2015 ECOREA Volume1 PDF

ECOREA
Environmental Review 2015, Korea
Volume 1
Chapter 1 Climate Change
Chapter 2 Air
Volume 2
Chapter 3 Water Environment
Chapter 4 Waterworks, Sewage, and Drinking Water
Chapter 5 Soil and Groundwater
Volume 3
Chapter 6 Environmental Health
Chapter 7 Waste
Volume 4
Chapter 8 Nature and Land
Chapter 9 International Environmental Cooperation
Chapter 10 Green Economy
2015 ECOREA CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Climate Change
Main Policy Framework 2

(1) Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goals and Statistics 2
National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goals 2
National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 3
(2) Greenhouse Gas Target Management System 5

Greenhouse Gas Target Management System in the Public Sector 6
(3) Systematic Approach to Climate Change Adaptation 8

Formulation of the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan 9
(2011-2015)
Climate Change Adaptation Policies of Local Governments 12
Current Policy Focus 13

(1) Greenhouse Gas Reduction Road Map 13
Greenhouse Gas Reduction Implementation Strategies 14
Implementation Plan by Sector 15
Volume 1
(2) G
reenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme 16
(3) Implementation of the Climate Change Adaptation Plan 18
Key Facts and Trends 20

(1) Greenhouse Gas Emissions 20
(2) Climate Change Outlook 23

2015 ECOREA CONTENTS
Chapter 2. Air
Main Policy Framework 28

(1) Management of Air Pollutant-emitting Facilities 28
Emission Facility Management System 28
Management of Major Industrial Emitters by SmokeStack TMS 29
Management of Fugitive Dust-producing Establishments 30
Management of Volatile Organic Compounds 31
(2) Fuel Regulations 31

Mandatory Use of Low Sulfur Fuel 31
Prohibition on the Use of Solid Fuels 32
Mandatory Use of Clean Fuels 32
(3) Automobile Exhaust Gas Management 33

Permissible Emission Levels for Manufactured Motor Vehicles 33
Project to Reduce Exhaust Gases from Vehicles in Operation 33
(4) Urban Air Quality Management 34

1st Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement Plan (2005-2014) 34
Intensely Polluted Areas Outside Seoul Metropolitan Regions 35
Volume 1
Current Policy Focus 36

(1) R
isk-oriented Air Quality Management 36
Improvement of the Air Pollutant Classification System 37
2nd Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement Plan (2015-2024) 38
Facility Management Standards on Fugitive Emissions of 39
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
VOC Control System 40
(2) Management of Pollution Sources in Everyday Surroundings 41

Malodor Management 41
Boiler NOx Reduction 42
(3) Distribution of Eco-friendly Motor Vehicles 43

Electric Vehicles 44
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 44
Distribution of Natural Gas Vehicles 44
Eco-friendly Motor Vehicle Mid-term Distribution Strategies and 45
Road Map
Key Facts and Trends 46

(1) Air Quality Standards and Air Pollution Level 46
(2) Number of Registered Motor Vehicles and Emission Quantity 48
Minister’s Message
Korea is known with its beautiful nature and landscapes,

but has many dif f iculties in maintaining the blessed
environment. Approximately 64% of Korea's 100 thousand
km2 territory is mountainous areas and the remaining 36% of
land accommodates over 50 million people. Consequently,
Korea's population density is the third highest in the world
except city-states, causing a serious disadvantage in managing
the environment as well as a strong possibility of ecosystem
fragmentation. Besides, Korea has a monsoon climate where
more than 60% of annual precipitation is concentrated on
a rainy season from mid-June to July. This not only places
the country at a high risk of water stress, but also leads to
difficulties in managing air quality and keeping rich biodiversity.
For the past four decades, Korea has made all-out efforts
with a variety of policy measures to overcome the inherent
disadvantages in national environment management and
succeeded in dramatically improving environmental quality
across the country.
Black smoke rising up from factory stacks has disappeared

to make way for clear blue sk y. A s an indicator, SO 2
concentration in the air in Seoul has dramatically reduced
from 0.068ppm in 1988 to 0.006ppm in 2013. The Han River,
the largest river in Korea crossing the center of the Seoul
Metropolitan Area, now shows an average BOD of 1mg/L
remarkably improved from 5mg/L in 1970s, so you can see
wild fishes freely swimming in the clean river. Only 43% of the
Korean people were provided with water supply service in 1970,
but now the nationwide water supply rate stands at 98.5%.
As a result of successful implementation of policies such as

the Volume-based Waste Fee system and recycling promotions,
wastes which were dumped indiscriminately in the past have
been greatly reduced in volume with a spectacular growth in
material recycling and being converted into renewable energy
sources.
Going beyond the accomplishments in improving environmental quality, the Park Geun-
hye Administration has pushed for further advanced environmental management and
environmental welfare policies to usher in a sustainable future.
For instance, the Ministry of Environment introduced Off-site Consequence Analysis

to evaluate the potential risk of chemical facilities to outside the boundaries. On the other
hand, the Act on the Registration and Evaluation of Chemical Substances has been enacted to
establish an advanced chemical management system that would meet the standards of the
most developed countries.
The Ministry has introduced the Liability, Compensation and Relief System to promptly
compensate the damages caused by short-term and long-term pollutions and offer various
insurance options that enable enterprises to operate their business plans in the long run. In
order to accelerate circulation of resources and energy, the government is working on the
construction of Environment-friendly Energy Towns where clean technology-based energy will
be produced from incineration plants and landfills, while pursuing the enactment of the Act on
the Promotion of Resource Cycle Society.
This year, the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme has begun for the purpose of
actively responding to the global challenge of climate change.
Also, the Ministry is working on shifting the existing media-based emission permit systems
into an integrated system similar to the EU's Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control. The
new system is designed to protect receptors from pollutions with the use of best available
techniques.
The Ministry of Environment will continue to endeavor to listen to the voices of not only
the present generation but also our future generations as well as the soundless demands of
plants and animals, so that we can ensure happy and prosperous life for all of them.
First published back in 1999, ECOREA is a part of our efforts to share Korea's experiences
regarding environmental policies with our neighbors on the globe. I hope ECOREA will
be widely read by many interested readers to make a useful reference, and go further to
contribute to the efforts of countries to address commonly faced environmental challenges.
The Ministry of Environment of Korea always keeps our doors wide open to the
opportunities for environmental cooperation with other countries around the world.
April 2015
Yoon, Seongkyu, Minister of Environment

Environmental Conditions and
Environmental Quality Trends in Korea
1998 2000 2005 2010 2013

Key Facts
SO2 (ppm) 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.005 0.006
Area: 100,033km2 NO2 (ppm) 0.020 0.024 0.022 0.025 0.024
Population: 50,220,000 O3 (ppm) 0.020 0.020 0.022 0.023 0.026
Density: 501/km2 CO (ppm) 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.5
Average Temperature: 12.5°C PM10 (㎍/m3) 55 53 57 51 49
Annual Precipitation: 1307.7mm
Trend in Air Pollution Levels
Note: Population and density (2013),
Average temperature and annual precipitation
(1981-2010 average)
Water Quality, Water Supply and Sewerage
Korea has over 50 million people in about 100 thousand
Water quality, including those in the four major rivers has
km2 territory, resulting in a high population density. Mountains
shown steady improvement thanks to continued policy efforts,
account for approximately 64% of the national territory, leaving
especially in BOD and T-P level. Water supply and sewerage
only a limited proportion of the land for human residence.
service have greatly expanded standing at 98.5% and 92.1%
The country has the monsoon climate and 1,307.7mm annual
respectively. The government is now focusing on further
average precipitation. However, 50-60% of the rainfall is
expanding the service to cover rural villages.
concentrated during summer season placing the country at a Han R. (Paldang)
BOD trend
high risk of water stress. Ecological axes across the country Nakdong R. (Mulgeum)
Geum R. (Daecheong)
BOD (mg/L)
were disconnected or damaged during the rapid economic 3.0
Yeongsan R. (Juam)
growth since 1960s. Population growth, urbanization and 2.5
industrialization have accompanied air and water pollution, 2.0
increasing wastes, destruction of ecosystems. However, Korea 1.5
1.0
has come up with a wide variety of policy measures to overcome
0.5
the inherent disadvantages and improve environmental quality
0.0
across the country and made remarkable accomplishments in 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
many areas. Han R. (Paldang)

T-P trend Nakdong R. (Mulgeum)
Geum R. (Daecheong)
T-P (mg/L) Yeongsan R. (Juam)
0.200
Air Quality 0.150
SO2 and CO concentration in the air have significantly 0.100
decreased since late 1990s with a slight reduction of PM10. NO2

0.050
and O3 have been maintained below the standards, although
without notable improvement in the figures. 0.000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Water Pollution Trend in Four Major Rivers

2015 ECOREA
(Ton/day)
1980 1990 2000 2010 2013
200,000
183,351 186,417 186,629
Water Supply Rate (%) 55.0 78.4 87.1 97.7 98.5 176,447 178,120
180,000 168,985 172,005
Sewerage Distribution
8.3 32.9 70.5 90.1 92.1 160,000 148,489 146,390
Rate (%) 145,420
134,906 137,875 137,961
140,000
120,141
Trends in Waterworks and Sewerage Distribution 120,000
103,893 101,458 108,520
130,777
123,604
112,419 114,807
100,000 105,018 101,099
78,7 95,908 99,505 98,901
80,000
62,221
60,000 64,483 49,902 80,736 50,007 48,398 48,844 50,346 52,072 50,906 49,159 48,934 48,990
48,499
40,000 45,614
Waste 20,000 7,489 7,615 8,105 7,985 7,982 8,152 8,634 10,026 9,511 9,594 9,060 9,488 10,021 12,501
0
’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12
Generation of domestic wastes has been substantially
Residential waste General business waste Construction waste Designated waste
decreased since the enforcement of volume-based garbage
bag system and separate disposal of recyclables and food Trends in Waste Generation
wastes, staying at a level around 0.95kg/day/person (as
of 2012) down from 1.3kg/day/person in 1994. When it
comes to waste treatment, recycling rate has been greatly (Ton/day)
35,000
increased with a remarkable decrease in landfilling, while 29,116
31,138 31,126 29,753
28,939 28,951
30,000 27,243 27,922
seeing a slight increase in incineration. 25,000
23,544
21,831 21,949 22,938
24,588
21,000
20,000 20,922 20,724 20,450

19,166
17,394 18,195
15,000 12,601 11,882
9,471 8,797 8,391 12,261
13,402 10,585
Nature 10,000
4,676 5,441
6,577 7,229 7,348 7,224 7,753 8,321
9,348 10,349 10,309 10,609
11,604 7,778
5,000
A total of 42,756 indigenous plant and animal species 0

’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12
1)
inhabit Korea, and 2,422 of them are endemic species.
Landfilled Incinerated Recycled
For the purpose to conserve natural ecosystems, the
government has designated 246 plants and animals as Residential Waste Treatment
endangered wild species while managing legal protected

zones including 84 Natural Parks, 32 Landscape/
Ecosystem Protected Areas, and 219 Protected Island
Areas.
1)　Number of indigenous species (2014), endemic species (2014)

01
Climate Change
E C O R E A
is a compound of the prefix “ECO”,
which suggests an ecologically sound
and comfor table environment, and
the name the of the nation, “KOREA”
Main Policy Framework
(1) Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goals and Statistics
(2) Greenhouse Gas Target Management System
(3) Systematic Approach to Climate Change Adaptation
Current Policy Focus

(1) Greenhouse Gas Reduction Road Map
(2) G
reenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme
(3) I mplementation of the Climate Change Adaptation Plan
Key Facts and Trends

(1) Greenhouse Gas Emissions
(2) Climate Change Outlook
ECOREA 2015 Chapter 1. Climate Change
National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goals
In November 2009, Korea set and announced a voluntary mid-term goal of reducing
greenhouse gas emissions by 30% of the business-as-usual (BAU) level by 2020 as part of the
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA), the Convention track of the Bali Road Map.
This goal is equivalent to the highest reduction level recommended by the IPCC for developing
countries (15-30%) and was met by international attention and anticipation, as it is a reduction
activity carried out independently without assistance from developed countries. This reduction
goal was based on the results of a joint analysis of reduction potential by policy research institutes.
It was officially announced at the Climate Change Conference (COP15) held in Copenhagen
in November 2009 and submitted in writing to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) in January of the following year.
Fig. 1-1 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goal by Sector
(Unit: Millions of tons of CO2e)
81.3
64.9 -30%
45.0 4.5 1.7 1.5
34.2
776.1
569.0 543.0
2005 2020 Industry Power Buildings Transport Public and Waste Agriculture, 2020
emission generation other forests, and emission
forecast fisheries goal
(BAU)
Main Policy Framework 2 3
In July 2011, this mid-term reduction goal was further divided into specific reduction goals for
each sector (seven sectors), industries (25 industries), and year. Total emissions forecast for 2020
(without additional reduction efforts, BAU) are 7.76 million tons of CO2, and from this figure, the
nationwide reduction goal of 30% will be reached by reductions of 18.2% in the industry sector,
26.7% in power generation, 34.4% in transport, 26.9% in buildings, 5.2% in agriculture, forests,
and fisheries, 12.3% in waste, and 25% in public and other sectors.
If these reduction goals are successfully achieved, national greenhouse gas emissions will peak
in 2014 followed by a gradual decrease, which is expected to result in the decoupling of economic
growth and greenhouse gas emissions. Although mainly low-cost reduction measures will be
applied in the early stages of reduction to account for factors such as cost minimization and time
taken for technology investments, high-cost reduction measures will be progressively increased
from 2015, and greenhouse gas emissions will decrease significantly.
Providing economic entities with clear signals by setting reduction goals is expected to facilitate
the conversion of the national economic and industrial structure to a high-efficiency, low-carbon
system, promote development of green technologies and industries, and secure new growth
engines for Korea.
National Greenhouse Gas Inventory
In June 2010, the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center of Korea (GIR) was
established under the Ministry of Environment to manage greenhouse gas emission information
in a comprehensive and systematic manner. It is in charge of setting greenhouse gas reduction
goals for each sector and industry and managing statistical data.
“Guidelines on the Calculation, Reporting, and Verification of National Greenhouse Gas
Statistics” and other guidelines necessary for greenhouse gas statistics, as well as national
greenhouse gas emissions and emission factors, are finalized via expert verification by a statistical
techniques council, a review by the National Greenhouse Gas Executive Committee, and approval
by the National Greenhouse Gas Statistics Committee. After national emissions are finalized, the
Center uses this information to prepare and announce a National Inventory Report (NIR).
In operation since 2011, the “National GHG Management System” (NGMS) is an electronic
system that manages statistical data on greenhouse gases. It is used in relation to the greenhouse
gas and energy target management system by businesses subject to the target management
system, the managing institution of each industry (competent ministry), and the Ministry of
Environment as the supervising authority to report on and finalize greenhouse gas emissions,
energy consumption, and other relevant information. The emissions register and offsets register of
the emissions trading scheme to be enforced in 2015 will also be managed through NGMS.
Fig. 1-2 National Greenhouse Gas Statistics Preparation System
National Greenhouse Gas

Statistics Committee
Overall management of
statistics
Cunsultation
Ministry of Environment Statistics Korea

Greenhouse Gas Inventory and
Research Center of Korea
Technology Council Executive Committee
Energy Industrial Processes LULUCF Agriculture Waste
Ministry of Knowledge
Economy
Ministry of Knowledge Ministry for Food, Ministry for Food, Ministry of
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry Agriculture, Forestry
Land, Transport Economy and Fisheries and Fisheries Environment
and Maritime
Affairs(transport)
Korea Forest Service
(Korea Forest Rural Development
Korea Energy Research Institute) Administration
Economics Institute Korea Energy Rural Development Korea Environment
Management Administration (National Institute
Korea Transportation Corporation of Animal Science, Corporation
Safety Authority (National Institute National Academy of
of Animal Science, Agricultural Science)
National Academy of
Agricultural Science)
Sector Managing Institutions Assessment Institutions

(2) Greenhouse Gas Target Management System

The greenhouse gas and energy target management system is a key measure currently being
used to achieve greenhouse gas reduction goals. It targets establishments and businesses that emit
large quantities of greenhouse gases or consume large amounts of energy (“controlled businesses”)
but are not included in the emissions trading scheme. Each controlled business is assigned
to a greenhouse gas reduction and energy savings goal, and its fulfillment is managed by the
government.
The target management system has been applied to an increasing scope of targets since it
commenced in 2010. From 2014, it will be applicable to businesses with greenhouse gas emissions
of 50,000 ton CO2 or more, or an energy consumption of 200TJ or more, and to establishments
with greenhouse gas emissions of 15,000 ton CO2 or more, or an energy consumption of 80TJ or
more.
When a controlled business reports its previous emissions to the managing institution of each
sector, the managing institution sets greenhouse gas emission goals for each industry, which
then submit an implementation plan to achieve the goals. In the following year, the controlled
business submits a statement specifying its emissions and energy consumption together with
an implementation performance report after third-party verification. The statement and
implementation performance are confirmed by the managing institution of each sector, then
submitted to GIR. Correction notices and other such measures are used to address any business
that fails to reach its goals or does not meet measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV)
requirements.
As the managing institutions of each sector, the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural
Affairs (agriculture, forestry, and livestock), Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (industry and
power generation), Ministry of Environment (waste), and Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and
Transport (buildings and traffic) designate controlled businesses, set goals for each business, and
directly manage implementation by each business by checking implementation performance and
statements. The Ministry of Environment, as the supervising authority, examines and evaluates
the affairs of the managing institution of each sector and prepares comprehensive standards,
procedures, and guidelines necessary for system operation. As of 2015, it has designated 24
verification institutions and trained 181 examiners to build a third-party system to verify reduction
implementation by each business.
Fig. 1-3 Operation of the Greenhouse Gas Target Management System
Ministry of Environment
(general management and
supervision)
Managing institutions
Ministry of Trade, Ministry of Land, Ministry of Ministry of

Industry and Energy Infrastructure and Agriculture, Food Environment
(industry and power Transport and Rural Affairs (waste)
generation) (buildings, traffic) (food)
Greenhouse
Greenhouse gas informations Gas Inventory
(statements, implementation plans, implementation performances, etc.) and Research
Institute of
Korea
Controlled business
Verification institution (third-party verification)
Greenhouse Gas Target Management System in the Public Sector
Central administrative agencies, local governments, public institutions, and other parts of the
public sector are also subject to the greenhouse gas target management system in addition to
industrial sectors. The aim is to encourage private sector participation to reach national greenhouse
gas reduction goals based on public sector participation and leadership. The public sector is aiming
for a reduction of at least 20% of the baseline emission level (annual average emissions for 2007 to
2009) by 2015. Reduction goals for 2016 onwards will be adjusted appropriately after reviewing the
BAU and reduction goals for each sector.
The target management system applies to 778 institutions as of 2013, including central
administrative agencies, local governments, public institutions, regional public corporations,
national and public universities, national university hospitals, and dental clinics. These institutions
are required to carry out target management regarding the buildings and vehicles that they own
or use. Some public institutions such as military camps, police and fire vehicles, elementary and
middle schools, welfare facilities for the elderly, children, and disabled persons, and small buildings
with a floor area of less than 100m2 were exempt for such purposes as national defense, public
order, and protection of the right to learn.
Fig. 1-4 Operation of the Greenhouse Gas and Energy Target Management System in the Public Sector
Ministry of Security and

Central Ministry of Public Administration
administrative GIR Environment / Ministry of Trade, Prime Minister
agencies, etc. Industry and Energy
Prepare and submit a

goal implementation Register the goal Register the goal
plan implementation plan implementation plan
(by the end of January
each year)
Discuss ways
to improve and Review the
Re-write and submit a add to the goal negotiated items
Re-register the goal
goal implementation implementation plan
plan implementation plan
Request
improvement and Send opinions from
supplementation
of the goal review
implementation plan
Implement reduction
goals in the relevant
year
Prepare and submit Evaluate the Evaluate the

an implementation Register the implementation implementation
results report implementation results report results report
(by the end of March results report
each year) Review the
evaluation results
Prepare and report report
on an evaluation
results report
Take corrective action Request corrective

action (if necessary)
The Ministry of Environment subsidizes the Green Rooftop Project to support greenhouse
gas reduction activities by local governments. It also offers on-site reduction technology diagnosis
and customized consultation to suit the circumstances of each institution by operating a “Public
Greenhouse Gas Reduction Technical Support Team” (since 2012) to manage reduction and
provide greater support for vulnerable institutions. It is making a variety of efforts to encourage
reduction activities in public institutions by organizing the “Public Sector Greenhouse Gas Target
Management Performance Report Presentation” to award institutions that have been exceptionally
successful in reduction activities, recognize exemplary cases, and gather suggestions.
(3) Systematic Approach to Climate Change Adaptation

Climate change is a progressive phenomenon that affects all areas of society. Accordingly,
Korea has been seeking climate change adaptation measures based on an integrated, systematic
approach that covers all parts of society. With a growing awareness of the necessity and urgency of
such measures, specific political efforts are being made, such as by formulating national plans and
establishing support organizations.
Korea formulated four versions of the “Comprehensive Plan on Climate Change Adaptation”
starting in 1999. The first (1999-2001) and second (2002-2005) comprehensive plans only covered
climate change mitigation, but the third (2005-2007) comprehensive plan began to include climate
change adaptation.
In December 2008, the “National Comprehensive Plan on Climate Change Adaptation
(2009-2030)” was formulated through joint efforts by 13 government ministries, resulting in
an integrated climate change adaptation plan for the whole country. The “National Strategy for
Green Growth and Five-year Plan,” through which the Presidential Committee on Green Growth
was announced in July 2009, included “reinforced climate change adaptation capacity” as one
of the 10 major national policy tasks, and the Korean Adaptation Center for Climate Change
(KACCC) was founded in the same month (July 2009) for the purpose of carrying out strategic
research and providing policy support regarding national climate change adaptation. The KACCC
helps to formulate government adaptation responses to reinforce national adaptation capacity.
It analyzes impacts of extreme meteorological phenomena, performs vulnerability assessments,
and analyzes the extent of damages to provide policy decision makers with the necessary climate
change information. It makes efforts to establish partnerships among the various sectors and
ministries associated with climate change adaptation. In terms of international cooperation, it held
an international symposium to help countries share outstanding adaptation policies and tools and
provided climate change adaptation training for developing ASEAN countries.
Formulation of the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (2011-2015)
Enforced in April 2010, the “Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth” prescribed
government responsibilities to formulate a national adaptation plan, and accordingly, the National
Climate Change Adaptation Plan (2011-2015) was established as Korea’s first legally prescribed
adaptation policy in October 2010 through joint efforts by 13 associated government ministries
under the supervision of the Ministry of Environment.
This plan takes on the characteristics of a master plan; a detailed implementation plan will be
formulated for each government ministry based on this plan and wide-area local governments will
formulate their own detailed implementation plans that account for regional characteristics. The
plan will also be formulated in a five-year rolling plan format in order to ensure flexible response
to variations in climate change phenomena and to reflect advancements in climate change
monitoring and prediction technologies.
The plan contains 87 tasks across the 10 sectors of health, disasters, agriculture, forestry, marine
and fishing industries, water management, ecosystems, climate change monitoring and prediction,
adaptation industries and energy, education and promotion, and international cooperation. It
involves monitoring the climate environment on a yearly basis, carrying out implementation
evaluations, and reflecting the results in the plan for the following year.
Fig. 1-5 National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (2011-2015): Vision and Measures by Sector
VISION I To create a safe society and support green growth by adapting to climate change
Health Protect people’s lives from heat waves, air pollution, etc.
Disasters Minimize damage by reinforcing disaster prevention and social infrastructure
Agriculture Convert to a climate-friendly agricultural production system

Adaptation
measures by Forestry Enhance forest health and reduce forest disasters
sector
Marine and fishing
Secure a stable supply of seafood resources and minimize damage
industries
Water management Build a water management system that is protected from climate change
Ecosystems Ensure biodiversity through protection and restoration
Climate change
monitoring and Provide basic data on adaptation and minimize uncertainty
prediction
Adaptation- Adaptation
based measures industries and Identify new and promising businesses in climate change adaptation
energy
Education, training,
and international Reinforce external and internal communication on adaptation
cooperation
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2011 adopted “representative

concentration pathways” (RCP) as a new climate change scenario to be used for the Fifth Climate
Change Assessment Report. The new scenario predicted climate change to occur at a faster rate
than previously expected and anticipated that temperature and precipitation variation in Korea
will be above the international average. Compared to the previous scenario, the increase in average
temperature forecast for the Korean Peninsula in 2050 was 1.4°C higher at 3.2°C, and the increase
in average precipitation was also 4.1% higher at 15.6%. The National Climate Change Adaptation
Plan was revised according to this new scenario and announced in December 2012.
The basic direction of this adaptation plan is to carry out impact analyses and vulnerability
assessments in each sector according to the new scenario, formulate measures to give priority to
vulnerable populations and regions that will be most directly damaged by climate change, and
focus on identifying cooperative projects among sectors instead of measures for each sector.
First, customized measures for vulnerable populations were formulated to prevent health
hazards in vulnerable classes such as the elderly, people with disabilities, and chronically ill patients
who are most directly affected by climate change. An integrated information system on climate
change adaptation is being built to formulate integrated policies and help private businesses to
make use of climate change information. Accordingly, government ministries and institutions
will mutually leverage each other’s expertise, and there are plans to carry out long-term climate-
change adaptation R&D to help formulate highly effective adaptation measures. In addition to
enhancing the adaptive capacity of the public sector, measures will also be implemented to do the
same for industries and other parts of the private sector such as by developing a climate change
risk assessment system and preparing methods to introduce a public institution (public enterprise)
adaptive capacity reporting system.
The Ministry of Environment is developing a geostationary environment monitoring satellite
to be launched in 2018 to reinforce climate change monitoring and prediction. This satellite will
constantly monitor climate change in East Asia and the emission and monitoring of air pollutants
(nitrates, sulfates, ozone, aldehydes, aerosols, etc.). To develop the satellite, the Geostationary
Environment Monitoring Satellite Team has been in operation in the National Institute of
Environmental Research since June 2009, and the feasibility of the project was confirmed through
a preliminary feasibility study in 2010.
In consideration of the fact that climate change adaptation requires extensive consensus and
participation, the Ministry of Environment has formulated and is implementing strategies to
promote climate change adaptation that experts, NGOs, university students, and various other
groups can identify with. It is also building a “climate change adaptation information delivery hub”
to provide experts and the public with information in an efficient manner. In order to achieve this,
metadata is being created on climate change adaptation information dispersed throughout Korean
government ministries, research institutions, international organizations (UNDP, OECD, UNEP,
etc.), and other countries, and an information provision system is being constructed for the public
and expert groups.
The Ministry of Environment will continue to maximize the effectiveness of climate change
adaptation policies by extending them from the central government to regional and private
organizations and giving priority to looking after regions and populations that are vulnerable to
climate change.
Climate Change Adaptation Policies of Local Governments
Each local government is required to formulate and enforce a detailed implementation plan on
climate change adaptation measures based on the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan, and
the Minister of Environment reviews the performance each year. The Ministry of Environment
and Korea Adaptation Center for Climate Change (KACCC) helps local governments to
enhance their adaptive capacity to ensure they become the actual main entities of climate change
adaptation.
In 2010, the Ministry of Environment and KACCC selected Seoul and Incheon as targets of a
pilot project to formulate detailed implementation plans on local government adaptation measures.
They predicted climate change in these regions, carried out climate change impact assessments
in the pilot fields (health and disasters in Seoul, marine ecosystems and marine disasters in
Incheon), and formulated detailed implementation plans based on this information. They went
further to complete detailed implementation plans on adaptation measures for all wide-area local
governments by 2012. From 2012 to 2013, they provided 35 selected basic local governments with
assistance regarding the pilot project, as basic local governments will also be required to formulate
detailed implementation plans on climate change adaptation starting in 2015.
Detailed implementation plans on local government adaptation measures assess current and
future impacts of climate change, analyze the adaptive ability of each region to identify key
vulnerabilities, and thereby establish annual implementation strategies to reduce damage caused
by climate change. Adaptation measures require extensive experience and many professionals, as
they must predict the impact of climate change on health, agriculture, ecosystems, and various
other areas and prepare appropriate measures. Korea’s local governments often have low levels of
Current Policy Focus 12 13
financial independence, which limits active pursuits for climate change adaptation measures.
In this light, the Ministry of Environment distributes adaptation policy formulation manuals,
operates an expert consultation team, has an adaptation policy inventory, creates regional
vulnerability maps, develops vulnerability analysis tools, and offers a variety of other support
programs in order to help local governments to formulate adaptation policies. Since 2008, it
has also been selecting themed and joint projects for each local government to develop climate
change response models that suit regional characteristics and to spread and promote outstanding
examples, providing technical, financial, and administrative support.
(1) Greenhouse Gas Reduction Road Map

The “Road Map to Achieve National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goals,” which contains
detailed implementation plans to achieve the national greenhouse gas reduction goals set in 2009,
was announced in January 2014. This road map was jointly created by associated government
ministries including the Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy,
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning,
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, and Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. It contains
implementation plans for each sector, implementation measures, and assessment methods from
2014 to 2020, the reduction goal year.
The final road map retained the BAU and reduction goals for each sector announced in July
2011. The BAU of greenhouse gas in the goal year of 2020 is 776 million tons of CO2e, which will
be reduced to 543 million CO2e if the reduction goal of 30% is reached.
Reduction rates for the seven major sectors, in decreasing order, are 34.3% in transportation,
26.9% in buildings, 26.7% in power generation, 25.0% in public, 18.5% in industry, 12.3% in
waste, and 5.2% in agriculture and fisheries. Although reduction rates in the non-industry sectors
of transport and buildings may appear to be relatively high, industry and power generation make
up more than 50% in terms of the reduction proportion (proportion of the reduction quantity of
each sector relative to the total reduction quantity). Reduction goals for each sector are specified by
year, and detailed implementation measures for each are also provided.
Fig. 1-6 National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Implementation Strategy and System
Achieve the 2020 greenhouse gas reduction goal
Strategy
Use new techniques
Market-friendly Create jobs and new Establish a low-carbon
and other scientific
reduction system markets culture
technology
Internalization of reduction implementation in each sector

Implementation Agriculture,
Power Public and
Industry Buildings Transport forestry, and Waste
generation other
fisheries
Reduction performance evaluation and feedback

Evaluation Establish an Execute the
implementation Evaluate the Give feedback on
plan and set
implementation
implementation the results
evaluation indices plan
Greenhouse Gas Reduction Implementation Strategies
Four major implementation strategies were formulated to ensure reduction goals are achieved
in an effective manner. The first strategy is to minimize the industrial burden by operating a
market-friendly reduction system. Reduction costs will be reduced as much as possible through
the emissions trading scheme and energy demand management, and free allocation of emission
allowances will be continuously maintained for the petrochemical, cement manufacturing, and
other sensitive industries that are highly export-dependent and have relatively high production
costs, thereby reducing industrial burden. Technical and financial support will also be provided to
small and medium businesses to enhance their reduction capacity.
The second strategy is to use scientific technology and otherwise pursue reduction based
on the creative economy. A R&D strategy road map will be created to boost climate change
responsiveness in the field of Korean science and technology, and systematic technological
development will be pursued accordingly. Furthermore, core technologies will be developed
and demonstrated in the fields of CCS and non-CO2 reduction technology, which has high
development potential and investment efficiency, and technologies for reduction and energy
efficiency in heavily-emitting businesses will be developed and distributed.
The third strategy is to create new jobs and new markets through reduction. This includes
training greenhouse gas verifiers and other professional talent for managing greenhouse gases
to ensure reliability of emission calculations and reports, and increasing the distribution of new
renewable energy facilities, greenhouse gas reduction facilities, and high-efficiency equipment to
nurture associated industries.
The fourth strategy is to carry out a daily reduction campaign with the public. This involves
everyday campaigns to save cooling and heating energy, use eco-friendly transportation, and
reduce standby power, and promoting the “Green Card” and “Carbon Points System” to provide
economic incentives for low carbon consumption.
Implementation Plan by Sector
In the industry sector, an increase in heavily power-consuming facilities in the steel, oil refining,
petrochemical, and other heavily energy-consuming industries has resulted in a rapidly increasing
demand for power. The plan is to achieve a reduction of 81.3 million tons (18.5%) from the 2020
BAU of 439 million tons. Key reduction methods are to replace heavy oil in the oil refining, steel,
and petrochemical industries with LNG, breaking down N2O in petrochemicals and recovering
SF6 from electronic industries to reduce process emissions, and increasing cogeneration and waste
heat recovery facilities.
The transport sector is characterized by a low number of fuel efficiency regulations for motor
vehicles, high mileages, and inadequate distribution of biofuels. The plan is to achieve a reduction
of 34.18 million tons (34.3%) from the 2020 BAU of 99.58 million tons. Key reduction methods
are to reorganize the traffic system with a focus on public transportation, green (eco-friendly)
cars, bicycles, walking, and other green traffic, green traffic policies such as increased public
transportation, improved fuel efficiency, distribution of green cars, and other green technologies.
The buildings sector has shown a steady increase in greenhouse gas emissions due to people
seeking a pleasant atmosphere and convenience in buildings. The plan is to achieve a reduction
of 45.01 million tons (26.9%) from the 2020 BAU of 167.63 million tons. Key reduction measures
are to enhance energy reduction performance and improve the efficiency of heating and cooling
facilities.
Measures such as the public sector greenhouse gas target management system are in force in the
public sector, but there appears to be room for additional reduction efforts. The plan is to achieve
a reduction of 4.46 million tons (25.0%) from the 2020 BAU of 78.86 million tons. The key
reduction measure is to improve the efficiency of heating and cooling facilities, lighting equipment,
and office appliances.
The agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sector will manage sowing and livestock emission
sources and improve the efficiency of energy use; the waste sector will reduce wastes, recycle, and
convert waste into energy; and the power generation sector will improve the power supply mix and
increase the distribution of new renewable energy as their key reduction measures.
An evaluation system has also been prepared for the reduction implementation plans of
each sector. The implementing institution (government ministry concerned) of each sector will
evaluate its own performance, followed by a final inspection by the Office for Government Policy
Coordination, the supervising institution, with help from GIR. The results are used to provide
feedback for improving the implementation plan.
(2) G
reenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme
Korea will implement the greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme starting in 2015. The “Act
on the Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emission Permits” was enacted in 2012 and
basic research necessary for formulating a national emission permit allocation plan and detailed
guideline was carried out in 2013. In January 2014, the Korea Exchange was designated as an
emission permits exchange, and an exchange system has since been in construction. A mock
exchange will be held among target businesses in October. The “National Emission Permit
Allocation Plan” will be formulated in 2014; it will include a comprehensive operation plan for the
first phase (2015 to 2017), covering such aspects as allocations by sector and allocation standards
for each business. The Ministry of Environment was designated as the single competent authority
to ensure efficient and consistent scheme operation.
The emissions trading scheme is a system in which the government allocates emission permits
to greenhouse gas-emitting businesses, requiring them to keep their emissions within the allocated
emission limit and allowing them to trade any post-reduction surplus or shortage of emission
permits with other businesses. Firms with a high reduction capacity (low marginal abatement
costs) can achieve greater reductions and sell surplus emission permits on the emission permits
market, and those with a low reduction capacity (high marginal abatement costs) can cut costs by
purchasing emission permits to address shortages instead of directly reducing emissions.
Businesses subject to allocation of emission permits are those with total annual greenhouse gas
emissions of 125,000 tons of CO2e or higher, and corresponding businesses of establishments of
25,000 tons of CO2e or higher.
The total emissions allowance set for each country is allocated to each sector and emission
permits are then allocated to individual establishments. Emission permits are allocated for free or
by auction. Allocation will be 100% free during the first phase of the plan from 2015 to 2017. The
proportion of auctioned allocation will be gradually increased to 3% in 2018 and at least 10% in
2021 to reduce the industrial burden in the early stages of implementation and facilitate the soft
landing of the scheme. To account for international industrial competitiveness, however, 100%
free allocation will be available to industries with a high share of experts and energy-focused
industries even after 2018.
An establishment that has been allocated with emission permits is required to carry out
emission and reduction activities during the period concerned, measure its emissions, and report
it to the government after verification by an external agency. The government evaluates the
appropriateness and certifies the emission. Emission permits can be submitted as allocated or,
in the event of a surplus or shortage, purchased from another establishment. They can also be
borrowed from the following year. Offset emission permits (greenhouse gas reduction certified
through an external project by a third party outside the establishment) can also be submitted.
However, emission permits that are submitted in any way other than allocation are subject to size
limits. Borrowing is restricted to 10% of the total emission permit, and offset emission permits are
also limited to 10%. Overseas offsets are restricted to 50% of the submission of all offset emission
permits. Surplus emission permits can be carried forward to and used in the following year.
A transaction account must be created in the registry in order to trade emission permits. They can
be traded bilaterally, but the emission permits exchange provides a safe method. The government has
prepared measures to stabilize the emission permits exchange market. It can supply the market with
a reserve of emission permits in the event of a sudden price increase or other urgent circumstances
and can also set minimum and maximum holding limits, borrowing limits, offset emission permit
submission limits, and maximum and minimum prices for emission permits.
(3) Implementation of the Climate Change Adaptation Plan

Formulated in October 2010, the “National Climate Change Adaptation Plan” was revised
and supplemented in December 2012 by applying climate change scenarios. At the end of 2013,
detailed implementation plans reflecting the changed provisions were jointly formulated by
associated ministries. A total of 65 tasks were planned across nine sectors for the period from 2013
to 2015 based on performance from 2011 to 2012.
<Table 1-1> Climate Change Adaptation Performance (2011-2012) and Plans (2013-2015) by Sector
(Unit: Hundreds of millions of won)
2011-12 Performance 2013-15 Plan

Sector
No. of tasks Budget No. of tasks Budget
Health 5 370 5 1,901
Agriculture and fisheries 17 52,804 17 103,219
Water management 8 57,865 7 90,067
Disasters 6 22,207 5 45,878
Forests and ecosystems 14 14,105 14 27,664
National land and coasts 5 2,570 5 7,472
Industries 3 2,896 3 10,549
Infrastructure and international
2 148 2 448
cooperation
Monitoring and prediction 7 513 7 3,310
Total 67 153,478 65 290,508
An evaluation method and a feedback system were established in January 2014 to evaluate
the implementation performance of the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan. Effective
fulfillment of climate change adaptation measures requires effective fulfillment of specific
measures implemented by each government ministry and greater accountability, and this
highlighted the need for an organized evaluation and feedback system that assesses implementation
performance and accordingly addresses any issues and makes improvements to future plans.
Although the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth had been providing the legal
grounds requiring the Ministry of Environment, as the authority in charge of the National Climate
Change Adaptation Plan, to review the performance of the adaptation plan of each government
ministry, a specific and systematic method and procedure was now established.
The method involves evaluating the entire process, from formulation of the adaptation plan,
implementation, performance achievement, and feedback efforts, and particularly focuses on
faithful implementation and progress. Based on self-evaluations by each government ministry,
a comprehensive evaluation by professional agencies and an independent evaluation committee

ensure reliability of the evaluation. Final results are publicly disclosed and communicated to
government ministries in order to encourage them to actively apply the improvement measures
identified in the evaluation results when formulating future plans.
(1) Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Korea’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2011 totaled to 697.7 million tCO2. This is a 4.5% increase
from the previous year and can be explained by steel production and thermal power generation as
the key factors. Emissions from the steel industry and thermal power generation increased by 14.1
million tons and 7.3 million tons, respectively, compared to the previous year, which is equivalent
to 47.0% and 24.2% of the total increase in greenhouse gas emissions, respectively. Total
greenhouse gas emissions have been continuously increasing since 1990, excluding a considerable
decrease during the economic recession of 1998. Current emissions are a 136% increase compared
to the emissions of 295.7 million tCO2 in 1990.
Key Facts and Trends 20 21
Fig. 1-7 Greenhouse Gas Emission Trend (1990-2011)

Millions of tons of CO2eq.
700
Energy Industrial processes Agriculture LULUCF Wastes
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011
-100
Greenhouse gas emissions for 2011 consist of 89.4% CO2, 4.2% CH4, 2.7% SF6, 2.1% N2O,
1.2% HFCs, and 0.4% PFCs. The proportion of carbon dioxide emissions has increased from
85.7% in 1990 to 89.4% in 2011. There was a significant decrease in methane, from 10.1% in 1990
to 4.2% in 2011, due to a decrease in agricultural land and implementation of waste reduction
measures.
Emissions by sector consist of 85.7% from energy, 9.1% from industrial processes, 3.2% from
agriculture, and 2.1% from wastes. Emissions from fuel combustions make up 98.7% of the energy
sector, which is equivalent to 86% of total national emissions, and has increased by 5.1% compared
to the previous year. The fuel combustion sector consists of 44.7% from energy industries, 31.1%
from manufacturing and construction, 14.4% from transport, and 9.9% from other areas. In terms
of the increase in emissions by sector, the energy sector, industrial processes, and wastes showed
an increase of 5.1%, 1.1%, and 2.5%, respectively, and the agricultural sector showed a decrease of
0.7%.
<Table 1-2> Emission Composition by Sector and Greenhouse Gas (1990-2011)

(Unit: Millions of tCO2)
Year '90 '95 '00 '05 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11
Total emissions 295.7 442.8 511.3 569.5 591.4 605.4 609.2 667.8 697.7
Increase (%) - 8.3% 7.2% 0.6% 2.8% 2.4% 0.6% 9.6% 4.5%
Energy 241.0 353.5 410.8 467.5 494.4 508.8 515.1 568.9 597.9
Industrial
20.2 49.4 58.5 64.5 60.8 60.6 57.8 62.6 63.4
Sector processes
Agriculture 24.6 25.3 24.4 22.0 21.8 21.8 22.1 22.1 22.0
Wastes 9.9 14.6 17.6 15.4 14.4 14.3 14.1 14.0 14.4
CO2 252.4 387.0 441.1 493.5 522.8 536.7 541.3 594.5 624.0
CH4 31.7 29.2 28.7 28.1 27.9 27.9 27.6 28.8 29.1
Greenhouse N2O 10.7 15.4 19.3 23.1 13.3 13.7 13.6 14.2 14.7
gas HFCs 1.0 5.2 8.4 6.7 7.4 6.9 5.9 8.2 8.0
PFCs - 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.1 2.9 2.3 2.7 2.7
SF6 - 6.4 11.3 15.3 16.9 17.4 18.6 19.4 19.1
Note : Total emissions: Without accounting for absorption by LULUCF (Land-Use, Land Use Change and Forestry)
Fig. 1-8 Greenhouse Gas Emission Trend and Composition: the Fuel Combustion Sector (1990-2011)
Millions of tons of CO2eq.

600
Energy industry Manufacturing and construction Transport Other
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011
(2) Climate Change Outlook

The world has experienced a temperature increase of 0.8°C over the past one hundred
years due to increased greenhouse gases since the industrial revolution. Korea’s temperature
has increased by 1.8°C over the past one hundred years, which is two times the average global
temperature rise, and the increase in water levels and ocean temperature is also three times
the global average. The increasing trend has recently intensified; the average temperature of
the Korean Peninsula increased by 1.2°C during the past 30 years (1981-2010, 0.41°C every 10
years) and this trend was observed during all seasons. The Korea Meteorological Administration
published the “Korean Peninsula Climate Change Outlook Report” in December 2012. It applies
representative concentration pathways (RCP), a new climate change scenario adopted by the
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2011. According to the report, future
climate change on the Korean Peninsula will involve the warming trend from the past 30 years
continuing steadily until 2100. If greenhouse gases are emitted at current levels (RCP 8.5 scenario),
a temperature rise of 0.63°C/10 years is forecast until 2100, which is 1.6 times faster than the past
30 years. If greenhouse gas reduction policies are substantially fulfilled (RCP 4.5 scenario), the
temperature is expected to rise at a rate of 0.33°C/10 years, which is somewhat lower than the
trend on the Korean Peninsula from the past 30 years.
Both the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios predicted that the average annual precipitation of
the Korean Peninsula will exceed natural variation and show a clear increase after the mid-21st
century. The RCP 4.5 scenario predicted increases of +6.2% in the early period of the 21st century,
+10.5% in the middle period, and +16.0% in the late period compared to the current annual
average precipitation. The increase in precipitation on the Korean Peninsula in the late 21st century
is a large increase of about 3.9 times the global average. A substantial increase in precipitation is
forecast even under the RCP 4.5 scenario, which is the case in which greenhouse gas reduction
policies are substantially fulfilled, making it very necessary to prepare climate change adaptation
measures.
Water levels around the Korean Peninsula were predicted to increase along all coasts on the
east, west, and south. The RCP 4.5 scenario predicted that water levels will increase by 53cm on
the south and west coasts and 74cm on the east coast in the late 21st century (2071-2100), which is
comparable to the global water level increase of 70.6cm for the same period. According to the RCP
8.5 scenario, water levels will increase by 65cm on the south and west coasts and 99cm on the east
coast in the late 21st century. The increase on the east coast is 10% higher than the global water
level increase of 88.5cm for the same period.
The subtropical climate currently limited to the south coast of the Korean Peninsula is expected
to gradually move north in the 21st century. The RCP 8.5 scenario predicts that most of South
Korea, excluding Gangwon-do and northwest Gyeonggi-do, will be defined as subtropical regions.
Extreme weather such as heat waves and tropical nights was also expected to increase rapidly.
Annual heat wave duration was predicted to increase from the current 7.3 days to 13.1 days in the
late 21st century under RCP 4.5 and to 30.2 days in the late 21st century under RCP 8.5, resulting
from an increase of 2.5 days every 10 years. The number of tropical nights was also expected to
increase significantly from the current annual average on the Korean Peninsula of 2.8 days to 13.6
days in the late 21st century under RCP 4.5 and to 37.2 days under RCP 8.5. The number of days
of torrential rain was expected to increase significantly under both RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 from the
current 2.0 days to 2.8 days in the late 21st century, an increase of more than 30%.
If the entire world actively reduces greenhouse gases, the rate of temperature rise on the Korean
Peninsula can be expected to decrease by half. Alleviation of climate change due to greenhouse
gas reduction is predicted to be greater in terms of heat waves, tropical nights, and other extreme
weather rather than temperature and precipitation.
<Table 1-3> Korean Peninsula Climate Change Outlook

Current Early 21st century Mid-21st century Late 21st century Tendency
climate (2011-2040) (2041-2070) (2071-2100) (every 10 years)
Type
(1981-
2010) RCP 4.5 RCP 8.5 RCP 4.5 RCP 8.5 RCP 4.5 RCP 8.5 RCP 4.5 RCP 8.5
Average temperature 11.0 12.4 12.5 13.4 14.4 14.0 16.7 0.33 0.63
Daily maximum
16.6 17.9 18.1 18.9 19.9 19.4 22.2 0.31 0.62
temperature
Daily minimum
6.2 7.7 7.7 8.6 9.7 9.3 12.0 0.34 0.64
temperature
Precipitation 1,162 1,234 1,201 1,284 1,342 1,348 1,366 20.66 22.74
Days of heat waves 7.3 8.8 10.2 11.1 15.2 13.1 30.2 0.64 2.54
Days of tropical nights 2.8 4.1 5.7 9.0 16.6 13.6 37.2 1.20 3.82
Days of torrential rain 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.8 0.08 0.09
02
Air
E C O R E A
is a compound of the prefix “ECO”,
which suggests an ecologically sound
and comfor table environment, and
the name the of the nation, “KOREA”
(1) Management of Air Pollutant-emitting Facilities
(2) Fuel Regulations
(3) Automobile Exhaust Gas Management
(4) Urban Air Quality Management

(1) R
isk-oriented Air Quality Management
(2) M
anagement of Pollution Sources in Everyday Surroundings
(3) Distribution of Eco-friendly Motor Vehicles

(1) Air Quality Standards and Air Pollution Level
(2) Number of Registered Motor Vehicles and Emission Quantity
ECOREA 2015 Chapter 2. Air
Emission Facility Management System
The “Clean Air Conservation Act,” enacted in 1990, designates gaseous or granular materials
that cause air pollution as “air pollutants” and requires them to be managed through monitoring
and emission controls. There are 61 designated air pollutants, including carbon monoxide,
ammonia, nitrates, and sulfates. Among these, substances that may be directly or indirectly
harmful to human health or animal and plant growth and development in the event of long-term
consumption or exposure, even at low concentrations, are designated and managed as “specified
air pollutants.” There are 35 types of specified air pollutants, including dioxins, benzene,
chromium, and cadmium.
As of 2013, Korea has at least 48,000 air pollutant-emitting facilities, which are managed by the
following key measures.
The first is a permit and reporting system regarding the installation and modification
of emission facilities. Any facility that emits specified air pollutants or is installed in an air
conservation special countermeasure area must obtain a permit, and other facilities must be
reported.
The second is the progressive tightening of, and an advance notice system on, permissible
emission levels. Permissible emission levels have been specified for 26 substances; they are being
progressively tightened after accounting for the development rate of industrial technologies
and reduction ability and advance notices are given to allow establishments to prepare ahead
of time. The advance notice system began with an announcement in 1991 regarding tightened
permissible emission levels applicable from 1995. Since then permissible emission levels have
been progressively tightened in 1999, 2005, and 2010. The tightened permissible emission levels
applicable from January 1, 2015 were announced on December 31, 2012.
Third, emission facilities are particularly strictly managed in heavily polluted regions. Even
stricter permissible emission levels can be applied to industrial complexes and other areas of severe
air pollution that have been designated as “air conservation special countermeasure areas.” Such
strict permissible emission levels are currently applicable to the Ulsan-Onsan Industrial Complex
and Yeosu Industrial Complex. Moreover, permissible emission levels may be tightened by a
municipal ordinance in designated “air quality control areas” and other regions where it is difficult
to meet national or regional air quality standards.
Fourth, emission facilities are provided with continuous guidance and inspections to ensure the
appropriate operation of emission facilities and prevention facilities. Failure to operate prevention
facilities without legitimate circumstances or installation of bypass ducts to discharge pollutants
without passing through a prevention facility is subject to prosecution and administrative
disposition, such as suspension of operation.
Fifth, emission of pollutants in excess of permissible emission levels is addressed by an
improvement mandate and emission charges. There are two types of emission charges: the
“basic charge” is imposed according to the quantity and concentration of pollutants emitted
within permissible emission levels, and the “excess charge” is imposed on emissions in excess of
permissible emission levels. The basic charge is currently imposed on sulfur oxides and dust, and
the excess charge is imposed on nine types of pollutants, including sulfur oxides, ammonia, and
dusts. Nitrogen oxides are not subject to the basic charge, but its inclusion is under review.
Management of Major Industrial Emitters by SmokeStack TMS
The SmokeStack Tele-Monitoring System (TMS) constantly measures air pollutants emitted
by major industrial emitters through remote automatic sensing equipment. Automatic sensors
installed in smokestacks continuously measure seven types of air pollutants (dust, SO2, NOx, NH3,
HCl, HF, and CO) to produce data every 5 minutes and 30 minutes. The SmokeStack TMS was
first installed in the special countermeasure area of the Ulsan-Onsan Industrial Complex, and as
of the end of July 2014, it has been installed in 1,477 smokestacks of 569 major industrial emitters
(Classes 1 to 3) nationwide. Construction of control centers to collect measurements began in
1998, and a total of four control centers have been completed in each region. The transmitted data
is also used as administrative materials for emission charges and administrative dispositions.
Based on its stable operation over the years, the SmokeStack TMS has been the foundation
of the Seoul Metropolitan Air Pollutant Emission-cap Management System from 2007. It is also
expected to play a fundamental role in the emissions trading scheme to be introduced in the
future.
Management of Fugitive Dust-producing Establishments
Article 43 of the Clean Air Conservation Act requires establishments that produce fugitive
dusts, or dust emitted directly into the air without a specific outlet, to be reported to the local
government. As of the end of 2013, a total of 37,131 fugitive dust-producing establishments
have been reported, and 82.4% of these were construction businesses. Compared to other air
pollutants, fugitive dusts are more noticeable by the public and give rise to many civil complaints.
Accordingly, efforts are being made to reduce fugitive dusts in an effective manner through
continuous guidance, inspections, and education.
Fugitive dust-producing establishments are required to install dust control facilities or take the
necessary action to inhibit fugitive dust production, and any violation is subject to implementation
mandates, fines, prosecution, and other administrative dispositions. Special inspections are
carried out on fugitive dust-producing establishments throughout the country each year in spring
when fugitive dusts become common due to active construction work and dry weather. In 2013,
local governments carried out special inspections on a total of 12,589 establishments, identified
868 violating businesses, and took administrative action, including prosecution, fines, and
improvement mandates. Any construction business that is fined due to failure to address fugitive
dusts is penalized in bidding eligibility evaluations for government-funded construction projects to
ensure strict fugitive dust management.
Management of Volatile Organic Compounds
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generally refer to hydrocarbons emitted in gas form into
the air at ordinary temperatures and pressure, but there is yet to be an internationally agreed-upon
definition or scope of target substances. Since 2009, Korea has designated 37 VOCs, including
acetaldehyde, benzene, and gasoline, and facilities that emit these substances are managed under
regulations. In addition to managing emission facilities, regarding VOC content limits in paint,
“organic compounds (excluding carbonic acid and carbonates, etc.) having a minimum boiling
point below 250°C at 1 atm” are subject to controls.
VOCs are emitted by a variety of sources, but the largest proportion comes from the use of
organic solvents at 63.7% of total emissions, followed by production processes at 15.8%. VOC
content limits have been established for paint to reduce emissions from the use of organic solvents.
The limits applied only to the Seoul Metropolitan region during the early stages of introduction
but they were extended to the rest of the country in 2013.
Gas stations emit VOCs such as gasoline vapors, and they were in high need of management as
they are often located close to residential areas. To address this matter, prevention facilities were
installed in gas stations situated in air conservation special countermeasure areas and air quality
control areas. Installation was completed for Stage I (from manufacturing facilities to gas station
storage facilities) by 2004 and for Stage II (from gas station storage facilities to filling vehicle fuel
tanks) from 2007 to 2012.
Mandatory Use of Low Sulfur Fuel
This is a system to reduce sulfur dioxide concentrations in Seoul, Seoul Metropolitan area, and
major cities by ensuring only fuel oil with low sulfur content can be supplied and used. Different
sulfur content standards apply depending on the region or type of facility. The system began in
1981 by supplying diesel fuel and heavy fuel with a sulfur content of 0.4% or less and 1.6% or less,
respectively. Since then content standards have been tightened and applicable regions have been
increased.
Since 2012, only diesel fuel with a sulfur content of 0.1% or less must be supplied and used
throughout the country. Heavy fuel must have a sulfur content of 0.3% or less in a total of 58 local
governments, including Seoul and the six other special and metropolitan cities and Jejudo; 0.5% or
less in the 104 si and gun areas, and 1.0% or less in other parts of the country.
Prohibition on the Use of Solid Fuels
Air pollution in the major cities became severe when coal use was recommended after the oil
shock of the 1970s. Consequently, since 1985, this prohibition has banned the use of coal, coke,
firewood, charcoal, and other solid fuel in regions that exceed or may exceed environmental
standards. It is being applied to an increasing number of regions, and since 1999, the use of solid
fuels has been banned in a total of 20 regions, which includes Seoul and the six metropolitan cities
and 13 si areas of Gyeonggi-do.
Mandatory Use of Clean Fuels
This is a system to mandate the use of clean fuels (LNG, LPG, etc.) that emit almost no
pollutants depending on the region in order to further reduce air pollution in large cities after the
introduction of the systems to supply low sulfur fuel and prohibit the use of solid fuels. It began
with compulsory replacement of fuels used in commercial boilers in Seoul Metropolitan City and
by the Incheon Thermal Power Plant. It has been applied to an increasing number of regions and
facilities, and since 2000, the use of clean fuels has become compulsory for commercial boilers
above a certain size, multi-unit dwellings, regional heating and cooling facilities, and power
generation facilities in a total of 37 regions, including the seven special and metropolitan cities.

The following policy measures are used to manage automobile exhaust gases.
Permissible Emission Levels for Manufactured Motor Vehicles
This system mandates the manufacture of vehicles with low pollutant emissions from the
production stage to reduce environmental pollution caused by automobiles at the source. Permissible
emission levels for manufactured motor vehicles have been tightened several times over the years,
and current standards are equivalent to those of the United States and Europe. Ultra-low emission
vehicle (ULEV) standards were applied to gasoline vehicles by adopting U.S. standards in 2006,
and the fleet average system (FAS) of California was introduced and has been applied since 2009.
Permissible emission levels equivalent to Euro-5 standards were applied to diesel vehicles from
2009 by adopting European standards, and Euro-6 will be applicable from 2014.
Project to Reduce Exhaust Gases from Vehicles in Operation
It has been pointed out that in order to improve Seoul Metropolitan air quality, it is essential to
reduce the particulate matter emitted by diesel vehicles in operation. Accordingly, diesel vehicles
registered in the Seoul Metropolitan region whose emissions warranty has expired are tested under
stricter conditions than previous permissible emission levels for vehicles in operation. A vehicle
that fails to satisfy the requirements must be equipped with a DPF, p-DPF, DOC, or other exhaust
reducing device, remodeled with a low-pollution engine, or scrapped early.
After a pilot project in 2004 targeting vehicles owned by public institutions, a total of 770,000
decrepit diesel vehicles have been addressed to ensure low pollution, with 1.876 trillion won
injected from the National Treasury from 2005 to 2013. In 2013, a total of 54,000 vehicles were
addressed by investing 65.9 billion won.
(4) Urban Air Quality Management

1st Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement Plan (2005-2014)
With populations and industries in close proximity, Seoul Metropolitan regions are affected
by severe air pollution, and there was high need for improvement. In this light, the Seoul
Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement Planning Team was launched in 2002; the “Special Act
on the Improvement of Air Quality in Seoul Metropolitan Area” was enacted in 2003 (enforced in
2005); the “1st Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Control Master Plan (2005-2014)” was formulated
in 2005; and implementation plans were established for each local government in 2006 to carry
out the master plan. Various special measures regarding the Seoul Metropolitan area were
implemented based on these plans. In 2013, the second master plan was formulated for 2015 to
2024.
The special act is also meaningful in that it was enacted through opinion gathering from
various groups, debates, and social agreement. More than 190 debates took place through various
committees, public hearings, seminars, and conferences, and issues were resolved by a joint task
force consisting of associated government ministries, industrial groups, and civil organizations.
The Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Control Master Plan aims to improve PM10 and nitrogen
dioxide concentrations to the levels of Tokyo, Paris, and other major cities by reducing Seoul
Metropolitan air pollutant emissions by half of 2001 figures by 2014.
<Table 2-1> Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement Goals (in Seoul)
Pollutant 2003 2007 2009 2011 2014

3
PM10 (μg/m ) 69 60 55 50 40 (same as Tokyo)
Nitrogen dioxide (ppb) 38 35 32 28 22 (same as Paris)
Control measures to achieve these goals consist of automobile management, including the
project to reduce exhaust gases from vehicles in operation, management of emission facilities,
including the total load management system for large establishments, and management of eco-
friendly energy and cities. Projects to simultaneously reduce air pollutants and greenhouse gases
will be carried out to improve air quality and make a positive contribution to climate change.
Examples include distribution of low NOx burners, equipping vehicles with idle stop and go
systems, and expanding green spaces in urban regions.
The Seoul Metropolitan air pollutant load management has been enforced since January 2008.
It allocates yearly emission allowances for nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides to Class 1 and Class
2 large establishments, requiring them to keep their emissions within the allowances and allowing
them to trade any surplus allocations.
Intensely Polluted Areas Outside Seoul Metropolitan Regions
▶ Designation of Special Countermeasure Areas
In accordance with Article 38 of the Framework Act on Environmental Policy, the Minister
of Environment may designate any area affected or likely to be affected by considerable
environmental pollution as a special contermeasure area and restrict land use and facility
installation within this area. There are two designated air conservation special countermeasure
areas, which are the National Industrial Complexes in Ulsan and Yeosu, densely packed with large
emission facilities. Particularly strict permissible emission levels can be applied to these emission
facilities.
▶ Designation of Air Quality Control Areas
Earlier, industry-focused regulations have had limitations in addressing air pollution in large
cities. This is due to the increase in emissions from area sources and mobile sources caused by
urbanization, an increase in vehicles, and use of chemical substances in addition to point sources
such as industries. Secondary pollutants such as ozone are heavily influenced by weather and
geographical conditions. This necessitates comprehensive improvement measures that account for
the environmental capacity of each region affected by air pollution and includes traffic and energy
demand management.
Accordingly, the “Clean Air Conservation Act” was amended in December 1995 so that
regions that have exceeded or may exceed environmental limits and are deemed to require urgent
improvement of air quality can be designated as “air quality control areas.” The Seoul Metropolitan
area, Busan area, Daegu area, and Gwangyangman area were consequently designated as air quality
control areas.1) The si or do governors of the areas concerned are required to formulate a relevant
execution plan, implement the plan after obtaining approval from the Minister of Environment,
and report on implementation performance each year. Key control measures for air quality control
areas are compulsory installation of VOC inhibition and prevention facilities, close inspection of
exhaust gases from vehicles in operation, and introduction of low-pollution vehicles.
(1) R
The environmental policy paradigm has recently shifted to a focus on prevention, and there is
growing demand for receptor-oriented environmental management policies that comprehensively
account for the impact of harmful substances on public health and ecosystems. Accordingly, air
quality management policies are also shifting towards a risk orientation and giving priority to
protecting public health.
1)　Among these, the Seoul metropolitan area is managed under the Special Act on the Improvement of Air Quality in
Seoul Metropolitan Area as of its enactment in 2003.
Improvement of the Air Pollutant Classification System
The Clean Air Conservation Act has classified pollutants into air pollutants and specific
hazardous air pollutants, and it has been pointed out that classification standards are ambiguous
and lack consistency. There were also substances that were omitted even though they must be
managed as air pollutants due to their high emission volumes and large risks. Consequently, it
became necessary to review the air pollutant classification system and reorganize it with a focus on
risks.
Accordingly, the Clean Air Conservation Act was amended in 2012 to reclassify air pollutants
into monitored hazardous air pollutants and specific hazardous air pollutants and to specify
such classification standards as substance toxicity, impact on ecosystems, atmospheric emission
volume, and pollution level. These classifications are required to be designated via an air pollutant
evaluation committee.
A “monitored hazardous air pollutant” is an air pollutant that may be harmful to human health
or animal and plant growth and development, and is deemed by committee evaluation to require
continuous measurement, monitoring, or observation. A “specific hazardous air pollutant” is a
monitored hazardous air pollutant that may be directly or indirectly harmful to human health or
animal and plant growth and development in the event of long-term consumption or exposure,
even at low concentrations, and is deemed by committee evaluation to require atmospheric
emission control.
Indices for air pollutant evaluation were prepared in 2014. Committee evaluations will begin in
2014 and the results will be applied to law amendments starting from 2015.
<Table 2-2> Improvement of the Air Pollutant Classification System
Current Improved(Draft)
◦ Judged and evaluated through risk-oriented air

pollutant evaluation standards
Criteria N/A -E
valuation indices have been prepared for the four
areas of air movement, toxicity and risks to the human
body, atmospheric emission volume and pollution level,
and domestic and international regulations
◦ Evaluated by an air pollutant evaluation committee

Procedure N/A (National Institute of Environmental Research) →
Enforcement rule amended (Ministry of Environment)
Pollutant ◦ Air pollutants (161 types)

◦ Air pollutants (61 types)
classification ◦ Monitored hazardous air pollutants (97 types)
◦ Specific air pollutants (35 types)
(tentative) ◦ Specific hazardous air pollutants (38 types)
<Table 2-3> Air Pollutant Evaluation Indices
Air pollutant evaluation criteria
Atmospheric Level of domestic

Toxicity and risks to
Air movement emission volume and and international
the human body
pollution level regulations
◦ Atmospheric half-life ◦ Inhalation ◦ Atmospheric emission ◦ Compare with

◦ Henry’s constant carcinogenicity volume domestic cases and
Evaluation ◦ Vapor pressure ◦ Inhalation unit risk ◦ Air pollution level, etc. advanced countries
details ◦ Atmospheric reactivity ◦ Toxic hazard quotient * Reviewed in
◦ Risk variation conjunction with
PRTR information
2nd Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement Plan (2015-2024)
The first Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Master Plan ends in 2014, and a second master plan
(2015-2024) was formulated in December 2013 with a focus on reinforcing human health risks
until 2024.
The second Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Control Master Plan promotes air quality
improvement with a focus on managing human health risks by adding ultrafine particles (PM2.5)
and ozone (O3), which pose major risks to human health, to the list of managed substances. It aims
to reduce the emission of each pollutant by 34 to 56% of BAU.
<Table 2-4> Pollutants Managed by the Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement Plan
1st plan 2nd plan

PM10, NOx, SOx, VOCs PM10, PM2.5, SOx, NOx, VOCs, O3
The second master plan continues to implement key reduction measures from the first master
plan, including distribution of eco-friendly vehicles, management of exhaust gases from vehicles
in operation, and tightened permissible smokestack emission levels for establishments. It also
aims to intensively manage high-risk pollutants distributed throughout everyday surroundings by
providing support to replace home boilers with low NOx boilers and prescribing control measures
for VOC sources such as laundry shops, gas stations, painting facilities, printing offices, and
everyday consumables.
Facility Management Standards on Fugitive Emissions of Hazardous Air

Pollutants (HAPs)
Air pollution was previously managed with a focus on permissible emission levels for
smokestacks, resulting in a lack of control measures for pollutants (fugitive dust emissions) emitted
directly by processes and facilities other than smokestacks. A chemical emissions survey in 2010
found that approximately 61% of the 50,000 tons of annual emissions of 388 hazardous air
pollutants (HAPs) were fugitive emissions from non-smokestack facilities and processes.
In order to reduce the fugitive emissions of air pollutants, facility management standards for
HAP-emitting facilities were enacted when the Clean Air Conservation Act was amended in
2012, and they will be effective as of January 1, 2015. Permissible emission levels, reduction facility
installation and operation, leakage monitoring, and maintenance standards will be applicable to
each industry according to the facility management standards, and it will be compulsory to appoint
administrators and to keep and report on operation records.
Facility management standards are being prepared and enacted according to the annual plan
for each industry. Establishments are being provided with guidance and training and relevant
guidelines are being prepared before the standards come into force in 2015.
VOC Control System
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carcinogenic and otherwise highly toxic precursors of
ozone (O3), which induces atmospheric photochemical smog. Average annual ozone concentrations
in major cities have been increasing over the past 10 years. In Seoul, the average annual ozone
concentration increased from 14ppb in 2003 to 22ppb in 2013, an increase of approximately 50%
over 10 years.
To address such issues, the previous VOC control system is being reviewed from various angles
to identify problems and prepare improvement measures. The first problem is that only 37 types
of VOC substances and products have been designated as control targets, creating a blind spot
in management. Second, although facility management standards are being operated to reduce
VOCs, matters such as treatment efficiency have not been suggested, and it is difficult to check
whether treatment has actually taken place. Third, there is a lack of control measures for VOCs in
everyday surroundings, despite the fact that everyday consumables such as adhesives, insecticides,
and cosmetics account for about 15% of VOC emissions and that laundry shops, printing offices,
small painting facilities, and other small VOC sources are scattered around residential areas.
Accordingly, control target VOCs will be re-identified based on ozone-producing ability and
a reorganization road map will be prepared on facility management standards for VOC-emitting
establishments starting in 2014. Controls will also be reinforced by formulating control measures
for everyday VOCs based on basic investigations of laundry facilities and other small emitters and
everyday consumables and by preparing VOC content limits for everyday consumables.
Recovery measures for gasoline vapor at gas stations will also be strengthened. Ozone
concentrations in medium to large cities with a population of 500,000 or more are exceeding
environmental standards2) at a continuously increasing frequency. Gasoline vapor from gas
stations is not only one of the causes, but it also acts as an environmental pollution source located
in close proximity to the everyday lives of the public. Accordingly, regions that are required to
install gasoline vapor recovery facilities are being expanded from atmosphere preservation special
countermeasure areas and air quality control areas to urban regions with a population of 500,000
or more.
(2) M
anagement of Pollution Sources in Everyday
Surroundings
Malodor Management
Unlike common air pollution, malodors are caused by a variety of substances, demonstrate
complex interaction, and tend to occur and disappear locally and momentarily. This restricts
methods that manage the entire country in a standardized manner, such as those for air pollution.
In accordance with this perspective, the Malodor Prevention Act, newly enacted after being
separated from the Clean Air Conservation Act, has been in force since February 2005. Changes
were made according to this act such as managing malodors in regional units instead of the
previous facility units and introducing more scientific methods of malodor measurement. The
Act also allows the heads of local governments to designate malodor control areas and apply strict
permissible emission levels to these areas. Consequently, 32 areas, including the Ulsan National
Industrial Complex, have been designated and are managed as malodor control areas. In addition,
a project has been in implementation since 2003 to create green space to act as a buffer between
industrial complexes and residential areas.
2)　Based on 8hr.
Despite these efforts, civil complaints against malodors have been continuously increasing at an
average annual rate of 15% over the past several years. The main method of malodor control is for
the heads of local governments to designate malodor control areas, but they are reluctant to do so
due to concerns regarding decreased land value and local economic recession. Consequently, 86%
of malodor-related civil complaints arise outside malodor control areas. While malodor complaints
are increasing, malodor-emitting facilities exceeded permissible emission levels by only 1.4%
during the past three years, highlighting the need to reexamine the efficiency of the management
system for malodor-emitting facilities.
Key improvements to the malodor management system being made as of 2014 are as follows.
First, the scope of target emission facilities will be extended to ensure effective malodor
management. Currently, only facilities within malodor control areas are required to declare
installation, but this will be extended to all emission facilities regardless of region. Current
conditions are that any facility against which complaints persist for one year and that exceeds
emission limits three times, and this will be tightened to one complaint and one violation of limits.
Second, the classification system for air pollutant-emitting facilities was applied to establish
the current definition of malodor-emitting facilities, but independent classification standards
will be formulated and used based on factors such as malodor induction and persistence of civil
complaints.
Third, malodor monitoring and measurement methods will be redesigned. This involves
enhancing reliability by standardizing the malodor monitoring networks being autonomously
operated by each local government, modifying standards for the measuring height of complex
malodors, and reviewing the feasibility of introducing automatic malodor collectors.
Boiler NOx Reduction
NO2 concentrations in the Seoul Metropolitan area are continuously exceeding the
environmental limit of 30ppb, and non-industrial sectors such as residential facilities accounted for
29% (as of 2010) of the NOx generation in Seoul, pointing to a need for measures to reduce NOx
in non-industrial sectors.
Costs to replace medium to large industrial gas boilers with low NOx burners have been
subsidized since 2006. Permissible emission levels will be applicable to new large gas boilers of 2
tons or more starting from 2015, pointing to a need to change boiler NOx reduction measures.
Installation costs for low NOx boilers in homes will be subsidized to cover a total of 680,000
units in the Seoul Metropolitan area from 2015 to 2020. New manufacturing standards will be
formulated for home boilers and low NOx boiler installation will become compulsory when building
any multi-unit dwelling of 20 households or more. In terms of industrial boilers, eligibility for the
low NOx burner replacement cost subsidy will be extended from 0.3 tons or more to 0.1 tons or
more. The subsidy excludes new boilers of 2 tons or more, to which the new permissible emission
levels will apply.
(3) Distribution of Eco-friendly Motor Vehicles

Consumer demand is heading towards low-pollution, high-efficiency, eco-friendly motor
vehicles due to factors such as the burden of fuel costs and increased environmental awareness
caused by recent climate change issues and high oil prices. Governments and industries around
the world are making active investments and formulating support policies to dominate the eco-
friendly motor vehicle market in advance.
Korea has also recognized the importance of developing and distributing eco-friendly motor
vehicle technologies and is working towards increasing the distribution of electric vehicles, plug-
in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), fuel cell electric vehicles
(FCEV), and other eco-friendly motor vehicles that offer outstanding fuel efficiency and satisfy
low pollution standards. This matter is covered by the “Green Car Development Strategies and
Projects” announced by the Presidential Committee on Green Growth in December 2010. Electric
vehicles with no pollutant emissions have been in distribution since 2011 and FCEVs have been in
trial distribution since 2013.
Electric Vehicles
The groundwork was established to distribute electric vehicles by setting electric vehicle and
charging facility support standards based on the results of an electric vehicle verification project in
2011 and expert advice. First, national agencies, local governments, and public institutions, upon
purchasing an electric vehicle, are provided with a subsidy to partially cover the price difference
compared to an equivalent standard vehicle, and assistance is being provided to build a charging
infrastructure. In addition, 10 cities, including Seoul and Jeju, were selected as leading EV (electric
vehicle) cities. A charging infrastructure network will be established around these cities, which will
be nurtured as hubs for full-scale electric vehicle distribution.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
FCEVs operate by obtaining electricity by reacting hydrogen and oxygen fuels in a fuel cell
inside the vehicle, then using the electricity produced to power the motor. Their only exhaust gases
are unreacted oxygen and nitrogen and water vapor, making them truly “pollution free” vehicles.
From 2006 to 2013, Korea invested a total of 69 billion won to carry out a FCEV development
and verification project and established a mass production system for FCEVs. To verify the
technology and create initial demand, the Ministry of Environment provided the public sector
with five FCEVs and one charging station on a trial basis in 2013, and since then, a total of 33
FCEVs have been distributed, including commercial distribution.
Distribution of Natural Gas Vehicles
Previous diesel-powered intra-city buses were regarded as a main cause of air pollution in large
cities due to large volumes of pollutant emissions and high operating frequency. Consequently,
they were changed to natural gas buses that have no exhaust fumes and whose emissions of other
air pollutants are at least 65% lower than previous diesel-powered buses.
Korea completed the development of natural gas buses from 1991 to 1997, and after a trial
operation of a total of four intra-city buses in Incheon and other areas from July 1998, the absence
of exhaust fumes and excellent passenger comfort were welcomed by the public. Natural gas buses
were distributed in full scale from 2000 based on the results of the trial operation. By the end of
2013 the government had distributed 34,297 buses and 1,174 cleaning vehicles and installed 479
charging stations throughout urban areas of the country.
A mobile charging system was introduced in 2002 to distribute natural gas buses to regions
where it is difficult to install natural gas charging stations or where urban gas pipes have not been
installed. As of the end of December 2013, this system supplies fuel to about 226 buses.
Korea’s natural gas vehicle-related industries achieved significant growth, with exports
increasing from $30 million dollars in 2006 to $200 million dollars in 2012. The Ministry of
Environment is actively involved in organizing the Global-Korea NGV Policy and Technology
Cooperation Forum and other government assistance projects to support and nurture overseas
export industries in developing Asian countries.
Eco-friendly Motor Vehicle Mid-term Distribution Strategies and Road Map
The Mid-term Strategies and Road Map for Eco-friendly Motor Vehicle Distribution (2014-
2020) was recently formulated. This road map aims to distribute 2.2 million eco-friendly vehicles
(10% of registered motor vehicles) by 2020, and specifies the following three strategies.
First, distribution strategies will be customized for each vehicle type, including hybrid vehicles,
electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and CNG hybrid buses. Second, the market will be
expanded by introducing a compulsory zero-emissions vehicle (ZEV) distribution scheme and
otherwise improving associated systems. Third, the consumer culture will be improved through
early establishment of public infrastructure for electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and
promoting the practice of car sharing.
(1) Air Quality Standards and Air Pollution Level

Korea has set air quality standards for key air pollutants as policy objectives on air quality
control and has been making efforts to satisfy these standards. Air quality standards on sulfur
dioxide gas (SO2) were first introduced in February 1978, followed by standards on carbon
monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, total suspended particles (TSP), ozone, and hydrocarbons in 1983,
standards on lead in 1991, and standards on PM10 fine particles in 1995. Standards on benzene
were newly introduced in 2010. Additional standards on PM2.5 fine particles were enacted in
March 2011 and will be applicable from 2015. Environmental standards have been progressively
tightened for sulfur dioxide gas in 1995 and 2001, carbon monoxide in 1995, PM10 fine particles
in 2001 and 2007, and nitrogen dioxide in 2007 to pursue higher air quality goals. The current air
quality standards that have been applicable since 2011 are as presented in <Table 2-5>.
<Figure 2-1> shows the trend in national air pollution level over the past 15 years.
Concentrations of SO2, PM10, and Pb are continuously decreasing, and this appears to be the
outcome of the government’s air quality management policies, including improvement of Seoul
Metropolitan air quality (November 2005), increased supply of clean fuels such as low sulfur oil
and LNG, supply of lead-free gasoline, and tighter emissions regulations. On the other hand, NO2
and O3 concentrations are yet to improve due to rising temperatures caused by climate change and
increased number of vehicle registrations.
In terms of the national average air pollution level in 2013, the SO2 concentration is 0.006ppm
and has been maintained at less than one-third of the air quality standard of 0.02ppm for more
than 10 years. At 0.024ppm, NO2 has also been kept below the air quality standard of 0.03ppm
strengthened in 2007. The atmospheric lead (Pb) concentration is 0.0391μg/m3 (based on PM10)3),
which is only one-tenth of the air quality standard of 0.5μg/m3. However, PM10, at 49μg/m3, is
only barely below the air quality standard of 50μg/m3.
3)　Based on PM10. Lead concentration was measured based on TSP until 2012, but PM10 standards are applied as of
2013.
<Table 2-5> Air Quality Standards
Item Standard
◦ Annual average of not more than 0.02ppm

Sulfur dioxide gas
◦ 24-hour average of not more than 0.05ppm
(SO2)
◦ Hourly average of not more than 0.15ppm
Carbon monoxide ◦ 8-hour average of not more than 9ppm

(CO) ◦ Hourly average of not more than 25ppm
◦ Annual average of not more than 0.03ppm

Nitrogen dioxide
◦ 24-hour average of not more than 0.06ppm
(NO2)
◦ Hourly average of not more than 0.1ppm
◦ Annual average of not more than 50μg/m3

PM10
◦ 24-hour average of not more than 100μg/m3
Fine particles
◦ Annual average of not more than 25μg/m3
PM2.5 ◦ 24-hour average of not more than 50μg/m3
(applicable from 2015)
Ozone ◦ 8-hour average of not more than 0.06ppm

(O3) ◦ Hourly average of not more than 0.1ppm
Lead
◦ Annual average of not more than 0.5μg/m3
(Pb)
Benzene ◦ Annual average of not more than 5μg/m3

Fig. 2-1 National Air Pollution Level Trend
0.12 65
SO2, NO2, O3 (ppm) Pb(µg/m3)
60
0.09
PM10(µg/m3)
55
0.06
50
0.03
45
0.00 40
’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12 ’13
SO2 NO2 O3 Pb PM10
Note : Pb concentration is based on TSP until 2012 and based on PM10 from 2013
(2) Number of Registered Motor Vehicles and Emission

Quantity
The rate of increase in the number of registered motor vehicles in Korea is regarded to be in the
maturity stage, as it has remained in the 3% range for the past 10 years. The number of registered
motor vehicles increased by more than 10 million between 1993 and 1996, but there was a major
decrease in 1998 when the financial crisis struck. This was followed by a temporary increase, but
the rate of increase significantly decreased after 2003 (excluding 2010) and has been maintained
below 600,000 annually. There was a temporary but substantial decrease in the number of
registered motor vehicles in 2008 due to the global economic recession, but it increased again in
2009 owing to tax benefits for decrepit vehicles and other factors.
Fig. 2-2 Motor Vehicle Registration Trend (2001~2013)
Total number of registered vehicles Increase from previous year

(tens of thousands of units) (tens of thousands of units)
2,250 120
2,000
100
1,750
1,500 80
1,250
60
1,000
750 40
500
20
250
0 0
’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12 ’13
Total number of registered vehicles Increase from previous year
As of 2011, a total of 878,000 tons of air pollutants are emitted by on-road mobile sources,
accounting for 24.8% of total air pollutant emissions nationwide. On-road mobile sources are
accountable for 64.6% of CO, as well as 31.0% of NOx, 12.8% of PM104), 7.9% of VOC, and 6.4%
of TSP. On-road mobile emissions from the Seoul Metropolitan region amount to 361,000 tons,
equivalent to 41.1% of national on-road mobile emissions. In terms of on-road mobile sources
classified according to fuel type, diesel vehicles emit 386,000 tons (44.0%) and gasoline vehicles
emit 364,000 tons (41.5%) of pollutants.
4)　As of 2010.
+ Chapter 2 Air
◎ Emission Facility Management System
◎ Management of Major Industrial Emitters by
SmokeStack TMS
◎ Management of Fugitive Dust-producing
Establishments
Full Table of ◎ Management of Volatile Organic Compounds
Contents ◎ Mandatory Use of Low Sulfur Fuel

◎ Prohibition on the Use of Solid Fuels
◎ Mandatory Use of Clean Fuels
◎ Permissible Emission Levels for Manufactured
Motor Vehicles
◎ Project to Reduce Exhaust Gases from Vehicles in
Operation
Volume 01 (4) Urban Air Quality Management
◎ 1st Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement
+ Chapter 1 Climate Change Plan (2005-2014)
◎ Intensely Polluted Areas Outside Seoul
Main Policy Framework Metropolitan Regions
◎ National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goals Current Policy Focus
◎ National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (1) R
(2) Greenhouse Gas Target Management System ◎ Improvement of the Air Pollutant Classification
◎ Greenhouse Gas Target Management System in System
the Public Sector ◎ 2nd Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement
(3) Systematic Approach to Climate Change Adaptation Plan (2015-2024)
◎ Formulation of the National Climate Change ◎ Facility Management Standards on Fugitive
Adaptation Plan (2011-2015) Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
◎ Climate Change Adaptation Policies of Local ◎ VOC Control System
Governments (2) Management of Pollution Sources in Everyday
Surroundings
Current Policy Focus ◎ Malodor Management
(1) Greenhouse Gas Reduction Road Map ◎ Boiler NOx Reduction
◎ Greenhouse Gas Reduction Implementation (3) Distribution of Eco-friendly Motor Vehicles
Strategies ◎ Electric Vehicles
◎ Implementation Plan by Sector ◎ Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
(2) G
reenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme ◎ Distribution of Natural Gas Vehicles
(3) Implementation of the Climate Change Adaptation ◎ Eco-friendly Motor Vehicle Mid-term Distribution
Plan Strategies and Road Map
Key Facts and Trends Key Facts and Trends

(1) Greenhouse Gas Emissions (1) Air Quality Standards and Air Pollution Level
(2) Climate Change Outlook (2) Number of Registered Motor Vehicles and Emission
Quantity
◎ Hygiene and Safety Certification for Water Pipe
Volume 02
Materials
(2) Sewage Management
+ Chapter 3 Water Environment ◎ Construction of Public Sewage Water Treatment
Plants
◎ Maintenance of Agricultural and Fishing Village
(1) P
olicy Direction
Sewage System
◎ Pollution Prevention
◎ Sewerage Pipeline Maintenance
◎ Pollutant Designation and Effluent Standard
◎ Private Sewage Treatment Facilities and Excreta
◎ Aquatic Ecosystem Conservation, Restoration, and
Treatment Facilities
Management
(3) Drinking Water Management
◎ Monitoring and Evaluation
◎ Drinking Water Quality Standards and Water
(2) Master Plan for Water Environment Management
Quality Monitoring
(2006-2015)
◎ Management of Drinkable Spring Water
(3) Industrial Wastewater Management
◎ Management of Drinking Water Supply Public
◎ Effluent Standard for Industrial Wastewater
Facilities
◎ Permit and Reporting System for the Installation of
◎ Water Purifier Management
Wastewater Discharging Facilities
◎ Emission Charge System
◎ Installation and Operation of Wastewater Treatment
Plants (1) E
xpansion of Waterworks Facilities in Agricultural and
◎ Wastewater Treatment Service System Fishing Villages
(4) Nonpoint Sources Management (2) P
revention of Urban Flooding
(5) Lake Water Quality Management (3) Promotion of Water Reuse
◎ Lake Water Quality Survey
◎ Algal Bloom Prevention and Algae Alert System Key Facts and Trends
◎ Intensive Management of Selected Reservoirs (1) Waterworks Statistics
(2) Sewage Statistics
(1) Expansion of the Total Water Pollution Load
Management System (TPLMS)
+ Chapter 5 Soil and Groundwater
◎ Water Pollution Load Management
(2) Livestock Excreta Management
(3) Ecological Stream Restoration Project (1) Soil Contamination Prevention and Restoration
(4) Scientific Algal Bloom Response System ◎ Soil Contaminants and Control Limits
◎ Algae Alert System Implementation ◎ Specific Facilities Subject to Soil Contamination
◎ Water Quality Forecasting System Control
(5) River Basin Management for Co-prosperity of ◎ Voluntary Agreement on Soil Environment
Upstream and Downstream Reaches Conservation
◎ Water Use Charges and River Management Funds ◎ Designation of Clean Gas Stations
◎ River Management Committee ◎ Soil Contamination Control in Abandoned Mines
(2) Groundwater Management
◎ Groundwater Quality Standards
◎ Groundwater Pollution Prevention Facilities
(1) Water Quality
◎ Groundwater Quality Control in Areas of
(2) Water Quality Target and Progress
Contamination Concern

+ Chapter 4 Waterworks, Sewerage, and Drinking Water
(1) Building a Rational Soil Management Infrastructure
Main Policy Framework ◎ National Soil Contaminant Survey
(1) Waterworks Management ◎ Creating a Soil Environment Map
◎ Waterworks Facility Expansion and Maintenance ◎ Development of Soil and Groundwater Contamination
◎ Water Demand Management Vulnerability Assessment Techniques
(2) Safe Groundwater Service + Chapter 7 Waste
Key Facts and Trends Main Policy Framework

(1) Soil Contamination (1) Policy Direction of Resource Circulation
◎ Soil Monitoring Network (2) Waste Management and Reduction
◎ Soil Contamination Investigations ◎ Legal Classification of Wastes
(2) Groundwater Quality ◎ Volume-based Waste Fee System
◎ Waste Charging System
◎ Business Waste Reduction Program
Volume 03 (3) Waste Recycling
◎ Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
+ Chapter 6 Environmental Health ◎ Program for Ensuring Environmentality in Electrical
& Electronic Products and Automobiles
Main Policy Framework ◎ Food Waste Recycling
(1) Protecting People’s Health from Environmental Risks ◎ Construction Waste Recycling Promotion
◎ National Environmental Health Survey and Health ◎ Exchange of Resources used by the Circulation
Impact Surveys ◎ Fostering the Recycling Industry and Expanding
◎ Health Impact Assessment System Related Infrastructure
◎ Protecting the Health of Children and Other (4) Hazardous Waste Management
Sensitive Populations ◎ Allbaro System (Waste Management System)
(2) Chemical Control System ◎ Abandoned Waste Treatment
(3) Chemical Emissions Survey and Emission Reduction ◎ Medical Waste Management
(4) Improving Living Environments
◎ Indoor Air Quality Current Policy Focus
◎ Radon (1) D
isposable Products and Over-packaged Products
◎ Noise and Vibration ◎ Legal Regulations
◎ Light Pollution ◎ Voluntary Agreement
(2) Volume-based Food Waste Fee System
Current Policy Focus (3) W
aste Electrical & Electronic Product Recycling
(1) Reinforced Management of Chemical Safety Target Management System
◎ Reinforced Management of Chemicals and Chemical (4) Free Collection for Large-scale Household
Accidents Appliances Waste
◎ Introduction of a Chemical Registration and Evaluation (5) Waste-to-Energy
System ◎ Expansion of Waste-to-Energy Facilities
(2) Chemicals Subject to International Control ◎ Institutions for Waste-to-Energy
◎ Mercury and the Minamata Convention on Mercury ◎ Eco-friendly Energy Town
◎ Persistent Organic Pollutants
◎ Ensuring the Safety of Nanomaterials Key facts and trends
(3) A
sbestos Safety Management and Asbestos Injury (1) Waste Generation
Relief (2) Waste Treatment
◎ Asbestos Safety Management in Buildings
◎ Removal of Asbestos Slate Roofing in Agricultural and
Fishing Villages
◎ Asbestos Injury Relief System

(1) Number of Environmental Disease Patients
(2) Chemical Distribution and Emissions
◎ International Environmental Conventions on
Volume 04
Biodiversity
◎ The Antarctic Treaty System
+ Chapter 8 Nature and Land
(3) International Cooperation Projects and Education of
Affiliated Organizations
◎ Korea Environment Corporation (KECO)
(1) Ecosystem Conservation and Restoration
◎ National Institute of Environment Research (NIER)
◎ Conservation of the Core Ecological Axes of the
◎ National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR)
Korean Peninsula
◎ Korea National Park Service (KNPS)
◎ Restoring Damaged Natural Ecosystems
◎ National Institute of Environmental Human
(2) Wildlife Protection and Management
Resources Development (EHRD)
◎ Endangered Wildlife
◎ Sudokwon Landfill Site Management Corporation
◎ Management of Alien Species
(SLC)
◎ Wildlife Rescue, Treatment, Disease Control, and
(4) Hosting the COP 12 to the Convention on Biological
Poaching Prevention
Diversity
(3) Natural Environment Surveys and Research
(4) Land Development in Harmony with the Environment
◎ Environmental Impact Assessment + Chapter 10 Green Economy
Current Policy Focus Current Policy Focus
(1) Protected Area Designation and Management
(1) Introducing the Integrated Environmental
◎ Protected Area Designation
Management System
(2) Sustainable Use of Natural Resources
(2) Introducing the Environmental Pollution Damage
◎ Stimulating Eco-tourism
Compensation System
◎ National Eco-trails
(3) F ostering Environmental Technology and Industry
(3) Biodiversity Conservation and Use
◎ Development of Environmental Technology
◎ Establishment of the National Institute of Biological
◎ Environmental Industry Fostering and Support
Resources and National Institute of Ecology
(4) Rationalization of Environmental Regulations
◎ Biodiversity Investigation and Management

(1) Ecosystem
(2) Biodiversity
+ Chapter 9 International Environmental Cooperation

(1) Bilateral and Multilateral Environmental Cooperation
◎ Environment Cooperation in Northeast Asia Region
◎ Environmental Cooperation in Southeast Asia
Region
◎ Environmental Cooperation with Middle East and
Central Asia countries
◎ Environmental Cooperation with Africa Region
◎ Environmental Cooperation with Countries in
Europe and America
(2) Response to International Environmental Conventions
◎ Convention on Climate Change
Abbreviation
Volume 1
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations NGMS National GHG Management System
BAU business-as-usual NGO non-governmental organization
CCS carbon capture and storage NGV natural gas vehicle
CH4 methane NH3 ammonia
CNG compressed natural gas NIR National Inventory Report
CO carbon monoxide NO2 nitrogen dioxide
CO2 carbon dioxide NOx nitrogen oxides
CO2e carbon dioxide equivalent O3 ozone
COP Conference of the Parties OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and
DOC diesel oxidation catalyst Development
DPF diesel particulate filter p-DPF partial diesel particulate filter
EV electric vehicle PFC perfluorocarbons
FAS fleet average system PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
FCEV fuel cell electric vehicles PM10 particulate matter up to 10 micrometers in size
GHG greenhouse gas PM2.5 particulate matter up to 2.5 micrometers in size
GIR Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center PRTR Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
of Korea R&D research and development
HAP hazardous air pollutant RCP representative concentration pathways
HCl hydrochloric acid SF6 sulfur hexafluoride
HEV hybrid electric vehicles SO2 sulfur dioxide
HF hydrogen fluoride tCO2 tonnes of CO2
HFC hydrofluorocarbons TJ Terajoule
ICT information and communications technology TMS tele-monitoring system
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change TSP total suspended particles
KACCC Korean Adaptation Center for Climate Change ULEV ultra-low emission vehicle
LNG liquefied natural gas UNDP United Nations Development Programme
LPG liquefied petroleum gas UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
LULUCF land use, land-use change and forestry UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on
MRV measurement reporting and verification Climate Change
N2O nitrous oxide VOC volatile organic compound
NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action ZEV zero-emissions vehicle

2015 ECOREA Volume1 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2015 ECOREA Volume1 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2015 ECOREA Volume1 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ECOREA

Environmental Review 2015, Korea

Chapter 1. Climate Change

Main Policy Framework 2

(2) Greenhouse Gas Target Management System 5

(3) Systematic Approach to Climate Change Adaptation 8

Current Policy Focus 13

(3) Implementation of the Climate Change Adaptation Plan 18

Key Facts and Trends 20

(2) Climate Change Outlook 23

Main Policy Framework 28

(2) Fuel Regulations 31

(3) Automobile Exhaust Gas Management 33

(4) Urban Air Quality Management 34

Current Policy Focus 36

(2) Management of Pollution Sources in Everyday Surroundings 41

(3) Distribution of Eco-friendly Motor Vehicles 43

Key Facts and Trends 46

Korea is known with its beautiful nature and landscapes,

Black smoke rising up from factory stacks has disappeared

As a result of successful implementation of policies such as

For instance, the Ministry of Environment introduced Off-site Consequence Analysis

Yoon, Seongkyu, Minister of Environment

1998 2000 2005 2010 2013

growth since 1960s. Population growth, urbanization and 2.5

industrialization have accompanied air and water pollution, 2.0

increasing wastes, destruction of ecosystems. However, Korea 1.5

many areas. Han R. (Paldang)

Air Quality 0.150

SO2 and CO concentration in the air have significantly 0.100

decreased since late 1990s with a slight reduction of PM10. NO2

Water Pollution Trend in Four Major Rivers

20,000 20,922 20,724 20,450

A total of 42,756 indigenous plant and animal species 0

endangered wild species while managing legal protected

1) Number of indigenous species (2014), endemic species (2014)

Current Policy Focus

Key Facts and Trends

Main Policy Framework

(1) Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goals and Statistics

National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goals

Fig. 1-1 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goal by Sector

(Unit: Millions of tons of CO2e)

National Greenhouse Gas Inventory

Fig. 1-2 National Greenhouse Gas Statistics Preparation System

National Greenhouse Gas

Ministry of Environment Statistics Korea

Technology Council Executive Committee

Energy Industrial Processes LULUCF Agriculture Waste

Sector Managing Institutions Assessment Institutions

(2) Greenhouse Gas Target Management System

Fig. 1-3 Operation of the Greenhouse Gas Target Management System

Ministry of Trade, Ministry of Land, Ministry of Ministry of

Verification institution (third-party verification)

Greenhouse Gas Target Management System in the Public Sector

Ministry of Security and

Prepare and submit a

Prepare and submit Evaluate the Evaluate the

Take corrective action Request corrective

(3) Implementation of the Climate Change Adaptation Plan 18

(2) Management of Pollution Sources in Everyday Surroundings 41

1)　Number of indigenous species (2014), endemic species (2014)

(3) Implementation of the Climate Change Adaptation Plan

◦ Judged and evaluated through risk-oriented air

◦ Evaluated by an air pollutant evaluation committee