Script Anatomy and Physiology

SCRIPT ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
SLIDE 22: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 Kidney failure raises the risk of cardiovascular problems, and subsequently – the
risk of heart attacks and strokes. Kidney failure affects the heart in several ways
● Fluid builds up around the lungs, heart and other body tissue, over-taxing the
heart and causing a rise in blood pressure.
● Impaired kidney function causes a buildup of urea (a by-product of dietary
protein). High levels of urea (called uremia) are toxic, and cause inflammation of
the pericardium.
● Kidney disease may result in a buildup of fluid and salt and an over creation of
renin, causing hypertension and atherosclerosis and damaging the blood
vessels.
 Heart disease is the leading cause of death in ESRD, and heart function should
be monitored regularly, excess fluid drained and preventative care taken.
SLIDE 23: HEART
 The human heart is a four-chambered muscular organ, shaped and sized roughly
like a man's closed fist, our heart is like a size of our fist.
 Layers of the Heart Wall:

Three layers of tissue from the heart wall.
 The outer layer of the heart wall is the epicardium,
 the middle layer is the myocardium,
 and the inner layer is the endocardium
 SEPTUM- divide the left and right sides of heart
 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
 RIGHT ATRIUM- received deoxygenated blood
 RIGHT VENTRICLE- pumps poor oxygenated blood to lungs
 LEFT ATRIUM- receives oxygenated blood
 LEFTVENTRICLE- pumps the rich oxygenated blood
 The two atria are thin-walled chambers that receive blood from the veins. The
two ventricles are thick-walled chambers that forcefully pump blood out of the
heart.
 The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from systemic veins;
the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.
The ARTERIES carry blood away from the heart; VEINS carry blood toward the
heart
SLIDE 24: VALVES OF HEART
 Tricuspid valve: located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
-Permit the right atrium to the ventricle blood flow
 Pulmonary valve: located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
-enable right ventricle to circulate blood to pulmonary artery
 Mitral valve: located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
-Enable blood to move to the left atrium from lungs
 Aortic valve: located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
-open to allow blood to move from the left ventricle of heart to aorta
SLIDE 25: URINARY SYSTEM

 The urinary system removes waste products by filtering and cleansing the blood
as it passes through the kidneys
 . Another vital function is the regulation of the volume, acidity, salinity,
concentration, and chemical composition of blood, lymph, and other body fluids.
 Under hormonal control, the kidneys continually monitor what they release
into the urine to maintain a healthy chemical balance.
 The urinary system is composed of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a bladder,

and a urethra.
- These components together carry out the urinary system’s function of regulating
the volume and composition of body fluids, removing waste products from the
blood, and expelling the waste and excess water from the body in the form of
urine.
 Kidneys resembling beans in shape
 Urine is one of the body’s waste products and primarily composed of water
and urea
 Urine formation occurs in the kidney in three stages which is the
Glomerular Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion.
 Glomerular filtration happens in the glomeruli of nephrons. The excess

water and solutes are filtered in the glomerular capillaries and pushed to the
surrounding Bowman's space by glomerular hydrostatic pressure (blood
hydrostatic pressure).
Tubular reabsorption occurs in the structures of the renal tubule such as the
proximal tubule, distal tubule, the loop of Henle, and collecting ducts. These
structures function as the site of reabsorption of water, ions, glucose, and amino
acids from the filtrate back into the peritubular capillaries.
Tubular secretion occurs in the structures of the renal tubule such as the
proximal tubule, distal tubule, and collecting duct. Ions and nitrogenous wastes
from the peritubular capillaries are secreted into the renal tubule to be included in
the final urine components.
SLIDE 26: BLADDER & URETHRA
 Bladder- Triangle-shaped,a hollow, muscular organ situated centrally in
the pelvis; it stores urine until it is convenient to release it.
 URETHRA- is the tube that lets urine leave your bladder and your body
SLIDE 27:URETERS
 URETERS- Each ureter is a small tube, about 25 cm long, that carries
urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.
When the nephrons of kidney done their function after filtrating,
reabsorption, and secretion removing wastes and extra water to make
urine it will go through the ureters and go down to the urethra the urine will
be store in there and that’s the time we feel the urge to pee and the urine
will go through the urethra to exiting or leaving our body.
SLIDE 28: THE KIDNEYS
 Kidneys remove wastes and extra fluid from your body. Your kidneys also
remove acid that is produced by the cells of your body and maintain a
healthy balance of water, salts, and minerals—such as sodium, calcium,
phosphorus, and potassium—in your blood.

 . The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney to accommodate the
liver
Blood enters the kidneys through renal arteries. These arteries branch into
tiny capillaries that interact with urinary structures inside the kidneys (namely the
nephrons). Here the blood is filtered. Waste is removed and vital substances are
reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. The filtered blood leaves through the
renal veins. All the blood in the body moves in and out of the kidneys hundreds of
times each day, that’s about 200 quarts of liquid to be filtered every 24 hours.
SLIDE 29: NEPHRONS AND RENAL CORPUSCLE
 Nephrons- Nephrons are the most important part of each kidney. They take
in blood, metabolize nutrients, and help pass out waste products from
filtered blood. Each kidney has about 1 million nephrons.The nephron uses
four mechanisms to convert blood into urine: filtration, reabsorption,
secretion, and excretion.
 Renal corpuscle: After blood enters a nephron, it goes into the renal
corpuscle, also called a Malpighian body. is the blood-filtering component
of the nephron of the kidney.
 The glomerulus. This is a cluster of capillaries that absorb protein from blood
traveling through the renal corpuscle.
 The Bowman capsule. The remaining fluid, called capsular urine, passes through
the Bowman capsule into the renal tubules
SLIDE 30: RENAL TUBULES/CORTEX
 The renal tubules are a series of tubes that begin after the Bowman
capsule and end at collecting ducts.
 Renal tubules One of millions of tiny tubes in the kidneys that returns nutrients,
fluids, and other substances that have been filtered from the blood, but the body
needs, back to the blood. The remaining fluid and waste in the renal tubules
become urine.)
 Proximal convoluted tubule. This section absorbs water, sodium, and glucose
back into the blood.
 Loop of Henle. This section further absorbs potassium, chloride, and sodium into
the blood.
 Distal convoluted tubule. This section absorbs more sodium into the blood and
takes in potassium and acid.
 The renal cortex is the outer part of the kidney. It contains the glomerulus
and convoluted tubules.
SLIDE 31: RENAL MEDULLA/PELVIS
 The renal medulla is the smooth, inner tissue of the kidney. It contains the
loop of Henle as well as renal pyramids. The main function of the medulla
is to regulate concentration of the urine
 The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped space in the innermost part of the
kidney. It functions as a pathway for fluid on its way to the bladder
 Renal pyramids: cone-shaped lobes consisting of parallel segments of nephrons
 Calyx: cup-like structures that help collect urine from the hilar tip of each renal
pyramid on its way to the renal pelvis
 Renal pelvis: funnel-shaped, first portion of the ureter in the kidney

 Hilum: the section that’s the entry and exit points of the kidney for the renal
veins, renal arteries, and ureter located on the medial side of the kidney
 URETER: The ureter is a tube of muscle that pushes urine into the
bladder, where it collects and exits the body.

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SCRIPT ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

SLIDE 22: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

SLIDE 23: HEART

 Layers of the Heart Wall:

SLIDE 25: URINARY SYSTEM

into the urine to maintain a healthy chemical balance.

 The urinary system is composed of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a bladder,

 Kidneys resembling beans in shape

 Urine formation occurs in the kidney in three stages which is the

Glomerular Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion.

 Glomerular filtration happens in the glomeruli of nephrons. The excess

SLIDE 26: BLADDER & URETHRA

 Bladder- Triangle-shaped,a hollow, muscular organ situated centrally in

the pelvis; it stores urine until it is convenient to release it.

 URETERS- Each ureter is a small tube, about 25 cm long, that carries

urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.

When the nephrons of kidney done their function after filtrating,

reabsorption, and secretion removing wastes and extra water to make

will go through the urethra to exiting or leaving our body.

SLIDE 28: THE KIDNEYS

healthy balance of water, salts, and minerals—such as sodium, calcium,

phosphorus, and potassium—in your blood.

SLIDE 29: NEPHRONS AND RENAL CORPUSCLE

four mechanisms to convert blood into urine: filtration, reabsorption,

secretion, and excretion.

corpuscle, also called a Malpighian body. is the blood-filtering component

of the nephron of the kidney.

capsule and end at collecting ducts.

and convoluted tubules.

SLIDE 31: RENAL MEDULLA/PELVIS

is to regulate concentration of the urine

 The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped space in the innermost part of the

kidney. It functions as a pathway for fluid on its way to the bladder

 Renal pyramids: cone-shaped lobes consisting of parallel segments of nephrons

pyramid on its way to the renal pelvis

 Renal pelvis: funnel-shaped, first portion of the ureter in the kidney

bladder, where it collects and exits the body.

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