used to create a finer grid for the
minimum curvature procedure. The finer grid is required to more
accurately represent the shape of the surface, particularly for closely
spaced data points. In this process the input rows and columns are first
interpolated and then used to provide for secondary interpolation of the
grid cell centres.
Interpolating Channel Values from a Grid

The Utility>Sample from Grid option permits the data locations of lines or points
to have data interpolated from a nominated grid and assigned to a data channel.
The operation of this feature is identical to the GINT function of the Calculator
(see Special Functions).
You can specify which grids are to be interpolated and to which line locations. The
operation works by computing the distances from each line reading location or
data point to the grid nodes surrounding it. Based on the data values of the
specified grid for each node, a value is computed, distance weighted and
assigned to that reading. The values are placed in a named channel. The dialog
for this operation is:
Line/Grid Sample dialog for interpolating data values to lines
Manipulating Gridded Data

The Grid Utility tool allows various operations to be performed on one or more
specified input grids. These operations include:
• Classify
• Clip – exclude or include the data from a grid defined by an irregular

polygonal region or by a rectangular region. The data can be clipped
outside or inside the region.
• Convert– input a data grid in one format and save as another to convert
the output format as required.
• Create RGB– combine separate grids having Red:Blue:Green colour

signatures to a single, multi-banded RGB grid file.
• Curvature
• Edit– point to a grid node and the data values for it and its surrounding
cells are displayed. You can edit the data values if required.
• Fill Holes
• Flip– the rows or the columns of a grid can be inverted in their location
either horizontally or vertically.
• Overlay
• Replace– allow specific grid values (such as Nulls or nominated values) to

be replaced by another data value or Null
• Reproject– permits the input grid to be reprojected to an alternative

Projection and Spheroid/Datum combination.
• Resample– grids can be resampled to a new cell size using any of three
available interpolation schemes.
• Rotate– a grid can be rotated about its defined origin by a specified angle.
Interpolation processing is required for this procedure.
• Shift– apply an east or northing offset to the origin of a grid.
• Split– used for multi-banded grids, this operation outputs separate

component grids of the individual single bands.
All functions are operated from a common dialog as shown below.
The upper portion of the dialog allows grids to be added to a list (from the
Browse button). If you wish to apply operations on a created, flat grid, you can
use the Create Grid button. By highlighting a grid in the list and clicking the
Information button, a display of the grid statistics is provided. Other controls
include a Settings button (to control the zoom level in the preview screens) and
Help.
A Utilities pull-down list allows selection of the required operation and a

Description for each is displayed when selected. As each Function is individually
selected, the control parameters for that operation are displayed.
Grid Utility dialog with grid selection and Function parameter displays
In the two Preview panes on the right side of the Grid Utility dialog are Before and
After views of the selected grid. As you change the grid selection or the grid
function, so the preview panes redraw and update with the changes. Note that the
visual changes occur in memory only and are not permanently saved until you
specify and save an output grid using the Save As button.
You can control the monochrome or colour appearance of the grids from the Use
Colour Look-Up table button and a linear or equal area histogram stretch can
be applied from the Histogram Equalization button. When the cursor is
positioned in either of the Preview panes, its function (and appearance) alters
depending on the selected button control at the bottom of the panes.
Pointer mode – Used to select a position or cell value in a grid.

Zoom In or Out – Click the button and move the cursor into the preview pane.
Click again and the level of zoom doubles (or halves) each time the mouse is
clicked. This zooming occurs in both Before and After panes.
Pan the image content in the preview pane by positioning the cursor, hold the
left mouse button down and drag. When released the image is redrawn.
Return a zoomed or panned grid to its default fitted preview view.
Return a zoomed grid to a 1:1 zoom ratio.
The Settings button allows a ‘cross-hairs’ cursor to be displayed in the After

pane. A second setting toggles the display of the text After or Before if these are
optionally not wanted. Beneath the various button controls (described above), the
cursor position indicates the Column and Row location on the displayed grid.
At any time in the processing of a grid, the Stop button can be used to halt
computation and return to the previous state.
Classify
The Classify grid utility enables an input grid to have the value of each cell
classified into one of a number of ranges. By default the input grid is automatically
classified into 5 bins. Each bin represents an equal data range spread between
the minimum and maximum grid values. The output cells are assigned a bin value
of 1 to 5 based on the input cell value range.
Use the Auto button to automatically classify the grid cells. Use the Auto classify
dialog to modify the Input classification range and the Number of
classifications or bins in the output grid. By default the bin or classification
values start at 1 and increase by 1 but these options can be changed by setting
a new Output value start and Output value step. These are saved in the
registry and are used as the defaults next time the Classify utility is opened. The
input classification range is re-computed each time a new input grid is loaded.
Complete manual control of the classification process is possible by manually

editing the bin ranges. In addition use the Add row and Insert row buttons to
append or insert a row and the Delete rows button to remove rows from the
classification. Hold down the SHIFT or CTRL keys to select multiple rows for
deletion.
Note that to assign any classification of the grid ranges to their appropriate bins,
you must:
• Turn on the option in the Settings to Use separate colour stretch after
preview.
• Turn off the Histogram Equalization button for the colour stretch.
Specify the upper and lower range of data to be binned and the number and increment of
bins
Saving the output grid stores the binned data ranges with all null values being
retained.
Clip
By opening a grid and selecting the Clip operation from the Function pull-down
list, the following control parameters are displayed.
Clip parameters in the Grid Utility dialog
The Clipping process can operate in two ways:
• Define a rectangular area (using the Min and Max X and Y corner extents)
and clip data as controlled by this region or
• Use a polygonal shape defined by a MapInfo .TAB or .MIF file, ESRI .SHP
file or an Encom PA Features database polygon.
In both cases above, you can use the bounding region to clip data inside (using
the Clip grid to region) or outside the area (using Blank grid underneath
region).
Note that when a grid is clipped, where possible the size of the grid is minimized
and nulls and unused whole rows or columns removed. This can substantially
reduce the size of a large grid if only a small portion is extracted.
Convert
Selected grids can be converted to an alternate grid format. The formats available
include:
ER Mapper
Geosoft
Vertical Mapper
Surfer
Encom .GRD
GeoTiff
No parameters are used for this option. Select the file required to be converted
and then click the Save As button. From the Save as type pull-down list,
nominate the output file format required and then give it a location and name. If
you do not specify a file extension, the output file has the format’s default file
extension added (refer to Appendix A: File Formats).
Select the required output grid format from the pull-down list
Create RGB
This operation combines single band grids into one multi-banded grid. This
operation can be used for combining Red:Blue:Green grids to a single multi-
banded RGB grid. It can also be used to combine multi-component data grids
such as used in spectrometery (for example, Potassium, Uranium and Thorium).
Curvature
The Curvature utility calculates the curvature of a surface at each cell centre.
Three types of curvature grids are available:
• Profile curvature is estimated along the direction of maximum slope
• Plan curvature is estimated across the direction of maximum slope
• Surface curvature is computed as the difference between the Profile and

the Plan curvatures.
The method used to create the curvature grids is as follows:
Curvature is computed for the centre cell (e0) within a 3x3 kernel such as
e1 e2 e3
e4 e0 e5
e6 e7 e8
The first step is to estimate the coefficients D through H of a quadratic polynomial

equation that fits the 3x3 window.
z = Ax^2y^2+Bx^2y+Cxy^2+Dx^2+Ey^2+Fxy+Gx+Hy+I
where
D = [(e4+e5)/2-e0]/CellSize^2
E = [(e2+e7)/2-e0]/CellSize^2
F = (-e1+e3+e6-e8)/4xCellSize^2
G = (-e4+e5)/2xCellSize
H = (e2-e7)/2xCellSize
The Profile curvature is estimated along the direction of maximum slope and is
computed as:
Profile Curvature = -2[(DG^2+EH^2+FGH)/(G^2+H^2)]
The Plan curvature is estimated across the direction of maximum slope and is
computed as:
Plan Curvature = 2[(DH^2+EG^2-FGH)/(G^2+H^2)]
The Surface Curvature is the difference between the Profile and Plan and is
computed as:
Surface Curvature = -2(D+E)
If the output values are positive then the cell is upward convex, if negative it’s
upward concave, if zero it’s flat. A positive curvature indicates that the surface is
upwardly convex at that point, whilst a negative curvature indicates that the
surface is upwardly concave. A value of zero indicates that the surface is flat.
Edit
The data values of grids can be individually selected and modified if required.
Select a grid and highlight it in the grid list. The Preview panes show the grid
after selection. After choosing Edit in the Function pull-down list, the Pointer
mode can be used to select individual grid cells for editing. Select the Pointer
mode button, move the cursor to the Preview pane and select the grid cell. When
this is done, the spreadsheet redisplays to indicate the data values of the
selected cell and the various nodes around it.
If the level of zoom is inappropriate, select the magnifying glass Zoom In or

Zoom Out buttons and adjust the view.
To more precisely locate the cursor and grid cell, you may also wish to display a
line cursor (see diagram below). This is enabled from the Settings button.
Once a grid cell has been selected, double clicking inside the spreadsheet cell
allows the data value to be edited with a new value typed from the keyboard.
Selected grid cell and displayed data value available for editing
Fill Holes
The Fill Holes utility is used to replace nulls in a grid by interpolating the
surrounding data values. The following Fill Holes options are available:
• Fill internal holes only
• Only internal holes or null grid cells which are not connected by nulls to
the outer edge of the grid are given a new interpolated value.
• Fill internal holes and nulls surrounding grid
• All null grid cells in the grid are replaced with interpolated values.
The method used to fill holes involves progressive interpolation from the outer rim
of the hole towards the centre until the entire hole is filled. This process can be
slow for large holes.
Flip
A selected grid can have the order of its rows reversed to produce a vertical flip
and columns reversed to produce a horizontal flip. No change is made to the
number of rows or columns of a grid in this operation and the extent and origin of
the grid in unchanged.
Overlay
The Overlay utility enables grid cells to be classified using polygons or polylines
from a specified MapInfo TAB or MID/MIF vector file. The dialog is enabled once
an appropriate vector file (polyline or polygons) is opened using the Browse
button.
Grid cells may be attributed with a Constant overlay value by entering a numeric
or text value into the Overlay value window. If the polygons or polylines in the
vector file contain attributes then choose the Overlay value from field option and
select the attribute field from the Value field pull-down list. All grid cells that are
located within a polygon or polyline will have an output value equal to the overlay
value of that polygon. Cells which are outside polygons or polylines in the vector
file can be assigned a null value, the value of the input grid (unchanged) or a user-
defined constant value.
In addition to the use of polygons in the input vector file, polylines and point
objects are also supported. A Buffer zone may be specified by the user to control
how wide these objects appear in the overlay output. The default buffer zone of 0
means that a polyline will create an overlay that is approximately one grid cell
wide. For example, a buffer value of 15 will create a line overlay with a width of
30 metres (15 metres each side of the line). Points will result in a circular
coverage with a radius equal to the buffer zone.
If the buffer zone value is non-zero then polygons will also have their boundaries
extended by the amount specified. An example of an overlay with polygons used
to define areas on a DEM surface is shown below:
Use of a polygonal file to assign colour values over a grid surface plus the surface when
displayed in a 3D view
Replace
A specified grid data value or Nulls can be replaced globally within the specified
input grid. This operation is especially useful when manipulating null values within
grids. The value of a Null may differ with different grid formats but the Grid Utility
compensates for this.
The dialog allows a +/- Tolerance to be specified. An entered value allows the
replacement process to vary about a range centred on the substitution value. For
example, if a replacement value of 50,000 were used and a +/- Tolerance of 10,
then all values found in the grid between 49,990 and 50,010 would be replaced
by the defined replacement entry.
Reproject
Most grids have a Projection and Spheroid/Datum specification either embedded

in their format or in a separate header file (for example, .ERS in the case of ER
Mapper files). This information can be re-specified by the Reproject option and
used when a new output grid is written. Note that this operation relocates the
various mesh points in the grid through an interpolation method to match the
requested output Projection and Datum combination.
The Reproject dialog and associated controls
The dialog as shown allows the following functions:
• Both X/Y (Easting/Northing) or Latitude/Longitude grids can be

reprojected.
• A wide range of Projections, Spheroids and Datums are supported for

import and export.
• False Easting and False Northings can be defined
• The data can be interpolated using either Bilinear, Bicubic and Nearest
Neighbour (see Resample).
Resample
Resampling a grid allows a resizing of the cell size of the grid. Select the
Resample option in the Function pull-down list. The control parameters appear as
below. You can specify a new height or width of the interpolated cells. By default
these are set to be the same, but if you want to create rectangular mesh sizes for
the grid, deselect the Lock cell width to cell height check box.
Resample control parameters in the Grid Utility dialog
The resampling is done by interpolation of the specified input grid data values.
The methods available include Bilinear, Bicubic and Nearest Neighbour.
These interpolation methods use a transformation (for scaling), where the row/
column values [u,v] describe a transformed plane and [x,y] the original grid
data plane. To determine the samples of the transformed grid g([m,n]) from the
samples of original f([k,l]) the following steps are applied:
• Calculate c([k,l]) from the grid values at each f([k,l]) where c =

cell reference
• For each [m,n] of the transformed grid find corresponding source

location [x,y] in the input grid
• Compute f([x,y]) using the spline model, where

g([m,n])=f([x,y])
For the resampling of a grid to new cell sizes and comparing the fits using
φn([m,n]), the order on the nth term determines the method applied where n=0
(nearest neighbour), n=1 (bilinear), n=3 (bicubic).
Jagged or sharp edges using a nearest neighbour interpolation progressively

smooth out in higher order spline-interpolation. Bicubic spline interpolation is
popular as cubic splines appear smooth to the human eye.
After a cell size and method have been chosen, you can click the Update button
to force the processing to proceed and review the result in the preview pane.
Rotate
Similarly to the Resample operation (see Resample), the interpolation methods

of Bilinear, Bicubic and Nearest Neighbour can be used to rotate a grid around a
fixed point (by default, its centre or the bottom left corner). The control parameters
for this function are shown below:
Rotation of a grid and the Before and After results shown in the Preview panes
An angle that is positive causes the rotation to be clockwise and vice versa.
Shift
The origin of a grid can be transformed horizontally and/or vertically using the
Shift function of the Grid Utility. The control parameters appear as below. Entries
of a New grid origin can be made or you can enter a specific Offset for either
the east (X) or north (Y) directions. Once the shift parameters are entered, clicking
the Update button causes the grid to redisplay with the adjustment in the After
preview pane.
Shifting a grid control parameters
Split
The Split outputs the individual bands of a multi-banded grid (such as an RGB
grid) and outputs individual, single band grids.
Reporting and Statistics

• Calculating Statistics
• Generating Reports
Calculating Statistics
Project, Project/Line, Drillhole, Points and Grid statistics can be obtained from this
menu item.
• Project and Line Statistics
• Drillhole Statistics
• Point Statistics
• Grid Statistics
Project and Line Statistics
This option presents a dialog that summarizes the basic statistics of a

ModelVision project that is stored in memory.
The dialog shown below provides information on either project statistics or

individual line statistics. This choice is controlled by the Project/Line buttons.
When the Line option is selected, the list box displays the available lines for
selection.
Statistics of a project
• Project Limits defines the spatial extent of the data set and the total line
length in terms of the currently defined unit of distance (metres).
• Line Attributes provides information on line orientation, line length and

average data spacing.
Note When Line Statistics are being displayed, by double clicking while the cursor is
located over a line name, the statistics display for that line are presented.
• Project/Line Statistics shows detailed statistics for each channel,

including the number of points, minimum channel value (Min), maximum
channel value (Max), average channel value (Average) and standard
deviation (Std Dev). If the Line option is selected the statistics apply to the
currently selected line name. A scrollable list is available to select the line
required.
• Report option enables a data report to be created. Refer to the section on

Reports for additional information.
• Body Statistics option is not yet implemented.

Drillhole Statistics
Display drillhole dataset statistics in a similar manner to line based statistics.

Again, both project and individual drillhole statistics can be selected. Refer to
Project and Line Statistics for additional information.
Point Statistics
Display point dataset statistics in a similar manner to line based statistics. Again,
both project and individual drillhole statistics can be selected. Refer to Project and
Line Statistics for additional information.
Grid Statistics
The grid statistics option provides origin, extent, mesh size, row/column numbers
and null information on an imported or generated grid.
An example of a grid statistics display is shown below.
Grid statistics display showing relevant information for a selected grid
All grids loaded into memory can be accessed through the pull down list.
Generating Reports
The reporting option is available as part of the Calculating Statistics and

Reporting and Statistics features of the Utility menu. Reports are available for
projects, lines, points and drillholes. These files are written to named output files
(with default file extension .RPT). Directory paths and browsing are available
using the Browse push button. A descriptive comment can be added, as shown
in the following dialog.
Report Setup Dialog
The created report is an ASCII file that can be viewed by a text editor or
incorporated into larger reports and documents.
14 Graphical Output 447
14 Graphical Output
In this section:
• Printing
• Making a Movie
Printing
The File>Print option enables ModelVision to create hardcopy output to a printer
or plotter. Selection of the Print option automatically outputs a copy of the active
window to a printer (where connected) or to a print file. The printing function
operates on the active, highlighted display window only. The output can be scaled
or simply made to fit a predefined page size. Output destination is controlled by
the Print Setup options. When selected, the Print option determines the printer
settings, device/paper size and window size. From these parameters,
ModelVision estimates a suitable scale to fit the print.
Print Scaling
Hardcopy prints can be scaled to a user defined scale. Scaled output is limited in
size by the physical size of the hardcopy media being used. For example, it is not
possible to print a complete large scale map on a single A4 piece of paper if the
scaling definition is too small. ModelVision takes the size of the requested paper
and scale accordingly. If the print does not fit the paper, a warning is presented.
If you print anyway, the print is performed but clipping occurs.
Scaling control is slightly different between the two display types of maps and
profiles (or multi-tracks). Map scaling uses the same scale in both a vertical and
horizontal direction. Profile scaling however, is scalable only in the horizontal
direction. It is possible to define the height of a plot to be created but it is not
feasible to scale individual tracks since numerous tracks, channels and individual
ranges can be used in profile displays. It is possible in cross-section plots to force
the horizontal to vertical scales to be identical. This is important where the cross-
section plots are used for planning drillhole intersections with developed models.
An example of map scaling is shown below.

Printing control dialog for a map
Map drawing limits, paper dimensions from the printer setup and the scaled
drawing size are reported. The computed scale is unlikely to be a convenient size
because of variable data and window extents. A precise scale can be entered, but
if ModelVision computes that the desired scale is too large for the available paper,
a message is displayed warning that clipping occurs. When this message is
displayed, adjust the scale to match the print to the available page size.
In the case of profile scaling, when the Print option is requested, the following
dialog is presented:
Profile scaling dialog
The dialog provides a summary of the requested paper and plot sizes at the
nominated scale. Scaling of the print is similar to that of map scaling. However,
the initial vertical scale defaults to the vertical size of the requested paper size. If
either a vertical or horizontal scale is requested which is too small (resulting in a
print size too large for the available paper), and a warning message is displayed.
Print Setup
Printer setup and connection to hardcopy devices is controlled by the File>Print

Setup option. This feature enables access to various printer types, the
orientation, paper size and destination of the print. For a more detailed
explanation of the Print Setup utility, refer to the Microsoft Windows Users Guide.
Note A wide range of printer types are supported by the Windows operating system.
As well as printers, output can also be directed to plotters, ink jet and thermal
printing devices for which Windows drivers are available from the manufacturer.
Also note that output for a particular hard-copy device can usually be directed to
a file. This situation is often necessary on networked installations or where the
printer is not physically connected to the operating computer.
The Print Setup option displays a window like this:

Print Setup menu options
Specific printers can be selected by using this menu. Depending on which printer
type is selected, the Options or Properties item displays various controls that
can be set through subsequent menus.
Printer Error
In some cases an error will be generated when either electing to print or when
changing the printer during printer setup.
This is caused by either selecting a printer or having a default printer which is not
supported.
The underlying platform for ModelVision is called XVT. Unfortunately XVT source
code is not available to ModelVision developers so we cannot modify the code to
add support for these printers.
You can get around this error by printing to an Adobe Acrobat (PDF) file. You may
need to load a free PDF printer such as CutePDF (www.cutepdf.com) or one of
the many free PDF printers available. (Conduct an Internet search using the term
"free PDF printer" to find alternatives.)
Once you have a PDF printer installed and have printed your output to a PDF file,
you will then be able to print to any printer that is supported by PDF.
This method of printing also allows easy electronic exchange of printed output.
Making a Movie
The Movie Mode is a utility, which allows the user to capture changes to a model
made during inversion and then replay the changes as a movie.
Example session where a line inversion is performed on a tabular body while the Movie
Mode utility is recording the sequence of changes made to the body parameters.
To open this utility, select the Movie Mode button on the main toolbar. This will
display the toolbar as shown below:
The Movie Mode utility.
The operations available from this utility are:
Click To do this
Record movie
Stop recording
Show the first model
Play or Pause the recording
Show the final model
Configure the speed of the movie replay. When selected, a slider

appears at the bottom of the utility with which you can adjust the replay
speed.
Delete the recording

15 UBC Model Mesh Designer (Optional Module) 453
15 UBC Model Mesh Designer (Optional

Module)
In this section:
• About UBC Software
• Working with UBC Software
• Installing UBC Software
• Preparing Your Data
• Regional Modelling
• Model Conditioning for UBC Inversion
• UBC Mesh and Data File Creation
• GRAV3D and MAG3D Interface
• UBC-GIF Magnetics Tutorial
UBC Model Mesh Designer is a ModelVision module and is not automatically

available. If the following message is displayed when the UBC Model Mesh
Designer tool is selected, then the module is not licensed on the computer you
are using. For licensing details, please contact Pitney Bowes Software.
Message displayed by Licence Manager when UBC Model Mesh Designer is not licensed
About UBC Software

This section describes how ModelVision provides an effective interface to the
UBC-GIF programs GRAV3D and MAG3D.
The University of British Columbia, Geophysical Inversion Facility developed the

3D voxel inversion programs called GRAV3D and MAG3D. These programs
complement the ModelVision polyhedral modelling system by providing a method
for modelling continuous magnetic and density changes. GRAV3D and MAG3D
split the sub-surface into voxels (volume elements) where each cell is assigned a
single density or susceptibility.
A UBC-GIF mesh model displayed in the Meshtools3D program supplied with GRAV3D
and MAG3D
Each cell is rectilinear, but the size of cells can vary in the x, y and z directions.
The UBC-GIF programs produce a smooth inversion of the physical properties
within the fixed geometry mesh. By setting a threshold on the physical properties,
it is possible to create a boundary through the mesh.
Example of a UBC-GIF gravity inversion with a threshold set for the display of the voxels
that have a density greater than 0.096 g/cc.
The UBC-GIF smooth inversion method has many different parameters that can
be used to control the characteristics of the resulting physical property
distribution. Each method can produce a different distribution of physical
properties. The difficulty is to decide which one produces the most realistic
distribution that is consistent with the geology.
ModelVision provides an effective method for creation of the mesh, associated

data files and geological constraints. The figure below illustrates the distribution
of densities assigned to the mesh by using a ModelVision tabular body to
represent the overburden and a plunging prism to populate a high density zone in
the mesh.
UBC model showing a clipped view of the mesh that exposes the background (blue),
overburden (red) and high-density zone (pink)
ModelVision also provides an effective method for controlling the outcomes of the
smooth inversion process, by allowing you to seed the mesh with a starting
model, reference model and bounds model. Note that a bounds model is
supported in both GRAV3D and MAG3D.
Effective use of the UBC inversion programs also requires careful removal of the
regional magnetic and gravity fields. ModelVision has a powerful 2D regional
modelling facility that is ideal for validating the regional in the context of the
geological problem that you are trying to solve.
Model outputs from ModelVision and the UBC-GIF programs can be integrated
with other data and model sources using Encom PA. Use Encom PA to integrate
drillhole data, geophysical grids, geological maps, airborne EM ground EM and
geochemistry with your ModelVision, GRAV3D and MAG3D outputs.
Encom PA visualization of a ModelVision density model and a UBC-GIF GRAV3D

inversion of data from the San Nicolas deposit in Mexico. The models are displayed in the
context of drillhole geochemistry and an interpretive geological section.
Working with UBC Software

The operating instructions for the UBC-GIF programs GRAV3D and MAG3D are
included with the UBC software distribution. In this guide, you will learn about the
following procedures required to condition the data and create ready-to-run
models:
• Installing UBC Software
• GRAV3D and MAG3D Interface
• UBC-GIF Magnetics Tutorial
Installing UBC Software

A separate CD-ROM is provided for the installation of the UBC software. Also
included on the CD are tutorials, documentation and instructions on the use of the
various programs. To install the UBC modules, please follow the steps below:
Copy the UBC files to your computer
1. Copy the contents of the CD to your hard drive and place in a folder
named UBC. This folder should reside beneath the root of the drive or as a
subdirectory beneath other folders (but with no blank spaces in the
pathname). For example, D:\UBC or C:\MyPrograms\UBC.
Important The path name can have any directory structure but folder names in the path
must not contain blank spaces. This limitation is imposed by UBC to maintain
compatibility between UNIX and PC operating systems. The limitation applies to
both the software installation path and also to data or project paths.
Tell ModelVision where to find the UBC programs
2. Navigate to the .\Program Files\Encom\MVIS folder and open the

MVISION.INI file in Notepad.
3. In the [DIRECTORIES] section, make an entry similar to that below

(using your UBC program path name):
UBCDir=C:\UBC\SOFTWARE
Install the Encom Licence Manager
4. Run Encom_Licence_Manager_Setup.exe , which can be found on the

UBC installation disk in the \Licensing folder and follow the on-screen
prompts. Select Single Licence as the installation type. Proceed through
and complete the steps to install the Encom License Manager.
License the ModelVision UBC Model Mesh Designer module
5. The ModelVision UBC Model Mesh Designer licence is optional. To check

that you have a valid licence, open the Encom Licence Manager and
check the installed software. For more information, see Installing
ModelVision.
Before You Start

Before you create the UBC mesh models, you need to plan your strategy to
achieve an optimal inversion result. This includes:
Before you start the exercise, you should familiarize yourself with the GRAV3D
and MAG3D Interface and associated documentation.
In almost all cases, the preparation for GRAV3D and MAG3D is identical. The
method is illustrated with a gravity modelling exercise.
Preparing Your Data

The different modelling styles of ModelVision and the UBC-GIF programs require
an understanding of the methods and benefits of each method. Although the
various data sets required for running a UBC inversion are well defined, they are
not well suited to manual preparation methods. ModelVision has all the tools
needed to pre-condition the geophysical data and generates all the files in the
appropriate formats. The data that you will need includes:
Lines with data fields:
• Easting (X)
• Northing (Y)
• Elevation of sensor (Z) Note this is positive up.
• Bouguer gravity or total magnetic intensity at sensor elevation (Grav or

Mag)
Grids of:
• Topography (optional)
• Bouguer gravity or total magnetic intensity
If you are using GRAV3D, you need to apply a vertical offset to the sensor
channel to avoid measurement locations falling exactly on a mesh node. The
UBC-GIF manual recommends adding 1 metre to the sensor elevation. Use the
Utility>Calculator facility to create a new data channel. This avoids a potential
singularity where the measurement points are coincident with the mesh. Name
this channel Zplus1.
You also need to create an error channel for both the gravity and magnetic cases.
In most cases you create a constant value channel with the Utility>Calculator.
Use a value equal to the standard deviation of the noise. If you have an
independent noise estimator that varies with each station, it can be used in the
creation of the UBC model files. Name this channel GravSD or MagSD.
At this stage your ModelVision channel list should look like:

X
Y
Z
Zplus1
Grav or Mag
GravSD or MagSD
You can choose to model gravity at a fixed elevation above the shallowest mesh
point. In this case Zplus1 is the elevation of the top of the mesh plus 1 metre.
Subset a Project
Most modelling exercises are focused on a limited area of a larger survey and
ModelVision provides a convenient method for selecting a rectangular subset of
a larger project area. Use the Clip Project toolbar button to clip a rectangular
area from your project (see Using the Clip Project Tool). This tool clips out a
subset of the lines, points, grids and drill holes from within the larger project
area. Note that models are not clipped.
It is recommended that you save your main project as a master session file before
you do the clipping. This means that you can generate multiple UBC-GIF sub-
projects from the master session file.
Note also, that it is much easier to generate a local regional for a subset of the
project than a large survey area.
Regional Modelling
Conditioning of the magnetic and gravity data is essential for achieving
meaningful results from a UBC inversion. Inappropriate regional gradients can
easily distort the lateral density and susceptibility distributions and hence the
perception of geological boundaries.
Example model cross-section showing the regional, Bouguer gravity data and computed
model response
ModelVision provides tools for creation and manipulation of a two dimensional

regional gravity or magnetic field that is subtracted from the field data during
modelling. The example above shows a cross-section view along one line out of
a sequence of lines used to control the characteristics of the regional field surface.
Although you can let ModelVision determine this surface semi-automatically, the
best results are achieved when the regional surface is treated as part of the
interpretation. In the interpretation shown in the below example, the regional is a
smoothly varying surface that is consistent from line to line and consistent with
the geological model. The geological model is used to seed the GRAV3D
inversion and provide constraints for the inversion process.
Example map view showing a smoothly varying regional consistent with the geological
model
The stacked profile map view of the 2D regional used to provide a residual gravity
field that is consistent with the geological model and surrounding geological
influences.
The example in the above figure shows that a single model and a 3rd order
regional gravity field can explain a significant proportion of the anomalies present
in the survey. ModelVision could model the remaining anomalies, but the minor
perturbations in the gravity profiles would take considerable effort for manual
modelling. By using the starting model which is the focus of the inversion
exercise, GRAV3D can be used conveniently to model the remainder of the
gravity anomalies present in the field data.
Once you have produced a satisfactory regional gravity field, calculate the
residual gravity field using the Line Calculator (see Computing New Channels).
Your channel list should now look similar to that shown in the following figure.
Statistics report showing the channel list used in preparation for running a GRAV3D
inversion
Model Conditioning for UBC Inversion

The UBC-GIF program GRAV3D provides a method for specifying the range of
densities that are valid for every voxel in the model. This facility can be used to
bias the outcomes of the inversion by incorporating geological knowledge into the
inversion process. This provides a method that helps overcome the non-
uniqueness problems in gravity inversion.
ModelVision body property dialog showing the fields provided to insert density and
susceptibility ranges
The dialog in the above figure illustrates the method for entering ranges for
density and susceptibility. Note that the UBC-GIF program MAG3D does not
support susceptibility ranges and ModelVision provides this facility for possible
future support by the University of British Columbia.
UBC Mesh and Data File Creation

Once you have prepared the data channels and grids within ModelVision, the
creation of the UBC-GIF model mesh and associated data files is managed
through the Modules>UBC Model Mesh Designer menu function. This opens a
dialog similar to the one shown below that provides access to all the parameters
required to define the mesh and associated data files. It also provides buttons to
run the UBC-GIF, GRAV3D User Interface and MeshTools3D programs. The
tabbed dialog provides control over the mesh geometry, physical property bounds
and data outputs.
• Mesh Design
• Density Bounds
• Data Outputs
The Perspective view will provide the visualization of the mesh design being
createdby enabling the UBC display check box.
Mesh Design
The UBC mesh structure consists of a core volume that is the focus of the
modelling and a padding region that is designed to manage the region
surrounding your geological objective. The padding region may contain data, but
this is not essential. The core region will normally have small voxel sizes while the
padding region will have enlarged cells. The fine cells are required to preserve
detail in the final geological model. Review the UBC-GIF documentation for
recommendations on the cell sizes and data spacing.
Independent tab controls are provided for the X, Y and Z limits. The boundaries
of the regions are seeded from the model and project limits. These can be
manually controlled through the dialog entries. Use a map view of the model and
data along with the 3D perspective view to provide feedback while entering
parameters into the dialog.
ModelVision 3D perspective view of the model, Bouguer gravity grid, Bouguer gravity
regional grid and bounding boxes for the core mesh and padding regions. The yellow body
is used to provide an overburden layer with tight density bounds and the red body defines
the starting model for the target geology.
It is recommended to first set the origin of the mesh. In plan view this is the south-
west corner of the core whether or not you have an outer padding region. In the
Z dimension it is the top of the mesh. The thickness of the core and padded
regions should then be adjusted. As you adjust these values the boxes showing
the perimeter of the regions will update. This should be done for each of the X, Y
and Z tab pages.
As the core and padding regions are changed in the dialog, the bounding boxes
of these regions are updated in the 3D perspective view as shown above. This
facility makes it easier to see the relationship between the model and mesh limits
to ensure that the target geology is properly covered.
Mesh designer dialog for creation of UBC mesh models and associated data files needed
to run a GRAV3D or MAG3D inversion
The padding cells can be expanded progressively by using the geometric growth
parameter in the above dialog. A value between 1.2 and 1.5 is recommended.
This smooth increase in voxel size allows you to reduce the size of the core area
while maintaining sensitivity in the vicinity of your target geology. This factor can
significantly reduce the total number of cells required for modelling and hence the
total inversion time.
Finally you should set the number of cells each region is divided into and whether
they are equally spaced or not. The individual cells can be displayed by changing
the drop-down list from Perimeter to All Cells. Cells are equally spaced initially
so the upper pad region of 500 m had 5 cells of 100 m. If the geometric factor is
changed to say 0.7 then successive cells are 0.7 of the thickness of the previous
cell so they get thinner or if the factor is greater than 1 then they get bigger. The
total thickness remains the same.
The number of cells cannot be set to zero so if you wish to remove the top padding
but retain the bottom padding you should set the top padding thickness to zero.
In the X and Y dimensions the core can only have linear spaced divisions and the
outer padding has a single geometric factor applying to all.
The cell property assigned to a voxel has two modes:
• Add means accumulate the properties of successive bodies that occupy

the same voxel.
• Replace means replace the voxel value with the property of the last body
in the list that occupies that voxel space. The body order is determined by
the order in the ModelVision TKM file.
A thresholded UBC mesh view of the converted ModelVision model
The UBC-GIF mesh is populated with properties based on a set of rules.
• Fill all voxels with the background property of zero.
• Each voxel is analysed to see if it is dominantly inside or outside a body.
• If it is inside the body, the voxel value is replaced by the value of the body.
• If Add mode is turned on the body property is added to the existing value
assigned to the voxel.
Density Bounds
A density bounds file can be created for use with GRAV3D. This file is used to
limit the range of values that can be derived during inversion. This is useful for
constraining an inversion where there is suitable geological information available
to constrain the outcomes. Geological information can be inferred or assigned
from specific density information from drilling or outcrop sample.
An example of inferred information is the assignment of a narrow density range

for overburden. This has a focusing effect on the inversion by forcing most of the
variation to be taken up below the unconformity layer.
Measurements of density values can be introduced as bodies that are used to

spread the measurement information over a volume. This method of introducing
physical property measurements works better with smooth inversion than the
introduction of specific points of measurements. The latter tends to produce local
anomalies that do not produce realistic geological solutions.
Dialog tab used to assign the background density range in regions not occupied by a
ModelVision body
The background density range is assigned for all regions that are not occupied by
a ModelVision model. The default value for this range is -2.0 to +2.0 g/cm3.
Data Outputs
The data files required by GRAV3D and MAG3D are controlled from the Data tab
entry in the mesh designer dialog. Here you assign the ModelVision channels and
grids to the appropriate outputs.
Some choices are allowed in the creation of the output files. For example you can
choose to model the gravity at a constant elevation, in which case you use the
assigned value instead of an internal channel created by ModelVision. The data
error can be assigned a constant value by selecting the radio button under the
fixed value field position.
The topography file used by GRAV3D and MAG3D must cover the complete area
of the mesh and as a result it cannot be derived from the line data used in the
project. As a result of this requirement, you must import a topographic grid that
covers the map area of the mesh and ModelVision creates the UBC-GIF
topographic file from this grid.
Data export tab for creation of the UBC-GIF data files used by GRAV3D and MAG3D
Note that you can also assign a constant value for the topography. All voxels
above the topographic surface are assigned null values. The value of null is
defined as -100 for density models and -1 for susceptibility models.
If your data is closely spaced, you can decimate the data by using a sample
interval greater than 1. It is recommended in the UBC-GIF programs that the data
spacing is approximately equivalent to the voxel spacing in the core of the mesh.
To create the mesh and output data files, select the Create button. This generates
all the necessary files needed to run the inversion. Note that the Clear mesh
button removes the design from memory and resets the bounds information of the
body properties.
GRAV3D and MAG3D Interface

The UBC-GIF inversion programs GRAV3D and MAG3D each have their own
graphical user interface. ModelVision provides a UBC-GUI button. Use this
feature after you Create the mesh and the UBC dialog will automatically start with
the correct files loaded.
UBC-GIF GRAV3D User Interface dialog
There are many parameters available in the GRAV3D and MAG3D User
Interfaces and you are referred to the UBC documentation for further information
on these parameters. Once you run the inversion, you can use the MeshTools3D
or Encom PA Voxel Modeller module to visualize the inversion results.
ModelVision does not provide a visualization tools for the mesh models.
The UBC-GUI application provides an integrated approach to managing the

various programs used to produce an inversion output. It produces the control
files that are used by the individual programs defined in the UBC documentation
Generated Files
ModelVision produces a set of files that are used by the UBC-GUI application.
Gravity data files
MESH.DAT – mesh file
MODEL.DEN – density file for MESH.DAT
BOUNDS.DEN – density bounds for each cell in the model
OBS.GRV – gravity observation with noise estimates
OBSGRAV.LOC – location of points for computation of the model data
TOPO.DAT – topography data that covers the area of the mesh.
Magnetic data files
MESH.DAT – mesh file
MODEL.SUS – magnetic susceptibility file for MESH.DAT
OBS.MAG – magnetic observation with noise estimates
OBSMAG.LOC – location of points for computation of the model data
TOPO.DAT – topography data that covers the area of the mesh.
UBC-GIF Magnetics Tutorial

This tutorial is designed to provide an overview of using the UBC module MAG3D
with ModelVision. You will create an artificial but complex body magnetic
response and use this as the input to the UBC MAG3D module. The voxel result
of the inversion should reasonably match the initially used target body.
In a real-world case, you must have observed data plus a reasonable idea of the
shape and property distribution of the target source. The creation of an
appropriate 3D mesh and property distribution is shown in the tutorial.
Note UBC Model Mesh Designer is an ModelVision module and is not automatically
available. A licence message will be displayed if the module has not been
licensed. For licensing details, please contact Pitney Bowes Software.
Tutorial Data
For this tutorial you are required to load the ModelVision session file located in
the UBC software directory as installed from the UBC Installation CD. Refer to
UBC-GIF Software Installation for instructions on this. The session file is located
in the UBC\MVISPRO_EXAMPLE folder and is called PLUNGING_PRISM.SES.
Running the Tutorial
Step 1
Start ModelVision and use the File>Open>Session menu options to browse for
and open PLUNGING_PRISM.SES. When it is loaded a preliminary plunging prism
and computed response should appear as a map and 3D view similar to below:
Opening display from the PLUNGING_PRISM.SES session file
To display the properties of the body, click the Property button. This shows that
only a single Plunging Prism body is shown in the window. From the Body
Parameters table double click the ‘1’ at left side and the properties dialog of the
body is displayed. Note in the display that upper and lower bounds for magnetic
susceptibility and density can be specified. In this version, the bounds for
magnetics are not operational but they can be set for density.
Dialog with UBC bounds settings available
Step 2
With the bounds, model and data displayed and specified, select the
Modules>UBC Model Mesh Designer menu option. This option displays a
dialog as below. Examine the dialogs and tabs presented by this option.
Export UBC model dialog with Mesh, Data and Bounds specifications
The Export UBC Model dialog has tabs for defining the mesh, data and bounds.
• Mesh Controls
For each of the three orthogonal directions of a mesh (X,Y and Z), you can
specify the number of cells and their size for the core and padded areas
surrounding the core.
Various controls allow the padding of cells to use a geometric factor for
distribution.
Use the Show mesh in 3D option to display the mesh design in

Perspective View in two different designs. The default view is Perimeter
which will show a bounding box for the core area of the UBC model and
another bounding box for the padding area.
The Plunging Prism model with core and padded area specification
The other display option from the drop down list is to show All Cells,
which when selected displays a preview of all cells within the UBC mesh
being designed.
The Perspective View will update in real time when a change is made in
the UBC Model–Mesh Designer dialog.
The Plunging Prism model with a 1.5 geometric weighting applied to the padding
• Data Controls
The Data dialog allows you to specify the data channels, topography and
elevation used for the UBC inversion. Ensure that the correct modelling
method (magnetics or gravity) is selected before modifying the data
definitions.
Each data reading can be used or every nth reading using the Sample
interval setting. The computed response can be at a flat surface elevation
above the model (at a Fixed value of elevation) or using a topographic
gridded surface.
Note If you are using a topographic surface, the area of the surface must completely
cover the core and padded area of the mesh.
Output files required can be nominated for saving after the inversion.
Data control tab for the UBC modelling
• Bounds Control
The Bounds control tab is used to specify the background cells

surrounding the ModelVision seed body. The bounds are specified for the
properties of the relevant method.
Bounds control tab setting the upper and lower bounds for the UBC modelling
Step 3
Using the defaults of the PLUNGING_PRISM session file, from the right side of the
dialog, select the Create button. This operation writes the relevant files into the
same directory as the initial session and model. As the files are created,
ModelVision also reports the number of mesh cells, volume and padded area
details.
UBC model and mesh report after creating the control and data files for the inversion
Step 4
Click the MeshView button. This executes the UBC 3D viewing software
(MeshTools 3D).
MeshTools 3D view of the created mesh and seed model

Refer to the MeshTools 3D help for information on operating the utility. You may
need to rotate the mesh to optimally view the seed body, but you may also need
to adjust the threshold properties of viewing. These are controlled from the
Options>CutOff menu item. Adjust the slider bars to suit the model’s magnetic
susceptibility properties.
Slider controls of MeshTools 3D to control the view of the body
Step 5
Return to ModelVision (you do not have to close down the MeshTools 3D utility).
Select the UBC GUI button. Initially a UBC-GIF copyright notice is displayed
followed by the main MAG3D interface dialog.
MAG3D interface dialog used to specify the model, data and inversion methodology
For this tutorial, the main options are selected for you. The magnetics observation
file is predetermined as are the settings for Data weighting and Wavelet
compression. Refer to the UBC help for additional information on these settings.
For fastest and optimal response, we recommend you select the computation
Mode to be GCV and set the Initial model to be Default. The Mesh and
Reference model can be left as defined.
Step 6
Once the above settings are specified, click the Save button (or the File>Save
menu item). By default the control file selected is called MAG_INV.INP in the
default directory. After the control input file is saved, the Run button becomes
active. You can click the Run button and the inversion commences.
The inversion is executed in a DOS window that presents the progress of the
computations. You will find that inversions depending on the speed of the
computer, available memory, model/data complexity and size vary considerably
in time required for a solution. For this case, about half an hour on a 7-800 mHz
machine is required.
Note If the UBC-GIF software is installed but has not been licensed, an error message
is displayed. For more information, see Installing UBC Software.
Step 7
Once the inversion has completed, the output, inverted solution files are written
and these are available for examination. The inverted mesh solution can be
viewed in Encom PA (with Voxel Model option) or in the MeshTools 3D utility.
In this case, the default file output is called:
Model file – MAGINV3D.SUS
Mesh file – MESH.DAT
MeshTools 3D representation of the output, inverted model

16 Encom AutoMag (Optional Module) 481
16 Encom AutoMag (Optional Module)

In this section:
• About AutoMag
• AutoMag Overview
• Single Anomaly Tutorial
• AutoMag Controls
• Running AutoMag in Batch Mode
The AutoMag depth-to-magnetic basement feature is a ModelVision module and

is not automatically available. If the following message is displayed when the
AutoMag tool is selected, then the module is not licensed on the computer you
are using. For licensing details, please contact Pitney Bowes Software.
Message displayed by Licence Manager when AutoMag is not licensed.
About AutoMag
Depth-to-magnetic source calculations have occupied geophysicists for months
and years depending upon the scale and objectives of the project. Manual
techniques such as the Straight Slope method and Peter’s Length have been
used for depth estimation for many decades. These procedures are mechanical,
repetitive and time consuming but require a skilled geophysicist to reject
inappropriate magnetic anomalies.
Manual methods are still used today because they produce consistent results with
judicious rejection of spurious anomalies. Computer procedures for automatic
depth interpretation have become increasingly popular to replace the tedium and
high labour cost of manual procedures. One such procedure that has become
very popular over the last five years is the Euler 2D method. These methods work
well as a first pass assessment of the magnetic source distribution, but lack the
critical input of the interpreter in rejecting spurious solution. Invariably there are
too many solutions and the relationship between the magnetic anomaly and an
individual solution is unclear.
Manual methods are tedious and time consuming and fully automated methods
lack the critical intervention of the geophysical interpreter. AutoMag bridges this
gap by providing a consistent automated process that removes the tedium of the
manual process and provides the interpreter with the ability to quickly test any
solution against forward model solutions. Interpreted depths can be plotted in
cross-section, map view or exported to an ASCII file for use in another application.
Depths from the AutoMag solutions can be gridded to produce a contoured map
of ‘depth to basement’.
AutoMag Overview
This section describes the background theory to the Naudy method on which
AutoMag is based.
• AutoMag Versus Other Methods
• AutoMag Theory
AutoMag Versus Other Methods
Traditional methods of magnetic depth estimation that rely on only a few statistics
of an anomaly have been largely rendered obsolete by the ability to analyse
complete anomalies in digital form. Batch magnetic depth estimation generally
using the Werner, Euler and Naudy methods have become popular.
Batch depth estimation refers to the procedure of automatic processing of a

complete dataset. ModelVision is an interactive modelling system but it provides
both interactive and batch capabilities for the operation of AutoMag.
In most implementations of magnetic depth estimators, quality criteria are set

empirically through inspection of the number and distribution of the solutions with
respect to the observed field variations. The greatest strength of AutoMag that
sets it apart from other magnetic depth estimators is that it provides much greater
discrimination in the generation of solutions. AutoMag solutions are fully specified
as source bodies and are delivered in a modelling environment where they can
be immediately tested against the observed data. This procedure allows you to
investigate the field variation that is attributable to any one source. You are able
to thereby tune AutoMag for maximum discrimination in generating required
solutions while eliminating spurious ones. The ability to tune AutoMag while
investigating the exact significance of any solution provides considerable power
and versatility to the complex problem of depth estimation.
In cases where the geology is appropriate for representation by AutoMag derived

bodies, the solutions provide excellent starting models that may require only
minor modification by forward or inverse modelling to match complete data
profiles.
AutoMag Theory
AutoMag is based on a curve-matching method devised by Naudy (1971) and

further developed by Shi (1991,1993). The original Naudy’s method is a two stage
process:
1. Locate the potential source locations
2. Revising the depth estimate for the solutions.
This basic structure has been retained in AutoMag. Naudy split the input curve
into symmetric and anti-symmetric parts to help resolve ambiguities in locating
anomalies. Shi (1991) refined this analysis using both horizontal and vertical field
components and extended the analysis to include vertical gradient data.
Both the anomaly location and depth estimation phases of the process are based
on the correlation of a theoretical anomaly response with the measured data.
Naudy defined a similarity coefficient R as
R = (1- |r|).105
where r is the correlation coefficient.
This statistic has a minimum value for a strong correlation. Traditionally R is

plotted on logarithmic displays to retain sensitivity across a wide variation range.
To produce a statistic that is more easily manipulated we have redefined the
similarity coefficient as:
R = 100 ln10((1- |r|).105 )
The value R is generally between 100 and 400. The amount by which the
threshold value of parameter is varied during tuning of AutoMag is almost
independent of its absolute value.
In the first stage, the theoretical anomaly response from an initial depth guess is
correlated with the measured magnetic data. The similarity coefficient trace is
analysed to locate isolated minima. Each minimum is a candidate for the second
stage of the depth analysis. An example of a profile with displayed similarity
coefficient traces is shown below.
Solutions created by AutoMag and the similarity traces displayed in tracks at the top of the
display. The observed and theoretical responses are also shown.
In the second stage, a segment of the measured data is extracted across each of
the isolated anomalies and correlated with the theoretical model response. A
series of correlations are performed for different model values of depth and
thickness. Note that the values used are centred on the depth and width values
used for the initial model guess. This produces a 2D table of similarity coefficients.
The minimum in this table is used to obtain the depth and thickness of the body.
Dip and susceptibility are computed using relationships for the vertical and
horizontal components of the magnetic field Shi (1991).
Single Anomaly Tutorial

Although AutoMag is an automated depth analysis procedure, it requires
parameters to be entered to control the process. Values assigned to these control
parameters have a major impact on the quality of the estimated depths and other
source parameters. For this reason, we begin describing the operations of
AutoMag with a simple theoretical test case. You will learn how to set the
parameters and extract a depth estimate for the theoretical source that closely
matches the input model.
The steps involved in running AutoMag are:
• Set the Parameters
• Run the Analysis
• Display the Solution
• Modulate and Annotate the Solution
• Test the Solution
• Save Your Solutions
Setup the Data
Follow the example below to generate a synthetic data set for a simple tabular
model.
1. Use the Utility>Synthetic Lines menu option to generate a single east-

west line that has a sample spacing of 20 metres and is 4,000 metres long
about a reference point of (2000,2000).
2. To create a magnetic channel, name the elevation channel “MAG”.
3. Make sure the line control has Model Magnetics set with the input
channel selected as MAG. Uncheck Match Average and Display
Topography Channel.
4. Open a cross-section for the synthetic line and generate a tabular body
model that has the following properties:
Tabular Body Properties

Depth 250
Thickness 400
Depth extent 2500
Strike length 5000
Dip 90 deg
X position 2000
Azimuth 0
Susceptibility default
5. Compute the forward model response.
To create a synthetic input magnetic channel, use the calculator on Line

data and use the following formula:
MAG=MAG_MOD
You should have a display similar to that shown below. The amplitude
response may be different depending upon the default magnetic
susceptibility and magnetic units of measurement.
Synthetic model for a single tabular body

6. Start AutoMag from the AutoMag toolbar located in the Modules menu.
Select Run and a dialog box is displayed with the available control
parameters.
Control dialog presented when AutoMag Run is selected
The controls are grouped under Background Control and Operational

Parameters. Background parameters normally remain the same
throughout the project, while operational parameters are constantly varied
for tuning of the AutoMag operations.
Set the Parameters
• Background Control
• Operational Parameters
• Anomaly Location
• Depth Estimation
You can also Use Quick Inversion to Estimate Parameters.

Background Control
Background control parameters used by AutoMag
• Select Lines controls the input data lines that AutoMag is run over. If you
start AutoMag from a section display, this control will not be visible as the
section will be the only active line.
• Channel select controls the input channel for depth calculation. If you
have applied an upward continuation filter to the magnetic data you could
select it as an alternative for input to AutoMag.
• RTP is an on/off control for using reduction to the pole data instead of raw
magnetic field values. Research by Shi (1993) has shown that use of
reduced to the pole data gives consistently better results for AutoMag
depth calculations. When this option is turned on (default), the magnetic
field values are reduced to the pole based on the current inclination and
declination parameters. Make sure that these are set correctly in the
Model>Magnetic Field menu options or from the Status Bar. If you want
to use your own RTP data set, make sure that the inclination is set to 90
degrees and the declination is zero.
• Vertical gradient is computed internally from the magnetic field data if

this option is enabled. AutoMag computations are performed on the
vertical gradient, rather than the total magnetic intensity. Vertical gradient
data provides better separation of anomalies when magnetic sources are
close together. Results are consistently better when this option is turned
on (default). With noisy magnetic data, the vertical gradient enhances
noise and you may achieve improved results by applying an upward
continuation filter first. A correction can be applied later in the ModelVision
calculator by subtracting the upward continuation height from the
AutoMag depths.
• Constant Susceptibility allows you to assign a constant susceptibility to

all AutoMag solutions. AutoMag generates a thickness and susceptibility
for every solution. For bodies where their thickness is less than 50% of
their depth, the product of thickness and susceptibility has interesting
properties. For a given value of the susceptibility-thickness product, the
thickness and susceptibility can be varied through a wide range without
significantly changing the amplitude or shape of the magnetic anomaly.
We use this relationship to allow you to force a constant susceptibility on
the solutions.
This may be valid when studying dykes related to a particular intrusive

event. Variations in magnetic properties may reasonably be expected to
be consistent over large areas. If you have estimates for the magnetic
properties, you can estimate the thickness of the dykes.
• Strike length of AutoMag solutions is determined by this value. Since

AutoMag computes the solution from a profile, it assumes that the strike
length is infinite. For modelling, you need to assign a strike length that is
relevant to the scale of the project. In practice, an infinite strike length is
approximated by a distance that is 5 to 10 times the depth to the source.
• Body type can be dyke, sheet or edge. AutoMag uses a different

theoretical model for each body type during the inversion phase. Each
body type is interpreted as a tabular body by ModelVision. Dyke is the
default body type and its thickness can vary through a wide range. This is
the most flexible body type for routine depth interpretation. A thin sheet is
converted to a thin tabular body. An edge is converted to a thick tabular
body where one side of the tabular body is equivalent to the edge and the
other side is displaced far away from the edge. This rendering of the
solution provides a convenient mechanism for testing the edge solution as
the edge model is not explicitly supported in ModelVision. If it is thought
that a pair of edge solutions are derived from opposite sides of a wide
body, such a pair can be converted into a single thick tabular body.
Operational Parameters
Understanding the behaviour of the operational parameters is the key to

successful depth estimation in AutoMag. For a large project you will access these
controls many times to tune the parameters on a few key flight lines before
applying the ‘standard parameters’ to the whole survey. It is recommended that
you experiment with these parameters in controlled model situations. When first
using AutoMag, you should use single body theoretical models where you know
the answer and progress to more complex models - this teaches you how to tune
the parameters. Even after you have gained this experience, it is recommended
that you use synthetic models in the initial stages of real projects.
The synthetic models can be constructed to reflect typical geological

environments in your project area. Key aspects of these models should include
probable depth, thickness and susceptibility ranges. If you have interfering
magnetic sources at shallow depth, what will their impact be on the interpretation?
Should I use upward continuation to minimize the influence of shallow interfering
magnetic sources?
Internally, AutoMag performs its analysis in two passes. The first pass is designed
to locate the anomalies that will be analysed and the second performs the
anomaly inversion. The philosophy of this two pass operation is discussed more
fully in the original paper by Naudy (1971).
Sensitivity channels displayed above a model
Anomaly Location
Anomalies are located by correlating the magnetic anomaly response of a starting

model with the magnetic survey data. Naudy derives a correlation factor called a
‘similarity coefficient’ that is traditionally displayed on a logarithmic scale. These
values vary between 1 and 100,000 where a low value represents a high
similarity. Similarity coefficients are used constantly by the interpreter for
specification of detection threshold values that range through three decades.
Since it is difficult to think linearly in logarithmic space, AutoMag re-scales the
similarity coefficients to a linear range by taking the log of the similarity coefficient
and multiplied it by 100. As a result of this transformation, useful thresholds vary
linearly between 200 and 400. See over for an example of these coefficients.
Relationship between AutoMag Run parameters and cross-section display
Control of both the anomaly location and inversion passes is provided by a single
dialog box that is started from the Run button on the AutoMag toolbar. For a first
time user this can be confusing and without a proper understanding of the control
parameters, poor results may be obtained. In the above figure the relationship
between the AutoMag controls and the cross-section is highlighted as well as
highlighting parameters required in the anomaly location pass.
An initial dyke model is shown in black to represent the starting parameters shown
in the dialog box where the dyke has an initial depth of 100m and width of 100m.
This is compared with the final solution that is shown as an open rectangle below
the magnetic anomaly. As the window size is increased, so are the initial model
depth and thickness. On the third depth pass the correlation model depth has
increased to 300m which is much closer to that of the final solution. This pass has
the best defined similarity coefficient curve with a well-defined minimum centred
on the anomaly.
Note The initial body is not shown on ModelVision cross-sections but is used here for
pictorial reasons.
Anomaly location parameters used by AutoMag
Controls that influence the sensitivity of anomaly location are:
Top - Initial depth to correlation model
• Top is the depth to the top of the body that will be used for generating the
similarity coefficients. This is the depth for the initial pass. For each pass
of the operator, the depth is increased in multiples of the pass number. If
the initial depth is 100m on pass one, it becomes 200m on pass two,
300m on pass three and so on. Start with an interval that is approximately
half the expected depth to the magnetic sources.
Width - Initial width of correlation model
• Width is the initial body width used for generating the similarity
coefficients. This also expands in multiples of the pass number. Unless
you are specifically studying a thick (wide) magnetic source, use a starting
value that is less than 50% of the expected width.
Sample spacing - Data interpolation interval
• Sample spacing determines the interval that is used to interpolate the field
data for use by AutoMag in the inversion process. This interval also
determines the total length of the AutoMag window. Total window length is
determined by multiplying the sample spacing by the number of samples
in the AutoMag operator.
Number of depth passes - Expand window for each pass
• Depth passes determines the number of expansions of the AutoMag

operator. Sample spacing is increased as a multiple of the current pass
number. This effectively increases the depth of investigation as the
operator expands. If both shallow and deep sources exist, aliasing of the
shallow source anomalies may take place as the operator expands. This
will increase the noise in the solutions. For this reason, it is possible to
individually select pass numbers.
Two options exist to help avoid the problem of interpreting both shallow
and deep sources:
• You can increase the number of samples in the operator (see

Window size) but his increases the computation time.
• Upward continue the data to reduce the influence of the shallow

sources and do a specific AutoMag run that focuses on the deeper
sources.
Window size - Total width of AutoMag window
• Window size can be set in terms of distance or samples. If you choose

distance, the window size is determined by multiplying the sample interval
by the number of samples in the AutoMag operator window. The default
number of samples is 25 selected as an optimum value based on
experience with the Naudy method. To change the number of samples in
the window, click on the down arrow and select samples. Change the
current value from 25 to some other appropriate value. Typically the
window size should just encompass the minimum and maximum of an
anomaly. The window size field will automatically be updated. It is
recommended that you do not change this value from 25 until you have
become an experienced AutoMag user.
Similarity coefficient cutoff - Threshold for anomaly acceptance.
• Similarity coefficient cut-off is the threshold value below which AutoMag

will attempt to perform its model inversion. If the similarity coefficient is
below this value, AutoMag searches for a local minimum in the
coefficients. AutoMag uses this location as the centre of a window for
performing a detailed analysis of the data within the window. In general, it
is better to have a slightly higher similarity coefficient and use the filtering
to adjust this value.
Depth Estimation
Depth estimation is the most important phase of the AutoMag process and it is
numerically intensive. If the initial anomaly location process finds too many
locations for analysis, the depth estimation process will take a long time to run,
often analysing spurious anomalies. A brief summary is provided, however for full
details of this procedure refer to Naudy’s original paper.
Given the starting depth, width and anomaly location, AutoMag performs a
detailed analysis by varying the depth and width parameters over a suitable range
of values. It generates a table of similarity coefficients for the parameter range
and locates the minimum within the table. Depth and thickness are determined
from the table. Magnetic susceptibility is computed and an arbitrary depth extent
of 10 times the depth to the top is assigned to the solution for the dyke model.
Once the anomaly has been located, only three additional controls are required:
• Window size in the inversion stage is normally shorter than the initial
location phase. This helps AutoMag to focus on a smaller part of the
anomaly to minimize the interference from adjacent anomaly sources.
Window size is controlled by the number of samples in the window. This is
reduced from 25 samples for anomaly location to 19 samples for the depth
calculation stage. It is recommended that you leave this at 19 until you
have become an experienced AutoMag user.
• Cutoff for the similarity coefficient is also reduced because the inversion
process is now well focussed and the minimum in the 2D depth-width
table should provide a more discerning threshold. If this is not the case,
there may be too much interference from adjacent anomalies and you
want these rejected to minimize spurious depth calculations.
• On for depth estimation is a switch that allows you to perform only the
initial anomaly location phase. This speeds up the process of selecting
optimal parameters by avoiding the time consuming second depth
estimation phase.
Use Quick Inversion to Estimate Parameters
As an alternative to setting up the parameters manually or by trial-and-error, you

can run Quick Inversion on a typical anomaly in the area and have it generate
AutoMag parameters from the Quick Inversion solution. For more information,
see Quick Inversion.
When selecting a typical anomaly, it is best to err on the side of shallow rather
than deep as the expanding window will find deeper solutions.
Open a section with the typical anomaly and the select the data. Run Quick
Inversion to a satisfactory solution. Then click the AutoMag button in the lower
right of the Quick Inversion dialog box. This will open AutoMag and populate the
depth and width fields with appropriate values.
Setting properties in Point to Body conversion
Run the Analysis
When the operational parameters have been selected (Set the Parameters),
select OK and AutoMag will begin the analysis. You can see a progress bar
appear and progressively work through the various sample passes. In more
complex data sets, it speeds up and slows down depending upon how many
anomalies are located in each pass. If you have five passes selected, usually you
will find few solutions and AutoMag will speed through this pass. When multiple
lines are made active, the progress bar starts again for each line to be analysed.
Display the Solution
To see the results, click the Layer Table button on the main toolbar. The standard
Cross-section Layers table is displayed.
Cross-section Layers dialog box
Similarity coefficients and AutoMag solutions can be added to the table. To do

this, right-click on any layer and select Add from the shortcut menu, and then
select the Similarity Coefficiient layer. One auxiliary channel is generated for each
sample interval pass. Symbols are plotted for each AutoMag solution and their
attributes are controlled (modulated) by the Modulate button in the AutoMag
toolba (see Modulate and Annotate the Solution).
Solutions turns on the symbol display of AutoMag depth solutions. These are
displayed as a variable size rectangular box with a small tick at the upper side of
the symbol.
Similarity Coefficients are an important part of the interpretation process for

tuning the AutoMag procedure. Best results are generally obtained from similarity
coefficient curves with the lowest values and narrowest troughs. An example of
the similarity coefficient profiles for 5 sample interval passes was presented
previously. The third pass has the narrowest trough and a minimum that is 150
below the troughs in the adjacent channels. This is not obvious in the figure as
the vertical scale for each channel has been optimized for maximum contrast.
A different colour is used for each auxiliary track and the colour sequence is
controlled by the AutoMag palette. These colours are used elsewhere to colour
code the symbols so that the relationship between the pass number and the
AutoMag solution is clearly visible. This helps you select the best solution by
examination of the quality of the similarity coefficient trough.
At both ends of each coefficient track, the curve trace is flat for a distance equal
to half the length of the AutoMag operator. No coefficients can be computed within
a half operator width of the line end. In the example shown here pass 5 has over
60% of the trace with no coefficient values. As the depth of investigation
increases, more data is required for evaluation of the operator. This means that
we cannot use AutoMag or other operator based methods to evaluate partial
anomalies at the ends of lines.
Selecting cut-off thresholds in AutoMag is aided by placing the cursor in the

appropriate coefficient track and you can read the amplitude from the status line
at the bottom of the screen. As you move the mouse from track to track, the status
line will automatically register the curve value from the current track. This is often
much easier to read than the axis labels on the left hand side of each track.
Modulate and Annotate the Solution
All AutoMag solutions have a number of attributes, each of which can provide
useful feedback on the quality of the solution. These can be used to modulate
several properties of the solution points and/or annotate the points.
The Automag Points Modulation dialog is activated from the AutoMag option in
the Modules menu.
AutoMag Points Modulation dialog box
• Dip, susceptibility and level are the best parameters to use for modulating
the solutions in a cross-section view. Easting, northing and depth are
automatically used to display the position of the solution. The size of the
solution symbol can also be controlled.
• Dip allows you to quickly assess the orientation of the dyke. Poor solutions
often have very shallow dips.
• Susceptibility provides a method of quickly determining relative magnetic

properties. It can also be used as a filter.
• Level colour modulation makes it easy to see what similarity coefficient

trough is associated with each solution. The interpreter can quickly
choose the best solution if they originate from different levels.
Test the Solution
In the example shown here, there is only one solution from the AutoMag run. In
practice, there will be many solutions and we need to isolate only those solutions
that are valid. This objective is best achieved by computing the theoretical
response of the AutoMag solutions.
Any AutoMag solution can be converted to an equivalent ModelVision solid body.
1. Select the AutoMag solution with the mouse by positioning the cursor on
the symbol followed by a left mouse button click (select).
2. Press the SPACEBAR to create a ModelVision tabular body. You can select
multiple bodies by using the mouse to drag out a rectangle around a group
of solutions. These are converted to bodies with the SPACEBAR or the Pt--
>Body button on the AutoMag toolbar.
Setting properties in Point to Body conversion
The dialog enables you to assign constant properties of the converted solution if
required. If you are in ‘Immediate’ compute mode at the time the response of the
model will be computed each time a body is created from an AutoMag solution.
If you do not like the theoretical response of any solution, press the DEL key and
any body just created will be automatically deleted and the model response
recomputed.
You can use the converted bodies as a means of storing your results between
AutoMag runs. If you change the AutoMag parameters and perform a new run,
previous solutions will be deleted. You can use the saved bodies for comparison
with new AutoMag solutions.
Save Your Solutions
Apart from converting AutoMag solutions to bodies, you can keep your ‘good’
solutions in another way. You can use the Code function to assign a code
between 1 and 20 to any solution. Note that:
• It is the responsibility of the interpreter to keep track of the code number

and its meaning.
• When AutoMag is run, all solutions with Code = 0 are deleted while all
others are retained.
To set a code, select one or more solutions and slide the slider bar to the desired
code number and click Set.
To later select all solutions with a particular code number, slide the slider bar to
the desired code number and click Select.
To clear the code, either manually select the solutions or use the Select button;
slide the slider bar to a code of 0 and click Set.
Solutions can be kept from separate runs of AutoMag with different parameters.
This provides you with a method of accumulating solutions in preparation for a
final depth map.
AutoMag Controls
The primary AutoMag controls are available from the AutoMag toolbar. This
toolbar is available from selecting the Modules>AutoMag option of the main
menu, or by placing the cursor over the background screen of ModelVision and
clicking the right mouse button. When this is done a ‘pop-up’ menu is displayed.
The AutoMag options are described below:
• AutoMag Tool
• Parameters Set from the AutoMag Run Dialog

AutoMag Tool
The AutoMag tool is specifically designed to provide access to many frequently

performed operations of the AutoMag interpretation module.
Run
Opens the AutoMag dialog in which you configure AutoMag. Click OK to execute
AutoMag. AutoMag retains current settings as defaults for the next run so that
minimal changes are required to switch between profiles as you tune AutoMag.
The AutoMag dialog is described in Parameters Set from the AutoMag Run
Dialog.
Filter
Opens the AutoMag Filter dialog. After running AutoMag to generate a set of
solutions, you can use this dialog to remove any unexpected values associated
with the solution parameters. The AutoMag Filter controls are described in
Filtering Solutions.
Modulate
Opens the AutoMag Points Modulation dialog that provides control over the
appearance of AutoMag solutions. This dialog is described below.
• Point to Body Conversion
The Point→Body button opens the Point to Body conversion dialog that
enables you to convert currently selected AutoMag points to bodies.
Converting solutions to bodies allows their significance to be tested by
forward modelling and provides a convenient alternative method of
retaining selected and tested points. Further information on using the point
to body conversion option is described below. A shortcut for converting
points to bodies is to select the points to be converted and press the
space bar on the keyboard.
• Body to Point Conversion
The Body→Point button creates AutoMag points from the currently

selected bodies. Tabular bodies (that may initially have been created from
AutoMag points and subsequently modified with forward or inverse
modelling) can be converted to points so that their depths can be gridded
to map a depth surface.
• Kill Bodies
This button provides a shortcut to delete all bodies. You may wish to use
this after creating a large number of bodies. You must be sure that you do
not unintentionally delete bodies previously developed on other lines.
Note: This function will delete all bodies including those not selected. To
delete only selected bodies, use the keyboard delete key.
• Code Set and Select Option
The Code value of an AutoMag solution is a flag value used to assist in

the retention of solutions. By default, AutoMag solutions are created with a
code value of zero. These solutions are automatically deleted when
AutoMag is re-run on the line. You can change the code value of a point
by selecting it in a cross-section or map display, setting the code value to
the required value using the slider bar and clicking the Set button. You can
change codes on solutions at your discretion. Having set codes for
different solutions you can select those solutions by sliding the code slider
bar to the desired value and clicking the Select button. Selected solutions
can be converted to bodies or deleted as required.
• Standard Points
Allows you to create a point data set from AutoMag points. A standard
data set is typically one derived from importing a data file of randomly
located points such as a geochemical sampling dataset or regional gravity
data. ModelVision treats AutoMag points differently from those referred to
as ‘standard’. AutoMag points have associated information (such as
solution properties) and are treated as a special case for display
purposes. Since standard points have more versatile display and
annotation properties, you may wish to convert AutoMag solutions to a
standard point data set to take advantage of these.
Parameters Set from the AutoMag Run Dialog
The main AutoMag run control dialog is accessible by selecting the Run button
on the AutoMag Tool. This dialog controls the settings of the main AutoMag
parameters. The dialog closes after running AutoMag with the settings updated
so they have the same value when AutoMag is next initiated. You therefore only
need to make changes to the parameters in this dialog that are different from the
previous AutoMag run. Once the process of tuning the parameters on one, two or
a representative number of test lines is successful, the same parameters can be
used for processing results on a much larger portion or a complete survey data
set.
The main AutoMag run control dialog

Select Data
AutoMag runs on an individual profile if it is open with a cross-section window. In

this case, the Select Lines button is not displayed in the dialog. If a map window
is active, a selection dialog for profiles can also be specified for an AutoMag run.
Other methods of making multiple lines active for AutoMag analysis are also
available. You can interactively select lines in a map view using the Active Line
toolbar. Set the AutoMag mode on (select the AutoMag option in the toolbar) and
position the cursor in the map window. By clicking and holding the left mouse
button as you drag the cursor over the baselines of profiles, you can toggle those
lines as active or inactive for AutoMag computation. The actual AutoMag run is
not initiated until the OK button is selected in the AutoMag run dialog.
Channel Select
This list allows selection of the channel input to the AutoMag computation. By
default, the channel selected as input to the magnetic modelling is used. AutoMag
detects whether or not magnetic modelling uses a sensor elevation channel. If it
does, the source depths are corrected for the elevation of that channel as
interpolated at the location of the source depth. Estimation of the source depth
does not take into account variation in sensor elevation across the cross-
correlation window. AutoMag can be run on in-line filters of the selected channel
to give some advantage in derivation of the depth solutions.
Reduction-To-The-Pole in AutoMag
If the RTP option is selected, AutoMag uses an in-line RTP filter to modify the
input channel. The reference window curve is computed for a vertical inclination
field. The RTP setting provides an advantage in anomaly resolution, as a
magnetic anomaly is more compact in a vertical than an inclined field. The RTP
option should not be enabled for profiles that are oriented east-west or in field
inclinations of less than 20 degrees.
Vertical Gradient
Runs AutoMag computations on an in-line first vertical derivative filter of the input
channel and matches the computed output against an identical filter of the
reference window curve. The Vertical gradient setting considerably sharpens
anomalies and thereby improves resolution of overlapping anomalies. The
vertical gradient is also more sensitive to source depth than is the field itself.
The only two conditions for which this setting should be disabled are:
• There are high amplitude field variations of shorter wavelength than the
anomalies of interest
• Where there is concern that the AutoMag reference bodies provide poor
representations of the true sources.
Shorter wavelength field variations are enhanced in computation of the vertical

gradient thereby increasing the noise level of the data. The vertical gradient is
also more sensitive to source shape so the use of inappropriate reference bodies
may be inappropriate with this data.
If the measured data has a high level of near surface geological noise or
instrument noise, apply an upward continuation filter to the data prior to the
AutoMag analysis. The continuation height can be subtracted from the solution
depths using the Utility>Calculator option.
Body Type
AutoMag can be run with three different tabular body types.
• The Dyke body is the default for AutoMag and the most often used. This
body type is a tabular body with a depth extent ten times greater than the
depth to its top.
• The horizontal Sheet is also a tabular body but with a depth extent equal
to the depth to its top.
• An Edge is used to match isolated anomaly edges. The edge body is

created with a thickness one hundred times greater than the depth to its
top.
You must make an interpretative decision as to which body type to use. For large
surveys that may include sources best matched with different body types, you can
run AutoMag several times and retain only those solutions interpreted to be
appropriate to the anomaly they are derived from.
Top and Width
AutoMag uses a reference body (initial guess) to generate the anomaly curves
used in cross-correlation with the data. You must specify not just the body type,
but also the Top (depth to the top of the body) and Width. The width setting is not
used for the Edge body type. These properties are used as an initial guess for the
first depth pass. For subsequent depth passes, the property values of the guess
are multiplied by the pass number (so that 2nd and 3rd passes have depths and
widths twice and three times the primary setting).
The Depth Estimation stage takes these initial solutions and recalculates them
to increase precision. If you run AutoMag with the second Depth estimation stage
disabled you can see the depth estimates at precisely the specified depths to the
reference bodies. If the reference bodies fit the target body shapes and there are
no problems of overlapping anomalies, you may find that following the Depth
Estimation stage solutions made on different passes with quite different initial
depths end up tightly clustered at the source depth. The exact choice of depth in
the Top setting is therefore not critical. The greatest sensitivity in using AutoMag
is with the Top value set to about one half of the expected depth to source bodies.
This means that passes 2 and 3 should be close to the source depth and passes
4 and 5 would pick any deeper sources.
Anomaly Location
The theoretical anomaly from the initial guess model (derived from depth and
width) is correlated with the measured magnetic data. The theoretical anomaly is
stored in an array window (Window Width) and convolved with the magnetic data
to produce the similarity coefficient trace for the first depth pass. The Window
Width is doubled and the process repeated for the second pass. This process of
operator expansion can be repeated for up to 8 passes.
Note that the shape of the similarity coefficient is sensitive to the width of the
operator. If the operator is too wide, it is sensitive to interference from adjacent
anomalies. If it too narrow, it cannot properly resolve the anomaly.
Sample Spacing
AutoMag interpolates the input trace within the cross-correlation window. The
cross-correlation window is 26 points wide. By changing either the Sample
spacing or Window size in the Anomaly Location settings, the other parameter
changes accordingly. To optimize AutoMag settings you must have a window that
is wide enough to sufficiently sample anomalies while being narrow enough to
avoid having more than one anomaly within it. It is easier to manipulate window
sizes directly rather than change the sample spacing. Sample spacing and
window size values relate to the first depth pass. For subsequent depth passes,
these values are both multiplied by the depth pass number.
Saving Correlation Coefficients
This setting allows you to save the AutoMag analysis correlation coefficients. It is
only appropriate to map view operation. The default setting is off as this requires
the coefficients access to a large amount of memory. You can grid the coefficients
to produce an image for each depth pass. These images sharpen geological
features and often enhance discontinuities that are not evident in the original
data. Use the Save Correlation Coefficients option to retain the coefficients.
Depth Passes
AutoMag can search for solutions across a range of depths by applying stepwise
increases in Top and Width parameters of the reference body and width of the
Anomaly Location and Depth Estimation windows. You control the number of
these steps with the Depth Pass setting. Each depth pass generates an
independent coefficient track that is scanned to search for potential solutions. The
coefficient tracks and depth solutions can be displayed in cross-section views
using a colour-coding scheme. It is rarely worth running more than 4 or 5 depth
passes at one time. To search for solutions across a wider depth range you
should run AutoMag with different settings to focus on the various sources.
Anomaly Location
The first phase of the AutoMag analysis is to locate potential solutions. This phase
involves running a cross-correlation of horizontal and vertical components of the
magnetic field or their vertical derivatives. These are computed from the
reference body with the corresponding curves of the input field.
Window Size
The window size specified in either metres or sample points is the width of the
cross-correlation window. The window should be wide enough to sufficiently
sample anomalies but narrow enough to reduce problems of the simultaneous
analysis of adjacent or overlapping anomalies. The most direct means of
determining the appropriate window size is to first estimate a suitable value from
inspection of anomaly widths and separations. Once this is done, run AutoMag at
several different window widths to investigate the solutions generated. The
Anomaly Location operator only reaches to within a half of the window width from
either end of the profiles. The length of the sections at each end of the profiles is
not analysed when wider window settings increases for larger depth pass
numbers.
Display of Similarity Coefficients
As AutoMag progressively computes across a profile, it computes correlation

factors called similarity coefficients. It is useful for setting threshold parameters
(the similarity coefficient cut-off) to graphically display the similarity coefficients.
This display is derived by positioning the cursor in the profile window after an
AutoMag run and clicking the right mouse button. The controlling layer table can
be displayed by clicking the Layer Table button on the main toolbar.
Cross-section configuration dialog for displaying AutoMag similarity coefficients
To display the similarity coefficients, select Add>AutoMag Coefficients.To

adjust the rcoefficients, select Configure. One auxiliary channel is generated for
each sample interval pass. Symbols are plotted for each AutoMag solution and
their attributes are controlled (modulated) by the Modulate button in the AutoMag
toolbar.
The AutoMag depth solutions are automatically displayed in the view after the
AutoMag module has been run. These are displayed as a variable size
rectangular box with a small tick at the upper side of the symbol.
A different colour is used for each auxiliary track and the AutoMag palette controls
the colour sequence. These colours are used elsewhere to colour code the
symbols so the relationship between the pass number and the AutoMag solution
is clearly visible. This helps you select the best solution by examining the quality
of the similarity coefficient trough.
At both ends of each coefficient track, the curve trace is flat for a distance equal
to half the length of the AutoMag operator. No coefficients can be computed within
a half operator width of the line end. As the depth of investigation increases, more
data is required for evaluation of the operator. This means that AutoMag or other
operator-based methods cannot be used to evaluate partial anomalies at the
ends of lines.
Similarity Coefficient Cut-off
The similarity coefficient cut-off is the value of the similarity coefficient below
which a potential solution is indicated. Each trough in the coefficient trace that
cuts below this threshold generates a solution. As you increase this cut-off value
you generate more solutions, but these are generally of lower quality and
reliability. You need to run AutoMag several times on test lines to find the best
combination of window width, body top/width and coefficient cut-off to give you
solutions for the anomalies of interest.
Selecting cut-off thresholds in AutoMag is aided by placing the cursor in the

appropriate coefficient track. You can read the amplitude from the status line at
the bottom of the screen. As you move the mouse from track to track, the status
line automatically registers the curve value from the current track. This is often
much easier to read than the axis label on the left hand side of each track.
Depth Estimation
This is a second stage investigation of the solutions generated in the Anomaly

Location pass. Improvement of the depth estimate should result in a closer match
to the input data so a more demanding coefficient cut-off should be set. A
differential of 10 to 30 is generally optimum (e.g. Anomaly location cut-off = 390,
Depth estimation cut-off = 360). The window size should generally be slightly
smaller than in the Anomaly location pass. This window width is automatically set
as the Anomaly Location window width is varied and rarely needs to be reset
manually.
Constant Dip, Susceptibility and Strike length
These settings force values on the generated solutions. The interpreted dip of a
source body is a factor of the anomaly asymmetry. Asymmetry can also be due
to overprints of a regional field or adjacent anomaly. If the dip value can be
predicted from geological knowledge, this value should be specified for the
solutions. Susceptibility and width cannot be resolved independently for bodies at
depths greater or equal to their width. If a susceptibility value is known, that value
should be entered as a control. If a susceptibility value is specified, the body width
is suitably adjusted to best fit the anomaly.
Strike length cannot be reliably determined from a single profile and an infinite
strike length is assumed in the generation of the solutions. The strike length value
is assigned to the solutions. If you use a short strike length you find that the field
computed from the solution has lower amplitude than the anomaly from which it
has been derived.
Cancel and OK
The Cancel button exits from the dialog without AutoMag running and without
changing any of the opening values. The OK button causes AutoMag to run and
subsequently closes the dialog with any revisions to the settings saved. While
AutoMag is running, a progress bar is displayed.
AutoMag Reporting
When AutoMag runs successfully, it displays a message indicating the number of

and pass (level) of solutions derived.
If the window size is larger than the profile length, AutoMag will not generate a
solution. To fix this problem, you must reduce the window size or sample spacing,
or remove one or more of the highest depth passes.
Window size warning message
Once you have run AutoMag, you have a set of coefficients that can be displayed
in the cross-section window. Display of these traces helps you to evaluate the
depth solutions and to determine what changes to make to better tune the
AutoMag settings. Display of the traces is controlled in the cross-section
configuration (refer to Display of Similarity Coefficients). Enable the Solutions and
Coefficients check-boxes on to display the similarity coefficients and solutions in
the profile display. Colour the coefficient curves by also enabling the Fill Curves
option. The scaling Range is best set automatically using the Zoom Fit option
from the main menu.
Filtering Solutions
Interactive filtering allows tuning the parameters and filtering out poor solutions.
It is activated by clicking the Filter button on the AutoMag Toolbar.
The AutoMag Filter dialog box
The following parameters can be interactively filtered:
Name Description
Dip Dip of dyke
Thickness Thickness of dyke
Suscept. Magnetic susceptibility
Level Depth pass number
SimCeof(A) Similarity coefficient for the Anomaly location
SimCeof(D) Similarity coefficient for the Depth determination
Confidence Trend grid confidence value
Correctn angle Trend grid correction angle
The Group Filter finds the best solution based upon similarity coefficients when
there are more than one solution within a window equal to the window width. If
similar coefficients are detected it looks for those that are grouped by depth.
similar susceptibilities can also be used to refine the filter process. The Group
Filter is only applied to the solutions that remain after all the preceding filters have
been applied.
Each parameter has both a slider bar and manual entry fields for adjusting the
minimum and/or maximum values. Values above and below these values are
filtered out. By default these values are calculated as the minimum and maximum
values for all solutions.
Check boxes allow each parameter to be enabled for filtering or to be turned off.
The resultant solutions are the intersection of all enabled filter operations.
As you change parameters, solutions appear or disappear on map views and

sections. This is achieved by using the visibility property of the solutions whereby
all solutions are still present (although some are invisible) until you click the Apply
Filter button. When you do this, the filter is applied to the actual solutions and
solutions outside the filter ranges will be permanently removed. You can
regenerate these by re-running AutoMag but you will not be able to recover them
by setting broader filter parameters.
If you wish to save the current filter settings to use again, you can click on the
Save button in the Defaults area. This will preserve these parameters. If you
have another set of AutoMag solutions, you can click the Use button and the
defaults will be retrieved into the filter. Note: the defaults are not automatically set
when you first run the filter as the parameters used are still calculated from the
set of solutions.
It is recommended that you use slightly higher similarity coefficients than you
might otherwise choose. You can then use the filter to fine tune the similarity
coefficients using the filter.
You can uncheck the Auto Display checkbox and use the Display button to
update the display to save calculation time. However, unless the number of
solutions are extremely large, using the auto display will normally be satisfactory
and the interactive nature of the display will prove beneficial.
A status line showing how many solutions remain out of the total set of solutions
is displayed above the Close button.
Clicking the Reset button recalculates the minimum and maximum values for
each filter field.
Point Modulation of Solutions
To control the appearance of AutoMag solutions, select the Modulate button on

the AutoMag toolbar.
AutoMag Points Modulation dialog box
Different settings are available for point displays in map and in cross-section
views. The dialog refers to the appropriate settings according to which window is
active when the dialog is opened. In map view, the display orientation of the points
is by default controlled by azimuth, whereas in cross-section view their display
orientation is by default controlled by dip.
All AutoMag solutions have a number of attributes, each of which can provide
useful feedback on the quality of the solution. These can be used to modulate
several properties of the solution points and/or annotate the points.
The solution symbol shown on sections and maps can have:
Name Description
X X value (usually Easting)
Y Y value (usually Northing)
BTYPE Body type (1=dyke)
DEPTHBGC Depth below ground - Corrected
ELEVC Sensor elevation - Corrected
DEPTHC Depth to top of dyke (from datum) - Corrected
SUSC Susceptibility
DIPAZIMC Dip Azimuth of dyke - Corrected
DIPC Dip of dyke - Corrected
Name Description
HALFWC Dyke half width - Corrected
TRENDCONF Trend grid confidence value
CORRANG Trend grid correction angle
DEPTHBG Depth below ground
ELEV Sensor elevation
DEPTH Depth to top of dyke (from datum)
SUSA Magnetic susceptibility
DIPAZIM Dip Azimuth of dyke
DIPA Dip of dyke
DPTHXTNT Depth extent of dyke
STRIKELEN Strike length of dyke
HALFW Half width of dyke
TOPO Topographic elevation
SENSOR Sensor Elevation
SCOEFD Similarity coefficient for the Depth determination
SCOEFA Similarity coefficient for the Anomaly location
CODE Solution Code Value
LEVEL Depth pass number
AZIMUTH Dip Azimuth of dyke
Dip, susceptibility and level are the best parameters to use for modulating the
solutions in a cross-section view. Easting, northing and depth are automatically
used to display the position of the solution. The size of the solution symbol can
also be controlled.
• Dip allows you to quickly assess the orientation of the dyke. Poor solutions
often have very shallow dips.
• Susceptibility provides a method of quickly determining relative magnetic

properties. It can also be used as a filter.
• Level colour modulation makes it easy to see what similarity coefficient

trough is associated with each solution. The interpreter can quickly
choose the best solution if they originate from different levels.
Annotation
In map view (but not section view), the Modulation dialog box also allows Channel
Annotation by clicking the Channel Annotation button in the lower left. This
brings up the annotation dialog box where you can select the channels that you
want annotated for each solution and the properties for each annotation. It is
advisable to set different angles and/or justifications to prevent overwriting
annotation
AutoMag Point Annotation dialog box
Strike Correction
AutoMag solutions are initially created with a strike perpendicular to the line
direction. Correction to a more accurate strike direction can be made using the
automatic trend correction function. This can be initiated from either the Run
dialog box or the Adjust Trend dialog box, both started from the AutoMag toolbar.
If a trend grid does not already exist, it must first be created. Click on the Create
button. Select a source grid which should relate to the channel used for AutoMag,
e.g. an upward continuation of the TMI or 1VD of the TMI. Upward continuation
prior to trend grid creation is recommended to get a more consistent trend grid.
Clicking OK will start the grid utility module with the trend grid function and
selected grid loaded. The only thing needed is to click the Save As button and
supply a location and name for the trend grid.
Two grids will be created: name_Trend and name_Confidence where “name” is

the name you supply in the Save As dialog box. If you end the name with “_Trend”
it will be retained. Otherwise it will be added.
You will then be returned to ModelVision whereby the grids will be displayed in
map windows.
The _Trend grid contains the trend azimuth (0-180 degrees) and can be used for
the continuous estimation of strike within a grid. The trends are binned within 15
degree arcs from zero to 180 degrees.
AutoMag Trend Azimuth grid (with superimposed contours of RTP magnetics)
The _Confidence contains a confidence value (0-1) similar to a correlation

coefficient. It can be thought of as the confidence that the trend value is correct
for that grid point. A feature of the confidence grid s that it highlights trends and
can be used for the enhancements of trends within a grid.
AutoMag Confidence grid (with contours of confidence)
Once the trend grid has been created, it can be used in AutoMag to correct strike
for each solution by either:
• In the Run dialog box, check the Apply strike correction checkbox and
select the trend grid from the dropdown list of grids.
AutoMag Run dialog box Apply strike correction
• In the Adjust Trend dialog box, check the Apply strike correction
checkbox, select Trend Grid radio button and select the trend grid from
the dropdown list of grids. You can also assign a code at this point by
typing in a number between 1 and 20 to flag these solutions.
AutoMag Adjust Trend dialog box
• Choosing Fixed Orientation and entering a value will apply that

value to all the selected solutions.
• If you select solutions sequentially along the axis of a single

anomaly prior to starting the tend correction, you can choose
Sequential Points, to adjust the strikes and strike lengths of the
solutions such that all solutions form a single trend. When
converted to bodies, the set of bodies will have adjusted strike
length and azimuth that join end to end.
For all trend corrections, depths that were initially calculated on the assumption
of body strike perpendicular to profile are corrected for the adjusted strike
direction of the bodies. Estimates of dip and susceptibility are also revised. These
corrections are to offset the apparent broadening of anomalies due to any
obliqueness of their intersection with the profile. The correction results in a
shallower depth for all cases other than a perpendicular intersection of the profile
and anomaly axis, in which case the depth is unchanged.
Point to Body Conversion
AutoMag solutions can be converted to bodies by the Pt->Body button on the

AutoMag toolbar or from the Model>AutoMag>Points->Bodies menu item.
Point to body conversion dialog
This option controls the conversion of points to bodies. The conversion can be
made either by clicking the OK button on the dialog or by pressing the space bar
on the keyboard. If any of the constant value tick boxes are enabled, the displayed
value is given to that parameter of each body created from the currently selected
points.
Running AutoMag in Batch Mode

To run AutoMag as a batch operation, first inspect the line data in a map view. A
stacked profile plot generally gives the greatest sensitivity. You should decide
whether the data can be treated as a homogeneous data set or whether it should
be subset to tune AutoMag independently for areas of different source depths.
You can use Multitrack views of selected lines to look more closely at anomaly
shape and the influence of any superimposed high frequency noise etc. to decide
whether you are able to use the vertical gradient filter.
Check that the magnetic modelling field settings are as required (note the values
for field strength, inclination and declination in the Status Bar). Open a cross-
section view of a representative line and add a vertical derivative trace from the
standard filter selection in the cross-section configuration. Open the AutoMag
toolbar from the main menu (Tools>AutoMag) and click the Run button to open
the configuration dialog. Select the appropriate reference body type and set Top
and Width to about one half of expected values for the sources. Set the RTP and
Vertical Gradient options on or off as appropriate. Set the Window size in
Anomaly Location to about one half of the anomaly width, or slightly less if there
are overlapping anomalies. Click the OK button and a single run of AutoMag for
the displayed profile is executed. At the conclusion of the run, AutoMag reports
how many solutions have been generated.
• Profile Results
• Map Results
Profile Results
Open the X-section configuration dialog for the cross-section window and enable
the Coefficient display and Fill Curves options. Set the Min and Max values in
the Depth Range settings to cover the range of depths from which you expect to
find solutions.
Cross-section view of AutoMag coefficients (blue = depth pass 1 to purple = depth pass 4),
AutoMag solutions, converted bodies, input, model magnetic field and vertical gradient
curves. In this case, AutoMag was tuned to the Vertical Gradient.
The coefficient traces are now displayed in the cross-section view together with
any solutions that were generated. If there are suitable troughs in the correlation
coefficient curves above the anomalies, you can generate any missing solutions
by increasing the coefficient cut-off values for both anomaly location and depth
estimation. If the anomalies do not have associated troughs in the coefficient
traces you need to experiment with window size, body top and width settings.
In the cross-section, when you have solutions generated for the anomalies of
interest convert these to bodies by selecting them and pressing the space bar (or
the Pts->Body button). Run a model computation and examine the model
response with the input curve. If you have enabled use of the Vertical Gradient
in generating the AutoMag solutions you can see how AutoMag has analysed the
profile by comparing the model input and output traces in the first vertical
derivative track. If there are solutions you do not want, experiment with deleting
them using the Filter option on the AutoMag toolbar.
Map Results
When you are satisfied that you have appropriate settings for the generation and
filtering of solutions, switch to a map view. If the profile that you tuned AutoMag
on is representative of the complete survey, use the Select All option in the
Select Data group of the main AutoMag configuration dialog. If the profile is only
representative of a sub-set of lines, activate those lines for running AutoMag
using the Active Lines toolbar and dragging the mouse over the baselines for the
required lines. Run AutoMag and examine the symbols in the map view.
Depth annotated AutoMag solutions plotted in a map window with stacked profiles of the
input channel and bodies converted using the strike correction option.
By plotting AutoMag symbols in a map view together with stacked profiles,

contours or image displays you can manually edit the solutions by deleting those
associated with less reliable or inappropriate anomalies. You can also make
sequential selections of solutions along axes of individual anomalies so that the
solutions and bodies created from them can be corrected for strike oblique to the
profiles.
If you are satisfied that all solutions come from a common geological source, you
can use the Utility>Gridding option in point mode to grid the depth channel.
When you perform this gridding, experiment with the search radius setting to limit
the distance from a solution to which the grid is interpolated. You should generally
display the solution set together with any contour or image display of the grid
derived from them.
AutoMag solutions usually provide a good starting point for developing full
models. In suitable situations you can add a regional field to the field computed
from bodies converted from AutoMag solutions and proceed directly to an
inversion to give a final model. Display of the AutoMag solutions in the cross-
sections allows you to monitor by how much the interpreted depth has changed
from the depth solution to the final model.
Appendices 523
Appendices
A File Formats
B Body Descriptions
C External Data Links
D Defaults and Settings
E Model Files
F Symbols
G Filter Descriptions
H Bibliography
Appendix A File Formats 525
A File Formats
Loading data into or exporting data from ModelVision uses either a number of
standard file formats or alternatively, a user definable format specification. The
standard formats are reasonably accepted throughout the scientific and
geoscience community and are simple and flexible enough to accommodate most
data situations. User definable formats involve data consisting of delimited
columns with or without headings but having a line name column. For additional
information on user definable file formats, refer to Importing General ASCII Data.
In general, line formats fall into two categories:
• Files containing one traverse or profile line of data
• Files containing more than one profile line of data (concatenated line files)
The two file types have different formats and are described below. ModelVision
adopts a policy of using the line name specifications contained within the relevant
files formats. Where a line name is not contained in the file, the filename is used
to assign it.
• Conventions
• Importing General ASCII Data
• Supported Single- and Multi-Line Data Formats
• Point Data Format
• Drillhole Data Format
• Supported Grid Formats
Conventions
• Null Values
• Channel Naming Conventions

Null Values
Nulls can be embedded in the line file formats. Null values differ for the various
file formats used. Refer to these formats for definitions of which null value to use.
Note for all file formats, line names can be alphanumeric but cannot contain
greater than 2 ‘_’ or ‘-’. For example, line name 10_2_200 would be illegal.
Note For all file formats, there is no upper limit to the number of data points per single
line (other than restricted by computer memory).
Channel Naming Conventions
To assist in internal operations, it is necessary to refer to data by a set of channel

names. For example, ModelVision relies upon certain data for positional
information (namely, easting (X) and northing (Y) information). These data
channels are determined at import by either their assigned channel names, or
their placement in the file. For example, in the Geosoft file formats, the first two
columns define easting and northing data, even though column headings may not
be provided. Alternatively, the LIN format can have the east and north data in any
column, but the header is used to define the correct column data locations.
To assist in column (and therefore channel) naming, ModelVision provides a

number of commonly used ‘aliases’ for naming data columns. These are:
Location easting aliases
EAST, X, E, AMGE, EASTING.
Location northing aliases
NORTH, Y, N, NRTH, AMGN, NORTHING.
Distance aliases
DIST, DISTANCE, DIST_ABS, DIST-ABS, FID, SP, STN, STATION.
Elevation aliases
TOPO, TOPOGRAPHY, ELEV, ELEVATION, HGHT, HEIGHT, AGL, ASL.
Magnetics aliases
MAG, MAGNETICS, RMAG.

Gravity aliases
GRAV, GRV, GRAVITY.
Importing General ASCII Data

The File>Profile>General ASCII import facility provides a method of
interactively defining data formats for single or multi-line files. The option provides
the following facilities:
• Interactive specification of column widths
• Assign column/channel names as desired
• Define null values precisely (individually for each column if necessary)
• Automatically parse a data format to specify column widths
• Header and comment lines can be skipped and identified.
Limitations of the general ASCII import are that the file must have data within
columns and use a format that does not change from one record to the next (apart
from header or comment records). Additional columns must also be available to
define a Line channel and reading location (Easting and northing). The line
channel has a constant value for each consecutive reading along a line, and may
change to a new line. The line names default to the line column entries.
Once the ASCII file to import is selected, the Text Import dialog screen is
displayed. In the example that follows, a fixed width ASCII file with no headers, in
multi-column format is used. If the data is not suited for loading (such as a binary
file, or an inappropriate text file), a warning message is displayed. If no data is
loaded, a message saying ‘No data loaded’ is displayed in the data preview area.
Text Import dialog for previewing data and defining the format, headers and column names
The dialog is divided into a series of controls with a data preview area at the
bottom. In the preview area, the first 100 data records of the file specified for
import are displayed. By default, the Text Import tool initially interrogates the file
and determines if it is a Fixed Width or Delimited format. It then computes the
column widths and displays these with vertical separator lines in the preview area.
The dialog and its controls allow modification of the program’s initial review of the
import file.
Once column widths and format are determined, the second purpose of the dialog
is to assign column names to each required column. This can be done
automatically (using a header record), or manually by naming each column.
The import procedures for the most common types of files are described below:
• Importing Fixed-Width Data
• Importing Delimited Data
• Importing Data with Interspersed Line Numbers

• Importing Point Data
• Reading Field Names from the Header
• Input Null Values
• Saving and Reloading a Current Layout
• Auto Classification
• Other Features
• Importing the File
Importing Fixed-Width Data
A fixed-width data file is one where each column is confined to fixed character
positions on each line of the file. To import a simple fixed-width file, follow these
steps:
1. Choose an input file using the file dialog.
2. Check the Fixed width box in the column format area.
3. Ensure that the correct number of header lines are selected. Header lines
are displayed in the data preview area in green and are separated from
the data by a horizontal line.
4. In most cases, the Text Import tool automatically determines the column
widths. If there are fields that are not separated by any white space, you
may have to add and/or drag your own column lines in the data preview
area. To do this, click in the data area to add a column break or double
click to delete a column break. If you hold the button down you can select
a column separator and drag it to a preferred position. If you hold the CTRL
key plus move the mouse, it drags all columns to the right of the current
column.
5. Choose a Line field by right-clicking on a column label. This field should

contain a value that is constant for each station along a line, but changes
for each separate survey line or flight line in the data. If you do not choose
a line field, when you click the Import button, you are asked if you wish to
import point data.
6. If required, choose an X (Easting) and Y (Northing) by right-clicking on the

appropriate column labels.
7. Name all the other fields that you wish to import. The simplest way to do
this is to left click on the column label, type a name, and then press the
Tab key to move to the next column. An alternative way is to double-click
on the column label to bring up its Properties dialog. Fields named Skip
are not imported.
8. Click the Import button in the top-right corner of the dialog.
Importing Delimited Data
A delimited data file is one where each column is separated from the others by
some delimiter character or characters. Delimiters can be spaces, tabs, commas,
or any other characters you enter in the Other field. To import a simple delimited
file, follow these steps:
1. Choose an input file using the file dialog.
2. Check the Delimited or Comma Delimited item in the Columns format

area.
3. Ensure that the correct number of header lines is specified. Header lines
are displayed in the data preview area in green and are separated from
the data by a horizontal line.
4. Choose the appropriate delimiter characters for your data. By default,

space and tab characters are already selected, but if needed, you can
enter other delimiter characters.
5. Choose a Line field by right-clicking on a column label. This field should

contain a value that is constant for each station along a line, but changes
for each separate survey line or flight line in the data.
6. If required, choose an X (Easting) and Y (Northing) by right-clicking on the

appropriate column labels.
7. Name all the other fields that you wish to import. The simplest way to do
this is to left click on the column label, type a name and then press the Tab
key to move to the next column. An alternative way is to double-click on
the column label to bring up its properties dialog. Fields named Skip are
not imported.
8. Click the Import button in the top-right corner of the dialog. You are then
prompted to select the name of the Geosoft database that is created to
hold your imported data.
Importing Data with Interspersed Line Numbers
In some cases, there is not a line field in your survey data. Instead, the file
contains lines that specify the start of a new survey line. The simplest example of
this is for the line simply to contain the string Line x, where x is a survey line name
e.g. 1020.
To import data from files with such interspersed line numbers, simply check the
box that says Has interspersed line numbers and select an appropriate line
number marker string from the drop down list. If you need a string that is not in
this drop-down list, type one in.
When the Has interspersed line numbers option is enabled, there is no need to
select a field to be the line field.
Importing Point Data
By definition, point data has no line-related column. Instead each record

represents a point usually with some sample data acquired at an Easting and
Northing position but randomly distributed. An example of point data:
POINT X Y Elev ObsGrav FreeAir Boug2.67

601293 286861.3 6557450.5 287 9793745.0 29.3 -291.9
601298 285206.5 6565350.0 225 9793608.0 11.5 -240.5
601303 285111.2 6563139.5 243 9793674.0 29.4 -241.6
601308 285976.0 6553271.5 312 9793608.0 -3.5 -353.0
601313 286368.0 6567701.5 320 9793491.0 -37.6 -395.6
601318 286959.1 6569595.0 330 9793355.0 -107.0 -476.3

601323 287311.8 6571065.0 376 9793209.0 -62.8 -484.2
601328 287002.8 6572854.0 431 9793255.0 182.0 -301.2
601333 286495.7 6574801.0 680 9792787.0 490.1 -271.6
Note that each point has its own station number identifier (column Point), but this
is not essential. Only the XYZ and measurement columns are necessary. When
the file is accessed by the Text Import tool you are required to ensure each data
column to be imported is displayed in the Column headers. You can use the
software to do this or you can define them interactively.
When the column headers and nulls are specified, select the Import button. The
Text Importer recognizes that a Line column has not been specified. It therefore
displays a message asking if the data is point data and do you wish to continue.
This message is shown in the dialog below:
Text Import dialog with message displayed if point data is being imported
If you respond that the data is point data, the software creates a database in
memory and opens it within ModelVision.
Point data would not normally be displayed in line profiles or graphs since this
would usually not be meaningful. Points can however be shown in maps or
scattergrams. An example of a point display with modulated colour and size
(dependent on a nominated data field) is shown below using a Curve with Line
Styles disabled and Symbols enabled.
Example display of point data within a map as modulated symbols
Reading Field Names from the Header
In some data files, the names of the fields are contained in a comment line in the
file header. If you wish to use these field names without re-typing them, ensure
that the appropriate number of header lines are selected, and check the Field
names are in header box. Next, choose which line of the header contains the
field names. Finally, click the Get field names button. Note that only field names
starting with alphabetic characters or underscores are allowed.
In rare cases, you may need to offset the character position of the start of the field
names, using the Starting at char entry field.
Input Null Values
Input data fields containing an asterisk, a solitary minus sign, or just white space
are automatically treated as null values and when imported are written out to the
Geosoft database as the Geosoft null value (–1.0E32).
If you have input data fields that contain a different null specifier string, (e.g.
–999.99), then you must enter this string in the Nulls area of the Field Properties
dialog. To open this dialog, just double-click on the column/field label.
Properties dialog and the entry for nulls
If you wish to apply the same null string to all input fields, click the Apply to all
fields button on the field properties dialog.
Saving and Reloading a Current Layout
If you need to import a number of files with the same data layouts it may be useful
to save your layout ‘template’ for later use. To do this, simply click the Save
Format button and you are prompted for a filename. Be sure to do this before you
start importing the data, otherwise your layout information is lost. When you want
to import another data file with an identical layout, just reload your template using
the Load Format button and all your field names, field properties, delimiters,
column widths, etc are restored.
Note that the format used by Text Import for the format specification is the same
as for a Geosoft database import template. Where used with Geosoft, your same
files can be used with Text Import.
Auto Classification
Text Import has been designed to assist with formats of data files by automatically
recognizing certain file types. If a file type and structure are recognized, the format
should automatically be decoded and presented for you.
The available automatically decoded format types include:
• ER Mapper ASCII format
• AMIRA Time Domain .TEM files
• Datamine standard input data files

• GEMSys (GEM Systems) magnetometer raw data files
• Geosoft XYZ files
• LAS (Log ASCII Format) data files
• ModelVision located data files
• SRG (Station Referencing) data files.
The automatic classification operates from the Auto classify button, or you can
select one of a range of types if you think the specified file is one of the available
formats.
A variety of standard industry data formats are supported. An example of this is

the Station Referencing format (.SRG) that allows the station field to determine
where a new line starts. The station field must increment within a line. If the station
field value decreases, this also indicates the start of a new line. An example of
this format is:
X,Y,Z,Station
100,200,50,1 // Line with 4 stations
105,200,50,2
110,200,50,3
115,200,50,4
100,205,50,1 // Line with 3 stations
105,205,50,2
110,205,50,3
100,210,50,1 // Line with 1 station
100,215,50,1 // Line with 1 station
In this case, set the field named ‘Station’ to be a station field using the rightclick
menu. The SRG Classifier then interprets the remaining fields.
Other Features
There are three buttons in the Columns area of the Text Import dialog:
• The first of these is called Reset Column widths. This is rarely needed as
the column widths are usually automatically updated as the result of
changes you make to other entry fields on the dialog. If you manually drag
and add columns, then clicking this button resets your changes.
• The Clear names button resets the names of all unnamed columns/fields
back to Skip. Columns with this name are not imported.
• The Auto-name button provides a quick way to select all fields for import.
It names all columns with a prefix that you choose and the column number
for a suffix (e.g. Field1, Field2, etc.)
Import ASCII automatically detects when fields have the DMS format. This format
is DDMMSS.SSC or DDDMMSS.SSC where C is a compass direction (N,S,E, or
W) and the fractional seconds part (.SS) is optional and can be arbitrarily long if
present.
An Expand/Contract button in the dialog allows a simplified dialog to be displayed

when contracted. To display the complete suite of controls, click the Expand
button.
Importing the File
If inconsistent or invalid readings are found during the import of data, a warning
message defining the record number is displayed:
Error message displayed if a record is unable to be parsed and read during import
If you select the Continue button, ModelVision skips the offending record and
continues importing the file. If you select the Abort option, the data is not read
further.
Supported Single- and Multi-Line Data Formats

Single-line formats supported include:
• TOOLKIT Format (TK)
• Single Line Geosoft Format (DAT)
• ER Mapper ASCII Format Profile
Multi-line formats supported include:
• Simple XYZ Line Format (LIN)
• XYZ Multi-line Format with Separate Header (LIN+HDR)
• Multi-line Geosoft XYZ File (XYZ)
• Geosoft Database (GDB)
• ASEG-GDF2 File Format
• AMIRA Multi-line Format (TEM)
As with single line formats, these data formats may have descriptive header
records followed by data arranged in column or open format.
Note With all file names, the file extensions are recommendations only
TOOLKIT Format (TK)
These files contain a number of header lines which provide a title, description of
the columns and defined null values or numbers of points. The defined null value
for the TK format is -999999. The recommended file extension for this file type is
.TK.
An example of the TOOLKIT single line format is:
Single Line Example Dataset
TK DIST EAST NRTH MAG
.00 1200.00 0.00 56848.66

40.00 1200.00 40.00 56845.78
80.00 1200.00 80.00 56843.78

120.00 1200.00 120.00 56842.30
160.00 1200.00 160.00 56840.38
200.00 1200.00 200.00 56836.80
The file has any number of headers, but must have an identification line
commencing with the characters 'TK'. A number of four character mnemonics are
used to describe the data channels. ModelVision automatically decodes the file
and select all the columns of data as input.
Note Records commencing with numeric characters (even if a comment or header

record) are be treated as data.
Input processing assumes the East and Nrth columns and create another channel
called DIST_ABS. This channel is the computed distance from the first point
stored in the file to each successive point. A line name can be defined within the
data file by specifying a header record with a ‘Line’ character string. For example:
Line=1200.0 Example Dataset
TK DIST EAST NRTH MAG
.00 1200.00 0.00 56848.66

40.00 1200.00 40.00 56845.78
80.00 1200.00 80.00 56843.78
Single Line Geosoft Format (DAT)
The Geosoft file format is described in detail by Reeves and Macleod (1986, First
Break v4, No.2, pp9-17). In this format each file begins with a title record, followed
by a record that can be used to provide specific application or constant
information about the data records that follow. A third record contains column
labels that describe the data within columns that follow beneath the labels. All files
must start with these three records. Nulls may be embedded in the file and have
a value of ‘*’. The recommended file extension is DAT.
An example of a Geosoft single line file follows:
Title record - Example of single line Geosoft file
Line:19800.0 MAGFLD=TOTAL TOTAL_CNT:UNCORRECTED

EAST NORTH Mag Total
49000.0 19800.0 50424.3 119.4
49010.0 19800.0 50510.0 113.6
49020.0 19800.0 50573.9 66.2

49030.0 19800.0 50622.2 111.1
49040.0 19800.0 50599.0 *
49050.0 19800.0 50668.8 *
49060.0 19800.0 50686.0 272.5
49070.0 19800.0 50727.5 309.4
49080.0 19800.0 50774.3 364.7
49090.0 19800.0 50838.1 410.6
49100.0 19800.0 50902.4 421.1
49110.0 19800.0 50972.4 418.3
49120.0 19800.0 51005.1 393.1
49130.0 19800.0 51049.4 366.8
ModelVision assigns the line name specified in the second record (Line:19800.0
in this example). Note also that ModelVision can access more than one of these
line types by specifying a new import file each time and appending the data while
reading.
Any number of Geosoft single line format files can be multiply defined and
appended in ModelVision using the File>Import>Profiles>Multifile single Line
(.DAT) option. Using this facility, you can position the cursor over one or more file
names and select them using the CTRL and/or SHIFT keys. When OK is selected,
the files are sequentially read and appended.
ER Mapper ASCII Format Profile
ER Mapper has the capability of creating a 'traverse’ from a line drawn across an
image. A description of this procedure can be found in the ER Mapper Reference
documentation. The traverses are saved as an X (Easting), Y (Northing) and Z
column free format file.
Changes have accrued with different releases of the ER Mapper software.

Currently, only two format types exist and these are produced by ER Mapper
Versions 4.x, 5.x and 6.x. No channel or line names are available from within the
ER Mapper traverse files therefore ModelVision assigns the filename to the line
name and uses the generic channel numbering of Z01, Z02 etc. The easting and
northing columns are assumed to be the first and second columns contained in
the file respectively.
ER Mapper Version 4.x File Format
No header records are written. Null value is set as -9999999. These files by
default have the file extension ASC. An example of an ER Mapper traverse file is:
319738.7005179 6039825.1626095 44260.25604025

319743.6851914 6039826.9023722 44266.50016745
319748.6691548 6039828.6421346 44269.07728362

319753.6581183 6039830.3818971 44266.10377784
319758.6470818 6039832.1216697 44255.36273272
319763.6260452 6039833.8614222 44244.96281881
319768.6110087 6039835.6011848 44239.64391992
ER Mapper Version 5.x and 6.x File Format
This data type is similar to Version 4.x files however data records are preceded
by header records flagged in the first column by ‘#’. Null values are set by values
equal to -9999999. . These files by default have the file extension TXT.
#
# Traverse from dataset :/erm/dataset/examples/bouguer.ers
# Number of traverse points: 704
#
# X location Y location Value
384576.9249673 6523981.032161 -66.1868271429
384580.0938723 6523982.995928 -66.1896563684
384583.2627767 6523984.959995 -66.1924210263
384586.4316714 6523986.923762 -66.1951211167
384589.6005761 6523988.887529 -66.1974334412
384592.7694708 6523990.850296 -66.1995182842
384595.9383755 6523992.814063 -66.2015584616
384599.1072802 6523994.778833 -66.2035539734
384602.2761849 6523996.741597 -66.2055048197
384605.4450896 6523998.705364 -66.2074110004
384608.6139843 6524000.669131 -66.2092725155
384611.7828793 6524002.632898 -66.2110893654
Simple XYZ Line Format (LIN)
This simple multi line format is comprised of a single header line followed by a
number of data records that contain the multi-column data. The channel data may
be positioned in any column but must be fixed length. Each channel value should
occur in the same column location as the previous record. One of the columns
contains the Linename. When a change in linename is detected, a new traverse
is assumed. This format has a default file extension of LIN. Null value is set to be
-999999.
An example of the Multi-Line format follows:
LINE EAST NRTH MAG GRAV

1700. 1000. 5400. 56021. -.02
1700. 1010. 5405. 56042. .01
1700. 1020. 5410. 56503. .06
1700. 1030. 5415. 56604. .10

1700. 1040. 5420. 56805. .12
1700. 1100. 5495. 56418. .04
1700. 1110. 5500. 56018. .00
1700. 1120. 5505. 55919. -.03
2000. 1000. 5700. 56021. -.02
2000. 1010. 5705. 56042. .01
2000. 1020. 5710. 56503. .06
2000. 1030. 5795. 56418. .04
2000. 1100. 5800. 56018. .00
2000. 1110. 5805. 55919. -.03
1900. 1000. 5600. 56021. -.02
1900. 1010. 5605. 56042. .01
1900. 1020. 5610. 56503. .06
XYZ Multi-line Format with Separate Header (LIN+HDR)
This file import format uses data columns as detailed in the above Simple XYZ
format, but the data file has no header. For this style of import, a separate file is
used to specify the names and order of the columns of the data file. By default the
data file has the extension of LIN but the separate header file has the extension
HDR. This format style is useful in situations where large data files are to be
imported into ModelVision. Editing a separate header file is much quicker and
easier than editing the data file as a whole.
As for the single XYZ format, the channel data may be positioned in any column
but must be fixed length and each channel value named in the header file should
occur in the same column location as the previous record in the data file. One of
the columns contains the Linename. When a change in linename is detected, a
new traverse is assumed. The columns can be separated by either blank spaces
or tabs. Null value is set to be -999999.
Note The linename can be alphanumeric.
An example of a LIN and HDR file is provided below:
Data file (LIN):
1700. 1000. 5400. 56021. -.02

1700. 1010. 5405. 56042. .01
1700. 1020. 5410. 56503. .06
1700. 1030. 5415. 56604. .10
1700. 1040. 5420. 56805. .12
1700. 1100. 5495. 56418. .04
1700. 1110. 5500. 56018. .00

1700. 1120. 5505. 55919. -.03
2000. 1000. 5700. 56021. -.02
2000. 1010. 5705. 56042. .01
2000. 1020. 5710. 56503. .06
2000. 1030. 5795. 56418. .04
2000. 1100. 5800. 56018. .00
2000. 1110. 5805. 55919. -.03
1900. 1000. 5600. 56021. -.02
1900. 1010. 5605. 56042. .01
1900. 1020. 5610. 56503. .06
Header file (HDR) :

LINE EAST NRTH MAG GRAV
Multi-line Geosoft XYZ File (XYZ)
The Geosoft file format is described in detail by Reeves and Macleod (1986, First
Break v4, No.2, pp9-17). These multi-line text files have the file extension XYZ.
The file contains a single header record describing the Linetype and Linename,
followed by data records. The survey Linetypes may be one of:
LINE Regular survey lines

BASE Base lines
TIE Tie lines
TREND Trend lines
TEST Test lines
Normally the first Z column (after the X and Y columns) is used for the station
number and the others are used for the actual readings. Although not necessary,
this convention allows each data location to be identified by a unique and
unchanging line-number/station-number pair.
Comment lines, indicated by a forward slash in the first column, may be used
anywhere in the file. A null or dummy, null reading can also be specified within a
reading of a Z column by a '*' character.
An example of a Geosoft multi-line file follows:
/ ------------------------------------------------
/ XYZ EXPORT [05/10/99]
/ DATABASE [EXAMPLE3.gdb : SUPER]
/ ------------------------------------------------
/ X Y Dist Ralt Final_mag
/ ========= ========= ========= ========= =========

/
Line 1
242024.16 7649803 50 439.3587 57643.2
242064.45 7649832.5 100 456.66885 57452.8
242104.75 7649862 150 473.448 57459.2
: : : : :
/ Line 2 with UTM projection coord - This is a comment line
Line 2
243750.63 7647450 50 389.71149 **
243790.5 7647480 100 379.82205 57623.9
243830.38 7647510.5 150 ** 57627.7
243870.25 7647540.5 200 398.92752 57632.9
243910.13 7647570.5 250 407.35144 57633.2
243950 7647601 300 414.71457 57637.4
243989.88 7647631 350 420.90732 57639.1
: : : : :
Geosoft Database (GDB)
The Geosoft database allows import of Oasis montaj™ databases (with default
GDB file extension). These files should contain line data with data fields
containing location information such as East and North (or suitable alias e.g.
Easting/Northing or X/Y).
The import facility for these databases interrogate the data and determine the
lines and data fields contained in the selected file. Lines, plus other data channels
such as MAG, GRAV, FID etc can be selected from the import dialog.
Select the required lines and data channels for database import.
Once the lines and data channels are selected, click OK. You can then choose
which channels to use for the X and Y fields.
The channels selected will be renamed either X and Y or East and North when
the data is imported into ModelVision.
It is possible to import data which does not have X and Y information by selecting
None in place of the field names. On import ModelVision will create X and Y
channels based on the specified interval. This is so that a DIST_ABS channel can
be created for use in ModelVision’s displays.
ASEG-GDF2 File Format
ASEG-GDF2 is an ASCII data exchange and archive standard for geophysical

point and line data. The standard has evolved from an earlier ASEG-GDF
standard defined in Dampney et al (1985) and an SEG draft standard (Dampney
et al 1978). It defines the way in which data such as aeromagnetic, airborne EM,
gravity and other point or line located data sets should be exchanged and
archived. The objective of the standard is to provide a self-documenting and
consistent method for exchanging and archiving located geophysical data
between organizations with different hardware and software systems.
The ASEG-GDF is a self-defining format that allows located data to be

automatically identified and loaded. An ASEG-GDF2 data exchange contains a
decodable description of the data in one file plus the geophysical data in one or
more additional files. The description file defines information such as field names,
units of measurement, format, comments and missing data substitution values
(nulls). The data is contained in simple, multi-column ASCII files (tables).
The data definitions are called DEFN records (usually retained in a file with file
extension DFN). A separate DEFN record is used for each data set type that is
included in the data exchange set. A set of DEFN records could be used to
describe final processed aeromagnetic and radiometric data, base station
magnetometer data and spectral calibration information. When ModelVision
imports an ASEG-GDF file, each record is identified by its name and the
corresponding format information in the DEFN record is used for automatic
decoding of the data.
To initially identify the correct import data fields of Linename, Easting and
Northing, on choosing the option File>Import>Profiles>ASEG-GDF the
following dialog is presented.
Dialog to permit the naming of imported data fields in ASEG-GDF
Two files are used for the ASEG-GDF2 format. One file is a DFN (Definition) file
while the other is a data (DAT) file). The contents of the DFN file specifies the
columns, names and format.
An example of the DFN file format is provided below:
DEFN ST=RECD,RT=COMM;RT:A4;COMMENTS:A76
DEFN 0 ST=RECD,RT=;FLTLINE:A10:NAME=Line
DEFN 1 ST=RECD,RT=;X:F13.1:NULL=-1E30:NAME=X
DEFN 2 ST=RECD,RT=;Y:F13.1:NULL=-1E30:NAME=Y
DEFN 3 ST=RECD,RT=;MAG:F13.1:NULL=-1E30:NAME=MAG
DEFN 4 ST=RECD,RT=;GRAV:F13.5:NULL=-1E30:NAME=GRAV
DEFN 5 ST=RECD,RT=;DIST_ABS:F13.1:NULL=-1E30:NAME=DIST_ABS
An example of the data (DAT) file for the above definition is:
1600 200.0 53800.0 56481.0 -0.01000

1600 220.0 53810.0 56479.5 -1E30
1600 240.0 53820.0 56478.4 -0.00300
1600 260.0 53830.0 56477.5 -0.00100
1600 280.0 53840.0 56477.0 0.00000
1600 300.0 53850.0 56476.8 0.00000
1600 320.0 53860.0 56476.7 -0.00100
1600 340.0 53870.0 56476.7 -0.00300
1600 360.0 53880.0 56476.7 -0.00500
1600 380.0 53890.0 56476.7 -0.00800
AMIRA Multi-line Format (TEM)
The AMIRA file format is similar to the Geosoft single line format as defined in the
previous section, but with some modifications specific to the recording of Time
Domain Electromagnetic data. A detailed description of the AMIRA format is
available from Pitney Bowes Software and is in documentation associated with
the EM Vision program.
As for the Geosoft format, the file can define a single traverse line but it can also
be used for multi-line data. In this case, a column label of LINE is used to define
the appropriate column. Three header lines are used as follows:
Header 1 Title or description record

Header 2 Units line where units (nV/A or uV/Am2) are defined plus
other constants
Header 3 Column labels including STN and Chn channel numbers
Comment lines commence with a back slash (\) or forward slash (/) in column 1.
A number of reserved constant and label names are used specifically for defining
EM parameters. Some examples of these are LOOP (Transmitter loop identifier),
RMP (decay ramp time), F or Frequency (transmitter waveform cycle setting) etc.
ModelVision makes no use of these labels. Null value is set to be -1.0E33.
An example of the AMIRA TEM format is provided below:
AMIRA Format example file - Zonge data - In-loop configuration
UNITS:(uV/A) LINE=5800 F=Z16 RMP=127 INITDELAY=0.127 LSIDE:100

\ Project: Demonstration
\ Date: 93-01-19
\ Window Times: .1288 .2504 .3720 .4936
STN C NCH CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4

4800.00 I 28 1.1698e+4 3.2773e+3 1.4177e+3 7.7495e+2
4900.00 I 28 8.8746E+3 2.7975E+3 1.3107E+3 7.4890E+2
5000.00 I 28 1.0569E+4 3.5472E+3 1.6956E+3 9.8539E+2
5100.00 I 28 1.4407e+4 4.9145e+3 2.2898e+3 1.3079e+3
5200.00 I 28 1.1142E+4 3.8580E+3 1.8373E+3 1.0715E+3
5300.00 I 28 9.0130E+3 2.5832E+3 1.2214E+3 7.3895E+2
5400.00 I 28 9.2846E+3 2.6141E+3 1.1563E+3 6.7040E+2
5500.00 I 28 1.1543E+4 4.1221E+3 1.5998E+3 8.0849E+2
5600.00 I 28 8.8624E+3 3.0271E+3 1.4144E+3 7.7529E+2
Point Data Format

Point data uses the same multi-column format as the LIN multi-line format, the
Toolkit format, the Geosoft DAT or the .ASC (ER Mapper) formats all described
above. The LIN format used for points comprises a single header line followed by
a number of data records. Data can be imported as a number of point data sets.
The header line contains the keyword ‘Point’ which defines the file as point data
to ModelVision.
The channel data may be positioned in any column but must be fixed length and
each channel value should occur in the same column location as in the previous
record. One of the columns defines the Point dataset. When a change in Point
dataset is detected, a new group of points is assumed. This file format type has a
default file extension of LIN.
An example of two point datasets is shown below:
POINT X Y Elev Obs Grav FreeAir Boug2.67

1000 290317.813 6567573.000 287.12 9793745.22 29.27 -291.94
1000 285590.000 6590143.000 225.25 9793607.75 11.51 240.49
1000 285317.688 6583827.000 242.32 9793674.09 29.44 241.65
1000 289011.313 6562047.000 262.74 9793678.59 8.42 -285.52
1000 287788.688 6555632.500 312.42 9793608.15 -3.48 -352.99
1000 288908.688 6596862.000 320.04 9793491.49 -37.59 -395.63
1000 290597.313 6602272.000 330.10 9793354.62 -107.01 -476.30
1000 291605.000 6606471.500 376.73 9793208.64 -62.78 -484.24
1000 290722.375 6611583.500 431.90 9793254.97 181.96 -301.22
2000 289273.375 6617146.000 680.92 9792786.62 490.13 -271.63
2000 288612.625 6574692.000 646.48 9792832.84 442.14 -281.10
2000 340526.375 6615288.000 644.65 9792760.40 384.15 -337.04
2000 339921.000 6613413.500 351.74 9793290.48 126.69 -266.81
2000 337533.188 6614768.500 366.37 9793261.87 68.35 -341.52
2000 336478.188 6613494.500 427.63 9793227.25 167.20 -311.20
2000 351114.813 6609526.500 357.84 9793556.12 -38.64 -438.97
2000 348149.125 6610414.500 319.03 9793811.86 86.40 -270.51
2000 353535.125 6605875.000 312.31 9793813.76 79.57 -269.82
2000 357612.813 6603559.000 302.99 9793829.17 78.22 -260.74
Drillhole Data Format

Drillhole data uses the same multi-column format as the LIN (XYZ) multi-line
format described above. This simple format is comprised of a single header
record followed by a number of data records which contain the multi-column data.
The channel data may be positioned in any column but must be fixed length and
each channel value should occur in the same column location as in the previous
record. One of the columns defines the Drillhole (HOLE column) . When a change
in drillhole is detected, a new hole is assumed. This file format type has a default
file extension of LIN.
Drillhole data can contain three-component vector data. This data and the
orientations of the vectors are discussed in the section Drillhole Data and Vector
Information. Note too that drillhole readings can be used to compute magnetic
and gravitational responses (refer to Drillhole Modelling).
An example of two drillholes with vectors is shown below:
HOLE EAST NRTH DEPTH VX VY VZ MAG MDEL

DDH1800 -20.0 4200.0 20.00 0.0 -5.98 0.0 56507.1 5.9
DDH1800 -18.0 4201.0 25.00 2.0 -6.69 2.0 56507.0 6.6
DDH1800 -17.0 4202.0 29.00 4.0 -7.53 4.0 56507.0 7.5
DDH1800 -16.0 4202.0 32.00 6.0 -8.52 6.0 56507.0 8.5
DDH1800 -15.0 4203.0 37.00 8.0 -9.69 8.0 56507.0 9.6
DDH1800 -12.0 4203.0 40.00 0.0 11.07 0.0 56507.0 1.0
DDH1800 -9.0 4204.0 43.00 2.0 12.63 2.0 56507.0 2.6
DDH1800 -7.0 4204.0 47.00 4.0 14.33 4.0 56507.1 4.3
DDH1800 -4.0 4205.0 51.00 6.0 16.06 6.0 56507.1 6.0
DDH1800 -2.0 4205.0 54.00 8.0 17.59 8.0 56507.2 7.5
DDH1800 0.0 4206.0 57.00 0.0 18.65 0.0 56507.3 8.6
DDH1800 2.0 4208.9 60.00 2.0 18.97 2.0 56507.5 8.9
DDH1920 72.0 5101.0 35.00 2.0 -6.69 2.0 56507.0 6.5
DDH1920 73.0 5102.0 39.00 4.0 -7.53 4.0 56507.0 7.5
DDH1920 76.0 5102.0 42.00 6.0 -8.52 6.0 56507.0 8.5
DDH1920 78.0 5103.0 47.00 8.0 -9.69 8.0 56507.0 9.6
DDH1920 79.0 5103.0 50.00 0.0 11.07 0.0 56507.0 1.0
DDH1920 82.0 5104.0 53.00 2.0 12.63 2.0 56507.0 2.6
DDH1920 87.0 5104.0 57.00 4.0 14.33 4.0 56507.1 4.3
DDH1920 94.0 5105.0 61.00 6.0 16.06 6.0 56507.1 6.0
DDH1920 96.0 5105.0 64.00 8.0 17.59 8.0 56507.2 7.5
DDH1920 100.0 5106.0 67.00 0.0 18.65 0.0 56507.3 8.6
DDH1920 102.0 5108.9 70.00 2.0 18.97 2.0 56507.5 8.9
DDH1920 104.0 5110.7 72.00 4.0 18.60 4.0 56507.7 8.6
DDH1920 106.0 5112.6 79.00 6.0 17.70 6.0 56508.0 7.7
Supported Grid Formats

• Encom Grid Format
• ER Mapper Grid Format
• Geosoft Binary Grid Format
• ASEG GXF format
• Geopak Grid File Format
• USGS Binary Grid File
Encom Grid Format
An Encom grid file is a binary file that is composed of a header of 240 bytes
followed by the grid values written row-wise from an origin at the bottom left
corner. The location reference for the origin grid cell (1,1) is at the centre of the
cell.
HEADER
1 - 80 file origin (character*80)

81 - 160 file title (character*80)
161 - 168 reference name (character*8)
169 - 172 'GRID' (character*4)
173 - 176 'FPT ' (character*4)
177 - 184 'ZNIL', null value for file (character*4,real*4)
185 - 192 'ROWS', no. of rows (character*4,real*4)
193 - 200 'COLS', no. of columns (character*4,real*4)
201 - 208 'XORG', minimum x value (character*4,real*4)
209 - 216 'YORG', minimum y value (character*4,real*4)
217 - 224 'DX ', x grid cell size (character*4,real*4)
225 - 232 'DY ', y grid cell size (character*4,real*4)
233 - 240 'DEGR', degrees anticlockwise (character*4,real*4)
from north to y-axis
DATA
Real*4 values in order shown:
(r2,c1),(r2,c2),(r2,c3),...........(r2,ncol)
............................................
(nrow,c1),(nrow,c2),(nrow,c3),...(nrow,ncol)
The total size of the file is therefore (ncol * nrow * 4) + 240 bytes.
ER Mapper Grid Format
The ER Mapper software image/grid format is described in detail in the ER

Mapper Open Standards documentation. The grid format is unchanged from
Versions 3.x, 4.x, 5.x and 6.x of ER Mapper. The standard raster image which
may be displayed by ER Mapper software can be imported as a ModelVision grid.
The image/grid is actually defined by two files, a header (.ers file) plus a binary
BIL (Band Interleaved by Line) data file. The content of the .ers file is defined in
ER Mapper documentation but an example is shown below:
DatasetHeader Begin
Version = ‘5.5’
LastUpdated = Thu Mar 3 23:38:11 GMT 1995
SensorName = ‘GEOTEM’
SenseDate = Fri Nov 19 06:07:58 GMT 1996
DataSetType = ERStorage
DataType = Raster
ByteOrder = MSBFirst
CoordinateSpace Begin
Datum = ‘AGD66’
Projection = ‘TMAMG53’
CoordinateType = EN
Units = ‘METERS’
Rotation = 0:0:0.0
CoordinateSpace End
RasterInfo Begin
CellType = Signed32BitInteger
NullCellValue = -9999999
CellInfo Begin
Xdimension = 50
Ydimension = 50
CellInfo End
NrOfLines = 128
NrOfCellsPerLine = 320
RegistrationCoord Begin
Eastings = 327600
Northings = 8595050
RegistrationCoord End
NrOfBands = 2
BandId Begin
Value = ‘Channel 16’
Units = ‘ppm’
BandId End
BandId Begin
Value = ‘Channel 3’
Units = ‘ppm’
BandId End
RasterInfo End
DatasetHeader End
Note When ER Mapper grids are being output using the ModelVision Export option,
the projection and spheroid of the created grid can be automatically defaulted
from the PROJECTION parameter of the MVISION.INI file (see Appendix D:
Defaults and Settings).
Geosoft Binary Grid Format
The Geosoft binary grid format is composed of two elements:
• A 512 byte grid header
• The grid/image data
Specific details of the contents of these files can be obtained from Geosoft
(Toronto, Canada). Some revisions of the grid format have been made and the
import utility within ModelVision has been established to comply with the grid
format current as of February 1994.
ASEG GXF format
This grid format is an ASCII file with a series of header lines which define origin,
rows, columns, mesh size etc. This format has been developed by Mr Steve
Collins (Arctan Services Pty Limited, Sydney, Australia) in conjunction with
Geosoft, (Canada). The format has been adopted by the Australian Society of
Exploration Geophysicists (ASEG) as a grid standard and is documented in
Exploration Geophysics (1991) V.22, pp593-614.
An example of a GXF grid format is:
#TITLE
Channel 16
#XORIGIN
327600.000
#YORIGIN
8595050.000
#ROWS
128
#POINTS
320
#RWSEPARATION
50.000
#PTSEPARATION
50.000
#ZMAXIMUM
27533.000
#ZMINIMUM
-2203.546
#DUMMY
-999999999
#ROTATION
0.000
#GRID
21981.930 21981.930 21981.930 21981.930 21981.930 21981.930
21981.930
21981.930 21981.930 21981.930 21981.930 21981.930 21981.930
21981.930
21981.930 21981.930 21981.930 21981.930 21981.930 21981.930 -
1925.380
-1854.591 -1782.440 -1681.701 -1580.509 -1447.552 -1313.687 -
1162.579
-1010.563 21981.930 21981.930 21981.930 21981.930 21981.930
21981.930
The grid format also supports a compressed form using base 90. The
compressed grid format is not currently supported by ModelVision.
Geopak Grid File Format
The Geopak standard grid format is structured as an unformatted Microsoft

Fortran Binary file where each row of the file is read as one record. The first row
of information contains a header, consisting of thirty two REAL*4 words.
All remaining rows in the file contain scaled INTEGER*2 records, column sorted
from left to right. The first row of data (second record in the file) is the bottom row
of the grid. The third record in the file is the second row and so on until the last
record in the file corresponds to the final top row of the input grid. The header
structure is 32 REAL*4 words, where:
Header(1) Number of rows of grid

Header(2) Number of columns
Header(3) Multiplier (See Header (21))
Header(4) Constant (See Header (22))
Header(5) X origin
Header(6) Y origin
Header(7) Grid rotation angle (Radians positive clockwise)
Header(8) Dummy value (See Header(26))
Header(9) Map scale (e.g. 5000 for 1:5000)
Header(10) Number of ground units per cell in X direction
Header(11) Number of ground units per cell in Y direction
Header(12) Number of inches per ground unit (12 if feet, 39.37 if
metres)
Header(13) X offset. Points to the original origin if the grid has been
rotated
Header(14) Y offset. Points to the original origin if the grid has been
rotated
Header(15) Version number
Header(16) Dummy value set to zero
Header(17) Number of rows in grid
Header(18) Number of columns in grid
Header(21) The number each grid has been multiplied by to scale it to
Integer*2
Header(22) The value subtracted from the grid before the value was
scaled to be Integer*2
Header(23) Prescaled maximum of grid
Header(24) Prescaled minimum of grid
Header(25) Dummy value of zero
Header(26) Default value (usually -32767 or -32768) or non-data null
Header(27) Inclination - Used in Geopak software for shade imaging
Header(28) Declination - Used in Geopak software for shade imaging
Header(29) Contrast - Used in Geopak software for shade imaging
Note Header words 16, 19, 20, 25, 30, 31 and 32 are not used and should be set to
zero.
USGS Binary Grid File
The definition of the USGS (United States Geological Survey) grid file is provided
in a paper by Cordell et al (1992).
The grid file consists of a header record followed by one record for each row of
data. The origin of the grid is lower left (southwest) corner, starting at row 1,
column 1. Row numbers increase upwards (north) and column numbers increase
right (east). The header record (234 byte words) comprises:
id 56 ASCII identification (character*56)

pgm 8 ASCII identification of creating program (character*8)
ncol Number of columns. (integer)
nrow Number of rows (integer)
nz Number of words per data element. (integer)
x0 Position of first column of data in km. (real*4) or degrees
of latitude
dx Spacing interval of columns (same units as x0)
y0 Position of first row of data in km or degrees of latitude
(real*4)
dy Spacing interval of rows (same units as y0) (real*4)
Each data record contains one row of scalar, real-valued data. The first word
contains the row coordinate and subsequent words contain data:
f(1,j), f(2,j)...f(ncol,j) for the j-th row of data.

Appendix B Body Descriptions 557
B Body Descriptions
ModelVision supports a range of standard body types. See General Guidelines
for guidelines on defining bodies. A model refers to a combination of one or more
of these bodies. The individual body types supported include:
• Polygonal
• Plunging Prism
• Frustum
• Elliptic and Circular Pipe
• Tabular
• Sphere
• General 3D Ellipsoid
• Polyhedron
General Guidelines
Bodies can be selected from either map or section views and individual dialogs
are used for editing the various body types. Remanence, susceptibility and
density are common to all bodies. Other parameters such as dip or strike length
may apply to some bodies (e.g. tabular) but not others (e.g. spheres).
A few guidelines for defining bodies include:
• Depth is always defined as positive downwards.
• Strike direction (called 'horizontal azimuth of strike' or just 'azimuth') is

referenced to a clockwise rotation from true north - not magnetic north
(see Figures below).
• If two or more bodies overlap in space from that a potential field

contribution is provided by each separate body, the program adds their
individual responses. This situation applies to both magnetics and gravity
modelling.
Polygonal
The parameters required to define the 3D plunging polygon are:
A series of at least three x-axis and z-axis (depth) coordinates that describe the
corners of cross-sectional outline of the body. These coordinates describe the
principal polygonal section of the body perpendicular to the strike direction. There
is no theoretical upper limit to the number of x,z coordinate pairs permitted for an
individual body. In practice it is recommended that the number be kept less than
200 x, z pairs. The polygon coordinate pairs can be input in either a clockwise or
an anticlockwise sense. However, they must be continuous with no sides crossing
other sides. Any repeated points are ignored.
A line along the polygon strike axis (in distance units) defines the strike length of
the polygon. The centre point of the line can be offset from the modelled profile
such that the body can be partially, entirely, or not intersected by a vertical plane
through the calculation profile.
Azimuth of strike for the polygonal body is measured in degrees positive and
clockwise from the positive y-axis.
Although created with zero plunge initially, the polygon can plunge at an angle
(0 ≤ plunge ≤ 90°) relative to the horizontal along the line of azimuth.
Section and plan of the Polygonal body type
Example of polygon as represented in a profile window
Plunging Prism
The Plunging Prism is a flexible and powerful body that offers advantages over
the Polygon. Although it can be created in both map or section windows, other
than a rectangular plan shape must be created in a plan (map) display. The
Plunging Prism can simulate geological structures such as anticlines, synclines
and lenticular bodies. The body has the following characteristics.
The body is usually created by digitizing its outline in a map view. This outline is
duplicated vertically below the upper surface to define the base of the body.
Body plunge can be changed from vertical by assigning a plunge angle and
azimuth to the prism axis.
The top surface of the body can also be assigned a dip angle (up to 90o) and
azimuth.
Complex bodies can be created with this simple interface. The outline shape
initially extends vertically downwards and maintains the defined outline. If a
plunge is used, the outline of the body is maintained but in the plunging orientation
towards a specified azimuth. A final modification that can be applied is to add a
dip to the top surface of the body, again in a specified azimuthal direction. Care
must be taken that any dip applied to the top surface does not cause the top
surface to intersect the bottom surface. ModelVision detects this situation and
warns you if this arises.
The location and reference point of the body is initially located at the centroid of
the top face. If this face is made to dip, the reference point is at the same location
and so is outside the body.
Limitations that apply to the Plunging Prism are:
• The top surface must not intersect the bottom surface. This can happen if
too large a dip is used for the top surface
• The bottom face of the body is always horizontal.

Section and plan of the Plunging Prism body type
Frustum
The Frustum body type has a similar polygonal cross-section to the plunging
prism. The two principal differences between these body types are that the top of
the frustum is constrained to be horizontal, and that the size of the frustum can be
set to vary with depth. Size variation of the frustum body with depth is controlled
by the taper factor. If the taper has a value of one the body has a constant cross-
sectional size with depth, if the taper has a value greater than one the size of the
body increases with depth, and if the taper is less than one the size of the body
decreases with depth. A frustum body with taper greater than one can be used to
represent a domal structure or pluton, and a taper less than one can be used to
represent a basin or a section of a river channel or syncline.
A frustum body is usually created by digitizing its outline in a map view. Body
plunge can be changed from vertical by assigning a plunge angle and azimuth to
the prism axis, and the size of the body can be set to vary with depth. Each vertex
on the top surface has a corresponding vertex on the base, and these pairs of
vertices have common bearing from the centroid of the body. The ratio of
horizontal distance from the centroid to a vertex on the base of the body and to
its corresponding vertex on the top surface is specified by the taper factor. If this
value is greater than one the size of the body increases with depth, if less than
one the size of the body reduces with depth. The location of the centroid of the
body is defined when the body is first created and is repositioned by any shift of
the body so that the shape of the body with depth is constant as the body is moved
from one position to another. However to avoid any unintended changes in shape
with depth the centroid is not updated as vertices are added, deleted or moved.
The location of the centroid can be reset as required using the Re-centre button
in the body dialog.
Elliptic and Circular Pipe

The pipe body can have a variable size with depth controlled by a taper factor
similar to the frustum body type. The difference between the frustum and pipe
body types is that the pipe is constrained to an elliptic or circular horizontal
section. For the pipe body the taper factor is defined as the ratio of the radii of the
bottom and top surface ellipses. The pipe body is suitable for representing many
volcanic pipes and kimberlites. The advantage of defining the horizontal section
by an analytic shape is most evident on inversion of the body. Inversion of body
shapes defined by vertices typically results in ragged body outlines, whereas
inversion of cross-section radii is a lot more stable.
The elliptic pipe can sometimes be not easily constrained in a single profile
because of the 2 axes lengths. In this case it is recommended to use the circular
pipe because it only has a single radius parameter required to be edited.
Parameters which can be manipulated are: vertical Extent, Plunge Azimuth,

Plunge, Semi Axis Length A, Semi Axis Length B, Axis Azimuth and Taper.
The circular pipe body type contains two less parameters than the elliptic pipe
body – length of A and B axes and the axes azimuth have been removed.
Parameters which can be manipulated are: Vertical Extent, Plunge Azimuth,
Plunge, Radius and Taper.
Tabular
The tabular body has the following characteristics:
The top and bottom faces of the tabular body are horizontal. The end pair of sides
is vertical and the remaining two sides can be made to dip at a defined dip angle.
Section and Plan of theoretical axes for a Tabular Body
The location of the centre of the tabular body top face (x,y,z) defines the position
of the body. See the above figure for details. Initially the tabular body is created
symmetrically about the cross-section. Its position however is independent of the
profile and can be moved in map views.
The thickness parameter controls the horizontal face widths. The extent or depth
parameter defines the vertical distance between the top and bottom faces of the
body.
The dip of the side faces is defined as degrees clockwise from the horizontal
when viewed in the strike direction. The range of dip is from 0°< dip ≤ 180°. Note
that if the dip angle of the body is made too small such that the extent approaches
zero, a message indicating the body is too small is displayed.
The azimuth of the principal axis of the body is defined as a clockwise rotation in
degrees from true north to the principal axis. See the section on Changing Spatial
Properties for additional information.
Sphere
The parameters required to define a spherical body are as follows:
• The radius of the sphere.
• The location of the sphere centre (X,Y,Z). See the figure below for details.
Section and Plan of theoretical axes for a Sphere

General 3D Ellipsoid
The generalized 3D ellipsoid is one of the most difficult of bodies to visualize and
characterize by simple axis and rotation parameters. For this reason a detailed
illustration is provided. For additional information on this body, refer to Emerson
et al (1985).
The generalized ellipsoid is a complete but flexible body type that approximates
each of:
• General ellipsoid.
• Sphere, where all ellipsoid axes are equal
• Prolate ellipsoid. That is, similar in shape to a football, where the ellipse
rotates about the long axis and the shorter axes are equal in length
• Oblate ellipsoid. That is, similar in shape to a discus, where the axis of
revolution is short, and the two other axes are long and equal in length.
Ellipsoid angles defined on two orthogonal cross sections a map view and 3D perspective
view.
The parameters defining all cases of the general ellipsoid body are:
• Location X,Y,Z defines the ellipsoid centre.
• Ellipsoid axes are referred to as A, B and C (see the above figure). Axis A
is referred to as the major axis, B as the semi-major or intermediate axis
and C as the minor axis. The lengths of each ellipsoid semi-axis define the
ellipsoid shape.
• Horizontal azimuth of the +A-axis is measured as the rotation in degrees

of the +A axis looking in the down-dip direction. The azimuth is clockwise
positive clockwise map north. The A-axis azimuth ranges from 0° to 360°.
• The +A-axis dip is measured in degrees from the horizontal plane such
that 0° ≤ dip ≤ 90°.
• The ellipsoid rotation is the anticlockwise angle between the vertical plane
along the A axis and the B-axis while looking down dip. See the above
figure for the details. The ellipsoid rotation can range from -90° to 90°.
The following dialog shows the axis parameters for the above figure.
Body properties dialog for the ellipsoid
Polyhedron
The polyhedral body provides the most complex of all body types. Its three
dimensional complexity is built from individual boundary three sided facets that
are each connected to the adjacent facet along one edge.
Polyhedron body has a 3D shape formed by triangular facets
The boundary surfaces of a polyhedron body can be determined by external

bounding surfaces having irregular shapes but the faceted edge limits of the body
mould their shape to these surfaces.
The physical properties (magnetic susceptibility and density) of any single

polyhedron body are uniform within these body types.
Appendix C External Data Links 569
C External Data Links

ModelVision supports links to external databases and data files via a table driven
system of link programs. It is possible to interrogate, enquire, import and export
data from these external databases and files from within ModelVision.
To create a link, three utility programs in any language or script that can produce
an executable file are required. Import and export utilities are necessary to
convert between your data format and any format supported internally by
ModelVision (e.g. Geosoft). An enquiry program is required to return information
about your data such as a list of line and channel names.
Once written, these programs can be accessed from ModelVision menus and it
appears that ModelVision has native support for the external data. The
MVISION.INI default file (see Appendix A: File Formats) is used to define the
program names, paths and necessary file types for ModelVision to access the
external data. This can be done from within ModelVision via a dialog box. Each
entry in this table describes the attributes and program names for that link.
• External Link Operation
• Creation of External Link Programs
• Linking to Intrepid Databases
• Geosoft Oasis montaj™ GX Add-in
• External Model Link

External Link Operation

From the File Import menu item, select the External Links option and a dialog
describing the available links is presented.
External link creation, selection and execution dialog
The import external link dialog can also be used to create, delete and update the
entries in the MVISION.INI file with details of available link programs. For
example, if the Update button is selected, a dialog which defines the linkage
program names, file types etc. is displayed.
External links Update dialog describing programs used for the linkage
Entries placed in this dialog are written to the MVISION.INI file when OK is
clicked. The File Filter entry provides a file extension which is used as the default
when searching for the external file input. Greater detail is provided in Example
Intrepid Link Definition in MVISION.INI Filefor importing data from Intrepid.
To transfer data from the external data source into ModelVision, select the
external link to be used. If you select the Execute option in the Import dialog, you
are requested to define the path and file or database which contains the external
data. When this is done, a dialog which contains information about the external
data is presented.
Dialog to select the data lines, channels or data within certain limits
From this dialog, select the lines and the channels to be exported out of the
database and read into ModelVision. Note that if data is to be exported from the
database that covers only a specific area, data export limits can be defined.
When the external input file and data are defined, the named Import program is
executed to access the data. This program extracts only the data lines and
channels requested. It is important that the channels nominated comply with the
data format type selected. For example, in the case above the data channels for
East and North would be required to satisfy the Geosoft format requirement that
the first two channels of the data file be X and Y locations information.
During execution of the export program, exported data is written to a temporary

file (in the above example, in Geosoft XYZ multi-line format) which is
automatically read into ModelVision. The temporary file is deleted after the data
is loaded into ModelVision.
Creation of External Link Programs

Although the export, enquiry and import programs required for the transfer of data
can be created in any language which can make an executable, there are some
guidelines which must be followed to generate the executable files.
Pitney Bowes Software can supply a number of external linkage executable

programs suitable for access to existing software and databases. To assist with
the creation of new programs, contact Pitney Bowes Software for a detailed
description and program specification.
It is not necessary to have both an export and import programs for a particular
format. If you wish to have only the import capability but not the export facility, this
is satisfactory for ModelVision to have access to the external data. It means
however that modelled, or modified data from ModelVision cannot be written out
to the external data source. This situation is referred to as a partial link.
Examples of Link Definitions in MVISION.INI File
Example of a Link Definition for an external data source is:
[LINK_XYZ]
name=XYZ
descr=XYZ Link
ext=
format=amira_tem
enquiry=c:\Program Files\encom\mvis_pro\links\myenq
import=c:\Program Files\encom\mvis_pro\links\myimport
export=
type=profile
Example of a Link Definition for file-selectable data:
[LINK_ABC]
name=ABC
descr=ABC Link
ext=tem
format=amira_tem
enquiry=c:\Program Files\encom\mvis_pro\links\myenq
import=c:\Program Files\encom\mvis_pro\links\myimport
export=c:\Program Files\encom\mvis_pro\links\myexp
type=profile
Linking to Intrepid Databases

The Intrepid dynamic link is accessed through ModelVision’s import facility using
an external executable to directly access the Intrepid database structures. Data
is transferred via an intermediate exchange file.
Select the External Link option from the File>Import>Line menu option
External links import of a profile dialog
Select the Intrepid link option and click Execute. A pathing option screen is
presented if the link is configured correctly.
Path to the required Intrepid project
Select the desired project and enter the path. Select OK and the ModelVision link
program interrogates the Intrepid database designated by the pathing
information.
The link displays a list of the available projects based on the standard Intrepid
directory structures. You can select a subset of the total project that filters the
available data based on:
• Channel list
• Line list
• Easting, northing bounding rectangle
Select import channels from the available list

Select the required lines from the available list
You can navigate between the selection of Lines and Channels by using the push
buttons on these dialogs. When satisfied with the selection, click OK and the link
program initiates the transfer of data from the Intrepid database into ModelVision.
Large amounts of data can be transferred in this manner. The transfer can take
some time if large datasets are to be transferred.
Example Intrepid Link Definition in MVISION.INI File
To ensure the Intrepid link is operational, a correct MVISION.INI entry is required.

An example of the correct format of this entry is presented below:
[LINK_INTREPID]
name=INTREPID
descr=Import data from Intrepid to MV
ext=
format=intrepid
enquiry=c:\Program Files\encom\mvis_pro\links\int2mv.exe
import=c:\Program Files\encom\mvis_pro\links\int2mv.exe
export=
type=profile
Geosoft Oasis montaj™ GX Add-in

Geosoft has developed a GX application for Oasis montaj™ that allows
ModelVision to appear as a menu item in the montaj environment. This is a
different form of link to that previously described since the linkage is initiated from
the Geosoft montaj software rather than ModelVision.
When ModelVision is installed an option is provided to install Geosoft GX links.

When this option is requested, the installation program adds a number of GX
executable and associated files to a \GEOSOFT directory. These files can be
copied to the relevant Geosoft montaj working directory (to join many other GX
applications) or left where they are installed and accessed through the montaj GX
interface.
From the Oasis montaj menu you can elect to run a pre-existing ModelVision
session or generate a new one from data selected in montaj. When you select a
new session file, montaj starts ModelVision with the selected data already loaded.
If you loaded a grid data set a map window is automatically opened in
ModelVision with a contour map of the data channel. If two channels are selected,
it asks which ones you require.
Geosoft’s montaj interface and access to the ModelVision GX
If you are working with large datasets and you want convenient access to a subset
of the data for modelling, this dynamic link provides you with a fast and convenient
tool.
If you want to access an existing ModelVision session file you can select it from
the montaj environment and start ModelVision directly from montaj.
Other operations are available to transfer data directly from montaj to

ModelVision. These operations include:
• Export of a data traverse interactively drawn over a grid display.
• Export a montaj line and grid subset to ModelVision.
• Export a grid or data lines from montaj to ModelVision.
• Display a ModelVision Model in a montaj Map
• Export a montaj Traverse for Modelling in ModelVision
• Export a montaj Line and Grid Subset to ModelVision
• Export montaj Lines and Data to ModelVision
• OASIS montaj Installation Considerations
Display a ModelVision Model in a montaj Map
A Geosoft GX is supplied to display models created using ModelVision directly

into an Oasis montaj map. The model file has the file extension .TKM and the
Geosoft GX is called MVOasis.GX.
Once the .TKM for a particular dataset is created (using the Model>Export>MV
Pro Format menu option) you may use the GX to display it in Oasis. Execute
Oasis montaj and create a map of the same dataset. Within Oasis select the
MVOasis.GX from either the GX button or the GX>Run GX menu item. Browse to
the MVOasis.GX and run it. A dialog as below is displayed:
ModelVision model display dialog in Oasis montaj
Options available from the GX model display include:
• Specify the .TKM model file
• Control the annotation of body titles, properties or both
• Specify the colours of the titling, body outline or fill colour. Click on the
colours to alter.
• Shade the bodies if appropriate
• Allow fill colour modulation based on a property (density or susceptibility)
• Select the required colour look up table for modulation
• Specify an upper and lower property range for colour modulation of the
bodies.
Export a montaj Traverse for Modelling in ModelVision
Display a grid as an image or contour map in montaj. To select a traverse of data

across an anomaly or section of the display for modelling or processing in
ModelVision, select the montaj MVision>New Session>From Map Profile
option. When this is done a small dialog and ‘+’ cursor appears in the active map
window. Movement of the cursor with the left mouse button depressed creates a
rubber-band traverse line. After completing your traverse selection, select the
Done option in the dialog.
Map image window in montaj with traverse drawing
After sampling the magnetic and gravity grid along the digitized traverse a transfer
dialog is displayed to allow data to be written from the montaj database and read
by ModelVision.
Session file creation dialog
When the OK button is selected in the ModelVision session file dialog,

ModelVision is executed, the created session file read automatically, and a
stacked profile display of the data traverse presented.
ModelVision executes and displays the selected traverse data
In this sequence both the magnetic and gravity data channels along the profile are
sampled from the OASIS grids and passed to ModelVision. ModelVision displays
the first channel loaded (mag) or prompt you to select from multiple channels
where appropriate. If a second grid (such as gravity) is not available, the option in
the montaj interface can be left blank.
Export a montaj Line and Grid Subset to ModelVision
This GX link is used to select a region of a montaj display for export to

ModelVision. The area to be exported is defined in a map display and so a grid
and associated line data must be present. The option is initiated from the montaj
Mvision>New Session>From Map Window menu item.
Once selected, the cursor changes in the map display window to a ‘+’. Position
the cursor at a start location, depress the left mouse button and drag the mouse
to create a rectangular area required for data transfer to ModelVision.
Drag a rectangular area in the map window
Once the area of interest is defined, release the left mouse button and a new
dialog detailing a ModelVision session file opens.
Specify a ModelVision session file and the associated grid(s) and line channel(s)
Choose the channel containing the line data to be transferred and the grid data
sources. After selection, click the OK push button. This initiates ModelVision and
automatically open the nominated session file. ModelVision displays both a
stacked profile and contour maps of the selected region.
ModelVision displays of selected line and grid data
Modelling and conventional processing can now be performed on the transferred

data.
Export montaj Lines and Data to ModelVision
The above two Geosoft montaj options enable data to be transferred from a map
display where grid data is available. In the absence of a grid, or where only line
data is to be transferred, this option enables specification of data from either a
montaj spreadsheet, or a section of a displayed profile.
To enable the option, select the MVision>New Session>From Current Mark

menu item in montaj. The option would be usually selected when a spreadsheet
and associated data profiles are displayed as shown below.
Select a portion of data from either the spreadsheet or data profile to be transferred to
ModelVision
Highlight a subset of lines in montaj that you wish to transfer to ModelVision by

positioning the cursor with the left mouse button depressed. When the data is
selected and the button released, montaj displays the following dialog.
Nominate a session file and select the channels you want to export from montaj.
A limit to the number of points in a profile can be specified if desired.
When the OK button is selected, ModelVision automatically executes and the

nominated session file loads. ModelVision displays a profile window with the
selected dataset.
Transferred profile data from montaj
ModelVision can be used to model and process the transferred in the usual way.
Note An alternative method to export data from Geosoft databases into ModelVision is
available in Version 4.0. From the montaj database (GDB file extension), you
can import directly from this file using the File>Import>Profiles>Geosoft
Database menu option. Refer to Geosoft Database (GDB) for additional
information.
OASIS montaj Installation Considerations
When montaj executes the ModelVision GX application it issues a command to

run the ModelVision executable. In the current version of the GX, montaj does not
know where the ModelVision executable is installed. The required Windows
environment variables need to be set.
External Model Link

External model links are available in ModelVision to
provide a method for building import routines to other
software systems. A model link exists as a separate
executable program that communicates with
ModelVision via file exchange. As an example, during
installation a link is supplied which is a simple import routine that allows
conversion of a series of closed polygons to ModelVision compatible 3D body
polygons.
These polygons could be derived from a simple digitized mine cross section,
schematic model or seismic section (depth corrected).
• Input File Preparation
• Running the External Link
• Specifying External Link in MVISION.INI and TOPO2.INI
Input File Preparation
The import file is defined by a line of section plus the

polygons that lie along the section. Start and end points
define the real world location of the traverse, while the
polygons are defined by distance from the start of the
traverse (X) and depth below the ground surface (Z).
The input file contains two header lines that define the
real world coordinates for the start and end of the straight line section (X0,Y0 and
X1,Y1), followed by a series of polygon coordinates. Each polygon is defined in
units of distance (metres), depth (metres) and polygon number. The input file
format is similar to that shown.
0.0 0.0
26000.0 0.0
25003.8 7840.3 2 GEOLOGY 3
25003.8 2002.5 2 GEOLOGY 3
16010.9 2002.5 2 GEOLOGY 3
15215.8 3014.0 2 GEOLOGY 3
14209.4 4250.3 2 GEOLOGY 3
13938.6 4587.4 2 GEOLOGY 3
13601.5 5049.8 2 GEOLOGY 3
13203.0 5604.0 2 GEOLOGY 3
13172.4 5772.6 2 GEOLOGY 3
12832.6 6224.7 2 GEOLOGY 3
12347.3 6715.1 2 GEOLOGY 3
11994.8 7080.4 2 GEOLOGY 3
11948.9 7685.8 2 GEOLOGY 3
Example file showing the format of an external polygon file. The last two fields in
this example are ignored by the import routine.
Additional fields can appear in the file following the polygon number, but they are
ignored by the import module.
Provision is provided within ModelVision to translate and scale the coordinates.

This is presented in a dialog which is displayed after the file is accessed through
the external link. Definition of a polygon body is terminated when the polygon
name/number changes. Any extra column information is ignored.
Running the External Link
The import sequence for conversion of an external ASCII file to a series of

ModelVision polygon bodies is covered in the following steps:
Step 1
From the ModelVision menu select Model>Import>External Link.
Model Import menu options
The following link dialog is displayed.

External link program selection dialog
Step 2
Choose TOPO2 and Execute. TOPO2 is the name assigned to the external link
in the MVISION.INI file. See details of the inclusion in the .INI file below. You can
use the Update button to modify the search criteria or specifications of the link if
desired. In the example below, the link automatically finds files with the filename
suffix of .ACO.
If you are modelling without field data, you need to use the Utility>Synthetic menu
option to create a line for the model. The model import does not create this line
for you.
ACO file selection dialog
Nominate the file containing the digitized dataset and select OK.
Step 3
Select Data from the new menu, and enter appropriate values to scale and offset
the input coordinates.
Data Parameters dialog for TOPO2 with compression and data sampling controls
The input coordinates for distance along the profile and depth can be scaled from
arbitrary digitizer units to metres using a transform formula equivalent to:
z = (y-a) x b
and
x= (x-c) x d
where,
a is a constant that represents the height offset to apply to the digitizer y

values.
b is a constant multiplier to convert digitizer height units to metres. This is

useful to convert digitizer y values that are positive up to depths. This
value is negative if heights are used for y and positive if depths are used
for y.
y is the digitizer height or depth value.

c is a constant that represents the distance offset to apply to the digitizer

coordinates, This would normally be the left hand origin of the section.
d is a constant multiplier to convert digitizer distance units to metres.
x is the digitizer value for distance along the cross section.
Other parameters in the control dialog box include compression tolerance, and
sample interval. These parameters are used to decimate large digitizer files that
generate more points than are required for modelling.
Compression is used as a guide to retention of detail in the model and is the

distance in metres that an intermediate point can depart from a straight line before
it is retained in the model.
Retained point
Sample interval allows you to select every second, third, fourth etc. point in the
sequence. The first and last points are always retained.
Step 4
Select Model from the menu to change model parameters for the imported
bodies.
The Model Parameter dialog box allows you to associate initial magnetic and
density properties to all the polygons in the import file. Properties for individual
polygons can be changed after the file has been imported. Strike length, plunge
and remanence values can also be assigned at import time.
TOPO2 Model Parameters dialog
Step 5
Select Run to load the polygon data.
Specifying External Link in MVISION.INI and TOPO2.INI
External import modules are implemented as standalone executable files that

communicate with ModelVision through INI files. The name of the external
program (TOPO2.EXE) and other parameters are included in the MVISION.INI
file). Details of the External Link and associated files are described below. In
addition, the external link program uses its own INI file (TOPO2.INI) to retain the
current model parameters that appear in the link dialog boxes.
The external link parameters are supplied with ModelVision and should be
installed automatically. If problems with the link arise, the Update option which is
available from the External Link menu can be used to check or modify paths.
An example External Link entry in MVISION.INI looks like:
[LINK_TOPO2]
name=TOPO2
descr=Simple polygon data.
ext=ACO
format=MV-format
enquiry=
import=C:\Program Files\Encom\MVIS_Pro\LINKS\TOPO2.EXE
export=
type=model
An example TOPO2.INI file is shown below:
[FILES]
datafile=C:\Program Files\Encom\MVIS_Pro\EXAMPLES\TOPO.ACO
modelfile= C:\ProgramFiles\Encom\MVIS_Pro\EXAMPLES\IMPORT.TMP
[BACKGROUND]
baksusc=0.0
bakdens=2.67
[PROPERTIES]
bodysusc=0.0012
bodydens=2.77
remQ=0.0000
remazim=0.0
remdip=0.00
[GEOMETRY]
lenStrike=10000.0
plunge=0.00
[SCALING]
zoffset=10000.0
zfact=-1.0
xoffset=0.0
xfact=1.0
[COMPRESSION]
compressTol=500 (departure from a straight line required to keep a
point)
step=1
reverse=0
[REGIONAL]
regbase=0.0
regslope=0.0
regcurv=0.0
Appendix D Defaults and Settings 593
D Defaults and Settings

In this section:
• System Defaults (MVISION.INI)
• Project Defaults (MVPROJ.INI)
• Datums and Projections
• IGRF Settings
System Defaults (MVISION.INI)

A number of parameters are defined in a default file that is used by ModelVision
whenever it is executed. The filename assumed by ModelVision is MVISION.INI.
If, while ModelVision is being executed, changes are made to any of the default
parameters, updated values of the items are written to the MVISION.INI file. The
default file is an ASCII file that may be edited by the user to assign preferred
defaults. The purpose of the MVISION.INI file is to provide logical control over a
number of operational defaults when ModelVision is initially executed.
The defaults file must be called MVISION.INI to be recognized by ModelVision

and must reside in the directory that contains the MVIS executable as defined by
the Properties setup within MS-Windows.
If no default file is found, ModelVision uses defaults set within the program.
Note An entry within the MVISION.INI file can specify the location for ModelVision
projects. Separate project INI files contained within project directories are used
to individually specify project parameters and default preferences. These files
are called MVPROJ.INI and are described in Project Defaults (MVPROJ.INI).
Parameters that can be set within the MVISION.INI file use a specific keyword
followed by a parameter value. When reading and interpreting the file, text is
divided into groups using square brackets. Keywords within each group tend to
be obvious in their meaning. The contents of a keyword group are separated by
a blank line. A list and description of the main groups follows:
File Specification
[PROJECTS] Specifies the paths of the last five saved

projects.
Projectn Project pathing where n is an integer from 1 to

5.
[DIRECTORIES] Default directory paths define the areas that
ModelVision searches initially for required input.
You retain control over re-directing import and
export of files.
HelpDir Default directory of help files.
LUTDir Default Look-Up Table (palette) directory.
KernelDir Default directory containing filter kernel files.
UBCDir Default directory for UBC executable programs.
Note that both the executable programs and
project (data) directories used within UBC-GIF
projects cannot have blank spaces within the
path names of the directories. This limitation is
imposed by UBC to ensure compatibility with
UNIX operating systems.
[LINK_SOFTWARE] Refer to the section on External Links for
additional name, format and filenames of the
program external links. Note that the word
SOFTWARE is replaced by the link name e.g.
for INTREPID the External Link entry would be
LINK_INTREPID.
Name External Link software name
e.g. INTREPID.
Descr Description used by External Linkage.
Format Preferred format to be used in External Link.
Enquiry Enquiry program and path name.
Import Import program and path name.
Export Export program and path name.
Type Data type supported in External Link.
[MAP] Display attribute defaults associated with map
displays. Axis and grid tick sizes in centimetres
can be defaulted.
MajAxisAnnoSize Major axis annotation text size.
MinAxisAnnoSize Minor axis annotation text size.
MajAxisTicSize Default major axis tick size length.
MinAxisTicSize Default minor axis tick size length.
[MULTICHANDISP] Display attribute defaults associated with multi-
track displays. Axis and grid tick sizes in
centimetres can be defaulted.
MajAxisAnnoSize Default major axis annotation text size.
MinAxisAnnoSize Default minor axis annotation text size.

[PROFILE] Display attribute defaults associated with X-
section displays. Axis and grid tick sizes in
centimetres can be de defaulted.
MajAxisAnnoSize Default major axis annotation text size.
MinAxisAnnoSize Default minor axis annotation text size.
[SPEED] Display and assign a group of functions to the
push buttons on the Speed toolbar.
AutoLoad True or False settings control if the Speed
toolbar is automatically displayed when
ModelVision initially executes.
Position The pixel row and column positions of the
Speed toolbar when it is initially displayed.
B1 - B10 Assignment functions for up to 10 push buttons
created by user.
[MISCELLANEOUS] Used for airborne gravity gradiometer analysis.
AGGNotation Coordinate definition for vector directions of
gravity gradiometer.
Beep Snap of polygon vertex confirmation
Snap Pixel tolerance for vertex snapping.
Example
To further explain the layout and usage of the above keywords an example of a
MVISION.INI file is shown below.
[PROJECTS]
Project1=C:\Program Files\Encom\MVis_Pro\examples
Project2=C:\Program Files\Encom\MVis_Pro\Myproj
Project3=C:\Program Files\Explor\geophys\Proj1
Project4=C:\Program Files\Explor\geophys\Proj2
[SPEED]
Autoload=TRUE
Position=779 99
B1=New layout
B2=Contour map
B3=Grid control
[DIRECTORIES]
HelpDir=C:\Program Files\Encom\MVis_Pro
LutDir=C:\Program Files\Encom\MVis_Pro\LUT
KernelDir=C:\Program Files\Encom\MVis_Pro\KERNEL
[MISCELLANEOUS]
AGGNotation=XYZ
Beep=Yes
Snap=5
BodyTableMode=0
BodyPropMode=2
AutoFlip=1
Volume=OFF
GroupVis=0
GroupActive=0
[COLOURS]
Default=VGA
Bodies=Rock-1
Multitrack=Automag
Modulation=Pseudocolor
[MAP]
MajAxisAnnoSize=0.30
MinAxisAnnoSize=0.30
MajAxisTicSize=0.25
MinAxisTicSize=0.10
[MULTICHANDISP]
MajAxisTicSize=0.30
MinAxisTicSize=0.15
[PROFILE]
MajAxisTicSize=0.25
MinAxisTicSize=0.15
[UNITS]
MagUnits=SI
GravUnits=mgal
[LINK_LIN]
name=LIN
descr=External link to .lin files
ext=lin
format=column_std
enquiry=C:\Program Files\Encom\MVis_Pro\LINKS\Linlink.exe
import=C:\Program Files\Encom\MVis_Pro\Links\Linlink.exe
export=C:\Program Files\Encom\MVis_Pro\Links\Linlink.exe
type=profile
[LINK_INTREPID]
name=INTREPID
descr=Import data from Intrepid to MV
ext=
format=intrepid
enquiry=C:\Program Files\Encom\MVis_Pro\Links\Int2MV.EXE
import=C:\Program Files\Encom\MVis_Pro\Links\Int2MV.EXE
export=
type=profile
[LINK_TOPO2]
name=TOPO2
descr=Convert digitized data to MV models.
ext=aco
format=MV-format
enquiry=c:\Program Files\encom\mvis_pro\links\topo2.exe
import=C:\Program Files\Encom\MVis_Pro\Links\Topo2.exe
export=
type=model
Project Defaults (MVPROJ.INI)

ModelVision operates on individual projects where all project session files are
stored in a specific folder (directory). The MVPROJ.INI stores project defaults,
modelling and projection parameters. Although the ‘global’ defaults of
ModelVision are kept in the MVISION.INI file (see System Defaults
(MVISION.INI)), the details of a project are kept within files which reside in the
individual project directories.
[PROJECT DESCRIPTION] Specifies titles and creation date of the project

DateCreated Creation date of project
DateModified Modification date
Description Text description
Name Summary title of project
Author Person creating project
[MODEL] Relates to default settings associated with
background values used in ModelVision
Parameters available under this keyword are:

Density Model (not body) default background
Suscept Model (not body) default background
MagUnits The magnetic system to be used by default in
either the SI or cgs units system. Note that:
1 SI unit = 4* cgs units.
ComputeRemanence Set this parameter to compute remanence
(YES) or if not required, set to NO
ComputeDemag Set this parameter to compute demagnetization
for bodies which support it (sphere and ellipsoid
only
[MAGNETICS] Default magnetic field parameters which define
the inducing magnetic field. Total field strength,
inclination and declination are defined
Intensity Default Earth's magnetic field strength (in
nanoTeslas)
Inclination Default Earth's magnetic field inclination (in
degrees)
Declination Default Earth's magnetic field Declination (in
degrees)
Orientation Default for the Local grid north (in degrees). In
cases where True (Geographic) North is used
as the data and model reference, this value is
set to 0.0. In instances where the data and
modelling use a north direction which is at an
angle to True North, this angle needs to be
specified. The Orientation angle is used in
combination with the Declination to ensure the
correct magnetic response is calculated.
[BODY DEFAULTS] Default magnetic and gravity body properties
are defined. These defaults provide body
property values for magnetic susceptibility,
specific gravity (density) and remanence.
Density Default body density
Suscept Default body magnetic susceptibility
RemanenceRatio Default body Koenigsberger Ratio (Q value)
RemanenceMag Default body magnetization field strength
RemanenceAzim Default body remanence vector azimuth in
degrees relative to True North
RemanenceDip Default body remanence vector inclination (in
degrees)
[AUTOMAG] Defaults specific to the AutoMag interpretation

module are defined by this keyword group
DipMin Minimum dip angle which can be computed by
AutoMag for model solutions
DipMax Maximum dip angle which can be computed by
AutoMag for model solutions
ThicknessMin Minimum body thickness which can be
computed by AutoMag for model solutions
ThicknessMax Maximum body thickness which can be
computed by AutoMag for model solutions
SuscMin Minimum body magnetic susceptibility which
can be computed by AutoMag for model
solutions
SuscMax Maximum body magnetic susceptibility which
can be computed by AutoMag for model
solutions
SuscConst Default magnetic susceptibility which is adopted
initially for AutoMag body solutions
StrikeLength Default body strike length to be adopted by
AutoMag models
LevelMin Threshold minimum for AutoMag
LevelMax Threshold maximum for AutoMag
[PROJECTION] Default spheroid and projection parameters to
be used by exported ER Mapper grid output by
ModelVision
Datum Datum as defined in the ER Mapper Reference
Manual e.g. AGD66
Projection Projection as defined in the ER Mapper
Reference Manual e.g. TMAMG56
ProjDescr Description of the specified projection for the
project
[MISCELLANEOUS] Specification of toolbox or button display
Toolbar Toolbar or button setting
Example
[PROJECT_DESCRIPTION]
DateCreated=05/05/99
DateModified=05/05/99
Description=Default project example
Name=Default example
Author=PRG
[MODEL]
Density=2.6700
Suscept=0.0000
MagUnits=SI
GravUnits=none
ComputeRemanence=FALSE
ComputeDemag=FALSE
[MAGNETICS]
Intensity=60000.00
Inclination=-60.00
Orientation=0.00
Declination=0.00
[BODY_DEFAULTS]
Suscept=0.0100
Density=2.7700
RemanenceRatio=0.0000
RemanenceMag=0.0000
RemanenceAzim=0.0000
RemanenceDip=0.0000
[AUTOMAG]
DipMin=45.0
DipMax=135.0
ThicknessMin=100.0
ThicknessMax=10000.0
SuscMin=0.0001
SuscMax=0.0100
LevelMin=0
LevelMax=25
SuscConst=0.0010
StrikeLength=1000
[PROJECTION]
Projection=TM36
Datum=AGD84
ProjDescr=Australian Map Grid
[MISCELLANEOUS]
Toolbar=Text
Datums and Projections

ModelVision requires you to organize your work into project directories. When you
create a new project using the File>New>Project menu item, a project definition
file (MVPROJ.INI) is created in a pre-existing directory. Information specific to the
project is stored in the file and updated whenever you exit ModelVision. One of
the components of the Project relate to the specification of projections and
datums. Although not used internally by ModelVision, the program supports a
wide range of these and can use them for export of grids and other data to
external systems such as ER Mapper.
The datum and projection information for ModelVision is stored in two files,
DATUM.DAT and PROJECTION.DAT. The format of these files is ASCII and they
contain all the necessary information to define a wide range of spheroids and
projections with curvature, zone and ellipticity details.
ModelVision has used ER Mapper compatible files to build a database of Map

Projection information that supports various projections in use across the globe.
To fully specify a Map Projection, both the DATUM and the PROJECTION for the
map must be specified. The following description of Datums, Spheroids and
Projections has been derived from documentation made available by ER Mapper
(a product of Earth Resource Mapping, Perth, Australia).
Grid data that has the same Map Projection (in other words the same Datum and
Projection) can be automatically registered by ModelVision, regardless of the grid
cell resolution or data format.
To assist you in choosing which Datum and Projections to use, there are a
number of on-line help files which list commonly used Map Projections and the
Datum and Projection to use for each map projection.
Each on-line help file has the following columns:
NAME PROJ.TYPE PROJECTION DATUM

CALIF VII lambert2 LM2CAL7F NAD27
AMG, Zone 54 transmerc TMAMG54 AGD66
NAME is the name of the map projection you may be familiar with, for example
Australian Map Grid (AMG) or CALIF VII. This name is provided for convenience
only as the full Datum and Projection name must be specified to identify the
map.PROJECTION TYPE is the type of map projection such as lambert or
transmerc.
PROJECTION is the map projection used for this map, for example TMAMG54
for the Zone 54 AMG Transverse Mercator projection or LM2CAL7F for the
California State Plane 7. The Projection is used in image header files, in dynamic
links and in rectifying images.
DATUM is the map datum used for this map, for example AGD66 or NAD27. The
Datum is used in image header files, in dynamic links and in rectifying images.
• Supported Map Projections and Datums
• Projections File (PROJECT.DAT)
• Datum File (DATUM.DAT)
Supported Map Projections and Datums
ModelVision supports a large number of projections and spheroids. These are

listed in the following pages in the following sections:
• Universal Transverse Mercator Zone Locations
• USA Map Projections
• Australian Map Projections
• Projections File (PROJECT.DAT)
• Spheroids
Universal Transverse Mercator Zone Locations
The UTM Zone Locations and Central Meridians are listed below. Courtesy of the
United States Geological Survey.
Zone C.M. Range Zone C.M. Range

177W 171W 165W 159W 153W 147W 141W
135W 129W 123W 117W 111W 105W 099W
093W 087W 081W 075W 069W 063W 057W
051W 045W 039W 033W 027W 021W 015W
009W 003W 180W -174W 174W -168W 168W
162W 162W -156W 156W -150W 150W -144W
–144W -138W 138W -132W 132W -126W 126W
-120W 120W -114W 114W -108W 108W -102W
102W -096W 096W -090W 090W -084W 084W
-078W 078W -072W 072W -066W 066W -060W
060W -054W 054W -048W 048W -042W 042W
-036W 036W -030W 030W -024W 024W -018W
018W -012W 012W -006W 006W -000E
003E 009E 015E 021E 027E 033E 039E
045E 051E 057E 063E 069E 075E 081E
087E 093E 099E 105E 111E 117E 123E
129E 135E 141E 147E 153E 159E 165E
171E 177E 000E -006E 006E -012E 012E
-018E 018E -024E 024E -030E 030E -036E
036E -042E 042E -048E 048E -054E 054E
-060E 060E -066E 066E -072E 072E -078E
078E -084E 084E -090E 090E -096E 096E
-102E 102E -108E 108E -114E 114E -120E
120E -126E 126E -132E 132E -138E 138E
-144E 144E -150E 150E -156E 156E -162E
162E -168E 168E -174E 174E -180W
UTM zone numbers in the Southern Hemisphere are indicated by a negative sign
before the zone number.
Example: Zone -17 has a central meridian of 81°W and a false northing (Y) of
10,000,000 meters at the Equator.
USA Map Projections
The United States of America use a system of map projections for various
regions. This system is known as the ‘State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS)’.
The majority of these projections are Transverse Mercator projections, used for
States with predominantly north to south extent. Some of these are broken down
into a number of zones within the State. The Lambert Conformal Conic projection
is used for most other States, with the exception of the panhandle of Alaska,
which is mapped using the Oblique Mercator projection.
Older maps are projected onto the Clarke 1866 spheroid with tie point at Meade's
Ranch in Kansas (datum NAD27). More recent maps are projected onto the 1983
datum (datum NAD83).
A list of currently supported projections appears below.
Name Projection Type Projection

Datum
Alabama East tranmerc TMALABEF NAD27
Alabama West tranmerc TMALABWF NAD27
Alaska State Plane 1 obmerc_b OMALSK1M NAD27
Alaska State Plane 2 tranmerc TMALSK2M NAD27
Arizona East tranmerc TMARIZEF NAD27
Arizona Central tranmerc TMARIZCF NAD27
Arizona West tranmerc TMARIZWF NAD27
Arkansas North lambert2 LM2ARKNM NAD27
Arkansas South lambert2 LM2ARKSM NAD27
California I lambert2 LM2CAL1F NAD27
California II lambert2 LM2CAL2F NAD27
California III lambert2 LM2CAL3F NAD27
California IV lambert2 LM2CAL4F NAD27
California V lambert2 LM2CAL5F NAD27
California VI lambert2 LM2CAL6F NAD27
California VII lambert2 LM2CAL7F NAD27

Datum
Colorado North lambert2 LM2COLNF NAD27
Colorado Central lambert2 LM2COLCF NAD27
Colorado South lambert2 LM2COLSF NAD27
Connecticut State lambert2 LM2CONNM NAD27
Delaware State tranmerc TMDELWRF NAD27
Florida North lambert2 LM2FLANF NAD27
Florida East tranmerc TMFLRAEF NAD27
Florida West tranmerc TMFLRAWF NAD27
Georgia East tranmerc TMGEOREF NAD27
Georgia West tranmerc TMGEORWF NAD27
Hawaii State Plane 1 tranmerc TMHAWI1F NAD27
Idaho East tranmerc TMIDAEFT NAD27
Idaho Central tranmerc TMIDACFT NAD27
Idaho West tranmerc TMIDAWFT NAD27
Illinois East tranmerc TMILLEFT NAD27
Illinois West tranmerc TMILLWFT NAD27
Indiana East tranmerc TMINDEFT NAD27
Indiana West tranmerc TMINDWFT NAD27
Iowa North lambert2 LM2IOWNF NAD27
Iowa South lambert2 LM2IOWSF NAD27
Kansas North (NAD27) lambert2 LM2KANNF NAD27
Kansas North (NAD83) lambert2 LM2KANNM NAD83
Kentucky North lambert2 LM2KYNFT NAD27
Kentucky South lambert2 LM2KYSFT NAD27
Louisiana North lambert2 LM2LANFT NAD27
Louisiana North lambert2 LM2LANM NAD83
Louisiana South lambert2 LM2LASFT NAD27
Louisiana South lambert2 LM2LASM NAD83
Louisiana Offshore lambert2 LM2LAOFT NAD27
Maine East tranmerc TMMAINEF NAD27
Maine West tranmerc TMMAINWF NAD27

Datum
Maryland State lambert2 LM2MARYF NAD27
Massachusetts Mainland lambert2 LM2MASMF NAD27
Massachusetts Island lambert2 LM2MASIF NAD27
Michigan East (old) tranmerc TMMICHEF NAD27
Michigan Central (old) tranmerc TMMICHCF NAD27
Michigan West (old) tranmerc TMMICHWF NAD27
Michigan North(current) lambert2 LM2MICNF NAD27
Michigan Cent(current) lambert2 LM2MICCF NAD27
Michigan Sth (current) lambert2 LM2MICSF NAD27
Minnesota North lambert2 LM2MINNF NAD27
Minnesota Central lambert2 LM2MINCF NAD27
Minnesota South lambert2 LM2MINSF NAD27
Mississippi East tranmerc TMMISSEF NAD27
Mississippi East tranmerc TMMISSEM NAD83
Mississippi West tranmerc TMMISSWF NAD27
Mississippi West tranmerc TMMISSWM NAD83
Missouri East tranmerc TMMISOEF NAD27
Missouri Central tranmerc TMMISOCF NAD27
Missouri West tranmerc TMMISOWF NAD27
Montana North lambert2 LM2MTNFT NAD27
Montana Central lambert2 LM2MTCFT NAD27
Montana South lambert2 LM2MTSFT NAD27
Nebraska North lambert2 LM2NEBNF NAD27
Nebraska South lambert2 LM2NEBSF NAD27
Nevada East (NAD27) tranmerc TMNEVAEF NAD27
Nevada East (NAD83) tranmerc TMNEVAEM NAD83
Nevada Central (NAD27) tranmerc TMNEVACF NAD27
Nevada Central (NAD83) tranmerc TMNEVACM NAD83
Nevada West (NAD27) tranmerc TMNEVAWF NAD27
Nevada West (NAD83) tranmerc TMNEVAWM NAD83
New Hampshire tranmerc TMNEWHFT NAD27
New Jersey tranmerc TMNEWJFT NAD27
New Mexico East tranmerc TMNEWMEF NAD27
New Mexico Central tranmerc TMNEWMCF NAD27
New Mexico West tranmerc TMNEWMWF NAD27

Datum
New York State East tranmerc TMNEWYEF NAD27
New York State Central tranmerc TMNEWYCF NAD27
New York State West tranmerc TMNEWYWF NAD27
New York Long Island lambert2 LM2NEWYF NAD27
North Carolina lambert2 LM2NCAFT NAD27
North Dakota North lambert2 LM2NDNFT NAD27
North Dakota South lambert2 LM2NDSFT NAD27
Ohio North lambert2 LM2OHINF NAD27
Ohio South lambert2 LM2OHISF NAD27
Oklahoma North lambert2 LM2OKLNF NAD27
Oklahoma South lambert2 LM2OKLSF NAD27
Oregon North lambert2 LM2ORENF NAD27
Oregon South lambert2 LM2ORESF NAD27
Pennsylvania North lambert2 LM2PANFT NAD27
Pennsylvania South lambert2 LM2PANST NAD27
Puerto Rico lambert2 LM2PRV1F NAD27
Rhode Island tranmerc TMRHODIF NAD27
South Carolina North lambert2 LM2SCNFT NAD27
South Carolina South lambert2 LM2SCSFT NAD27
South Dakota North lambert2 LM2SDNFT NAD27
South Dakota South lambert2 LM2SDSFT NAD27
Tennessee lambert2 LM2TENNF NAD27
Texas North (NAD27) lambert2 LM2TXNF NAD27
Texas North Central lambert2 LM2TXNCF NAD27
Texas North Central lambert2 LM2TXNCM NAD83
Texas Central (NAD27) lambert2 LM2TXCF NAD27
Texas Central (NAD83) lambert2 LM2TXCM NAD83
Texas South Central lambert2 LM2TXSCF NAD27
Texas South Central lambert2 LM2TXSCM NAD83
Texas South (NAD27) lambert2 LM2TXSF NAD27
Texas South (NAD83) lambert2 LM2TXSM NAD83
Utah North lambert2 LM2UTHNF NAD27
Utah Central lambert2 LM2UTHCF NAD27
Utah South lambert2 LM2UTHSF NAD27
Vermont tranmerc TMVERMTF NAD27

Datum
Virginia North lambert2 LM2VIRNF NAD27
Virginia South lambert2 LM2VIRSF NAD27
Washington North lambert2 LM2WSHNF NAD27
Washington South lambert2 LM2WSHSF NAD27
West Virginia North lambert2 LM2WVANF NAD27
West Virginia South lambert2 LM2WVASF NAD27
Wisconsin North lambert2 LM2WISNF NAD27
Wisconsin Central lambert2 LM2WISCF NAD27
Wisconsin South lambert2 LM2WISSF NAD27
Wyoming East tranmerc TMWYO1FT NAD27
Wyoming East Central tranmerc TMWYO2FT NAD27
Wyoming West Central tranmerc TMWYO3FT NAD27
Wyoming West tranmerc TMWYO4FT NAD27
Commonly Used USA Datums
The following table shows some commonly used USA projection/datum

combinations, with units being in feet or meters.
Case Datum / Projection

NAD27 with State Plane NAD27AFT / "F" version projections in foot-based
projectionlamber2 or tranmerc
NAD27 with State Plane NAD27 or NAD27MTR / "M" meter-based
projectionversion projections in lamber2 or
tranmerc
NAD83 with State Plane NAD83 / Projections in lamcon2 or foot-based
projection projections in tranmerc with "F83" in the
name. NAD27 or NAD27MTR "M"
NAD83 with State Plane NAD83 / "M" version projections in tranmerc meter-
based projection
NAD27 with UTM NAD27AFT or TMAFT15, 16 and 17 foot-based
projection projections in tranmerc
NAD27MOD NUTMFxx projections in UTM NAD27 with UTM
meter-based projection NAD27 or NAD27MTR
NUTMxx projections in UTM
NAD83 with UTM NAD83 / NUTMFxx projections in UTM foot-based
projection
Case Datum / Projection

NAD83 with UTM NAD83 / NUTMxx projections in UTM meter-based
projection
Note The use of NAD* datums is not restricted to the above set of projections. There
are other valid combinations (e.g. other projection types like albers equal area
etc).
Australian Map Projections
Australia mainly uses the AMG (Australian Map Grid) and the MGA (Map Grid of
Australia that are projected onto Transverse Mercator projections for each zone.
Map Projection Datum Projection, Comments

AMG48 AGD66 TMAMG48 Australian Map Grid, Zone 48
MGA48 GDA94 MGA48 Map Grid of Australia, Zone 48
Spheroids
ModelVision supports the following spheroids:
Airy 1830 (AIRY)
Airy Modified 1849 (AIRYMOD)
Australian National (ANS)
Bessel 1841 (BESS1841)
Bessel Modified (BESSMOD)
Clarke 1858 (CLA58MTR)
Clarke 1866 (CLA66MTR) (CLA66MOD) (CLA66AFT)
Clarke 1880 (CLA80RSA) (CLA80IFT) (CLA80BEN)
Clarke 1880 (IGN) (CLA80IGN)
Clarke Modified 1880 (CLA80MOD)
Everest (1937) (EV37ADJ)
Everest (1967) (EVERST67)
G.R.S. 1967 (GRS67)
G.R.S. 1980 (GRS80)
Hayford 1910 (HAYF1910)
Helmert 1906 (HELM1906)
International 1924 (INT24)
International 1967 (INT67)
Krassowsky 1940 (KRAS1940)
NWL10D
NWL9D
SPHERE
WGS 84
Projections File (PROJECT.DAT)
ModelVision has approximately 700 projections available. These are listed in the
file PROJECT.DAT. For each projection, the file gives the projection name and
projection type, the units of length and angle measurements, a description of the
projection, the date it was added to the database, and details of the source of the
projection. The list is likely to be updated from time to time.
albersea
ALALASKA ALAUSAL BERINGAL CAMAL CANADA
ALCHIAL COLOMBAL EURAL EURO ALFAR
ALGMEXICAL GULFFTAL GULFMTAL MALINA LMEA2AL
MENAAL NSEAAL RUSSALS AFALSAM ALVENEZ
azimuted
AEAFRICA AERUSS
bioconco
BCSPHERE BCNAMER BCSAMER
borneo
BORNEOMT
cassini
CAISREAL CAISRMOD CAPALCA QATAR
CAQATMOD CASNGPOR CATOBAGO CATRINID
CAVANUA CAVITI
coniced
CEAUST CEEUR1 CE42BUL CECISWMC CEYUGO
CECASPAN CERUSS2 CECASP CERUSS1 CECARP1
CERUSS CEBLACK CEEUROPE
dutch
DUTCHNEW DUTCHOLD
grinten
VG120E VG120W VG150E VG150W VG180E
VG30E VG30W VG60E VG60W VG90E
VG90EAST VG90W VG90WEST VGSPHERE VGWORLD
labordom
LABORDE
lambazea
LEEOON16E LE13S127 LE20S60W LE35S135 LEAFRICA

LEAMERIC LEFRAN LEGLOBE LELUSAK0 LELUSAKA
LEMONG LENAFRIC LENSEA LESAMER LESUR554
LEUSAO LEWEURO
lambert1
LM1ADEN LM1AFNDX LM1ALGND LM1ALGSD LM1BANG
LM1BLSEA LM1BURMA LM1CARIB LM1CAUC LM1COLC
LM1CORSE LM1FRA1D LM1FRA1G LM1FRA2D LM1FRA2G
LM1FRA3D LM1FRA3G LM1FRA4D LM1FRA4G LM1FRAND
LM1FRE1D LM1FRE1G LM1FRE2D LM1FRE2G LM1FRE3D
LM1FRE3G LM1FRE4D LM1FRE4G LM1REN1 LM1GRNOR
LM1GRSUD LM1IND1 LM1IRAN LM1IRAQ LM1JAFT
LM1JAMTR LM1KANG LM1LEVD LM1LEVG LM1LIBS
LM1LIBYA LM1MORND LM1MORSD LM1NEP1 LM1NEP2A
LM1NEP2B LM1NPG LM1PA2B LM1PA2BY LM1PAK1
LM1PAK1Y LM1PAK2 LM1PAK2Y LM1PB1D LM1PB1G
LM1POL LM1ROM LM1SHAB LM1SPAIN LM1SPANM
LM1SYRSD LM1SYRSG LM1TUNND LM1TUNSD LM1TURK
LM1USSR
lambert2
LM2AF113 LM2AF114 LM2AF72 LM2AF92 LM2AF93
LM2AF94 LM2AF95 LM2AFE LM2AFSH LM2ALG
LM2ARAB LM2AREA1 LM2AREA2 LM2AREA3 LM2ARKNF
LM2ARKNM LM2ARKSF LM2ARKSM LM2ASEAN LM2ASIA
LM2AUST LM2AZERB LM2BAREN LM2BELG LM2BKSEA
LM2BLACK LM2BLCKS LM2NLKSE LM2BNOR LM2BOF
LM2BURMA LM2CAL1F LM2CAL2F LM2CAL3F LM2CAL4F
LM2CA L4M LM2CAL5F LM2CAL5M LM2CAL6F
LM2CAL7F LM2CAMER LM2CAN LM2CAN60 LM2CAN78
LM2CBRAZ LM2CEGYP LM2CFRAN LM2CHBON LM2LUNCH
LM2CHECS LM2CHEOF LM2CHIN LM2CHINA LM2CHRUS
LM2CHYS LM2COLCF LM2COLNF LM2COLSF LM2COL1
LM2COLUM LM2COMAN LM2CONNF LM2CONNM LM2CSPN
LM2EE LM2EGYPT LM2EUNDX LM2EURO LM2FKLDS
LM2FLANF LM2FRANC LM2GULF LM2H6 LM2IND76
LM2IND77 LM2IND78 LM2IND96 LM2IND97 LM2IND98
LM2INDIA LM2IOWNF LM2IOWSF LM2IRAM LM2JEBCO
LM2JUNGB LM2KALIM LM2KANNF LM2KANNM LM2KANN

LM2KYNFT LM2KYNM LM2KYSFT LM2LANDS LM2LANFT
LM2LANM LM2LAOFT LM2LASFT LM2LASM LM2MAINE
LM2MARYF LM2MASIF LM2MASIM LM2MASMF LM2ME
LM2ME1 LM2MEDIT LM2MICCF LM2MICNF LM2MICSF
LM2MINCF LM2MINNF LM2MINSF LM2MOCFT LM2MON
LM2MONFT LM2MOSFT LM2MTCFT LM2MTM LM2MTNFT
LM2MTSFT LM2NBRUN LM2NCAFT LM2NBSEA LM2BSEA1
LM2NDNFT LM2NDNM LM2NDSFT LM2NEBM LM2NEBNF
LM2NEBSF LM2NEPAL LM2NEWYF LM2NFA LM2NFB
LM2NHEM LM2NSEA LM2NZN LM2NZS LM2OHINF
LM2OHISF LM2OKLNF LM2OKLNM LM2OKLSF LM2OKLSM
LM2ORENF LM2ONH25 LM2ORESF LM2OSTER LM2PANFT
LM2PASFT LM2PRMB LM2PRV1F LM2PRV2F LM2RUSS
LM2RUSS1 LM2RUSS2 LM2RUSS3 LM2RUSS4 LM2RUSS5
LM2RUSS6 LM2SCHIN LM2SCHNS LM2SCNFT LM2SCSFT
LM2SDNFT LM2SDSFT LM2SEYCH LM2SHAW LM2SYRIA
LM2TAIW LM2TARIM LM2TENNF LM2TIMAN LM2TURK
LM2TURKG LM2TURKY LM2TXCF LM2TXCM LM2TXNCF
LM2TXNCM LM2TXNF LM2TXSCF LM2TXSCM LM2TXSF
LM2TXSM LM2UKN LM2USSR LM2USSR1 LM2UTHCF
LM2UTHNF LM2UTHSF LM2VEN LM2VENCN LLVENN
LM2VENPC LM2VIET LM2VIRNF LM2VIRSF LM2WISCF
LM2WISNF LM2WISSF LM2WSHNF LM2WSHSF LM2WVANF
LM2WVASF
local
LOCAL
mercator
MR1630N MR21N MR36N MR38N MR43N
MR65N MR7S MRAFRICA MRANS MRBLACKS
MRCAMER MRCARIB MRCONGO MREV MRGOM
MRINDO MRINDON MRMALAY MRNAM MRNEIEZ
MRNEWFND MRNSEA MRNWL10D MRVENZ MRVIE
MRWORLD MRWORLD1 MRWORLD2 MRWSOUTH
modpol
MPCALIF
modstero
MSAFRICA
nzmapgrd
NZMG
mollweid
MW180E MW90EAST MW90WEST MWSPHERE
obmerc_b
OMALSK1F OMALSK1M
orthog
OG45N45E OG55N80E OGEQU90W OGNPOLE
placaree
PCALASKA PCALBERT PCNSLOPE PCNWT PCTRUSFT
PCWORLD
regpol
RPMON RPNAM RPSIB RPUSSR
robinson
R090E R09OW ROBINSON
sinusoid
SNSPHERE SNWORLD
stereo
OSASIA OSNAMER OSSYRIA PSCANADA PSFALK
PSGREEN PSN150W PSNORTH PSNORWAY PSNTH000
PSNTH045 PSNTH180 PSSOUTH
stm
STMLO11 STMLO21 STMLO27F STMLO37 STMLO13
STMLO23 STMLO29 STMLO39 STMLO15 STMLO25
STMLO31 STMLO41 STMLO17 STMLO25F STMLO33
STMLO43 STMLO19 STMLO27 STMLO35 STMLO9
swiss
SWISSNEW SWISSOLD
tranmerc
MGA48 MGA49 MGA50 MGA51 MGA52
MGA53 MGA54 MGA55 MGA56 MGA57
MGA58 TM103_30 TM16E TM36 TM36E
TM42E TM54E TM54WCM TM6W TMAFRICA
TMAFT15 TMAFT16 TMAFT17 TMALABEF TAMABE1
TMALABWF TMALABWM TMALSK2F TMALSK2M TMALSK3F
TMALSK3M TMALSK4F TMALSK4M TMALSK5F TMALSK5M
TMALSK6F TMALSK6M TMALSK7F TMALSK7M TMALSK8F

TMALSK8M TMALSK9F TMALSK9M TMAMG48 TMAMG49
TMAMG50 TMAMG51 TMAMG52 TMAMG53 TMAMG54
TMAMG55 TMAMG56 TMAMG57 TMAMG58 TMARG1
TMARG2 TMARG3 TMARG4 TMARG5 TMARG6
TMARG7 TMARG8 TMARG9 TMARIZCF TMARIZEF
TMARIZWF TMARUBA TMAUSC TMAUSE TMAUSW
TMAUSYD1 TMAUSYD2 TMAUSYD3 TMAUSYD4 TMAUSYD5
TMAUSYD6 TMAUSYD7 TMAUSYD8 TMBAHR TMBORA
TMBOAG1R TMBOAG2R TMBOAGA1 TMBOAGA2 TMBOAGA3
TMBOGEQ TMBOH TMBOL1 TMBONAIR TMBURMA
TMCM116 TMCM126 TMCM133E TMCM157E TMCOLB
TMCOLE TMCOLEC TMCOLW TMCONGO
TMDELWRF TMEG24P TMEGEPTU TMEGMFBP
TMEGYPTG TMEGYPTP TMEGYPTR TMEGYPTS
TMEGYPTW TMETHIOP TMFLRAEF TMFLRAWF
TMGCWEG2 TMGEOREF TMGEORWF TMGER1 TMGER2
TMGER3 TMGER4 TMGER5 TMGHANA THGHAN1
TMGHANAF TMGHANAY TMGK20E TMGKN05 TMGKN06
TMGKN07 TMGKN10 TMGKN11 TMGKN12 TMGKN13
TMGKN14 TMGKN15 TMGKN16 TMGKN17 TMGKN18
TMGKN19 TMGKN20 TMGKN20W TMGKN21 TMGK132
TMGKN21W TMGKN22 TMGKN23 TMGKN8 TMGKN9
TMHAWI1F TMHAWI2F TMHAWI3F TMHAWI4F TMHAWI5F
TMHNT170 TMIDACFT TMIDAEFT TMIDAWFT TMILLEFT
TMILLWFT TMIND114 TMINDEFT TMINDWF TTMIRAQ
TMIRAQC TMJORDAN TMKOREA TMMAINEF TMMAINWF
TMMCBO4 TMMICHCF TMMICHEF TMMICHWF TMMISOCF
TMMISOEF TMMISOWF TMMISSEF TMMISSEM TMMISSWF
TMMISSWM TMMON087 TMMON093 TMMON099 TMMON105
TMMON111 TMMON117 TMNEVACF TMNEVACM TMNEVAEF
TMNEVAEM TMNEVAWF TMNEVAWM TMNEWHFT TMNEWJFT
TMNEWMCF TMNEWMEF TMNEWMEM TMNEWMWF TMNEWYCF
TMNEWYEF TMNEWYWF TMNIGE TMNIGM TMNIGW
TMNSEA TMNYEMEN TMNZNI TMNZSI TMOGADEN
TMOMAN TMOSGB TMOSIRL TMPARAG1 TMPARAG2
TMPARAG3 TMPARAG4 TMPERUBE TMPERUC TMPERUE
TMPERUW TMPHIL1 TMPHIL2 TMPHIL3 TMPHIL4

TMPHIL5 TMPORT TMPORTL TMQATAR TMRHODIF
TMRHODIM TMS114E TMS116E TMSAMER TMSAMERA
TMSHABWA TMSHK167 TMSHLCNS TMSHLHOL TMSHLYEM
TMSUDAN TMSURNAM TMSVIET TMSVNM TMTIBU
TMTRUCST TMTUNIS TMTURK TMTYRRE TMTYRRW
TMUNZ170 TMVERMTF TMVICMAP TMWYO1FT TMWYO2FT
TMWYO3FT TMWYO4FT TMWYOECM TMWYOEM TMWYOWCM
TMYEMEN TMYUG5 TMYUG5S FTMYUG6 TMYUG6SF
TMYUG7 TMYUG7SF
utm
NUTM01 NUTM02 NUTM03 NUTM04 NUTM05
SUTM01 SUTM02 SUTM03 SUTM04 SUTM05
The NUTMFxx projections are feet based equivalent projections to be used with
feet based datums (e.g. NAD27MOD).
Datum File (DATUM.DAT)
The datum information is stored in file DATUM.DAT. The file lists every datum
supported by ModelVision with information such as the coordinates of the tie
point, the prime meridian, a short description and the source of the datum. The
datums, with their spheroids and tie points are listed below.
Datum Spheroid Tie Point

ACCRA: WAROFFFT G.C.S. Station 547
ADINDAN: CLA80MOD STA.15 Adindan
AGD66: ANS Johnson Memorial
AGD84: ANS Johnson Memorial
AINABD70: INT24 AIN EL ABD
ARATU: INT24 not specified
ARC1950: CLA80RSA BUFFELSFONTEIN
ARC1960: CLA80MOD BUFFELSFONTEIN
BAHRAIN: INT24 JEBEL DUKHAN
BATAVIA: BESS1841 BATAVIA ASTRO STN
BEDUARAM: CLA80IGN not specified
BEIJING: KRAS1940 not specified
BELG50: INT24 not specified
BERNNEW: BESS1841 Bern Observatory
BOGOTA: INT24 Bogota Observatory
CAMACUPA: CLA80MOD not specified
CAPE: CLA80MOD BURENKAMP
CARTHAGE: CLA80IGN not specified
CHUA: INT24 CHUA
CLRK1866 CLRK66MTR MEADE'S RANCH
CMPOINCH: INT24 CAMPO INCHAUSTE
CORRALEG: INT24 CORREGO ALEGRE
DEIR: CLA80IGN TRIG 254 AT DEIR
ED50: INT24 POTSDAM(HELMERT TWR)
ED50EGYT: INT24 POINT F1
ED50SVAL: INT24 POTSDAM HELMERT TWR
EDMCE75: INT24 not specified
EGYPT07: HELM1906 STATION F1
EGYPT24: INT24 STATION F1
EVVIETNM EV37ADJ not specified

FAHUD: CLA80MOD STA. NO68/024 FAHUD
GDA94 GRS80 not specified
GEM6 not specified not specified
IND74: INDNAT PADANG
INDIAN54: EV37ADJ KALIANPUR
INDIAN60 EVERST1830 not specified
INDIAN75: EV37ADJ KHAU SAKAERANG
ISRLURIM: URIM CLA80BEN
JA1875: CLA80IFT FORT CHARLES F/STAFF
JAD69: CLA66MTR FORT CHARLES F/STAFF
KALIANPR: EVINDMTR KALIANPUR
KARBALA: CLA80MOD not specified
KERTAU: EVMODMAL KERTAU
KOC: CLA80MOD not specified
LACANOA: INT24 LA CANOA
LEIGON: CLA80MOD GCS STATION121
LISBOA: INT24 CASTELLO DE S. JORGE
LISBON: INT24 CASTELLO DE S. JORGE
LUZON11: CLA66MTR BALACAN
MAHE71: CLA80MOD MAHE
MAKASSAR: BESS1841 MONCONGLOE
MALONG79 INT24 MALONGO STATION Y
MALONG90 INT24 MALONGO STATION Y
MANOKA: CLA80MOD not specified
MINAA: CLA80MOD MINAA BASE STAT. L40
MONTEMAR: INT24 MONTE MARIO
MONTROME: INT24 MONTE MARIO
MPORO: CLA80IGN not specified
NAD27: CLA66MTR MEADE'S RANCH
NAD27AFT: CLA66AFT MEADE'S RANCH
NAD27MOD: CLA66MOD MEADE'S RANCH
NAD27MTR: CLA66MTR MEADE'S RANCH
NAD83: GRS80 GEOCENTRE
NAHRWAN: CLA80MOD not specified
NTF: CLA80IGN PANTHEON
NTFPARG: CLA80IGN PANTHEON

NTFPARIS: CLA80IGN PANTHEON
NWL9D: NWL9D GEOCENTRE
NZGD49: INT24 PAPATAHI
OSGB36: AIRY HERSTMONCEUX
OSGB70: AIRY HERSTMONCEUX
OSSN80: AIRY HERSTMONCEUX
PADANG: BESS1841 PADANG
PALEST23: CLA80BEN JERUSALEM
POTSDAM: BESS1841 POTSDAM(HELMERT TWR)
PRS92 CLA66MTR BALANACAN
PSAD56: INT24 LA CANOA
PTNOIRE: CLA80IGN POINT NOIRE (ASTRO)
PULKOVO: KRAS1940 PULKOVO OBSERVATORY
QATAR: INT24 STATION G3
QATAR51: HELM1906 SOKEY O M
QORNOQ: INT24 not specified
RD: BESS1841 AMERSFOORT
SAD69: INT67 not specified
SPHERE: SPHERE not specified
SPHERE2 SPHERE not specified
SUDAN: CLA80IGN not specified
TANANAR: INT24 TANANARIVE OBSERV.
TANANPAR: INT24 TANANARIVE OBSERV.
TIMBALAI: EVERST67 TIMBALAI
TIMBALFT: EVIMPFT TIMBALAI
TM65: AIRYMOD not specified
TM75: AIRYMOD not specified
TOKYO: BESS1841 TOKYO OBSERVATORY
TRUCIAL: HELM1906 TC1
USAIRMOD: AIRYMOD not specified
USAIRY: AIRY not specified
USANS: ANS not specified
USBESMOD: BESSMOD not specified
USBESS: BESS1841 not specified
USC58MTR: CLA58MTR not specified
USC66AFT: CLA66AFT not specified

USC66MTR: CLA66MTR not specified
USC80IGN: CLA80IGN not specified
USC80MOD: CLA80MOD not specified
USC80RSA: CLA80RSA not specified
USEV37AD: EV37ADJ not specified
USEV67: EVERST67 not specified
USGRS67: GRS67 not specified
USGRS80: GRS80 not specified
USINT24: INT24 not specified
USINT67: INT67 not specified
USKRAS40: KRAS1940 not specified
USNWL10D: NWL10D not specified
USNWL9D: NWL9D not specified
USSPHERE: SPHERE not specified
WGS72BE: NWL10D GEOCENTRE
WGS72DOD: NWL10D GEOCENTRE
WGS84: GRS80 not specified
XIAN80: GRS80 XIAN OBSERVATORY
YEMHSL: INT24 HSL 1
YOFF2000: CLA80IGN SENEGAL
VENUS VENUS EVE
Note NAD27 and NAD27MTR are identical and use the CLA66MTR spheroid and the
international meter as the natural length unit.
Note NAD27AFT uses the CLA66AFT and the US Survey Foot as the natural length
unit. The meter factor for US Survey Foot is 0.30480060966.
Note NAD27MOD uses the CLA66MOD and the Modified American Foot as the
natural length unit. The meter factor for Mod. Am. Foot is 0.304788967.
IGRF Settings
ModelVision provides an IGRF calculator to estimate the magnetic field
parameters required for modelling. The International Geomagnetic Reference
Field (IGRF) is a standard specification of the harmonic component values and
their rates of change from which the background strength and direction of the
earth’s field can be derived as functions of space and time.
The coefficients used to define the IGRF for a range of years (1970 to the present)
are listed in files IGRFyear.DAT where year is the start of the half decade and
covers from the commencing year to the end of the decade (e.g. IGRF1975.DAT
for years 1975 through to 1979).
The IGRF data files are stored in the directory containing the ModelVision
executable file (MVIS.EXE).
In addition to the coefficient files is a file called IGRFMAP.DAT which provides

ModelVision with information relating to the various map backdrops used in the
IGRF Calculator.
Appendix E Model Files 623
E Model Files
ModelVision can create, save and load ASCII model files for all supported body
types. Model files are composed of the individual body definitions plus
specification of the regional and background physical properties.
Historically, the model file format (with file extension .TKM) has evolved with
different versions of the ModelVision family of modelling applications
(commencing with Toolkit, ModelVision and currently ModelVision). As a
consequence, the model file formats have changed. ModelVision can import all
file formats, and can export any of the required formats.
Examples of the various formats are provided in ModelVision Model File Format.
For differences between the current format and previous versions, see Previous
Versions.
ModelVision Model File Format

ModelVision Ver.10.00 11/02/09
File name: C:\ModelVision\mvfmt.tkm
NO. OF BODIES [ 8]
PROJECTION [NO]
IGRF (F,D,I) [ 58667.0],[ 12.7],[ -66.4]
Screen origin [ 0.0],[ 0.0] [metres ]
Backgrnd density [ 2.670000] [g/cc ] [Background ]
Backgrnd suscept [0.0000000] [CGS ] [Background ]
Fix point [ 0.0],[ 0.0],[ 0.0]
Label [ 0.0],[ 0.0],[ 0.0]
BODY [ 1] [Polygon ] [Polygon Body ][ 0] [T]
PROPERTIES
Density [ 0.100000] [g/cc ] [ 2.770000] absolute [
0.000000] [ 4.000000]
Suscept [0.0007958] [CGS ] [0.0007958] absolute
[0.0000000] [0.1000000]
Remanence
Q ratio [ 0.000]
Magnetization [ 0.000] [nT ]
Azimuth [ 0.000] [degrees]
Dip of rem. [ 0.0] [degrees]
Volume [1.93e+010] [cubic metres]
DIMENSIONS
Colour [ 127] [ 127] [ 127]
No. of Corners [ 6]
x y z [metres ]
Centroid [ 471316.4],[6265440.2],[ 1343.6]

Fix point [ 471316.4],[6265440.2],[ 1343.6]
Label [ 471316.4],[6265440.2],[ 1343.6]
Strike azimuth [ -20.700] [degrees]
Strike length [ 5000.0] [metres ]
Plunge [ 0.000] [degrees]
Face 1 dip [ 90.000] [degrees]
Face 1 azimuth [ 0.000] [degrees]
Corners x y z [metres ]
[ 1] [ -830.6],[ 0.0],[ -647.8]
[ 2] [ 112.2],[ 0.0],[ -791.8]
[ 3] [ 1773.5],[ 0.0],[ -215.9]
[ 4] [ 1481.7],[ 0.0],[ 815.8]
[ 5] [ -404.1],[ 0.0],[ 695.8]
[ 6] [ -1751.1],[ 0.0],[ 263.9]
BODY [ 2] [Ellipsoid ] [Body:1 ] [ 0] [T]
PROPERTIES
0.000000] [ 4.000000]
[0.0000000] [0.1000000]
Remanence
Q ratio [ 0.000]
DIMENSIONS
Colour [ 255] [ 0] [ 255]
Location x,y,z [ 474235.9],[6266542.0],[ 1343.6] [metres ]
Fix point [ 474235.9],[6266542.0],[ 1343.6]
Label [ 474235.9],[6266542.0],[ 1343.6]
a axis length [ 5000.0] [metres ]
a axis plunge [ 0.00] [degrees]
a axis azimuth [ 159.32] [degrees]
b axis length [ 1055.1] [metres ]
b axis rotat. [ 270.00] [degrees]
c axis length [ 671.8] [metres ]
BODY [ 3] [Sphere ] [Body:2 ] [ 0] [T]
PROPERTIES
0.000000] [ 4.000000]
[0.0000000] [0.1000000]
Remanence
Q ratio [ 0.000]
DIMENSIONS
Colour [ 0] [ 255] [ 255]
Fix point [ 476399.3],[6267358.4],[ 1295.6]
Label [ 476399.3],[6267358.4],[ 1295.6]
Radius [ 1055.1] [metres ]
BODY [ 4] [Tabular ] [Body:3 ] [ 0] [T]
PROPERTIES
0.000000] [ 4.000000]
[0.0000000] [0.1000000]
Remanence
Q ratio [ 0.000]
Volume [ 4e+009] [cubic metres]
DIMENSIONS
Colour [ 255] [ 127] [ 0]
Fix point [ 478058.6],[6267984.6],[ 2979.9]
Label [ 478058.6],[6267984.6],[ 479.9]
Thickness [ 400.0] [metres ]
Dip [ 75.00] [degrees]
Strike azimuth [ 330.00] [degrees]
Depth extent [ 2000.0] [metres ]
BODY [ 5] [Plunging Prism ] [Body:4 ] [ 0] [T]
PROPERTIES
0.000000] [ 4.000000]
[0.0000000] [0.1000000]
Remanence
Q ratio [ 0.000]
DIMENSIONS
Colour [ 0] [ 0] [ 255]
No. of Corners [ 6]
x y z [metres ]
Centroid [ 479705.1],[6268766.6],[ 513.4]
Fix point [ 479705.1],[6268766.6],[ 3013.4]
Label [ 479705.1],[6268766.6],[ 513.4]
Plunge azimuth [ 140.000] [degrees]
Top face dip [ 3.000] [degrees]
Top face azim [ 20.000] [degrees]
[ 1] [ -877.5],[ 1811.6],[ -5000.0]
[ 2] [ -311.4],[ 1585.2],[ -5000.0]
[ 3] [ 1245.5],[ -113.2],[ -5000.0]
[ 4] [ 1330.4],[ -1811.6],[ -5000.0]
[ 5] [ -594.4],[ -1075.6],[ -5000.0]
[ 6] [ -1330.4],[ 169.8],[ -5000.0]
BODY [ 6] [Frustum ] [Body ] [ 0] [T]
PROPERTIES
0.000000] [ 4.000000]
[0.0000000] [0.1000000]
Remanence
Q ratio [ 0.000]
DIMENSIONS
Colour [ 192] [ 192] [ 192]
No. of Corners [ 7]
x y z [metres ]
Centroid [ 481990.6],[6269510.5],[ 5000.0]
Fix point [ 481990.6],[6269510.5],[ 7500.0]
Label [ 481990.6],[6269510.5],[ 5000.0]
Top face dip [ 0.000] [degrees]
Top face azim [ 0.000] [degrees]
Taper [ 1.000] [base/top]
[ 1] [ -707.7],[ 1868.2],[ -5000.0]
[ 2] [ -28.3],[ 1585.2],[ -5000.0]
[ 3] [ 509.5],[ 396.3],[ -5000.0]
[ 4] [ 1047.3],[ -651.1],[ -5000.0]
[ 5] [ 877.5],[ -1868.2],[ -5000.0]

[ 6] [ -396.3],[ -1302.1],[ -5000.0]
[ 7] [ -1047.3],[ 254.8],[ -5000.0]
BODY [ 7] [Elliptic Pipe ] [Body:5 ] [ 0] [T]
PROPERTIES
0.000000] [ 4.000000]
[0.0000000] [0.1000000]
Remanence
Q ratio [ 0.000]
DIMENSIONS
Colour [ 0] [ 140] [ 0]
Fix point [ 483830.5],[6271180.6],[ 5000.0]
Label [ 483830.5],[6271180.6],[ 5000.0]
A-axis radius [ 1200.0] [metres ]
A-axis azimuth [ 160.00] [degrees]
B-axis radius [ 800.0] [metres ]
BODY [ 8] [Circular Pipe ] [Body:6 ] [ 0] [T]
PROPERTIES
0.000000] [ 4.000000]
[0.0000000] [0.1000000]
Remanence
Q ratio [ 0.000]
Volume [ 1.5e+009] [cubic metres]
DIMENSIONS
Colour [ 255] [ 173] [ 91]
Fix point [ 485670.5],[6272143.0],[ 5000.0]
Label [ 485670.5],[6272143.0],[ 5000.0]
Radius [ 500.0] [metres ]

Previous Versions
The only difference between ASCII model files derived from ModelVision SE and
the version above is in the Dimension block for each body type, where
ModelVision files have an entry for body Colour. This is not present in earlier
versions. The Colour entry defines levels of Red:Green:Blue for display purposes.
An example of this is:
Colour [ 192] [ 102] [ 256]
Differences between ModelVision (and SE) versions compared with older Toolkit
.TKM ASCII model files are more pronounced. As well as the Colour difference
described above, Toolkit files used the Reference Point (Centroid) locations for
each body type and used local body offsets to define vertex positions. An example
for the Polygon is shown below:
DIMENSIONS
No. of Corners [ 8]
x y z [metres ]
Centroid [ 488449.2],[6254729.2],[ 279.2]
Fix point [ 488449.2],[6254729.2],[ 279.2]
Label [ 488449.2],[6254729.2],[ 279.2]
Strike azimuth [ -19.146] [degrees]

[ 1] [ -166.2], [ 0.0],[ -36.4]
[ 2] [ -122.7], [ 0.0],[ -88.0]
[ 3] [ 138.5], [ 0.0],[ -94.1]
[ 4] [ 170.2], [ 0.0],[ 33.4]
[ 5] [ 7.9], [ 0.0],[ 54.6]
[ 6] [ -87.1], [ 0.0],[ 97.1]
[ 7] [ -138.5], [ 0.0],[ 21.2]
Note In the Toolkit program the Plunging Prism was not available as a supported body
type.
Appendix F Symbols 629
F Symbols
The following symbols are available for use in ModelVision.
Appendix G Filter Descriptions 631
G Filter Descriptions
Filtering of gridded surface data can be done in the frequency domain (using
FFTs and the Grid Filter option) or in the spatial domain using convolution filter
methods in the Grid Filter tool. A broad suite of smoothing (low-pass) filters,
contrast enhancement filters, edge detection filters, geophysical and general
high-pass filters, are provided. Several user-defined filters also enable you to
create and apply your own designs.
In this section:
• Convolution Filters
• One-Dimensional FFT Line Filter Descriptions
• Two Dimensional FFT Filter Descriptions
• FFT Derivative Filters
• FFT Magnetic Component or Phase Transformation Filters
The grids supported by ModelVision are listed in Appendix A: File Formats.
Convolution Filters
• The Convolution Filtering Process
• Convolution Filter Descriptions
• Smoothing Filters
• Enhancement Filters
• Applying Convolution Filters in ModelVision

The Convolution Filtering Process
Grids are comprised of equi-spaced data values located along rows and columns.
The intersection of these rows and columns is called a mesh point or node. When
filtering a grid, each grid node of the output grid is calculated as a function of the
corresponding node and its neighbors. The size of the neighbourhood used in the
filtering process is defined by the size and shape of the filter (or kernel). Filters
are generally defined as a rectangular sub-array of nodes, which are assigned a
set of filter weights. Because the filter neighborhood needs to be centered on a
grid node during the filtering process, filters are generally defined by an odd
number of rows and columns. For example, if the width and the height of the filter
neighborhood are both three, then the neighborhood of the output grid node
centred at (row 40, column 32) is the following rectangular sub-array is:
(39,33) (40,33) (41,32)

(39,32) (40,32) (41,32)
(39,31) (40,31) (41,31)
Shifting the filter neighbourhood across the grid and computing a new value for
each grid node produces the filtered output of the image. If the heights of the
neighborhood nodes are represented by H and the width by W, the number of
nodes in the neighborhood equals H × W. Therefore, any nodes in the
neighborhood can be defined as:
Filter Weight (Row+i,Col+j) where:
⎡H ⎤ ⎡H ⎤ ⎡W ⎤ ⎡W ⎤
i = − ⎢ ⎥,......, ⎢ ⎥ and j = − ⎢ ⎥,......, ⎢ ⎥ (1)
⎣2⎦ ⎣2⎦ ⎣2⎦ ⎣2⎦
where each array is the largest integer less than or equal to its neighbour array.
When using the Grid Filter module, the Rows and Columns in the dialog specify
the neighbourhood size of the selected filter. The weights for each grid node in
the neighbourhood are displayed below. Each element of the matrix is used to
weight the grid node that lies below it. The products are computed and then
summed, normalized, and assigned to the value below the centre node. The filter
is then shifted to the next node and the process is repeated until all nodes of the
input grid have been processed.
Convolution Filter Descriptions
The filters supplied with the Grid Filter utility are text files (with file extension of
.KER) and are located in the \FILTER folder of the main Grid Filter directory. The
kernel files used are identical in format to those specified for use by ER Mapper.
Below is a list of the provided filter types and a brief summary of their application:
• Smoothing Filters
• Enhancement Filters
Smoothing Filters
• Averaging Filters
• Gaussian Filters
Averaging Filters
Averaging filters preserve the low frequency components in an image by reduce

the amount of intensity variation between one grid cell value and the next. They
achieve this by simply replacing each grid cell value in an image with the average
(mean) value of its neighbours, including itself. Averaging filters have the effect of
eliminating grid cell values, which are unrepresentative of their surroundings,
thereby removing noise and smoothing its appearance. A 3×3 square kernel will
generally provide sufficient smoothing for most datasets, although larger kernels
(e.g. 5×5 or 7x7) can be used for more severe smoothing. In some situations
applying a small (3x3) averaging filter to a grid several times may produce a
slightly better result than filtering once with larger kernel.
Averaging filters can also be used to enhance the sharpness of an image or

improve the appearance of edges (high frequency components). This technique
is commonly known as the “Unsharp” filtering method. To sharpen an image using
a smoothing filter, first apply the smoothing filter to the grid. Then subtract the
smoothed grid from the original grid to produce the Unsharp image. This
technique can be used for crispening the appearance of images prior to printing.
The averaging filters supplied with Grid Filter include:
3x3 Average
3x3 Diagonal
5x5 Average
7x7 Average
9x9 Average
Gaussian Filters
Gaussian convolution filters are smoothing filters that can be used to blur images,
thereby removing high frequency detail and noise. The degree of smoothing
produced by a Gaussian filter is largely determined by the standard deviation of
the filter kernel. The Gaussian filters output a “weighted average” value for each
grid cell's neighbourhood, with the average weighted more towards the value of
the central grid cells. This is in contrast to an averaging filter, which uses a
uniform weighting for all cells. Because of this property, a Gaussian filter provides
gentler smoothing and preserves edges better than a similarly sized averaging
filter. Because Gaussian smoothing filters remove high spatial frequency
components from an image they are often used as a pre-processing step to edge
enhancement filters such as the Laplacian and Sobel filters. In most situations a
Gaussian filter will provide the best smoothing for grids with high frequency noise
such as geochemistry or magnetics.
The Gaussian filters supplied with Grid Filter are:
3x3 Gaussian, Standard Deviation = 0.391

Enhancement Filters
• Sharpening Filters
• Line and Edge Enhance Filters
• Laplacian Filter
• Laplacian of Gaussian
• Sobel Filters
• Roberts Cross Filters
• Sun Angle Filters
• User-Defined Custom Filters

Sharpening Filters
Sharpening filters enhance areas of high spatial frequency or contrasting

gradients in an image by removing the low frequency components. These filters
can be useful for enhancing edges in an image as well as “sharpening” the overall
appearance. Applying a sharpening filter to a digital terrain image prior to
performing a lineament analysis for example, may help emphasize structural
discontinuities.
Four general sharpening filters are provided with Grid Filter:
5x5 Horizontal Edge Enhance

5x5 Vertical Edge Enhance
3x3 Edge Sharpen
5x5 Edge Sharpen
Line and Edge Enhance Filters
Line and edge enhance filters are designed to selectively enhance image features
with specific directional components (gradients). The filters output an
approximation of the first derivative and therefore enhance edges in an image.
The sum of the directional filter kernel elements is zero, so areas within an image
with uniform intensity (or grid cell values) will compute to zero in the output grid.
Areas of variable intensity or contrast will be amplified and appear as bright
edges.
Grid Filter provides the following directional filters:
3x3 Horizontal Edge Enhance

3x3 Vertical Edge Enhance
3x3 Horizontal Line Enhance
3x3 Vertical Line Enhance
Laplacian Filter
Laplacian filters approximate a 2D isotropic measure of the second spatial

derivative of an image. Therefore they highlight regions of rapid intensity change,
which are often associated with edges. Laplacian filters emphasize maximum
values within an image by using a kernel with a high central value, surrounded by
negative weighted values with lower weights. Laplacian filters can be very
sensitive to noise (high spatial frequency data) so it is often best to apply a
Gaussian smoothing filter prior to convolving the image with the Laplacian filter.
Laplacian filters are normally applied to scaled graylevel images.
Grid Filter provides the following Laplacian filters:

3x3 Laplacian
9x9 Laplacian
Laplacian of Gaussian
A Laplacian of Gaussian filter (LoG) is similar to a Laplacian filter, with the only
exception being that it has already been convolved with a Gaussian filter. The
advantage of using a LoG filter over the standard Laplacian filter is that you not
required to smooth the grid prior to applying the LoG as the whole process is
achieved in a single pass. This property makes the LoG filter faster to compute
on large datasets. LoG filters calculate an approximation of the second spatial
derivative of an image. Therefore areas in an image that have a constant intensity
(or a gradient of zero) will produce values of zero in the Laplacian image, while
areas of high intensity variation (or gradient) will produce positive or negative
values. Adding the LoG filtered grid back to the original grid will have the effect of
enhancing contrast in the original image and making edges appear much sharper.
Grid Filter provides the following LoG filter:
9x9 Laplacian of Gaussian (Standard Deviation = 1.4)
Sobel Filters
Like the Laplacian filter, the Sobel filter approximates a 2D spatial gradient
measurement on an image and therefore emphasizes regions of high spatial
frequency. This type of filter is typically used to find the approximate absolute
gradient magnitude at each point in an input grayscale image. Two Sobel filters
are provided in Grid Filter. These are a pair of 3x3 filters, where one filter is simply
the other rotated by 90°. The filters provided are designed to respond maximally
to edges running vertically and horizontally relative to the grid cell orientation.
One filter is supplied for each of the two perpendicular orientations (horizontal and
vertical). The filters can be applied separately to the input grid, to produce
separate measurements of the gradient component in each orientation or they
can be combined together to find the absolute magnitude and orientation of the
gradient at each point. The Sobel filter will often reduce edges in an input image
to lines in the output image. This property makes the filter useful for assisting with
lineament interpretations and structural mapping.
Grid Filter provides two Sobel filters:
Sobel Horizontal
Sobel Vertical
Roberts Cross Filters
Roberts’s filters perform a simple and quick 2D spatial gradient measurement on

a grid. The filter is very similar to the Sobel filter with each grid cell value in the
output image representing an estimate of the absolute magnitude of the spatial
gradient. The filter therefore highlights regions of high spatial frequency. The
Roberts filters provided with Discover are approximations of the true Roberts
function and are designed to produce maximum responses over edges running at
45° to the pixel grid. One filter kernel is supplied for each of the two perpendicular
orientations (Gx and Gy). The filters can be applied individually to measure the
gradient component in each orientation or they can be combined to find the
absolute magnitude and orientation of the gradient at each point in an image. The
main disadvantage of the Roberts filter over the Sobel filter for edge detection is
that it is extremely sensitive to noise due to the very small kernel. It also produces
a much weaker response over genuine edges unless they are very sharp.
The Roberts Cross filters are:
Roberts Cross Gx
Roberts Cross Gy
Sun Angle Filters
These filters provide directional enhancement to grid surfaces. The filter kernels
are designed to amplify gradients perpendicular to the direction of perceived
ambient lighting. For example, an East-West sun angle filter enhances frequency
content for artificial illumination from the north or south. Supplied filters include:
North
North East
East
South East
South
South West
West
North West
User-Defined Custom Filters
The following three user-defined filters are supplied with Grid Filter:
General user-defined (mxn) filter

Average mxn filter
Gaussian mxn filter
These filters can be used as templates for designing and creating your own
custom filters and offer a convenient way of experimenting with the properties of
digital filtering. When you have designed a filter you wish to save click the Save
Filter button and assign a name. The filter is stored in a \CUSTOM sub-folder in
the Filters directory.
Once a filter has been saved it will be displayed using the assigned name in the
Filters Available list and can be reapplied during a subsequent filtering session
Applying Convolution Filters in ModelVision
A two-dimensional convolution filter in ModelVision is defined to be equivalent to

an ER Mapper filter kernel. These filter operators use the same file formats and
layout. Filter operators are applied by choosing the 2D Convolution Filter option
in the Filter menu item.
Filter processing is a spatial operation generating output data based on the result
of moving a convolution operator over the nominated grid. Filters are used to
detect and enhance edges, sharpen, smooth and reduce noise in images. A
range of filter functions is available. Those supplied are average, geophysical,
sun angle, Sobel, sharpening and edge enhancement filters.
2D Convolution Filter dialog
By highlighting one of the filter groups, a range of filters is displayed. Use the
cursor to highlight one of these and choose the Select button. The selected filter
is displayed and an Output grid name is required. Since some convolution filters
can affect the margins of a grid, it is sometimes necessary to clip the grid margins.
The clipping performed by this option is half the filter width.
If detail on the filter design is required, select the Characteristics button. The
information on the filter size and operator is provided. If additional information is
required, or new filters are to be added, this can be done by editing the ASCII files
that describe the filters. These files and their formats are documented later in this
appendix.
The filter characteristics can be displayed by loading the filter coefficients into a
grid. Use the contour or grid profile view option to examine the two dimensional
shape of the filter operator.
Some of the filters provided with ModelVision are described below:
• Geophysical Filters
• Averaging Filters
• Sunangle Filters
• Standard Filters
• Gaussian Filters
Geophysical Filters
Frequency filter operators are pass filters derived at spectral wavelengths of

approximately a multiple of grid spacing. They are useful in some cases when
removing surface noise from aeromagnetic data. Examples include:
High_pass_4
This filter passes high frequency, long wavelength data with wavelengths less
than or equal to approximately four times the grid spacing. Similar filters exist for
low frequency and band pass operators:
Low_pass_4
Bpass3_5
Averaging Filters
Average 5 x 5 filter:
Kernel Begin
Name = ‘5x5_average’
Description = ‘5x5 average filter’
Type = Convolution
Rows = 5
Columns = 5
OkOnSubsampledData = Yes
Array = {
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
}
Scalefactor = 1
Kernel End
Sunangle Filters
East-West filter:
Kernel Begin
Name = ‘EW_Sun’
Description = ‘3x3 East West Sun filter’
Type = Convolution
Rows = 3
Columns = 3
Array = {
-1 0 1
-1 0 1
-1 0 1
}
Scalefactor = 1
Kernel End
Standard Filters
Laplacian 3 x 3 filter:
Kernel Begin
Name = ‘Laplacian’
Description = ‘Laplacian filter’
Type = Convolution
Rows = 3
Columns = 3
Array = {
-1 -1 -1
-1 8 -1
-1 -1 -1
}
Scalefactor = 1
Kernel End
Sharpening 3 x 3 filter:
Kernel Begin
Name = ‘sharpen’
Description = ‘3x3 Edge Sharpen filter’
Type = Convolution
Rows = 3
Columns = 3
Array = {
-1 -1 -1
-1 9 -1
-1 -1 -1
}
Scalefactor = 1
Kernel End
Sobel Filter:
Kernel Begin
Name = ‘Sobel_1’
Description = ‘3x3 Sobel kernel #1’
Type = Convolution
Rows = 3
Columns = 3
Array = {
1 2 1
0 0 0
-1 -2 -1
}
Scalefactor = 1
Kernel End
Gaussian Filters
Standard Deviation Filter:
Kernel Begin
Name = ‘std_dev_0.391’
Description = ‘Gaussian: Standard Deviation=0.391’
Type = Convolution
Rows = 3
Columns = 3
Array = {
1 4 1
4 12 4
1 4 1
}
Scalefactor = 32
Kernel End
Gaussian Standard Deviation
Kernel Begin
Name = ‘std_dev_1.0’
Description = ‘Gaussian: Standard Deviation=1.0’
Type = Convolution
Rows = 9
Columns = 9
Array = {
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 2 3 3 3 2 1 0
1 2 3 6 7 6 3 2 1
1 3 6 9 11 9 6 3 1
1 3 7 11 12 11 7 3 1
1 3 6 9 11 9 6 3 1
1 2 3 6 7 6 3 2 1
0 1 2 3 3 3 2 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
}
Scalefactor = 256
Kernel End
One-Dimensional FFT Line Filter Descriptions

• The General Linear Filter
• The 1D FFT Vertical Continuation Filter GVC(k)
• General Expression for the 1D FFT Directional Derivative Filter Gqdd(k)
• The 1D FFT Vertical Derivative Filters Gvdd(k) and G1vd(k)
• The 1D FFT Horizontal Derivative Filters
• The General 1D Phase Transformation Filter GT2q(k)
• The BT(k) to BH(k) Transformation Filter GT2H(k)
• The BT(k) to Bz(k) Transformation Filter

• The 1D FFT Reduction to the Magnetic Pole Filter Grtp(k)
• The 1D FFT Reduction to the Magnetic Equator Filter Grte(k)
• The 1D FFT Pseudogravity Filter Gpsg(k)
• The 1D FFT Pseudomagnetic Filter Gpsm(k)
• The 1D FFT Low-Pass and High-Pass Butterworth Filters
The General Linear Filter
A one-dimensional line profile of scalar potential field data representing a

harmonic scalar potential field function F1(k;z=z0) may be transformed to
another scalar potential field function F2(k;z=z0) in the one-dimensional wave-
number domain via use of the convolution theorem, namely, if the transfer
function is G(k) then:
F 2 ( k ;z 0 ) = G ( k ) ⋅ F 1 ( k ;z 0 ) (2)
Here it is noted that F1(k,z0) is the one-dimensional Fourier transform of the

input scalar potential field function f1(x,z0) , namely,
F 1 ( k ;z 0 ) = F 1 ( k x, 0 ;z 0 ) =
∫ f ( x ;z ) exp [ –ikx ] dx
1 0 (3)
–∞
where k = kx and ky ≡ 0.
For measurements of a scalar potential field function f1(xi,0;z=z0) defined on

a one-dimensional profile line 1 ≤ i ≤ Nx , the one-dimensional discrete
Fourier transform is defined as a complex Hermitian function F1(k1,z0) such
that:
Nx
F 1 ( k 1 ;z 0 ) = ∑ f ( x , z ) exp [ –2πik x
1 i 0 1 i ⁄ N x Δx ] (4)
i=1
where xi = (i - 1)Δx and the discrete kx wave number is given by the relation:
k = kx = 2π(k1 - 1) / NxΔx ; 1 ≤ k1 ≤ Nx (5)

The 1D FFT Vertical Continuation Filter GVC(k)
The expression for the vertical continuation operator GVC(k) for a line profile of
potential field data at a point k = kx in the 1D wave number domain is given by:
GUC(k) = exp{|k|δz}; δz < 0 for upward continuation to z1 (6a)
GDC(k) = exp{|k|δz}; δz > 0 for downward continuation to z1 (6b)
where δz = (z1-z0) is the change in vertical datum from z0 to z1 for the 1D line
profile, and |k| is the modulus of the 1D wave number k = kx
General Expression for the 1D FFT Directional Derivative Filter

Gqdd(k)
The equivalent expressions for calculating the pth order (p ≥ 0) directional

derivative of a 2D harmonic scalar potential field function F(x,y=0,z=z0) in the
1D wave number domain are derived by setting k = kx and ky ≡ 0 in equations
(37) and (38) below. Hence for the –i forward Fourier transform, the expression
for the complex gradient vector g1D in the 1D wave number domain is
g1D = [ikx,iky,|k|] = [ik,0,|k|] (7)
where |k| is the modulus of the 1D wave number k = kx . Also since the
direction of measurement q is within the vertical plane containing the line profile
then the direction cosines are now q1D = (qx,0,qz). Whence the equivalent
expression for the transfer function Gqdd(k,z=z0) for computing the pth order
(p ≥ 0) directional derivative at a point k = kx in the 1D wave number domain
is now given by the following vector dot (scalar) product relation:
Gqdd(k;z0) = (g1D ⋅ q1D)p (8)
It is noted that the order p of the directional or partial derivative may be a whole
or fractional non-negative number, i.e. p ≥ 0.
The 1D FFT Vertical Derivative Filters Gvdd(k) and G1vd(k)
The transfer function Gvdd(k;z=z0) for the vertical derivative operator of order
p > 0 acting upon a line of scalar potential field data in the 1D wave number
domain is derived from equation (8) by putting the direction cosine vector
q1D = (0,0,1). Hence:
Gvdd(k) = |k|p ; for p > 0 (9)

where |k| is the modulus of the 1D wave number vector k. Whence the
expression for the first vertical derivative operator (i.e. for p = 1) is:
G1vd(k) = |k| (10)
Note the constant observation height z=z0 is implicit in each expression for a filter
function but is omitted for compactness.
The 1D FFT Horizontal Derivative Filters
The transfer function G(k) for the horizontal directional derivative operator of
order p > 0 acting upon a line of scalar potential field data in the 1D wave number
domain is derived from equation (8) by putting the direction cosine vector
q1D = (1,0,0). Hence from equations (7) and (8),
Gxdd(k) = [ikx]p = [ik]p (11)
The General 1D Phase Transformation Filter GT2q(k)
The equivalent expressions for transforming a 1D line profile of total magnetic

field intensity (TMI) measurements BT(k;z0) to a line profile of scalar magnetic
field measurements Bq(k;z0) along a newly specified directional component
q1D with direction cosines (qx,0,qz) in the 1D wave number domain are derived
by setting k = kx and ky ≡ 0 in equations (16) to (17) below.
GT2q(k) = (g1D⋅ q1D)/(g1D⋅ f2D) for BT(k;z0) → Bq(k;z0) (12)
or in terms of the transformed 1D Hilbert operator
H1D = g1D/|k| = (H,0,1) ; H = Hx(k) = ik/|k| = i sgn k(13)
Then,
GT2q(k) = (H1D⋅ q1D)/(H1D⋅ f2D) for BT(k;z0) → Bq(k;z0) (14)
or in terms of Θ’f and Θ’q where Θ’f = H1D⋅ f2D and Θ’q = H1D⋅ q1D , then
GT2q(k) = Θ’q/Θ’f for BT(k;z0) → Bq(k;z0) (15)

The BT(k) to BH(k) Transformation Filter GT2H(k)
From the general 1D relations in equations (12) to (15) and after noting that the
vector of direction cosines q1D is (1,0,0) for the in-line horizontal field
component along the x profile axis, then the transformation to Bx(k) becomes:
GT2H(k) = ikx/(g1D⋅ f2D) = Hx/(H1D⋅ f2D) = H/Θ’f (16)
The BT(k) to Bz(k) Transformation Filter
Similarly, after noting that the vector of direction cosines q1D is (0,0,1) for the
vertically down or Zd field component, then the transformation to Bz(k;z=z0)
becomes
GT2z(k) = |k|/(g1D⋅ f2D) = 1/(H1D⋅ f2D) = 1/Θ’f (17)
The 1D FFT Reduction to the Magnetic Pole Filter Grtp(k)
The equivalent expressions for calculating the reduction to the pole (RTP)
transfer filter for a line of total magnetic field intensity (TMI) measurements
BT(k,z=z0) in the 1D wave number domain are derived by setting k = kx and
ky ≡ 0 in equations (43) to (47) below. The following relation applies:
Grtp(k) = |k|2/[((g1D⋅ f2D)((g1D⋅ m2D)] (18)
where
g1D = (ik,0,|k|) is the complex gradient vector in the 1D wave

number domain
f2D = (f’x,0,f’z) is the vector of direction cosines for the local

geomagnetic field vector expressed within the [x’,0,z] coordinate
system of the line profile
m2D = (m’x,0,m’z) is the vector of direction cosines for the resultant

magnetization vector expressed within the [x’,0,z] coordinate system
of the line profile.
The one-dimensional RTP transfer function may also be expressed in terms of the
transformed 1D Hilbert operator H1D = g1D/|k| = (Hx,0,1) as defined in
equation (13) above:
Grtp(k) = [(H1D⋅ f2D)(H1D⋅ m2D)]−1 (19)

or in terms of Θ’f and Θ’m where Θ’f = H1D⋅ f2D and Θ’m = H1D⋅ m2D , then:
Grtp(k) = 1/[ Θ’f Θ’m] (20)
And for the induced magnetization case in which the direction cosines m2D of the
resultant magnetization vector are identical to the direction cosines f2D of the
ambient geomagnetic field, then equation (20) becomes:
Grtp(k) = 1/[Θ’f]2 (21)
The 1D FFT Reduction to the Magnetic Equator Filter Grte(k)
The equivalent expressions for calculating the reduction to the equator (RTE)
transfer filter for a line of total magnetic field intensity measurements in the 1D
wave number domain are derived by setting k = kx and ky ≡ 0 in equations
(48) to (51) below. The following relationship applies:
Grte(k) = (gH1D⋅ n2D)2/[(g1D⋅ f2D)(g1D⋅ m2D)] (22)
where
gH1D = (ik,0,0) is the horizontal complex gradient vector in the 1D

wave number domain
g1D = (ik,0,|k|) is the complex gradient vector in the 1D wave

number domain
f2D = (f’x,0,f’z) is the vector of direction cosines for the local

geomagnetic field vector expressed within the [x’,0,z] coordinate
system of the line profile
m2D = (m’x,0,m’z) is the vector of direction cosines for the resultant

magnetization vector expressed within the [x’,0,z] coordinate system
of the line profile
n2D = (n’x,0,0) is the vector of direction cosines for the specified true
north or magnetic north direction within the [x’,0,z] coordinate system
of the line profile
The one-dimensional RTE transfer function may also be expressed in terms of the
transformed 1D Hilbert operator H1D = g1D/|k| = (H,0,1) as defined in
equation (13) above:
Grte(k) = (H1D⋅ n2D)2/[(H1D⋅ f2D)(H1D⋅ m2D)]-1 (23)

or in terms of Θ’n , Θ’f and Θ’m where Θ’n = H1D⋅ n2D , Θ’f = H1D⋅ f2D and
Θ’m = H1D⋅ m2D , then
Grte(k) = Θ’n2/[Θ’f Θ’m] (24)
For the induced magnetization case in which the direction cosines m2D of the
resultant magnetization vector are identical to the direction cosines f2D of the
ambient geomagnetic field, then the expression for the 1D RTE operator
becomes:
Grte(k) = [Θ’n/Θ’f]2 (25)
The 1D FFT Pseudogravity Filter Gpsg(k)
The equivalent expressions for calculating the 1D pseudogravity transfer filter for
a line of total magnetic field intensity measurements in the 1D wave number
domain are derived by setting k = kx ; ky ≡ 0 and |k| = |k| in equations
(52) and (53) below. The following relationship applies:
Gpsg(k) = Cpsg/[Θ’f Θ’m |k|] (26)
where Θ’f = H1D⋅ f2D ; Θ’m = H1D⋅ m2D and Cpsg is the same quantity as
defined in equation (53) below. And for the induced magnetization case in which
the direction cosines m2D of the effective resultant magnetization vector are
identical to the direction cosines f2D of the ambient geomagnetic field, then
equation (26) becomes
Gpsg(k) = Cpsg/[(Θ’f)2 |k|] (27)
The 1D FFT Pseudomagnetic Filter Gpsm(k)
The equivalent expressions for calculating the 1D pseudomagnetic transfer filter

for a line of total magnetic field intensity measurements in the 1D wave number
domain are derived by setting k = kx ; ky ≡ 0 and |k| = |k| in equations
(55) and (56) below. The following relationship applies:
Gpsm(k) = Cpsm |k|/(Θ’f Θ’m) (28)
where Θ’f = H1D⋅ f2D ; Θ’m = H1D⋅ m2D and Cpsg is the same quantity as
defined in equation (56) below. And for the induced magnetization case in which
the direction cosines m2D of the effective resultant magnetization vector are
identical to the direction cosines f2D of the ambient geomagnetic field, then
equation (28) becomes:
Gpsm(k) = Cpsm|k|/[Θ’f]2 (29)
The 1D FFT Low-Pass and High-Pass Butterworth Filters
The equivalent expressions for calculating the 1D low-pass and high-pass

Butterworth filters are derived by setting k = kx ; ky ≡ 0 and |k| = |k| in
equations (66) and (69) below. The expression for the low-pass Butterworth filter
of degree m and central wave number k0 at a point k = kx in the 1D wave number
domain is given by:
Glpb(k) = 1/[1 + (|k|/k0)m] (30)
where k0 = 2π/λ0 and λ0 is the cutoff wavelength (metres). The expression for
the high-pass Butterworth filter of degree m and central wave number k0 at a point
k = kx in the 1D wave number domain is given by
Ghpb(k) = 1 - Glp(k) = (|k|/k0)m/[1 + (|k|/k0)m] (31)
Two Dimensional FFT Filter Descriptions

Frequencies of filters are specified in terms of wavelengths (distance in metres).
Cut-off rates determine the sharpness of the filter and the tapering of the energy
spectrum. A high value of the cut-off has the effect of removing high frequencies,
but causes ringing on the edges of large amplitude changes.
A theoretical description of the filters available in the Grid Filter option is provided
below.
A 2D grid of scalar potential field data representing a harmonic scalar potential

field function F1(k,z0) may be transformed to another scalar potential field
function F2(k,z0) in the 2D wave-number domain k = (kx,ky) via use of the
convolution theorem, namely, if the transfer function is G(k) then:
F2(k;z=z0) = G(k)F1(k,z=z0) (32)
Here it is noted that F1(k,z0) is the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the

input scalar potential field function, namely,
F 1 ( k, z = z 0 ) = F 1 ( k x, k y ;z 0 ) =
∫ ∫ f ( x, y, z ) exp [ –i ( k x + k y ) ] dx dy
1 0 x y
–∞
(33)
Whence for measurements of a scalar potential field function f1(xi,yj;z=z0) defined

over the 2D grid 1 ≤ i ≤ Nx , 1 ≤ j ≤ Ny , the 2D discrete Fourier transform is defined
as a complex Hermitian function F1(k1,k2;z0) defined over the same size (Nx x Ny)
grid, namely,
Nx Ny
F 1 ( k 1, k 2 ;z 0 ) =
∑ ∑f ( x , y 1 i j, z 0 ) exp [– 2πik 1x i ⁄ N x Δx ] exp [ – 2πik 2 x j ⁄ N y Δy ]
i = 1 j =1
(34)
where xi=(i-1)Δx and yj=(j-1)Δy and the discrete kx,ky wave-numbers are
given by the relations:
kx = 2π(k1-1)/NxΔx ; 1 ≤ k1 ≤ Nx
ky = 2π(k2-1)/NyΔy ; 1 ≤ k2 ≤ Ny
FFT Derivative Filters

• Derivative Filter of nth Order (Advanced)
• The General Expression for FFT Directional Derivative Filters
• The FFT TMI Reduction to the Pole Filter Grtp(k)
• The FFT TMI Reduction to the Equator Filter Grte(k)
• The FFT Pseudo-gravity Transform Filter Gpsg(k)
• The 2D FFT Pseudo-magnetic Transform Filter Gpsm(k)
Derivative Filter of nth Order (Advanced)
Derivative filters can be applied in any direction with options of East, North,
Vertical or Any defined orientation. If any direction is selected, an Azimuth and
Inclination need to be specified.
The horizontal derivative (east or north) can be used for creating shaded images.
The operator used for this computation is simply:
G(k) = (g ⋅ q)p = (ikx)p for direction x i.e. q = (1,0,0)
or
G(k) = (g ⋅ q)p = (iky)p for direction y i.e. q = (0,1,0)
where:
p is the order of differentiation
kx and ky are the wave number components in the x and y directions
i is the square root of -1 (the imaginary component)
g = [ikx,iky,|k|] is the complex gradient operator—see equation

(37)
The vertical derivative is commonly applied to potential field data to enhance

shallow geological sources. As with other filters that enhance the high frequency
components of the spectrum, you can also apply low-pass filters to remove high
frequency noise.
The General Expression for FFT Directional Derivative Filters
The transfer function G(k,z0) for computing the pth order (p ≥ 0) directional
derivative of a harmonic scalar potential field function along a specified direction
q = (qx,qy,qz)at a point k = (kx,ky) in the 2D wave number domain is given
by the following vector dot (scalar) product relation—see for example, Blakely
(1995):
Gqdd(k) = (g ⋅ q)p (36)
where g is the complex gradient vector in the 2D wave number domain. For a
–i forward Fourier transform (see above) the gradient operator g is defined as the
complex vector:
g = [ikx,iky,|k|] (37)
where |k| is the modulus of the 2D wave number vector k, namely,
|k| = [kx2+ky2]1/2 (38)
It is further noted that the order p of the directional or partial derivative may be a
whole or fractional non-negative number, i.e. p ≥ 0.
The FFT Vertical Derivative Filters Gvdd(k) and G1vd(k)
The transfer function Gzdd(k) for the vertical derivative operator of order p > 0
acting upon a grid of harmonic scalar potential field data F(k;z=z0) in the 2D
wave number domain is derived from equation (36) by putting the direction cosine
vector q = (0,0,1). Hence:
Gzdd(k) = |k|p ; for p > 0 (39)
where |k| is the modulus of the 2D wave number vector k. Whence the
expression for the first vertical derivative operator is
G1vd(k) = |k| (40)
The FFT Horizontal Derivative Filter Gxdd(k) and Gydd(k)
The transfer function G(k) for the x- or y-horizontal directional derivative operator
filters of order p > 0 acting upon a grid of harmonic scalar potential field data in
the 2D wave number domain k = (kx,ky) is derived from equation (36) by
putting the direction cosine vector q = (1,0,0) for the x-direction or q =
(0,1,0) for the y-direction. Hence
Gxdd(k) = [ikx]p the x-directional derivative of order p > 0 (41)
and
Gydd(k) = [iky]p the y-directional derivative of order p > 0 (42)
Here it is noted that x and y are the east and north directions respectively for the
Encom grid coordinate system whereas x and y are north and east respectively
in the IGRF coordinate system.
The FFT Integration Filter
The integration filter is the inverse of the derivative filter, i.e. the order of
integration p is negative in equations (37) to (42) above. Integration can be
performed in any direction including vertically by specifying a declination and
inclination. The order of integration p may be an integer or a fractional number
(p < 0).
The FFT TMI Reduction to the Pole Filter Grtp(k)
The reduction to the pole (RTP) filter is used to transform a grid of total magnetic
field intensity measurements to a grid of magnetic intensity measurements that
would be observed at the north magnetic pole. The expression for the RTP
transform operator Grtp(k) at a point k = (kx,ky) in the 2D in the wave number
domain is given by Gibert & Guillamin (1985) and Blakely (1995) as follows :
Grtp(k) = |k|2/[(g ⋅ f)(g ⋅ m)] (43)
where
g(k) = (ikx,iky,|k|) is the complex gradient vector in the 2D wave

number domain
f = (fx,fy,fz) is the unit vector of direction cosines for the local

geomagnetic field vector
m = (mx,my,mz) is the unit vector of direction cosines for the resultant

magnetization vector.
Here it is noted that the direction cosines are measured using the International
Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) coordinate system, namely, x-north; y-
east, z–vertically down. Furthermore, it is possible to express the RTP transfer
function in terms of the transformed 2D Hilbert operators Hx(k),Hy(k)
(Nabighian, 1983) in the k = (kx,ky) wave number domain, namely,
Hx(k) = ikx /|k| ; Hy(k) = iky /|k| (44)
After putting H = g/|k| = (Hx,Hy,1), then:
Grtp(k) = [(H ⋅ f)(H ⋅ m)]-1 (45)
Or, after putting Θf = H ⋅ f and Θm = H ⋅ m, in the notation of Blakely (1995,

Ch. 12), then:
Grtp(k) = 1/[Θf Θm] (46)
Whence for the induced magnetization case in which the direction cosines m of
the resultant magnetization vector is identical to the direction cosines f of the
Grtp(k) = 1/Θf2 (47)

The FFT TMI Reduction to the Equator Filter Grte(k)
The reduction to the equator (RTE) filter is used to transform a grid of total
magnetic field intensity measurements to a grid of magnetic intensity
measurements that would be observed at the magnetic equator, i.e. where the
inclination of the geomagnetic field is zero degrees. The expression for the RTE
transform operator Grte(k) in the wave number domain is given by Gibert &
Guillamin (1985) and Blakely (1995) as follows :
Grte(k) = (gH ⋅ n)2/[(g ⋅ f)(g ⋅ m)] (48)
where
g = (ikx,iky,|k|) is the complex gradient vector in the 2D wave

number domain
gH = (ikx, iky) is the horizontal gradient vector in the 2D wave

number domain


magnetization vector
n = (nx,ny,0) is the unit vector of direction cosines for the specified

true north or magnetic north direction
As noted previously the direction cosines are measured using the International
Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) coordinate system. From equations (44)
above it is possible to express the RTE transfer function in terms of the
transformed 2D Hilbert operators Hx(k),Hy(k) in the k = (kx,ky) wave
number domain, namely,
After putting H = g/|k| = (Hx,Hy,1), and H2D = gH/|k| = (Hx,Hy), then:
Grte(k) = (H2D ⋅ n)2/[(H ⋅ f)(H ⋅ m)] (49)
Or, after puting Θf = H ⋅ f and Θm = H ⋅ m and Θn = H2D ⋅ n , then:
Grte(k) = Θn2/[Θf Θm] (50)

the resultant magnetization vector is identical to the direction cosines f of the
ambient geomagnetic field, then equation (50) becomes
Grte(k) = [Θn/Θf]2 (51)
The FFT Pseudo-gravity Transform Filter Gpsg(k)
The pseudogravity filter is used to transform a grid of total magnetic field intensity
measurements BT(k,z=z0) to a grid of vertical gravity component gz(k,z=z0)
data in the wave number domain. The expression for the pseudogravity
transform operator Gpsg(k) at a point k = (kx,ky) in the 2D wave number
domain is given by Blakely (1995) as follows :
Gpsg(k) = Cpsg/(Θf Θm |k|) (52)
where Θf = H ⋅ f and Θm = H ⋅ m are the same quantities as those defined

above in and identical to those in Blakely (1995). The quantity Cpsg is a constant
given by
Cpsg = (G/Cm)(ρ/Mres) (53)
where
G is the Universal Gravitational Constant [= 6.6726 x 10-11 N⋅ m2/kg2]
ρ is the density [kg/m3]
Mres is the resultant magnetization in ampere/metre [A/m]
Cm is a constant equal to μ0 /4π in henry/metre [H/m]
μ0 is the magnetic permeability of free space = 4π x 10-7 H/m.
Note for the induced magnetization case in which the direction cosines m of the
resultant magnetization vector are identical to the direction cosines f of the
Gpsg(k) = Cpsg /(Θf2 |k|) (54)

The 2D FFT Pseudo-magnetic Transform Filter Gpsm(k)
The pseudomagnetic filter is used to transform a grid of vertical gravity

component data gz(k,z=z0) to a grid of total magnetic field intensity BT(k,z0)
data in the wave number domain. The expression for the pseudomagnetic
transform operator Gpsm(k) at a point k = (kx,ky) in the 2D wave number
domain is given by Blakely (1995) as follows:
Gpsm(k) = Cpsm|k|/[Θf Θm] (55)
where Θf = H ⋅ f and Θm = H ⋅ m are the same quantities as those defined

above and in Blakely (1995). The quantity Cpsm is a constant given by:
Cpsm = (Cm/G)(Mres/ρ) = 1/Cpsg (56)
where
G is the Universal Gravitational Constant [= 6.6726 x 10-11 N⋅ m2/kg2]
ρ is the density [kg/m3]
Mres is the resultant magnetization in ampere/metre [A/m]
Cm is a constant equal to μ0 /4π in henry/metre [H/m]
μ0 is the magnetic permeability of free space = 4π x 10-7 H/m.
Cpsg is a constant given by equation (53).
Note for the induced magnetization case in which the direction cosines m of the
resultant magnetization vector are identical to the direction cosines f of the
Gpsm(k) = Cpsm|k|/[Θf]2 (57)
FFT Magnetic Component or Phase Transformation

Filters
• The TMI General Phase Transformation GT2q(k)
• The BT(k) to Bx(k) Transformation Filter GT2x(k)
• The BT(k) to By(k) Transformation Filter GT2y(k)

• The FFT Vertical Continuation Filter Guc(k) and Gdc(k)
• The 2D FFT Low-Pass and High-Pass Butterworth Filters
• The FFT Band-Pass and Band-Reject Directional Cosine Filters
• The First Order Magnetic Moment Transformation
• The FFT Filters for Transforming TMI Grids to Any Element of the
Magnetic Gradient Tensor (MGT)
• The BT(k) to Bpq(k) MGT Transformation Filters
• The FFT Filters for Transforming Grids of Gravity Measurements gz(k) to

Any Element of the Gravity Gradient Tensor (GGT)
• FFT TMI Reduction to the Pole (Low Latitude) Processing
• Aspects of Numerical Computation
• Computation of the Magnetic Moments
• Low Pass Filter
• High Pass Filter
• Band Pass Filter
• Directional Pie Slice Filter
The TMI General Phase Transformation GT2q(k)
The phase transformation filter is used to transform a grid of total magnetic field
intensity (TMI) measurements BT(k;z0) to a grid of scalar magnetic field
measurements Bq(k;z0) along a newly specified component direction q with
direction cosines (qx,qy,qz). The expression for the general phase
transformation operator GT2q(k) at a point k = (kx,ky) in the 2D wave number
domain is given by the following relation—see for example, Blakely (1995) or
Schmidt & Clark (1998):
GT2q(k) = (g ⋅ q)/(g ⋅ f) for BT(k;z0) → Bq(k;z0) (58)
or in terms of the transformed 2D Hilbert operator H = g/|k| = (Hx,Hy,1) as

defined in equation (44) above:
GT2q(k) = (H ⋅ q)/(H ⋅ f) for BT(k;z0) → Bq(k;z0) (59)
or in terms of Θf and Θq where Θf = H ⋅ f and Θq = H ⋅ q , then:
GT2q(k) = Θq/Θf for BT(k;z0) → Bq(k;z0) (60)
The BT(k) to Bx(k) Transformation Filter GT2x(k)
From the general relations in (58 to 60) and after noting that unit vector of
direction cosines q is (1,0,0) for the north or x field component, then for the
transformation to Bx(k;z=z0) then:
GT2x(k) = ikx/(g ⋅ f) = Hx/(H ⋅ f) = Hx/Θf (61)
The BT(k) to By(k) Transformation Filter GT2y(k)
Similarly after noting that unit vector of direction cosines q is (0,1,0) for the east
or y field component, then for the transformation to By(k;z=z0) then:
GT2y(k) = iky/(g ⋅ f) = Hy/(H ⋅ f) = Hy/Θf (62)
The BT(k) to Bz(k) Transformation Filter GT2z(k)
Similarly after noting that unit vector of direction cosines q is (0,1,0) for the
depth or z-down field component, then for the transformation to Bz(k) then:
GT2z(k) = |k|/(g ⋅ f) = 1/(H ⋅ f) = 1/Θf (63)
The FFT Vertical Continuation Filter Guc(k) and Gdc(k)
The vertical continuation filter is used to transform a 2D grid of scalar potential

field (magnetic or gravity) measurements from one datum level at z=z0 to another
datum level at z=z1 in either an upward or downward direction. The expression
for the vertical continuation operator GUDC(k) at a point k = (kx,ky) in the 2D
wave number domain is given by the following relation—see for example, Blakely
(1995):
GUDC(k) = exp{|k|δz} δz<0 for upward continuation to z1 (64)
GUDC(k) = exp{|k|δz} δz>0 for downward continuation to z1 (65)

where δz = (z1-z0) is the change in vertical datum from z0 to z1 for the 2D grid
and |k| is the modulus of the 2D wavenumber vector k as defined in equation
(67). Here it is noted that z is measured positive downwards which is in keeping
with both the IGRF and the Encom grid coordinate systems.
The 2D FFT Low-Pass and High-Pass Butterworth Filters
The Butterworth filter is used to apply either low-pass or high-pass filtering to a

grid of transformed potential field measurements. The high- or low-pass filters
are employed to reject regional or residual scale features respectively in grids of
scalar potential field data. The rate of amplitude roll-off for the Butterworth filter
is controlled by its degree m whereas its cutoff wavelength is specified via the
central wave number k0 or wavelength λ0 parameter, namely, k0 = 2π/λ0 (i.e.
the half-amplitude point). The expression for the low-pass Butterworth filter of
degree m and central wave number k0 at a point k = (kx,ky) in the 2D wave
number domain is given by:
Glpb(k) = 1/[1+(|k|/|k0|)m] = 1/[1+(k/k0)m] (66)
where
k = |k| = [kx2+ky2]1/2 ; k0 = 2π/λ0 (67)
and λ0 is the cutoff wavelength (metres).
The expression for the 2D high-pass Butterworth filter of degree m and central
wave number k0 at a point k = (kx,ky) in 2D the wave domain is given by
Ghpb(k) = 1 - 1/[1+(|k|/|k0|)m ] = (k/k0)m/[1+(k/k0)m]

(68)
The FFT Band-Pass and Band-Reject Directional Cosine Filters
The directional filter is used to pass or reject regional or residual scale features in
grids of transformed scalar potential field data. These features have a preferred
azimuth or strike direction which is specified by an angle α0 while the angular
bandwidth of the directional cosine filter is controlled by its degree m. The
expression for the response function of a band-pass directional cosine filter of
degree m and azimuthal strike direction α0 (the maximum amplitude point) at a
point k = (kx,ky) in the 2D wave number domain is given by
Gbpaz(k) = (|cos{α0 - θ(k)}|)m (69)
where
θ(k) = arctan{kx/ky} ; -π/2 ≤ θ(k) ≤ π/2 (70)
The expression for the response function of a band-reject directional cosine filter
of degree m and azimuthal strike direction α0 (the zero amplitude point) at a point
k = (kx,ky) in the 2D wave number domain is given by
Gbraz(k) = 1-(|cos{α0 - θ(k)}|)m (71)
The First Order Magnetic Moment Transformation
Consider a disturbing magnetic body or magnetic source centred at (xc,yc,zc)

whose anomalous magnetic field is ΔB(r) = [ΔBx(r),ΔBy(r),ΔBz(r)].
Helbig (1963) has shown that the magnetic dipole moment M = (Mx,My,Mz) of
the disturbing magnetic source may be calculated from the components of the
anomalous magnetic field at any point r = (x,y,z0) on the horizontal plane
z = z0. In this instance the three components Mx,My,Mz of the zero-th order
magnetic moment M are the first order moments of ΔBz(r), about the x,y axes
and the first order moments of ΔBx(r) and ΔBy(r) about the x,y axes
respectively. These relations between the magnetic moment of the body and the
first order moments of the magnetic field may be expressed through the following
double integrals, namely, for the Mx moment:
∞
M x = ( 1 ⁄ 2π ) ∫∫ ( x – x )ΔB ( x, y, z ) dx dy
0 z 0 (72)
–∞
and for the My moment,
∞
M y = ( 1 ⁄ 2π )
∫∫ ( y – y )ΔB ( x, y, z ) dx dy
0 z 0 (73)
–∞
and for the Mz moment
∞
M z = ( 1 ⁄ 2π ) ∫∫ ( x – x )ΔB ( x, y, z ) dx dy
0 x 0 (74)
–∞
or alternatively
∞
M z = ( 1 ⁄ 2π )
∫∫ ( y – y )ΔB ( x, y, z ) dx dy
0 y 0 (75)
–∞
Furthermore and importantly it is also noted that the following pair of integrals are
identically zero.
∞
M x, By = ( 1 ⁄ 2π ) ∫∫ ( x – x )ΔB ( x, y, z ) dx dy = 0
0 y 0 (76)
–∞
and also,
∞
M y, Bx = ( 1 ⁄ 2π )
∫∫ ( y – y )ΔB ( x, y, z ) dx dy = 0
0 x 0 (77)
–∞
By inspection of equations (72 to 75), it is noted that the magnetic moment M is

completely determined from measurements of a single pair of magnetic field
components, i.e. either from ΔBx(x,y,z0), ΔBz(x,y,z0) or from
ΔBy(x,y,z0), ΔBz(x,y,z0). In practice however a more stable estimator of the
vertical component Mz of the magnetic moment is
Mz = [Mz(x) + Mz(y)]/2 (78)
where Mz(x) and Mz(y) are given by equations (74) and (75) respectively. Also a
further necessary condition for the existence of a reliable magnetic moment is that
the integrals in equations (76) and (77) are both approximately zero, namely,
Mx,By ≅ My,Bx ≅ 0 (79)
Other magnetic moment components which can be used are the horizontal
moment,
MH = [Mx2 + My2]1/2 (80)
and the total magnetic moment,
MT = |M| = [Mx2 + My2 + Mz2]1/2 = [MH2 + Mz2]1/2 (81)
Furthermore the declination Dm and inclination Im of the magnetic moment vector

M (in IGRF coordinates x is north and y is east) are given by
Dm = arctan [My/Mx] for 0 ≤ Dm < 2π (82)
Im = arctan [MH/Mz] for 0 ≤ Im < 2π (83)
It is noted that the above formulae are for the zero order magnetic dipole moment
of the disturbing body under the plane z= z0 (Helbig 1963, p. 84). This is related
to the reduced multipole moments of Grant (1952) and Grant & West (1965, pp.
222–225). Expressions exist for the zero, first and second order dipole moments
of various simple bodies including spheres, ellipsoids of revolution, triaxial
ellipsoids, finite length elliptic cylinders, rectangular prisms and wedges.
Medeiros & Silva (1995) have estimated the total intensity, direction of
magnetization and the 3D spatial orientation of a seamount source using
inversion based on dipole moments up to second order.
The FFT Filters for Transforming TMI Grids to Any Element of

the Magnetic Gradient Tensor (MGT)
It is possible to compute the magnetic tensor grids from the total magnetic field
intensity grid using the fast Fourier transform and the equivalent can be computed
from a grid of gravity (Gz). The full tensor of the magnetic field can be used for
computing many useful parameters for further interpretation such as the
invariants I1, I2, dimensionality and more advance functions such as those
introduced by Beiki et al. (2012). The gravity tensor transformation is useful for
the conversion of a gravity survey grid to a tensor to see what it looks like as a
tensor or for testing different geological models to determine their response
characteristics of a gravity gradiometrer survey. There is a lot of 3D spatial
information in tensor data that cannot be resolved from the primary field or vertical
gradient.
These two new filters have been added to the Grid Filter dialog and are accessed
from the FFT>Tensor menu selection.
The new Grid Filter Tensor transformation selection options.
In the magnetic case you need the IGRF inclination and declination as well as a
selection of the tensor components. This is normally limited to the upper diagonal
matrix, but the symmetric terms can be selected as well. In the gravity case you
just need to select the tensor components. Don't forget to set the padding amount
that best suits your data.
The following example image displayed in ModelVision shows images of the

original total field grid (Bm) generated from a vertical, elliptic pipe model and the
FFT transformed tensor grids. Also shown is a map view of the upper surface of
the pipe and a 3D perspective view of the pipe.
Example display of the tensor results as a sequence of image maps where the upper
diagonal matrix shows the tensor results of the grid Bm in the lower left corner.
The transfer function GT2Bpq(k) for transforming a grid of total magnetic field
intensity TMI measurements to an element Bpq(k) = ℑ{∂Bp(r)/∂q} of the
magnetic gradient tensor (MGT) in the 2D wave number domain is derived from
equations for the general phase transformation of a TMI field BT(k) to a new
component Bp along direction p = (px,py,pz) followed by application of the
directional derivative filter along a direction q = (qx,qy,qz).
GT2Bpq(k) = GT2p(k) Gqdd(k) (84)

The expression for the general phase transformation operator GT2p(k) at a point
k = (kx,ky) in the 2D wave number domain is given by the following
relation—see for example, Blakely (1995) or Schmidt & Clark (1998, eq. 8):
GT2p(k) = (g ⋅ p)/(g ⋅ f) for BT(k;z0)→Bp(k;z0) (85)
where,
g(k) = (ikx,iky,|k|) is the complex gradient vector in the 2D wave

number domain

|k| = [kx2 + ky2]1/2 is the modulus of the 2D wave number vector k
z0 is plane of observation of the 2D grid of magnetic potential field data.
In terms of the transformed 2D Hilbert operator H(k) = g(k)/|k| = (Hx,Hy,1)

where Hx = ikx/|k| and Hy = iky/|k|, we have
GT2q(k) = (H ⋅ p)/(H ⋅ f) for BT(k;z0)→Bq(k;z0) (86)
or in terms of Θf and Θp where Θf = H ⋅ f and Θp = H ⋅ p , we have
GT2q(k) = Θp/Θf for BT(k;z0)→Bp(k;z0) (87)
Here it is noted that the k dependence of the g and H complex vector quantities
although not shown is implicit in all expressions involving these quantities. The
filter function GT2q(k) in equations (85)–(87) are identical to equations (58)–(60).
The transfer function Gqdd(k) for calculating the directional derivative (∂/∂q) of
field component Bp along a specified direction q = (qx,qy,qz) is:
GT2q(k) = (g ⋅ q) for Bq(k;z0)→∂Bp(k;z0)/∂q = Bpq(k;z0)

(88)
Hence from equations (84), (87) and (88), the transfer function GT2Bpq(k) for
transforming a grid of TMI measurements Bt(k;z0) to a grid of magnetic gradient
tensor measurements Bpq(k;z0) = ∂Bp/∂q(k;z0) may be expressed:
GT2Bpq(k) = [(g ⋅ q)(g ⋅ p)]/(g ⋅ f) = (g ⋅ q)[Θp/Θf] (89)

The expression in equation is completely general and applies to any tensor

element Bpq(k;z0) = Bqp(k;z0). Some special cases where p and q are along
the x,y,z survey directions are now outlined.
The BT(k) to Bpq(k) MGT Transformation Filters
For the x field component and x directional derivative, we have that

p = (1,0,0) = q. Therefore from the general expression in equation (89),
we have that Θp = (g ⋅ p)/|k| = ikx/|k| and (g ⋅ q) = ikx so that the
kernel function GT2Bxx(k) for the transformation from BT(k) to Bxx(k) is:
GT2Bxx(k) = –[kx2/|k|]Θf–1 for BT(k;z0)→Bxx(k;z0) (90)
Similarly for the x field component and y directional derivative, we have that
p = (1,0,0); q = (0,1,0); Θp = (g ⋅ p)/|k| = ikx/|k| and
(g ⋅ q) = iky, so that the kernel function GT2Bxy(k) for transformation from
BT(k) to Bxy(k) is:
GT2Bxy(k) = –[kxky/|k|]Θf–1 for BT(k;z0)→Bxy(k;z0) (91)
and, interchanging x and y directions, we see that the transformation to Byx(k) is

identical to Bxy(k):
GT2Byx(k) = –[kykx]/|k|]Θf–1 = –[kxky]/|k|]Θf–1 for

BT(k;z0)→Byx(k;z0) (92)
Similarly for the x field component and z directional derivative, we have that
p = (1,0,0); q = (0,0,1); Θp = (g ⋅ p)/|k| = ikx/|k| and
(g ⋅ q) = |k|, so that the kernel function GT2Bxz(k) for transformation from
BT(k) to Bxz(k) is:
GT2Bxz(k) = [|k|ikx/|k|]Θf–1 = ikx/Θf for

BT(k;z0)→Bxz(k;z0) (93)
and, interchanging x and z directions, we see that the transformation to Bzx(k)

is identical to Bxz(k) in equation (93):
GT2Bzx(k) = [ikx|k|/|k|]Θf–1 = ikx/Θf for

BT(k;z0)→Bzx(k;z0) (94)
For the y field component and y directional derivative, we have that

p = (0,1,0); q = (0,1,0); Θp = (g ⋅ p)/|k| = iky/|k| and
Θq = (g ⋅ q) = iky, so that the kernel function GT2Byy(k) for transformation
from BT(k) to Bzx(k) is:
GT2Byy(k) = –[ky2/|k| ]Θf–1 for BT(k;z0)→Byy(k;z0) (95)
Similarly for the y field component and z directional derivative, we have that
p = (0,1,0); q = (0,0,1); Θp = (g ⋅ p)/|k| = iky/|k| and
Θq = (g ⋅ q) = |k|, so that the kernel function GT2Byz(k) for transformation
from BT(k) to Byz(k) is:
GT2Byz(k) = [|k|iky/|k|]Θf–1 = iky/Θf for

BT(k;z0)→Byz(k;z0) (96)
and, interchanging y and z directions, we see that the transformation to Bzy(k)

is identical to Byz(k):
GT2Bzy(k) = [iky|k|/|k|]Θf–1 = iky/Θf for

BT(k;z0)→Bzy(k;z0) (97)
For the z field component and z directional derivative, we have that

p = (0,0,1); q = (0,0,1); Θp = (g ⋅ p)/|k| = |k|/|k| = 1 and
Θq = (g ⋅ q) = |k|, so that the kernel function GT2Bzz(k) for transformation
from BT(k) to Bzz(k) is:
GT2Bzz(k) = |k|/Θf for BT(k;z0)→Bzz(k;z0) (98)
The FFT Filters for Transforming Grids of Gravity

Measurements gz(k) to Any Element of the Gravity Gradient
Tensor (GGT)
The gravity tensor transformation is useful for the conversion of a gravity survey
grid to a tensor to see what it looks like as a tensor or for testing different
geological models to determine their response characteristics of a gravity
gradiometer survey.
The expression for the transformation of the gravitational scalar potential U(k) to
the gravitational field vector g(k) in the 2D wave number domain k = (kx,ky)
is given by the relation (Blakely 1995, ch. 12, p. 327, eq. 12.20):
g(k) = ℑ{g(r)} = ℑ{∇U(r)} = (ikx,iky,|k|)ℑ{U(r)}

= h(k)ℑ{U(r)} = h(k)U(k) (99)
where,
h(k) = (ikx,iky,|k|) is the complex gradient vector in the 2D wave

number domain
|k| = (kx2 + ky2)1/2 is the modulus of the 2D wave number vector
U(k) = ℑ{U(r)} denotes the 2D Fourier transform of the scalar

potential field U(r)
g(r) = ∇ U(r) is the gradient of the scalar potential U(r), i.e.

g(r) = [ux∂U(r)/∂x + uy∂U(r)/∂y + uz∂U(r)/∂z], which by the
derivative theorem for a harmonic potential field is
(ikx,iky,|k|)ℑ{U(r)} in the 2D wave number domain
r = (x,y,z0) is a arbitrary point on the plane of observation z=z0.
The expression for a component of the gravitational field gp(k) along an arbitrary
direction p = (px,py,pz) in the 2D wave number domain is derived by the
taking the directional gradient of the scalar potential U(r) (Blakely 1995, ch. 12,
p. 327, eq. 12.21)
gp(k) = ℑ{p ⋅ g(r)} = [p ⋅ h(k)]ℑ{U(r)} = [p ⋅ h(k)]U(k;z0)

(100)
Whence the x,y,z components of the gravitational field are:
gx(k) = ikxU(k;z0) for p = ux = (1,0,0) (101)
gy(k) = ikyU(k;z0) for p = uy = (0,1,0) (102)
gz(k) = |k|U(k;z0) for p = uz = (0,0,1) (103)
From equation (103) we deduce that U(k) = gz(k)/|k|, and on substitution of

this expression into equations (101) and (102) we find that (omitting the z0
dependence which is implicit)
gx(k) = (ikx/|k|)gz(k) = Hgz2x(k)gx(k) for

Hgz2x(k) = ikx/|k| (104)
and
gy(k) = (iky/|k|)gz(k) = Hgz2y(k)gy(k) for

Hgz2y(k) = iky/|k| (105)
First, to transform a grid of gravity data observations gz(k) to each of the three
elements Gxx(k), Gxy(k), Gxz(k)in row 1 of the gravity gradient tensor, we take
the x,y,z directional derivatives respectively of the gx(k) component of the
gravitational field in equation (104):
Gxx(k) = ∂gx(k)/∂x = (ikx)[ikx/|k|]gz(k)

= –[kx2/|k|]gz(k) (106)
Gxy(k) = ∂gx(k)/∂y = (iky)[ikx/|k|]gz(k)

= –[kxky/|k|]gz(k) (107)
Gxz(k) = ∂gx(k)/∂z = |k|[ikx/|k|]gz(k)

= ikx/gz(k) (108)
Second, to transform a grid of gravity data observations gz(k) to each of the

three elements Gyx(k), Gyy(k), Gyz(k) in row 2 of the gravity gradient tensor, we
take the x,y,z directional derivatives respectively of the gy(k) component of the
gravitational field in equation (105):
Gyx(k) = ∂gy(k)/∂x = (ikx)[iky/|k|]gz(k)

= –[kxky/|k|]gz(k) (109)
Gyy(k) = ∂gy(k)/∂y = (iky)[iky/|k|]gz(k)

= –[ky2/|k|]gz(k) (110)
Gyz(k) = ∂gy(k)/∂z = |k|[iky/|k|]gz(k)

= iky/gz(k) (111)
Third, to transform a grid of gravity data observations gz(k) to each of the three
elements Gzx(k), Gzy(k), Gzz(k) in row 3 of the gravity gradient tensor, we take
the x,y,z directional derivatives respectively of the gz(k) component of the
gravitational field:
Gzx(k) = ∂gz(k)/∂x = ikx gz(k) = Gxz(k) (112)
Gzy(k) = ∂gz(k)/∂y = iky gz(k) = Gyz(k) (113)
Gzz(k) = ∂gz(k)/∂z = |k|gz(k) (114)
By inspection, it is evident that the gravity gradient tensor G(k) is symmetric, i.e.
Gij(k) = Gji(k) for i ≠ j = x,y,z
Furthermore, the trace of the tensor G(k) is zero since
Gxx(k) + Gyy(k) + Gzz(k) = 0
namely,
Gxx(k) + Gyy(k) = –[kx2/|k| + ky2/|k|]gz(k)

= –[|k|2/|k|]gz(k)
= –|k|gz(k) = –Gzz(k) (115)
This is in keeping with the fact that the gravity potential U(r) and its derivatives
are harmonic potential field functions and that U(r) satisfies Laplace's equation,
i.e.
ℑ{g(r)} = ℑ{∇U(r)}
ℑ{∇2U(r)} = ℑ{∇⋅∇U(r)}
= ℑ{∂2U(r)/∂x2 + ∂2U(r)/∂y2 + ∂2U(r)/∂z2} = 0
or
ℑ{∇2U(r)} = ℑ{∇⋅ g(r)}

= ℑ{∂gx/∂x} + ℑ{∂gy/∂y} + ℑ{∂gz/∂z} = 0
= Gxx(k) + Gyy(k) + Gzz(k) = 0 (116)
Finally by inspection of equations (106) to (114), the filter functions for the gz(k)
to Gij(k)transformations are as follows:
HGxx(k) = –kx2/|k|
HGxy(k) = –kxky/|k|
HGxz(k) = ikx (117)–(119)
HGyx(k) = –kxky/|k|
HGyy(k) = –ky2/|k|
HGyz(k) = ikx (120)–(122)
HGzx(k) = ikx
HGzy(k) = iky
HGxz(k) = |k| (123)–(125)
FFT TMI Reduction to the Pole (Low Latitude) Processing
In addition to the standard RTP filter provided for Reduction-To-the-Pole

processing (see above), an additional filter specifically for use with magnetic data
acquired at low magnetic latitudes is provided. This FFT filter uses analytic signal
computation to calculate simplified responses from magnetic data acquired at
magnetic latitudes less than approximately 30° of inclination. As the analytic
signal computation produces response maxima over magnetic contacts
irrespective of the direction of magnetization, this can be used to assist the
processing of observed magnetic data acquired near the magnetic equator.
The formulation used for the low latitude computation is described in Low Latitude
Processing Theory.
The Low Latitude filter dialog appears as below. Operation of the filter computes
both a phase and an amplitude component. A compensation applied to the phase
component can be used to prevent the amplitude increasing and causing the
equation to become unstable. This instability is primarily due to any anomalies
oriented north-south within the observed data.
The Minimum angle factor defaults to a value of 20° but in the filter’s
implementation, if it specified less than the data’s inclination (I), then the Minimum
angle correction is reset to the value of 20° to maintain stability.
Application of the Low Latitude filter
Use the IGRF calculator to automatically assign the Declination and Inclination. A
default Minimum angle of 20° is assigned.
The effect of changing the Minimum angle factor alters the relative sizes of the
phase and amplitude. If the factor is increased (to a maximum of 90°), the phase
component increases and amplitude adjustment is reduced (to be zero at 90°). If
the correction factor is reduced, the phase and amplitude components become
evenly applied.
Low Latitude Processing Theory
The Reduction-To-the-Pole (RTP) filter is used to transform a grid of total

magnetic field intensity measurements to a grid of magnetic intensity
measurements that would be observed at the north magnetic pole. The
expression for the RTP transform operator Grtp(k) at a point k = (kx,ky) in the
2D wave number domain is given by Gibert and Guillamin (1985) and Blakely
(1995) as follows:
Grtp(k) = |k|2/[(g ⋅ f)(g ⋅ m)] (126)
where
g = (ikx, iky, |k|) is the complex gradient vector in the 2D wave number
domain


magnetization vector.
Here it is noted that the direction cosines are measured using the International
Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) coordinate system, namely, x-north; y-
east, z-vertically down. Furthermore, it is possible to express the RTP transfer
function in terms of the transformed 2D Hilbert operators Hx(k), Hy(k)
(Nabighan 1983) in the k = (kx,ky) wave number domain, namely,
Hx(k) = ikx/|k| = i cos α(k)
Hy(k) = iky/|k| = i sin α(k) (127)
where α(k) is the horizontal azimuth of a point k = (kx,ky) in the 2D wave

number domain,
α(k) = arctan ky/kx (128)
Then after putting H = g/|k| = (Hx,Hy,1), we have omitting the k

dependence of H(k), Hx(k) and Hy(k) from now on
Grtp(k) = 1/[(H ⋅ f)(H ⋅ m)] (129)
Or, after putting Θf = H ⋅ f and Θm = H ⋅ m, we have in the notation of Blakely

(1995, ch. 12) and omitting the k dependence of Θf(k) and Θm(k) from now on
Grtp(k) = 1/[Θf Θm] (130)
the resultant magnetization vector are identical to the direction cosines f of the
Grtp(k) = 1/Θf2 (131)
Or, noting that Θf = H ⋅ f is a complex quantity with complex conjugate Θf* then
it maybe shown that [Θf2]* = [Θf*]2 = (H*⋅ f)2. Hence multiplying the
numerator and denominator by [Θf2]* and noting that | Θf|4 = [ Θf2] [ Θf2]* :
Grtp(k) = [Θf2]*/[Θf]4 = [Θf*]2/|Θf|4 (132)
The direction cosines f of the geomagnetic field F are given by:
f = (fx,fy,fz) = (cosIf cosDf,cosIf cosDf,sinIf) (133)
where Df is the declination of the geomagnetic field and If is its inclination. Now
if we expand the expression for Θf we have,
Θf = H ⋅ f = [fz + Hxfx + Hyfy] (134)
or
Θf = H ⋅ f = [sinIf + cosIf[HxcosDf + HysinDf] (135)
And, after substitution for Hx and Hy from equation (127) above, we have
Θf = H ⋅ f = [sinIf + icosIf[cosαcosDf + sinαsinDf]
Hence, it is easily shown that
Θf = H ⋅ f = [sinIf + icosIf cos(Df - α)] (136)
and
|Θf|4 = [Θf Θf*]2 = [sin2If + cos2Ifcos2(Df - a)]2 (137)
From equations (136) and (137), it is easily deduced that the transfer function for
reduction to the pole Grtp(k) in a zero inclination geomagnetic field is given by
the relation,
Grtp(k) = [Θf*]2/|Θf|4 = 1/cos2(Df - α) for If = 0 (138)

Therefore if the angle |Df-α| is an odd multiple of π/2 such that cos(Df - α)
is zero, then Grtp(k) will become infinitely large. Even at low geomagnetic
latitudes (say 0° < |If| < 20°) there is very significant directionally selective
amplification of any noise present within a grid of total magnetic intensity
measurements—see for example, Blakely (1995), Silva (1989), and Hansen &
Pawlowski (1989). This amplification has the effect of producing short
wavelength artifacts which trend parallel to the direction of the declination Df
(Blakely 1995).
One means of overcoming this difficulty is to retain the phase information in the
numerator term [Θf*]2 above but make a modification to the denominator
|Θf|4 in equation (137 etc.) which prevents it from becoming too large. This may
be achieved by introducing a second inclination angle I’f’ (referred to as the
minimum angle factor) as follows—see for example, McLeod et al. (1993):
Grtp(k) = [Θf*]2/|Θf|2|Θf’|2 ; for |If| < I’f (139)
where
Θf’ = H ⋅ f’ = [sinI’f + i cosI’f’cos(Df - α)] for |If|<I’f
(140)
Whence from equations (137), (139) and (140), the modified expression for the
reduction to the pole operator at low latitudes, i.e. for |If| < I’f , is given by,
2
[ sin I f – i cos I f cos ( D f – α ) ]
G rtp ( k ) = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 2 2 2 2
-
[ sin I f + cos If cos ( D f – α ) ] [ sin If′ + cos If′ cos ( D f – α ) ]
Aspects of Numerical Computation
In most cases, magnetic survey data will consist of raw total magnetic intensity
(TMI) measurements Bm(xi,yj;z0) which have been interpolated over a two-
dimensional grid 1 ≤ i ≤ nx , 1 ≤ j ≤ ny. Therefore, in order to calculate
the magnetic moments using Helbig’s method, calculate the anomalous magnetic
field components ΔBx(xi,yj;z0), ΔBy(xi,yj;z0), ΔBz(xi,yj;z0) from the
original TMI data. This involves several steps namely:
1. Anomaly isolation.
2. Removal of a constant background field Bp(xi,yj;z0) from the original

TMI data Bm(xi,yj;z0) to reveal the raw total magnetic field anomaly
ΔBraw(xi,yj;z0), i.e.
ΔBraw(xi,yj;z0) = Bm(xi,yj;z0) - Bp(xi,yj;z0).

3. Computation of a regional field ΔBreg(xi,yj;z0) for the raw anomalous

total field ΔBraw(xi,yj;z0) over the area of interest.
4. Removal of the computed regional field ΔBreg(xi,yj;z0) from raw

anomalous total field ΔBraw(xi,yj;z0) to reveal the final corrected total
magnetic field anomaly ΔBcor(xi,yj;z0), i.e.
ΔBcor(xi,yj;z0) = ΔBraw(xi,yj;z0) - ΔBreg(xi,yj;z0)
5. Pad the grid of corrected total magnetic field anomaly measurements

ΔBcor(xi,yj;z0) ready for 2D Fourier transformation [new grid size is
Nx*Ny].
6. Fourier transform the corrected anomalous TMI grid ΔBcor(xi,yj;z0)

and keep a copy of it [see equation (34) for the 2D discrete Fourier
Transform above].
7. Apply the BT(k) to Bx(k) (x-north) transformation filter GT2x(k) to the

Fourier transformed TMI grid, namely, compute
ΔBx(k) = GT2x(k) ΔBT(k), where the filter function GT2x(k) is
GT2x(k) = ikx/(g ⋅ f) = Hx/(H ⋅ f) = Hx/Θf
Apply the BT(k) to By(k) (y-east) transformation filter GT2x(k) to the

ΔBy(k) = GT2y(k) ΔBT(k), where the filter function GT2y(k) is
GT2y(k) = iky/(g ⋅ f) = Hy/(H ⋅ f) = Hy/Θf.
Apply the BT(k) to Bz(k) (z-down) transformation filter GT2x(k) to the

ΔBz(k) = GT2z(k) ΔBT(k), , where the filter function GT2z(k) is
GT2z(k) = |k|/(g ⋅ f) = 1/(H ⋅ f) = 1/Θf.
8. Apply the inverse 2D Fourier transform to each of the three transformed

grids of magnetic component data ,namely, ΔBx(k), ΔBy(k), ΔBz(k)
in the x-north, y-east, z-down directions respectively.
9. Extract the real component parts of the inverse Fourier transformed grid
scaled by the size of the padded grid, i.e. by the factor 1/( Nx Ny).
Importantly the extracted grids containing the anomalous magnetic field
components ΔBx(xi,yj;z0), ΔBy(xi,yj;z0), ΔBz(xi,yj;z0) should
exactly equivalent in size and location to the original and corrected TMI
grids ,e.g. ΔBcor(xi,yj;z0).
10. Remove any DC trends from the ΔBx(xi,yj;z0), ΔBy(xi,yj;z0),

ΔBz(xi,yj;z0) grids This is to ensure that the zero order moments of
the ΔBx(xi,yj;z0), ΔBy(xi,yj;z0) and ΔBz(xi,yj;z0) field
components are zero (see Helbig, 1963). The data are now ready for
magnetic moment computation.
Computation of the Magnetic Moments
The magnetic moments method is used by the remanence calculator tool. In order
to calculate the magnetic moments using Helbig’s method, replace the
continuous double integrals in equations (72) to (75) with their discrete
equivalents. This involves numerical integration of the anomalous magnetic field
components ΔBx(xi,yj;z0), ΔBy(xi,yj;z0), ΔBz(xi,yj;z0) defined over
the two-dimensional grid 1 ≤ i ≤ nx , 1 ≤ j ≤ ny . Here it is assumed that
the anomaly of interest is quite compact and isolated. Furthermore, it assumes
that the anomalous field components have been sufficiently closely sampled over
a wide enough area of interest so that the first order moments can be accurately
determined. A number of tests can be conducted to ensure this is approximately
true. First the zero order moments of ΔBx(xi,yj;z0), ΔBy(xi,yj;z0) and
ΔBz(xi,yj;z0) should be approximately zero as should the two cross moments
Mx,By and My,Bx in equations (76) and (77) respectively. The double integrals in
equations (72) to (77) may be each be evaluated numerically using a double
application of the extended Simpson's Rule, closed 1D formula (Press et al. 1992,
ch. 4, pp. 127–129, eq. 4.1.13) in the x and y grid directions. For the x grid
direction then:
xn
1 4 2 4
∫ ƒ ( x )dx = h --3- ƒ
+ --- ƒ 2 + --- ƒ 3 + --- ƒ 4 + …
3 1
3 3
x1 2 4 1 5 4
… + --- ƒ n – 2 + --- ƒ n – 1 + --- ƒ n + O ( [ x n – x 1 ] ƒ′′′′⁄ n )
3 3 3
where ƒ″″ indicates the fourth derivative of the function ƒ(x).
Once the numerical integrals corresponding to those in equations (72) to (77)

have been computed the Mx,My,Mz components of the magnetic moment may be
calculated. The Mz magnetic moment is best computed using equation (78). The
total magnetic moment MT, its declination DM and inclination IM are calculated
using equations (80) to (83). The declination and inclination are equivalent to the
average values for the source body magnetization. The computed value of the
magnetic moment may be increasingly underestimated as the grid size becomes
progressively smaller. Schmidt & Clark (1998) have attempted to compensate for
this in their paper (see the correction factors in Table 1).
Low Pass Filter
The FFT Low Pass Filter applies an operator to remove high frequency content
with wavelengths above (that is, smaller than the defined wavelength cut-off). The
cut-off rate specifies the severity of the filter at its wavelength margins. The higher
the cut-off, the greater and the sharper the cut-off effect of removing a particular
wavelength cut-off.
High Pass Filter
This FFT filter is the converse of the Low Pass filter. The High Pass filters pass
frequencies that are higher than the specified cut-off.
Band Pass Filter
Band Pass filters remove wavelengths that lie between two specified wavelength
limits.
A common cut-off is applied for both the high and low ranges of the wavelengths.
Applying a simple cutoff filter to an energy spectrum (such as a Band Pass filter)
almost invariably introduces a significant amount of ringing (referred to as the
Gibbs' Phenomena).
Directional Pie Slice Filter
The directional filter is used to pass or reject residual scale features with strike in
a nominated direction. The drop off with angular response is specified via a half
width angle which determines the angle plus or minus from the specified strike
where the filter taper is applied in the wave number domain. The degree of taper
can also be specified.
Appendix H Bibliography 679
H Bibliography
Abramowitz, M & Stegan, I 1972, Handbook of mathematical functions with
formulas, graphs and mathematical tables, s. 17.4.39, p. 595.
Barnett, CT 1976, “Theoretical modeling of the magnetic and gravitational fields

of an arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional body”, Geophysics, 41, pp.
1353–1364.
Bhattacharyya, BK 1972, “Design of spatial filters and their application to high

resolution aeromagnetic data”, Geophysics, 37, no.1, p. 71.
Blakely, RJ 1995, Potential Theory in Gravity and Magnetic Applications,

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 441 pp.
Bracewell, RN 2000, The Fourier Transform and its Applications, 3rd edn., Tata
McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 616 pp.
Briggs, IC 1974, “Machine contouring using minimum curvature (spline-fitting

algorithms)”, Geophysics, 39, no. 1, pp. 39–48.
Bulirsch, R 1965, “Numerical calculation of elliptic integrals and elliptic functions,

Handbook Series Special Functions”, Numerische Mathematik, 7, pp. 78–90.
Cady, JW 1980, “Calculation of gravity and magnetic anomalies of finite-length

right polygonal prisms”, Geophysics, 45, no. 10, pp. 1507–1512.
Clark, DA 1996, “Magnetic petrophysics and magnetic petrology: Aids to

geological interpretation of magnetic surveys”, J. Aust. Geol. and Geophys., 17,
pp. 83–103.
Clark, DA, Saul, SJ & Emerson, DW 1986, “Magnetic and gravity anomalies of a
triaxial ellipsoid”, Exploration Geophysics, 17, pp. 189–200.
Clark, DA & Schmidt, PW 1993, “Palaeomagnetism and magnetic anisotropy of

Proterozoic banded-iron formations and iron ores of the Hamersley Basin,
Western Australia”, Exploration Geophysics, 24, pp. 223–225.
Coggon, JH 1976, “The magnetic and gravity anomalies of polyhedra”,

Geoexploration, 14, pp. 93–105.
Cordell, L, Phillips, JD & Godson, RH 1992, U.S. Geological Survey Potential

Field software, ver. 2.0., USGS Open File Report, pp. 92–18.
Emerson, DW 1979, “Applied magnetic interpretation”, Bull. Aust. Soc.Explor.

Geophys., 10, pp. 1–139.
Emerson, DW, Clark, DA & Saul, SJ 1985, “Magnetic exploration models

incorporating remanence, demagnetization and anisotropy: HP41C handheld
computer algorithms”, Exploration Geophysics, 16, no. 1, pp. 1–123.
Finlay et al., “2010 international geomagnetic reference field: the eleventh

generation” ,Geophysical Journal International, 183 (3), pp. 1216–1230.
Gibert, D & Galdeano, A 1985, “A computer program to perform transformations

of gravimetric and aeromagnetic surveys”, Computers and Geosciences, 11, pp.
553–588.
Golub, GH & Reinsch, C 1970, “Singular value decomposition and least squares
solutions”, Num. Math., 14, pp. 403–420.
Gradshteyn, IS & Ryzhik, IM 1965. Table of Integrals, Series and Products, 5th
edn., Academic Press, New York.
Gubbins, D 2004. Time Series Analysis and Inverse Theory for Geophysicists,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 255 pp.
Hansen, RO & Pawlowski, RS 1989. “Reduction to the pole at low latitudes by

Wiener filtering”, Geophysics 54, pp. 1607–1613.
Helbig, K 1963, “Some integrals of magnetic anomalies and their relation to the
parameters of the disturbing body”, Zeitschrift fur Geophysik 29, pp. 83–96.
Hjelt, SE 1972, “Magnetostatic anomalies of a dipping prism”, GeoExploration,

10, pp. 239–254.
Hjelt, SE 1974, “The gravity anomaly of a dipping prism”, GeoExploration, 12, pp.
29–39.
Johnson, BD 1971, “Convolution filtering at ends of data sets”, Bulletin Aust. Soc.
Explor. Geophys., 4, no. 2 pp. 11–24.
Kellogg, OD 1953. Foundations of Potential Theory, Dover, New York.
Lee, TJ 1980, “Rapid computation of magnetic anomalies with demagnetization

included, for arbitrarily shaped magnetic bodies”, Geophysical J. R. Astronomical
Society, 60, pp. 67–75.
Marquardt, DW 1970, “Generalized inverses, ridge regression, biased linear

estimation, and nonlinear estimation”, Technometrics, 12, 3, pp. 591–612.
Macleod, IN, Jones, K & Ting Fan Dai 1993, “3-D analytic signal in the
interpretation of total magnetic field data at low magnetic latitudes”, Exploration
Geophysics 24, pp. 679–688.
Appendix H Bibliography 681
McIntyre, J 1981, “Accurate display of fine detail in aeromagnetic data”, Bull.

Aust. Soc. Expl. Geophys., 12, pp. 82–88.
Meju, MA 1994, “Geophysical data analysis: Understanding inverse problem

theory and practice”, Course Notes Series, vol. 6, ed. SN Domenico, Society of
Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 296 pp.
Menke, W 1989. Geophysical Data Analysis : Discrete Inverse Theory, Academic

Press, San Diego, 289 pp.
Naudy, H 1971, “Automatic determination of depth on aeromagnetic profiles”,

Geophysics, 36, no. 4, pp. 717–722.
Pratt, DA 2013, “The potential of remote remanence estimation (RRE) for

kimberlite exploration – A case history from the Thomson Fold Belt”, abstract from
the 2013 ASEG-PESA Forum on The Application of Magnetisation and Self-
Demagnetisation Estimation to Mineral Exploration, International Geophysical
Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia.
Pratt, DA, McKenzie, KB & White, AS 2012, “The remote determination of

magnetic remanence”, extended abstracts from 22nd International Geophysical
Conference and Exhibition, 26–29 February 2012, Brisbane, Australia.
Press, WH, Teukolsky, SA, Vetterling, WT & Flannery, BP 1992. Numerical

recipes in Fortran - The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd edn., Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 963 pp.
Reeves, B & Macleod, I 1986, “The Geosoft line format”, First Break, 4, no. 2. pp.
9–17.
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magnetic gradient data”, Bull. Aust. Soc. Explor. Geophys., 18, no. 1/2, pp.
166–168.
Roux, AT 1983, “The magnetic method: A geophysical field manual for

technicians”, South African Geophysical Association (SAGA).
Shi, Zhiqun 1991, “An improved Naudy-based technique for estimating depth
from magnetic profiles”, Explor. Geophysics, 22, pp. 357–362.
Shi, Zhiqun & Boyd, D 1993, “AutoMag: An automatic method to estimate

thickness of overburden from aeromagnetic profiles”, Bull. Aust. Soc. Expl.
Geophys., 24, no. 3/4 pp. 789–794.
Shi, Zhiqun 1993, “Automatic interpretation of potential field data with applications
to estimates of soil thickness and study of deep crustal structures in South
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Geophysics, 37, no. 6, p.1043.
Shuey, RT & Pasquale, AS 1973, “End corrections in magnetic profile

interpretation”, Geophysics, 38, no. 3, pp. 507–512.
Silva, JBC 1986, “Reduction to the pole as an inverse problem and its application
to low-latitude anomalies”, Geophysics 51, pp. 369–382.
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Schmidt, PW & Clark, DA 1998, “The calculation of magnetic components and

moments from TMI: A case study from the Tuckers igneous complex,
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three-dimensional bodies of arbitrary shape”, Geophysics, 25, pp. 203–225
Telford, WM, Geldart, LP & Sheriff, RE 1990. Applied Geophysics, 2nd edn.,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Tough, JG 1988, “Computation of the centroid of polygonal bodies”, Computers

and Geoscience, 14, no.5, pp. 715–717
Won, IJ & Bevis, MG 1987, “Computing the gravitational and magnetic anomalies
due to a polygon: Algorithms and Fortran subroutines”, Geophysics, 52, no. 2, pp.
232–238.
Index 683
Index
Numerics analytic signal computation 670

angle
2D of text in the Layout window 388
convolution filters 406
annual support 22
polygon description 559, 561
anticlines
2D convolution
modelling of 559
filter options 638
Apply Attributes
3D cursor 136 tool in Layout toolbar 387
3D Model Generator 239 Apply Filter
Toolbar button 38 operation of 394
3D point artificial drillholes 226
displays 144 ASC
3D visualization 1 ER Mapper single traverse file extension 539
ASCII
A file import 44
ASEG
About GXF grid format 552
File option 33
aspect ratio
Activate button 9 of Layout windows 380
active Associated Channels
windows 15 items of the Body Configuration dialog 230
Active Line Auto Recompute setting 292
cross-section view 267
AutoCAD digital exchange format (DXF) 50
Toolbar 267
AutoMag
Toolbar button 267
introduction 482
Active Lines button 290 toolbar usage 500
Active Lines toolbar 290 AutoMag solutions 143
Active Points 252 automatic
Toolbar button 269 depth source estimation - AutoMag 482
active region Automatic Gain Control
in tutorial 252 filter described 397
Add Label average
push button on body dialogs 171 filters 407
additional azimuth
curves option for X-sections 228 of 3D polygon 558
AGC of polygons 193
filter described 397 of tabular body 194, 564
aliases of traverse line 268
for channel names 526
alignment B
of Layout objects 390
AMIRA B key
TEM data format 547 used to determine body drawing order 170
background for session files 42

control parameters in AutoMag 487
density and enclosed bodies 231 C
background property
for UBC modules 467 calculator option 413
band pass cell property
description 395 of UBC modules 466
band-pass Centroid
FFT 400 of bodies 628
bodies CGS
display modes 186 system of measurement 61, 64
body cgs units 60
3D polygon 558 channel
cloning and duplication 169 creation with synthetic data 227
definitions 557 edits, renaming and deletion 54
drawn in front - force to rear 170 naming conventions 526
editing 170 channel maintenance
ellipsoid 565 option described 54
lock property 188 Channel select
moving multiple bodies 171 AutoMag background control 488
overlap and selection 171 channel select
parameters 171 for filtering 394
plunging prism 167 Characteristics
button of 2D filters 639
selection 170
characteristics
single or multiple creation 159
of 2D filters 407
sphere 564
clip
spheres,cylinders,ellipsoids 163 a grid 55
tabular 563 option for lines 55
tabular type 165 Clip Grid
body display Toolbar button 273
modes explained 185
Clip Output Grid
body editing option 283
and undoing 188
Clip Project
Body Lock Toolbar button 274
to prevent deletion 188
Clone
Body Parameters 203 creation of a body 169
Body Table Close
Sorting bodies 203 project option 41
Toolbar button 38 collar height
body type of drillhole 227
option in AutoMag 489 colour
Bring To Front modulation of AutoMag solutions 498, 513
tool in Layout toolbar 387 used for AutoMag coefficients 496, 507
Bring to Front colour mode 139
tool usage 390
column
browse definitions for data 45
for reports 445
naming conventions 526
Browse button 59 of drillhole format 549
Index 685
of multi-line format 540 of UBC modules 465

of point format 548 Create
Component certain body types in map displays 159
button 296, 299 create
Components button 285 a Layout window 376
compressed Create Strata
grid format 553 dialog 217
Compression factor Toolbar button 38
used in strata models 217 cross-horizontal tensor component 300
Compute crossing
reserved words 414 body outlines 219
compute cross-section
function 170 model display 84
operations on grids, data 415 CTRL
Compute from Data 291 use to select overlapping bodies 170
in tutorial 250 Cut
Compute from data option 287 editing option in Layout 376
Cutoff
Compute Remanence 294
parameter in AutoMag 494
Compute Using Params Below option 290 cutoff
ComputeDemag of filters 400
in MVPRO.INI file 598
computer
licence transfer 10
D
various platforms 2 data
ComputeRemanence channel naming conventions 526
in MVPRO.INI file 598 drillhole format 549
Configuration pop-up multi-line format 540, 541
in perspective 136 point format 548
Constant Susceptibility single line import 538
option in AutoMag 489 single lines 537
constraining an inversion data files
of UBC modules 467 of UBC modules 468
context sensitive help data maintenance
available 21 option described 53
continuation databases
filter - convolution 397 accessed by external links 50
control available through external links 569
of gridding 420 DataDir
convolution default data directory 594
2D filters 392, 406 Datum
advantages 392 MVPRO.INI ER Mapper default parameter
filters 392 599
filters available 393 datum information 65
Convolution filters 408 datum.dat
Copy datum information 65
editing option in Layout 376 decimating 139
copyright 6 decimation
core and padding regions of grids 421
decimation factor 139 dialog boxes

Default for configuring 15
body presentation 186 digitized
default model import 585
background and physical properties 231 dip
body display mode 187 attributes of AutoMag solutions 497, 513
Delete of tabular body 563
button solutions in AutoMag 498 DipMax
Edit menu item in Layout 376 AutoMag default parameter 599
delete DipMin
a channel or line 54 AutoMag default parameter 599
a polygon vertex on entry 162 direction
vertices during plunging prism entry 166 of defining polygon vertices 162
demagnetisation directory
in MVPRO.INI file 598 of project 59
demagnetization 2, 295 directory tree 59
Demonstration disk
mode 4 storage requirements 3
Density Display
in MVPRO.INI file 598 button of the Body Configuration dialog 230
setting default body value 598 display
density body modes 187
of bodies 171 modes for bodies 186
units 61 properties of bodies 185
density bounds DIST_ABS
of UBC modules 467 channel 538
depth used in filtering 394
attributes of AutoMag solutions 497, 513 Distance Along Profile
for strata bodies 218 in tutorial 252
to define 557 downward continuation
FFT 400
Depth (+ve down) option 218
Draw Profile Region
depth analysis 2 in tutorial 252
depth estimation Drillhole
within AutoMag 493 statistics 444
depth extent
drillhole
of strata models 217
data export 49
Depth sorting
data format 549
for strata modelling 218
data maintenance 53
depth to basement
from AutoMag 482 import 46
specified in import 549
Descr
default description for External Link 594 drillhole data
used for strata 216
description
of projects 66 drillhole display options 142
Deselect drillhole parameters 227
channel option 146 drillholes created 226
items on the Speed toolbar 40 DXF format
design drillholes 227 for models 50
Index 687
Dyke Error, printing 450

body type in AutoMag 489 ERS
ER Mapper grid header 551
E Euler
technique 482
Earth's magnetic field 62 Execute
Earth’s magnetic field 293 external link 573
edge detection filters 631 exercises
Edit and tutorials 22
menu described 18 expert parameters
menu items in Layout 376 grid option 426
edit Export
bodies which overlap in section 170 default External Link program 594
text in the Layout window 388 File option 47
editing formats available 48
by the Layout toolbar 377 export
editing operations from external links 569
and undos 188 export models
elevation 282 in DXF format 50
for strata bodies 218 Extend out
Elevation (+ve up) option 218 option in strata 217
ellipsoid extended
creation 163 memory use 3
description of 565 extent
EMU of grids 426
system of measurement 61, 64 of tabular body 563
Enable button 8, 13 external
creating link programs 572
enclosed
bodies and modelling 231 external link descriptions 569
Encom links defined in MVISION.INI file 569
grid files 550 external data 43
end faces External Link
of a polygon body 162 menu option 586
energy spectrum external link
description 399 used for data transfer 50
Enquire external links
to software using links 569 exports 51
Enquiry Extrusion Wizard 239
default External Link program 594 Choose Body Properties 244
Eotvos units 60 Choose Output File 245
equation entry 414 Set Azimuth and Dip 243
ER Mapper Set Extruded Surface Properties 242
2D filters 406 Set Primary Surface Properties 241
filter kernels 392 extrusion Wizard
format description 539 Set Appearance 244
grid formats 551
error
in computation 416
F Filter parameters 409

filter types 633
faces
at the ends of polygon bodies 162 filtering
in Grid Filter 407
facet
of bodies 187 Filtering of gridded surface data 631
facets Filters
used to build polyhedra 567 roberts cross 637
Fast Fourier Transform filters
description of 398 available - convolution 395
Faster overview 392
drawing option in Layout 384 fine detail in data 145
FFT first derivative
see Fast Fourier Transform 398 description 395
FFT Filters 408 first vertical derivative
as an In-Line filter 401
FFT filters 391
Fit
field strength 293 option of display toolbar 73
File Fit Frame to Source Window
menu described 18
option in Layout 380
file
Fit Source Window to Frame
formats and introduction 525
option in Layout 380
File>Licence tool 13 Font
File>New>Project menu item 59, 601 tool in Layout toolbar 387
File>Profile>General ASCII import 527 format
Fill Colour of model files 623
tool in Layout toolbar 387 of multi-line files 537
fill internal holes 411 fourth difference
Filter description 397
2D introduction 638 Frame
filter tool in Layout toolbar 387
2d types available 406 frame
band pass 395 bringing into Layout 378
band-pass FFT 400 moving 382
examining a 2D convolution operator 407, 639 Frame Object 383
FFT high pass 400 Free Parameters
first derivative 395 in tutorial 255
fourth difference 397 frequency 394
gradient types 395 see Wavelength 394
horizontal derivative FFT 400 From Current Mark
low pass 395 menu item in montaj™ 582
moving average 396 From Map Profile
operators 392 in montaj™ link 578
square root of second deriv 396 From Map Window
upward continuation 400 montaj™ link option 580
vertical derivative FFT 400 full gravity tensor 295, 298
Filter all lines
button 394
Index 689
G statistics 444
transfer from Geosoft 576
gamma transfer of data in montaj™ 580
units 61
traverse creation from rows 54
Gaussian
filters 407 Grid Filter option 407
grid formats 47
general ASCII import 527
grid interpolation
Generate Lines
to create strata 216
option from grid rows 54
grid origin
Geopak
define 426
grid format 553
grid size 426
geophysical filters 407
Grid Utilities
Geosoft
data linkage 576 Classify 428, 431
Clip 432
format description 538
Clipping 428
grid format 552
Convert 428, 433
link installation 576
Create RGB 428, 434
links with ModelVision 50
Edit 428, 436
multi-line files 542
Fill 437
Get Attributes
tool in Layout toolbar 387 Flip 428, 437
Overlay 437
Gibbs' Phenomena 677
Replace 428, 438
GINT function 417
Reproject 429, 439
graphics
Resample 429, 440
recommended 3
Rotate 429, 441
graphics track 148
Shift 429, 441
GRAV3D
Split 429, 442
UBC module 454
gravity gridding
body descriptions 557 theoretical discussion 421
guidelines
Gravity Component
for operation 15
menu option 296, 299
GX
gravity surveys
Geosoft links 576
and tensor computation 298
usage with ModelVision 50
gravity tensor 295, 298
GX application
gravity tensor computation 296, 299 pathing and operation 584
gravity tensor measurements 302 GXF
GravSD ASEG grid format 552
error channel 459
grid H
arithmetic computation 415
controls 420 handles
create a traverse from 268 for selecting bodies 170
generation of 421 hardcopy
mesh reduction 427 output 449
modelling using decimation 421 hardcopy output 382
operations described 427 hard-disk licensing 6
smoothing 427 header
formats 537 induced magnetization intensity 295

in ASCII files 537 induction
in drillhole format 549 of magnetics 63
in multi-line format 540 Information
in point format 548 in Grid Filter 409
used in formats 541 In-Line filter
height example of use 401
continuation filters 400 In-Line Filters
Help introduction 401
menu described 18 input
help of data 44
online 21 single line import 538
sources available 21 installation
HelpDir of the software 3
default help directory setting 594 installation directory 5
Hidden Intensity
lines of bodies 186 set in MVPRO.INI file 598
high latitudes 63 Interleaved beds
high pass for strata 218
description of 395 International Geomagnetic Reference Field 63,
filter described 400 621
high-pass filters 631 interpolate
horizontal derivative feature described 420
FFT filter 400 option in data maintenance 54
interpolated
I grid values 417
Intrepid
IGRF 1 link example 573
IGRF calculator 63, 294, 621, 671 Inversion
immediate Free Parameters 332, 372
mode described 36 Limitations 320
Import on in-line filter 324
default import file name 594 on Remanence 338
from external links 569 Parameter Variation 372
of data 44 Parameters Spreadsheet 336
import Performing an Inversion 371
model link 586 Running the inversion 373
In Line Strategies 318
introduction 392 Tolerances 335
Inclination Vertex Tolerances 337
set in MVPRO.INI file 598 inversion
inclination 671 and snapped vertices 201
of drillhole 227 in tutorial 255
reduction to the pole 400 using UBC software 463
inclination values 293 Inversion Toolbar 321
individual
body responses 230
induced magnetization 673
Index 691
J creation from a grid 55

format categories 525
Joint Inversion lengths 443
Configure 330
Line Control option 281
Data Control 325
line data
transferred in montaj™ 582
K Line Style
KernelDir tool in Layout toolbar 387
default filter kernels 594 Linename
keypad entry specified in multi-line 541
in compute option 415 linename
specified in multi-line 540
L link
external links described 50
label to external data 569
of body 171 to Intrepid 573
large multi-column data 248 linking
latitudes 63 vertices 200
Layout links
menu described 18 overview 569
pasteup area 376 load
Status Bar described 377 session files 42
text controls in the Text Formatting Ribbon Load at Startup
376 option for enabling the Speed toolbar 40
tool for composition of multiple views and CAD Local Grid option 59
78 location
window described 376 specifying for text in Layout 388
layout Lock status of bodies 188
to create 376 lookup
Layout Window 152 tables and loading 73
learning low geomagnetic latitudes 674
with tutorials 16 low latitude 670
length Low Latitude filter 671
of traverse line 268
low latitudes 63
level shift
in tutorial 254 low magnetic latitudes 670
LevelMax low pass
AutoMag default parameter 599 FFT type 399
LevelMin low pass filter
description 395
AutoMag default parameter 599
LUTDir
licence
Look-Up Table directory default 594
transfer 10
Licence Manager 13
M
licensing 4
LIN MAG3D
file extension 540, 548, 549 UBC module 454
files used with headers 541 magnetic
line body descriptions 557
gradient filters 395 MinAxisAnnoSize

pseudo gravity 400 default setting of minor axis text 594
reduction to the pole 400 Default X-Section parameter 595
source depths - AutoMag 481 Multi Channel Display default parameter 595
susceptibility setting 171 MinAxisTicSize
magnetic anomaly default setting of minor axis tick size 594
location in AutoMag 490 Default X-Section parameter 595
magnetic field 62 Multi Channel default display parameter 595
Magnetic Field Parameters dialog 295 Minimum angle factor 671
MagSD minimum curvature
error channel 459 described 424
MagUnits gridding 427
in MVPRO.INI file 598 operation described 427
maintenance phase of gridding 425
of data, channels and drillholes 53 mode
MajAxisAnnoSize of body display 187
default setting of major axis text 594 of Compute operation 415
Multi Channel Display default parameter 594 Mode Control option 415
X-Section default parameter 595 Model
MajAxisTicSize menu described 18
default setting of major axis tic size 594 model
Default X-Section parameter 595 shift operation 170
Multi Channel Display default parameter 595 model export in DXF format 50
manual model files 623
mode described 36 Model>Drillhole Control option 284
Manual/Immediate mode
Model>Edit Regional option 287
in tutorial 254
Model>Magnetic Field 64, 293
Map Configuration 101
Map Frames Model>Point Control option 285
used in Layout 379 ModelVision
File option 41
map projection 65
file output 47
Map View 99 introduction 1
Match Average 281 rules of use 16
Match Average mode 281 modulated drillhole trace 142
median montaj™
filter described 397 link 1, 43, 50, 576
mesh move
point values determined 421 bodies in section 170
mesh designer
movement of vertices 201
of UBC modules 468
moving
mesh size
a frame in Layout 382
of grids 421
Moving average
MeshTools3D program 463 description of 396
Microsoft Word files 16 Multi line
mid latitudes 63 data import 45
milligal multi-column
units 60 file formats 45
Index 693
multi-line links 580

format defined 537 objects
Multi-Track and aligning in Layout 390
displays used for filter comparisons 394 and drawing order in Layout 389
tool for detailed graphing of individual lines 78 and selection 15
Multi-track view 145 oersted
MVISION.INI magnetic field measurement 64
default file 67, 593 On
MVP - compute program file type 415 parameter switch in AutoMag 494
MVPROJ.INI 59 One body only
option for body creation 159
N one hole only option 227
online help 21
Name Open
External Link default setting 594 project option 41
nanoteslas operating instructions
magnetic field measurement 62 for UBC 457
nearest neighbour operation
method used in gridding 423 rules 15
New operational parameters
project option 41 in AutoMag 489
New Layout operator
option under Window menu 376 for low pass filter 395
Next Line length of filters 394
Toolbar button 269 length selection 395
north magnetic pole 672 lengths for filters 392
null of gradient filters 395
for single line Geosoft format 538 of second derivative 395
processing with traverses 269 sizes of 2D filters 639
used in Geosoft multi line files 542 operator window
value defined for AMIRA file format 547 used in AutoMag 493
value defined for ER Mapper 4.x format 539 orientation
value defined for ER Mapper 5.x format 540 of print output 449
value defined for LIN file format 540, 541 orientation defaults 377
value definition 526 outline
value for TK file format 537 body presentation 186
null filling output
in Grid Filter 407 of files 47
nulls in grids 411 output grid name
number of depth passes of 2D filters 407
used in AutoMag 492 output name
number of points of filter 394
of traverse line 268 Oval
tool in Layout toolbar 386
O overlap
of bodies and selecting 170
OASIS of bodies and selection 170
link 1, 43, 50, 576
Overlapping beds 218
P Layout tool 386

pointer
Padding by row and then by column 411 cursor mode 34
padding controls 410 mode 170
Padding in 2D using gridding 411 Pointer mode
Padding margin 411 in tutorial 254
padding region Poly Edit
of UBC modules 464 tool in Layout toolbar 387
page size 377 Polygon
tool in Layout tools 386
page width 378
polygon
paper
creation 162
sizes for printing 449
editing 193
parameter
of body 171 strike length 558
partial link polygon bodies
import without export of an external link 572 imported by a link 586
Pasteup polygonal models
area of the Layout window 376 for simulating strata 216
Pasteup area 378 polyhedral body 567
Polyline
PDF printer 451
tool in Layout option 386
Pen Colour
polynomial order
tool in Layout toolbar 387
of regionals 290
Perspective
Prefix
full 3D visualisation of model, lines and
surfaces 78 of synthetic lines 225, 226
perspective Print
displays 135 File option 447
print
Perspective View
files 27, 447
UBC display 464
tutorial files 16
physical properties
of polyhedra 568 Print Setup 27
pick Print Setup...
bodies which overlap 170 File option 449
platforms printed page 382
computer 2 Printer
plunging prism error 450
creation 165 layout option 377
defined 559, 561 PDF 451
editing 194 setup 449
point priority
data exports 49 of drawing objects in Layout 390
data format 548 program icon 17
import 47 project
specified in import 548 creation 59, 601
statistics 444 maintenance and clipping 55
point data sets 47 management 41
point set identifier 47 statistics 442
Pointer project description 66
Index 695
project details 59 Inversion 319

project files 41 regional field 288
project.dat regional gravity field 289
projection information 65 regional grid 291, 292
Projection regional handles
MVPRO.INI ER Mapper default parameter in tutorial 251
599 Regional Level
projection in tutorial 255
for ER Mapper files 552 regional surface 291
projection details 59 regional variation 290
properties relative
of display of bodies 185 properties of bodies 231
pseudo gravity
remanence 2
FFT filter 400
set in MVISION.INI file 598
Pt-->Body
push button for AutoMag 498 Remanence Calculator 352
RemanenceAzim
set body default 598
Q
RemanenceDip
Quick Inversion 309 body default setting 598
Toolbar button 38 RemanenceMag
default body parameter 598
R RemanenceRatio
value set in MVPRO.INI file 598
radius remanent magnetisation 338
of sphere 564 remanent magnetization 63, 294
spatial property 179
remanent magnetization intensity 295
Recompute Fixes button 291, 292 Rename
Rectangle a channel 54
tool in the Layout toolbar 386 reports
Redraw creation 445
option from Display toolbar 73 of data 443
Reduce Resample
phase of grid generation 424 see Interpolate 54
reduce reserved
operator described 427 words for Compute 415
reduction to the pole 672 Reshape
FFT filter 400 Toolbar button 38
option in AutoMag 488 re-shape
Reduction-To-the-Pole 670 editing bodies 192
Reference grid 292 residual 282
Reference Point Restore Displays option 42
of bodies 628 resultant magnetization 338
reference track 150 reverse remanent magnetizations 294
regional Revert to Saved 26
modelling for UBC 461
ribbons 142
regional computation 288 Rounded Rectangle
Regional Field tool in Layout toolbar 386
Rows and Columns Select Points

of filters 632 button 285
RPT Selected Horizons
report naming 445 of strata models 218
RTP self-demagnetisation effects 338
AutoMag option 488 Send to Back
RTP filter 670 tool in Layout toolbar 387
RTP transform operator 672 tool usage 390
Run Separate Header
button for AutoMag 491 option of import 248
session file
S usage 41
session files 42
sample interval
session of ModelVision 41
of traverse line 268
Set
sample spacing
push button of the Speed toolbar 39
parameter used in AutoMag 492
Save Settings button 410
project option 41 setup
of printers 449
Save As button 408
SHIFT
Save as... key usage 16
project option 41
shifted
Save As... option 26 bodies and snapped vertices 201
Save padded grid option 411 shortcuts 17
scales 383 Show Frame Contents
second derivative of Layout configuration 385
description 395 SI
Seed from Existing Grid 283 system of measurement 61, 64
seed grid 283 SI units 60
seismic similarity coefficient
data used for strata 216 controlling display in AutoMag 496
seismic section cut-off threshold 493
model import 585 similarity coefficients
Select used for anomaly locations 490
2D filters 407 Single
channel option 146 line data import 45
menu items for the Speed buttons 40 single
option for 2D filters 638 body responses 230
select Single Channel Joint Inversion
bodies which overlap 170 Data Control 326
to select bodies 170 smooth
Select All operation described 427
channel option 146 smooth inversion process 456
Select Bodies smoothing
in tutorial 255 of a grid 423
Select Fit Frame to Source Window option 382 solid
Select Lines Active for Modelling dialog 283 body presentation 186
Select Lines button 279 solutions
Index 697
from AutoMag as symbols 496, 507 StrikeLength

sound AutoMag default parameter 599
used to indicate snapping vertices 200 Strip NULLS
spatial properties for traverses 269
dialog 179 sun-angle filters 407
specific scale 383 support
Speed described 22
toolbar assignments in MVISION.INI 595 surface for all bodies
toolbar usage 38 in strata models 218
speed SuscConst
of computing grids 421 AutoMag default parameter 599
sphere Suscept
creation 163 in MVPRO.INI file 598
description of 564 setting body default 598
spheroid susceptibility
for ER Mapper files 552 attributes of AutoMag solutions 497, 513
spikes magnetic - of bodies 171
and filter removal 397 SuscMax
spreadsheet 147 AutoMag default parameter 599
in montaj™ and data transfer 582 SuscMin
Spreadsheet table 147 AutoMag default parameter 599
SVGA
square root of second deriv 396
graphics 3
standard
symbols
filters 407
for AutoMag solutions 496, 507
Standard Filters
subset of In Line filters 392 synchronous move button
usage 200
Standard Inversion
Synthetic
Configure 328
line creation from a grid 55
Data Control 324
statistics Synthetic Drillhole option 227
of projects 442 synthetic drillholes 141, 227, 284
Status Bar
of the Layout window 377 T
StatWatch 96
Table Lookup mode 139
step discontinuities
in strata models 219 tabular
description of 563
strata bodies 218 tabular body
creation 217 creation 165, 167
strike tensor
angle of 3D polygon 558 of gravity 295, 298
of 3D polygon 558
tensor components 284
to define 557
terrain effects
Strike length and modelling 216
option in AutoMag 489
Text
strike length tool in Layout toolbar 386
of bodies 179
text
of polygons 193 position and angle controls 388
of tabular body 194
Text Formatting Ribbon creating channel data 268

used in the Layout window 376 data transfer from montaj™ 577
thickness defining from a grid 268
of tabular body 563 trig functions 414
ThicknessMax trigonometric
AutoMag default parameter 599 functions in compute 414
ThicknessMin tutorial 246
AutoMag default parameter 599
exercises 22
thin sheet
model type in AutoMag 489 tutorial data 17
threshold tutorials
access 16
filter described 397
TXT
time
ER Mapper single traverse file extension
to compute grids 421
(Vers.5.x) 540
TKM
model file extension 623 Type
default data type for External Link 594
tolerance limit
for snapping 200
Toolbar U
used for the Layout window 377 UBC GUI button 470
Toolkit
UBC mesh structure 464
model files 623
UBC Model Mesh Designer
Tools
Clear Mesh button 469
menu described 18
Create button 469
Tools>Inversion
in tutorial 254 geometric factor 466
top original of the mesh 465
parameter of AutoMag models 492 Show All Cells 466
TOPO2 Show Perimeter 466
import model link 587 UBC software distribution 457
topographic simulation 2 UBC-GIF mesh 467
topography 282 UBC-GIF model mesh 463
topography file UBC-GIF programs 457
of UBC modules 468 UBC-GIF smooth inversion 455
Track Control Undo
of Multi-Track displays 146 edit function for Layout 376
track displays 148 editing operation 376
tracks Undo feature 188
added in X-section displays 228 units of measurements 60
Transfer button 12 University of British Columbia 454
transfer the licence 10 UNIX and PC operating systems 457
transparency slider 140 updates subscription
transparent support 22
images 139 upward continuation
Traverse description 397
alternative for creating lines 55 FFT filter 400
Toolbar button 268 Use Regional 281
traverse Use Regional mode 290
Index 699
Use seed grid 292 Window

User Guide described 22 menu described 18
USGS Window size
binary grid file format 555 parameter in AutoMag 494
Utilities window size
in Grid Filter 408 parameter used in AutoMag 493
Utility Windows
menu described 18 operating systems 2
Utility>Synthetic Drillholes 226 Windows 7 3
Utility>Synthetic option 223 Windows Vista 3
Utils>Fill holes 411 Windows XP 3
wire traces 142
V
X
vertex
adding while editing 193 X-section
editing 193 cross section view of model, field data and
selection 193 model responses 78
vertical component of gravity 298 model display 84
vertical derivative X-section View
FFT filter 400 Export as Georeferenced Images 97
XYZ
vertical exaggeration 139
format without header 541
Vertical gradient
option in AutoMag 488
vertices of adjacent polygons Z
linking 200 zoom
View how to 71
menu described 18, 77 mode described 35
volume elements 454 zoom In
voxel option 71
modelling 454 zoom out
voxel sizes option 71
for UBC modelling 464 zooms
in Grid Filter 408
W
wavelength
and FFT 399
for band pass filter 395
for high pass filter 395
for low pass filter 395
Nyquist frequency 394
of filters 395
wavelengths
of filters 392
weight the grid node 632
width
parameter of AutoMag models 492

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ModelVision 13.

ModelVision v13.0 User Guide TM

ModelVision is developed and supported by MODELVISION RELEASE HISTORY

About ModelVision .................................................................................... 1

2 Installing ModelVision ............................................................................ 3

Computer Hardware Requirements........................................................... 3

3 Getting Started ...................................................................................... 15

Introduction and Guidelines .................................................................... 15

4 Getting Help ........................................................................................... 21

Online Help ............................................................................................. 21

5 Understanding the Interface................................................................. 25

Main Menu .............................................................................................. 25

Utility Menu ........................................................................................ 31

6 Managing Projects and Data Files....................................................... 41

About Projects and Session Files ........................................................... 41

Generating IGRF Grids ................................................................. 64

7 Controlling the View.............................................................................. 69

Managing Windows ................................................................................. 69

Regional Fix Points..................................................................... 128

8 Modelling Techniques ........................................................................ 153

Modelling with ModelVision................................................................... 154

Reshaping a Polygroup Body........................................................... 191

Optimizing Computations While Modelling ...................................... 237

9 Working with Models .......................................................................... 257

About Models ........................................................................................ 257

Computing a Regional Surface ........................................................ 288

10 Inversion .............................................................................................. 307

About Potential Field Data Inversion ..................................................... 307

Standard Inversion Data Control ..................................................... 324

11 Page Layout ........................................................................................ 375

The Layout Window .............................................................................. 375

Zooming In and Out ......................................................................... 385

12 Using Filters ........................................................................................ 391

About Filters .......................................................................................... 391

13 Data Analysis and Processing ........................................................... 413

Computing New Channels..................................................................... 413

Classify ............................................................................................ 431

14 Graphical Output................................................................................. 447

15 UBC Model Mesh Designer (Optional Module)................................. 453

About UBC Software............................................................................. 454

Generated Files................................................................................ 471

16 Encom AutoMag (Optional Module) .................................................. 481

About AutoMag ..................................................................................... 481

Appendices .......................................................................................... 523

A File Formats ......................................................................................... 525

Conventions .......................................................................................... 525

Importing Fixed-Width Data ............................................................. 529

B Body Descriptions .............................................................................. 557

General Guidelines ............................................................................... 557

C External Data Links ............................................................................ 569

External Link Operation ........................................................................ 570

Examples of Link Definitions in MVISION.INI File............................ 572

D Defaults and Settings.......................................................................... 593

System Defaults (MVISION.INI) ............................................................ 593

E Model Files........................................................................................... 623

ModelVision Model File Format............................................................. 623

F Symbols ............................................................................................... 629

G Filter Descriptions............................................................................... 631

Convolution Filters................................................................................. 631

One-Dimensional FFT Line Filter Descriptions ..................................... 642