TribalHousing Illustrations

DEVELOPING APPROPRIATE HOUSE
DESIGNS FOR TRIBAL

COMMUNITIES IN WAYANAD,
KERALA
Department of Architecture and Planning , Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Dr. Chithra K
National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala Dr. Deepthi Bendi
Department of Architecture and Planning, National Institute of Technology Calicut
Introduction
• Post flood damages on the housing and associated infrastructure in Kerala has called for
Key map of the
disaster resilient eco-friendly housing reconstruction approaches. Study area
• Govt follows conventional designs by Life mission for rebuilding efforts.
• Vulnerable sections like tribes lack technical knowledge to customize the design based on their
cultural or socio economic characteristics.
• Geographically Wayanad, is one of the highly vulnerable districts in Kerala. Moreover, the
districts also has the highest share in the adivasi population (about 38%).
• In the wake of the post flood damages in Wayanad, it has been realised that the future shelter
redevelopment in the district , especially the housing for tribal community need to be given
due consideration through evolving appropriate design solutions meeting their socio
economic conditions as well as physical vulnerability.
• In this background, the current research project attempts to evolve disaster resilient
sustainable housing design options customized for tribal communities, through a
comprehensive participation of the community during various stages of the design process.
• The participatory design process customized for evolving appropriate housing solutions
specifically for the tribal community would help to ensure community inclusion in planning
and implementing housing styles appropriate to the community context.
• By executing this bottom-up approach for planning and designing housing options the tribal
community would be able to acquire necessary knowledge and skills to perform the shelter
construction on their own.
AIM
This research is aimed to develop a participatory design process as a standardized approach for Methodology
shelter planning and design for tribal community and to develop appropriate housing options
following participatory approach specifically for the tribal communities of Wayanad District
OBJECTIVES
1. To identify the critical issues and concerns of Tribal community in providing sustainable housing
solutions
2. To evolve and implement a participatory planning and design process as a universal approach
for shelter development in tribal areas
3. To develop disaster resilient sustainable housing solutions for the tribal community
4. To develop guidelines for cluster planning of housing units in tribal settlements.
PHASING OF THE PROJECT
• Phase 1- Identification of vulnerable community in need of appropriate housing solutions
• Phase 2- Documentation of indigenous housing styles of the tribal community
• Phase 3- Developing participatory design approach
• Phase 4- Executing the participatory design process to understand the socio economic
status and cultural identity as well as the housing need of the community
• Phase 5- Documentation of existing housing typologies for the targeted communities
• Phase 6: Presenting the initial housing solutions satisfying the community characteristics
and housing requirements
• Phase 7- Developing the final housing solutions appropriate to the community contexts
minimizing the physical vulnerability
Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar
DEVELOPING APPROPRIATE HOUSE DESIGNS FOR TRIBAL COMMUNITIES IN Dr. Chithra K
WAYANAD, KERALA Dr. Deepthi Bendi
Methodology

Phase I: Identification of vulnerable community/communities
Criteria 1: Community characteristics Villages according to the proportion of ST population to the Criteria 3 :Impact due the flooding and landslide 2018
Adiya Community total population range
• Study conducted by IIA → houses with area under 500 sq. ft was
Name of Taluk: Mananthavady
• Believed to be slaves to the local landlords and had bonded most affected , mostly owned by the tribal people.
labour to their families. Range of ST Location code Name of village • 50% of the flood affected houses were recently built ones.
• They lived in groups called “kunt” and their household units were population number • Panamaram and Mananthavady-highest number of Kachcha houses,
known as “kulu”. 21 – 30 627295 Payyampilly mostly in flood plain which makes them highly prone to floods.
• Most of the members worked as agricultural laborers.
• Adiyas used to live in thatched and mud walled houses with a
21 – 30 627298 Periya
single hall and few provisions for kitchen and living. 21 – 30 627299 Thondernad • Panamaram village → highest number of flood affected residential as
• There were no signs of any bathrooms or toilet usage. 21 – 30 627303 Cherukottur well as institutional and public buildings.
• Currently the community lives in brick (or) laterite walled • most of the affected buildings are within the flood plain zone.
thatched, Brick or laterite walled tiled, and small concrete 21 – 30 627304 Panamaram
houses. 21 – 30 627305 Anchukunnu No of affected buildings in various Panchayaths
31 – 40 627294 Thissilery LSGD Commercial Institutional Public Residential
Paniya Community
51 - 75 627293 Thirunelly Ambalavayal 68
• The original inhabitants of wayanad and numerically the largest Edavaka 18 2 4 408
Source: District Census Handbook, 2011
tribal community in the district (46% of the total tribal Kalpetta 4 3 3 524
population). Population details of Scheduled Tribes Kaniyambetta 2 29
• originally labourers, and were sold as bonded labour along with State/ District / Taluk % of ST Population Kottathara 41 4 11 380
plantations.
• Their huts were constructed with thatched roofs and mud Kerala State 1.5 Mananthavady 39 5 16 799
plastered walls. Wayanad District 18.5 Meenangadi 1 124
Meppadi 2 91
Mananthavady Taluk 21.6
Criteria 2: Population distribution of tribal Mullankolli 1 51
Sulthanbathery Taluk 19.3 Muttil 1 178
community Vythiri Taluk 14.6 Nenmeni 8
• The Major Tribes in the District are Paniyan, Source: Census data 2011 Noolpuzha 49
Kurichachan/Kurichian, Kurumans/ Mullu Kuruman/ Facts identified : Padinjarethara 8 2 6 343
Mulla Kuruman/Mala Kuruman, Kattunayakan and Panamaram 25 10 16 1000
Adiyan. 1 Poothadi panchayat in Sulthanbathery Taluk & Thirunelli
1. Poothadi 47
• Kattunaika, Adiya and Paniya tribes have the highest Panchayat in Manathavady Taluk have highest number of tribal Pozhuthana 1 5 201
number of settlements in the district. settlements belonging to Kattunaika community. (77 Pulpally 2 34
settlements in Poothadi and 71 in Thirunelli) Sulthanbathery 23
Block wise SC / ST Colonies and number of families Thariyod 2 1 3 232
2 Panamaram village in Manathavady Taluk has the highest
2. Thavinjal 4 1 4 296
Sl. Name of Block No of ST No of ST
number (126 settlements) of Paniya community colonies Thirunelli 2 126
No colonies families Population
followed by Noolppuzha village (112 settlements) in Thodernadu 1 99
1 Vythiri 425 6846 29217 Sulthanbathery Taluk Vellamunda 5 2 5 158
2 Mananthavady 614 10289 45122 Vengappalli 8 2 7 170
3 Panamaram 550 8730 37158 3 Thirunelli and Mananthavady village panchayaths as well as
1. Vythiri 6 3 211
4 Sulthanbathery 535 9543 38434 Padinjarethara in Vythiri Taluk is found to be having higher Total 170 36 82 5672
number of Adiya Tribal colonies when compared to other Source: Rebuild wayanad report, IIA
5 Kalpetta 43 727 2959
villages in various taluks. (75,55 and 60 settlements Communities identified - Paniya Community in Manathavady or
District Total 2167 36135 152890 Sulthanbathery Taluk, Adiya Community in Manathavady Taluk ,Vythiri
respectively)
Source: District Census Handbook, 2011 Taluk & Kattunaika Community Sulthanbathery / Mananthavady

Phase II: Documentation of indigenous housing styles of the tribal community
General Layout Materials and methods of construction
Materials Wall
constructed
• Locally available materials like in two
blackwood, bamboo, soil, valavari stages
grass, wild twigs, rice straw, reeds, etc.
are used for the construction. Locally made Bricks
• A special type of bamboo known
locally as “kallanmula” is used for walls
and roof frames. This bamboo is larger
in diameter and is denser.
• They are cut in the right time
(“pakkam”), and then soaked in water
for a month for seasoning.
• Naturally available colors from soil, Bamboo Ridge and Sloping Roof
leaves, firewood, clay, etc were used for rafters
coloring
Methods
Bricks
• Bricks are locally made from clay Roof
using wooden moulds • roof is constructed using bamboo.
• The walls are usually 20- 25 cm • The ridges, rafters and purlins all are made from
thick, which helps in load bearing. bamboo.
• The walls are left to dry before roof • The roof is then thatched using rice straw,
construction. mountain grass, coconut leaves, ragi husk, etc.
• The walls are then plastered, which according to the availability.
is very important as it protects the • These days the roof structure is covered using
mud walls from direct exposures to tarpaulin.
atmospheric changes.
• The walls are also naturally colored
and decorated using hand patterns. Foundation
• Foundation is created above Earth surface in two
layers to avoid erosion.
Floor • The lower layer is 20 – 30cm high and is beaten
• floors are also plastered using cow dung, rice up thoroughly and compacted.
husk ash and sand in 3 to 4 layers • Upper layer is also made similarly by beating mud
• Doors are made by weaving split bamboo for a height of 60 cm.
pieces across frames made of bamboo. • Walls are built load bearing using sun dried bricks,
mud mortar as well as a cob.

Phase II: Documentation of indigenous housing styles of the tribal community
Sustainability aspects of traditional tribal housing
• Use of locally available materials and local skills for the construction of traditional houses makes it sustainable.
• This eliminates the need of external assistance for maintenance and repair of the housing unit.
• Limited use of main housing unit (i.e only for sleeping and storage), results in very low usage of energy.
• The thick mud walls of these houses regulates the temperature within the house and always keeps it in a
moderate level.
• Thick walls and lesser openings also protects the interior walls from direct exposure to atmospheric conditions.
Wall plastered with • The roof is also made in such an angle that rain is kept away from the walls.
Hand drawn wall Roofing Materials
decoration pattern natural color
Critical concerns of traditional Tribal housing
Swaminathan foundation housing project
• Raw materials used( soil and clay) becomes highly vulnerable when exposed to water.
• The M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation has built some houses post • Mud has low tensile strength and develops cracks easily.
flood in the year 2007, in the Kairali tribal colony of muppainad • Compressive strength of the wall reduces with time thus affecting strength and stability of the super structure.
panchayath. • Roof materials also becomes highly vulnerable after exposure to rain.
• The houses, each of 357 sq ft area, were constructed at a cost of Rs.4.24 • Walls are damp due to soaking of water.
lakh. • There are molds on the walls due to moisture which affects the health of the dwellers and also the aesthetic
• Locally available mud was the major material used in the construction. beauty of the house.
• These houses were built based on sustainable housing concept. • Moreover these houses require regular up-keeping and maintenance.
• Rammed earth construction technology was used for the basement and • Lesser number of openings result in inadequate air circulation and lighting.
foundation and cob construction for the walls. • In short it is realised during the study that the tribal community generally aspire to live in housing units made of
• Hard wood was used for the construction of windows and doors. modern building materials mainly due to disadvantages as highlighted.
• Matured coconut palms were used as raptors.
• The houses were plastered with different colour mud available in the area
• Its roofing frame was done using wood and was covered using manglore
tiles.
• Local people were trained for the same and was involoved in the
construction of these houses.
Issues
• These houses are an example that proves that mud housing is not a
sustainable solution for housing.
• This is mainly due to the fact that mud gets easily disintegrated when Cracks on
mud walls Tilted wall
exposed to continuous rain and other atmospheric changes.
• Also the knowledge transfer of these type of housing is very difficult
and is almost impossible since the new generation prefers to educate
themselves and get more secure jobs.
• Maintaining these houses is also a tedious task, which is not possible
because of lesser time available to the working age people in the
house.
• The houses are already deteriorating with sagging roofs, Cracks at the Damages on the
disintegrating plaster, cracks, etc. top of wall foundation

Phase III: Developing participatory design approach
Definition Stage II: Consultation with Household through structured questionnaire survey
“process by which people are enabled to become actively and genuinely involved in
defining the issues of concern to them, in making decisions about factors that affect Mapping the preferences
their lives, in formulating and implementing policies, in planning, developing and & Mapping Socio, economic
delivering services and in taking action to achieve change’ (WHO, 2002)” Household information for design
aspirations on future
Characteristic
housing
Steps for implementing
Methodology
• assessment of current social,
• Semi structured interviews
economical and environmental reality.
• Household survey using
• determination of community needs Preference Daily Activity
Structured questionnaire
through close consultation. Analysis Analysis
• Community Group Presentations
• audit of available resources, skills and
• Consultation with Community Household
capacities.
liaison groups Survey
• identifications issues and concerns
Current Condition
Building Materials Mapping the pattern
Stage I: Key informant consultation Methods of construction of activities carried
Acceptability & out in one day and its
Form Satisfaction Spatial connotation
Problem Understanding Mapping of
Community Mapping of
Identification Community Housing
Coalition Housing
Profile Condition
Pattern
To observe/listen &
Their adaptability to new identify critical Housing Typologies,
circumstances settlement Their spatial
Transect
conditions and ask organisation and
walks
relevant questions to adequacy
identify solutions
Stage III: Consultation with Household through structured questionnaire survey
Trend Participatory Village • Local resources available • Adaptability to the current housing
mapping Present style
analysis Appraisal • Community preference on materials the
and methods • Acceptability of modern materials
solution
• Preference on mode of construction and methods
• Appraisal of proposed housing
Different kinds of
activities carried out and Community
Spatial connotation of Activity represent or model
their social activities chart current or historical Inventory
of Feedback
conditions
Resources

Phase IV: Executing the participatory design process
Initial site exploration
Observations: Transect walk
Housing pattern | Extensions |
Incomplete construction
→Housing pattern
→Repairs & Maintenance
→Kitchen spaces & Utility
→Damages
Change in
lifestyle

Adiya Community (Chaligadha Tribal Settlement , Stage 1: Key Informant consultation PANIYA TRIBAL COMMUNITY - Basthipoyil Panamaram
Mananthavadi)
• Settlement falls under village Payyampally, near Mananthavadi
Taluk, in wayanad district.
• The settlement is more than 80 years old and has a current
population of 197 people in 52 families in 43 houses.
• average household size of the settlement is 5. Agricultural labourers Average HH size - 5
• Majority of the members are engaged in agricultural labour in ➢ Payyampally Village, Mananthavadi Taluk
nearby farms and fields.
• Majority of the houses in the settlement are semi- Pucca houses. ➢ More than 80 years of existence
• nearest Anganwadi is 1.5km away, School is 2.5km away, and the
nearest college is at Mananthavady which is 12km away.
• Nearest PHC is 2.5km away (Kurukkanmoola) and the nearest Taluk Domestication of
Hospital is 12 km away (Mananthavady). animals Cow & hen Community Interaction
• The community has two public wells which act as their source of
drinking source. Infrastructure Availability
• There are no community facilities such as community meeting Housing Typology Trend
➢ Water Supply – three community well
place, playground available.
Jalanidhi water supply connection available
• Unlike most of the other tribal settlement, there is no temple or any
religious buildings found in the settlements. ➢ All houses are electrified
• The settlement is easily accessible from the Chaligadha – ➢ No Playground/ play area within community
Kuruvadweep road. ➢ Aganwadi – Kolathara settlement – 1 km away
• The location is highly vulnerable to flooding or low lying inundation.
➢ School – 1 to 4 – Alternative school @ kolathara
Site plan of the settlement and general features 5 to 8 – UP School 3 Km away (Gotrasaradhi available)
High School – Panamaram 5 km away
College – Mananthavady – 10km away
Change in lifestyle
Agricultural labours Farmers
Recognized the importance of education

Spatial attribution of
Conscious about health – Regular vaccination & Hospital visits Activities
Katcha House Pucca House

➢ Payyampally Village Mananthavadi Taluk No religious spaces within the community
➢ walking distance (800m) from Chalighadha – Kuruvadweep road. Open to Change
➢ More than 80 years of existence

Stage 1: Key Informant consultation
Kattunaika Community (Vattapady Tribal Settlement , Sulthan Bathery)
Traditional Techniques Common spaces

• The community is located in a small village called Irulam ,
3km from mananthavady town.
• There are sacred groves in the centre / origin of the

community.
• The settlement is distributed in the radial pattern.
• There are 25 houses in the colony. Community Seating in front of Sacred grove
Centre the community
• They also have a community centre at the origin of the centre
settlement.
• The approach to the settlement is by a narrow road that I

approximately 2.2m wide which is paved using interlocking
tiles.
• The inner roads are unpaved and unfinished .
• Individual units are approached by muddy footpaths varying

in size.
Pathways
• There are mainly three shrines, and two are situated deep
with the forest.
• There is no well defined pattern of houses due to the

terrain.
• Used for temporary solutions
• Most of them does not have a patta to their land, but has a • The road to the settlement is paved with interlocking
• Additional living spaces right to possess the land. tiles.
• Storage of wood or other goods • Main cultivation of the community is coffee. • Inner roads are incomplete cement roads.
• Community prefer large open spaces which act as living • For room partitions and openings temporary materials. • The roads to the homes are muddy roads.
space during day

Stage 2: Consultation with Household through structured questionnaire survey
Socio Economic Characteristics Adiya Community at Challigadha, Payyampalli Village
Housing Characteristics
Household size Distribution Type of the house
6
18%
5
4
41%
3
0 41%
Household Size
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kachcha Pucca Semi-Pucca
Length of Occupancy Level of completion of house
15%
47%
54% 23% 53%
8%
0 to 25 Years 25 to 50 Years
Complete Incomplete
50 to 75 Years > 75 Years
Family composition HIGHLIGHTS

• 71 % of the community have a household size ranging
Aged couple living Coupes with Couples with Couples with
alone (age > 55 children in the School going mature Children
from 4 to 6.
years) /Couples age group of 0 children (age 7 - • Length of occupancy of more than 50% of the families
beyond reproductive to 6 15) is greater than 75 years.
age
• Average daily income per person in the community is
Rs. 375
3 1 5 8
• Higher percentage of the family with growing or
matured children

Material used in construction

Roof
• More than 70% of the houses have their walls, floor, roof and foundation Floor
made with modern construction materials like laterite, cement, RCC and 6%
Granite.
18%
• The community has an open drainage facility 18%
• The community as a whole faces shortage in water supply.

• Drinking water is available from a well which is more than 100m away.
• The community has adequate supply of electricity, and 88% reported
adequate lighting and ventilation too.
• 76% of the dwellers reported that they have an adequate open space. 76%
82%
• There is no deity worshipping in any of the houses in this community.

• 94.2 % of the people surveyed does not own a vehicle. RCC Sheets/ RCC
• 31% of the people reported low privacy levels in their home Cement Red Oxide Black Oxide
Doors Windows Foundation Walls
6% 6%
18% 24%
24% 29%
29%
35%
71%
35% 23% 24%
Cement/ Plywood Cement/ wood
76%
Cement/ PVC Cement/ Plywood Wood Cement Granite Laterite
Wood Cement/ wood Aluminium

Laterite Brick
Details of basic amenities

Nature of Contract of construction Housing Schemes availed
Lighting and ventilation Availability of adequate open Level of privacy
12%
space
0% 29%
12% 35%
24% 31%
53% 24%
69%
88% 76% 12%
Fully owner driven 35%

Adequate Inadequate Owner driven through contractor EMS Panchayat Scheme
Adequate Inadequate High Moderate Low
Agency driven Tribal Housing Scheme IAY

Socio Economic Characteristics
Kattunaikka Community, Vattappadi Settlement, Poothadi Village
Walls Doors
Household size Distribution

• 46 % of the community have a household 8% 8%
23%
7 size of 6.
38%
6
5
• Length of occupancy of more than 50% of 46%
4 the families is greater than 75 years. 77%

Metal Cement/ Plywood
• Average daily income per person in the

3
Laterite Cement Block Wood Cement/ wood
2
1 community is Rs. 400 Windows Floor
0
Household Size • All the houses surveyed were pucca houses 8%
8%
8%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
• The houses were all completely 31%
constructed. 53%
31%
• Everyone surveyed owns the house they

61%
Length of Occupancy
Aluminium
18% live Cement/ wood

Wood
• Average no of rooms: 3.5 Cement Cement Red Oxide Tile
• Average size of housing unit: 640 sq. ft

• Average size of plot: 33.5 cents • All the houses surveyed were having an RCC
roof.
55% 18% • All the houses surveyed were having tap • Flooring in the community is generally done
water facility, and 89% had drinking water using granite.
available within the house. • Walls and floors of majority of the houses
9%
• 97% of the interviewees reported a were of laterite and cement respectively.
0 to 25 Years 25 to 50 Years 50 to 75 Years > 75 Years
shortage in water supply. • Doors were mainly with cement frames and
plywood panels, whereas windows were
• 67% of the people have toilet outside of
mostly made of wood.
their housing unit. • 77% of the houses have a provision for
Family composition
• The houses were all equipped with pour expansion or alteration of their housing unit.
Aged couple living Coupes with Couples with Couples with flush system in toilets. • The community has adequate amount of open
• The community is having an open drainage
years) /Couples age group of 0 children (age 7 -
space.
beyond to 6 15)
system. • There is no proper house level solid waste
reproductive age
disposal system
5 4 0 4 • All the houses were reported as having • 93% of the households does not have deity
adequate lighting and ventilation. worship within the house

Socio Economic Characteristics Paniya Community at Basthipoyil and Kolathara Settlement, Panamaram
Household size Distribution Housing Characteristics
8
7
Type of the house
6
5
13%
4 22%
3
2
1
0
Household Size 30%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
35%
Length of Occupancy Kachcha Pucca Semi-Pucca Hut
18%
23%
HIGHLIGHTS
• 52 % of the community have a household
size ranging from 2 to 3.
18%
• 30.43 % of the community have a
household size ranging from 5 to 6.
• Length of occupancy of 41% of the
41% families is between 25 and 50 years.
0 to 25 Years 25 to 50 Years • Average daily income per person in the
50 to 75 Years > 75 Years community is Rs. 340
• 22% of the houses are still Kachcha and
13% of the families live in hut.
Family composition • More than half of the community own
land, and 56% of the dwellers own their
Aged couple living Coupes with Couples with Couples with house (i.e, not along with the family).
years) /Couples age group of 0 children (age 7 - • 66% of the land owners possess a patta to
beyond reproductive to 6 15)
age their property.
• Construction of more than half of the
4 4 8 7
houses are still incomplete.

Paniya Community at Basthipoyil and Kolathara Settlement, Panamaram
• The community has an open drainage facility Material used in construction
• Only 17% of the households have drinking water availability within house, Mode of construction Housing Schemes availed
while 48% of them have to travel more than 100m for drinking water. 14% 13% 13%
• Most of the dwellers depend on well water and tap water and less than 10%
of them use hand pump. 40%
• 70 % of the households have toilet outside their house.

• 62% of them use pour flush system.
• More than half of the interviewees reported adequate lighting and 73%
45%
2%
ventilation. Fully owner driven
• There is no proper solid waste management system Owner driven through contractor
Agency driven
VKY Block Panchayat Scheme NGO IAY
• 74% have adequate electric supply.

• 39% have complaints on privacy in their home. Roof Windows 9%
4%
• 70% of the houses have provisions for alterations or expansion of the 35%
current unit.
• 78% reported of not having a deity or divine place in their premise or house. 26%
• In this community 20% of the houses are constructed using mud. 38%
43%
• 52% of the houses have mud flooring, while 26% of them have foundation 4%
4%
made with mud. 9%
Aluminium 9%
• Even though majority of the houses have RCC or tiles for roofing, 14% are Bamboo
5% Cement
still thatched roofs. 14% Cement/ Aluminum
• Majority houses have cement frames for doors and PVC panels, while Cement/ wood
metal
RCC Sheets Thatch Tile
majority houses have wooden windows. sheets
wood
Walls Floor
Doors Foundation
5% 4% 3%
7% 7%
5%
22%
26% 26%
35%
20%
61%
32% 13%
36%
Cement/ PVC Bamboo 11% Cement

Granite Laterite Mud
35% 52%
Cement/ wood Wood Others
Laterite Brick Mud Bamboo Sheet Cement Mud Tile
PVC

Phase V: Documentation of existing housing typologies of the targeted communities
Adiya Community (Chaligadha Tribal Settlement , Mananthavadi) Kattunaika Community (Vattapady Tribal Settlement , Sulthan Bathery)
Housing Pattern Housing Pattern

• There are 52 households settled in 43 housing unit. • There are 25 houses in the community. Many are built in the year 2014 – 15.
• Most of the houses are pucca or semi pucca in nature, but incomplete in many • The house units are basically pragmatic design.
respects • In design they provided ample space to sit outside
• It consists of two halls , one bed room , kitchen and toilet. • Very few openings are provided.
• Toilet is accessed from outside the housing unit. • Majority of the houses have two rooms in addition to a living room and a kitchen.
Flood in 2018 & 2019 Housing Schemes availed

Housing Schemes availed
12%
25% 25%
29%
Tribal Housing
24% Scheme: 2008
Tribal Housing
Scheme: 2012-13
8%
17%
35%
EMS 25%
4 houses damaged in 2018 PVTG: 2010-14
Kabani – changed course HUDCO : 2018
Panchayat Scheme Life Mission
17 houses damaged in 2019
Eight - Inhabitable Tribal Housing Scheme
Tribal Housing Scheme
PVTG
IAY
HUDCO
Life mission: 2019 Life mission: Life mission:
IAY 2016-17 2016-17
Pattern
Of
Panchayat Housing Tribal Housing Tribal Housing EMS scheme: Housing
Scheme: 2006-07 Scheme: 2013 Scheme: 2016 2007 -08 Incomplete/ House in poor House under
Unplastered walls condition construction

Phase V: Documentation of existing housing typologies of the targeted communities
Paniya Community (Basthipoyil and Kolathara Tribal Settlement ) General Issues and concerns on Housing Schemes
Housing Pattern
• The settlement is more than 80 years old • Housing units constructed under various schemes are observed to be of short life, due to
• There are 71 Household in 43 units poor quality of construction.
• Most of the houses are with two bedroom and hall as well as kitchen. • There is no centralized mechanism to implement the housing schemes available at
• Toilet is attached to the housing unit , but with access from outside. various levels of govt and by other departments.
• Certain housing schemes have very strict rules that limit the area of construction and
restrict any future expansion.
• Programes like projects from Nirmithi Kendra directly go for implementation of the
projects.
• Increase in the financial assistance in these schemes are not proportional to the increase
in the cost of construction.
• Stringent conditions
IAY: 1996 IAY: 2000
• Many of these dwellers do not have a proper Patta for their land which makes it difficult
for the processing of schemes
Tribal housing Block Panchayath • Even though many schemes are available their implementation is mostly irregular due to
scheme : 2017-18 scheme: 2016-17 various political interplays.
Housing • For certain schemes, construction of the house has to reach a particular stage before
Pattern theavailing next installment.
• This is troublesome for most of the beneficiaries since most of them unable to bear the
Constructed during seed money.
2017-18 , • This results in incomplete houses being constructed.
but turned • community’s lack of knowledge, awareness and empowerment also results in the failure
uninhabitable due to Block Panchayath Block : 2016
scheme: 2016-17 of most of the schemes.
Completed flooding.
Uncompleted Houses VKY : 2018-19 VKY: 2017-18

Phase VI: Presenting the initial housing solutions satisfying the community characteristics and housing requirements
Stage 3: Community consultation and appraisal Basthipoyilsettlement (Paniya)
Vattappady settlement (Kattunaika)
Feedback
Elicited opinion on the following
1. Whether the community has adapted to the new housing style with modern
materials and methods
→ Yes, the community have adapted to the new construction methods and built environment, and
are fine with using modern materials.
2. Whether the community is satisfied with the spatial organisations in the current
Chaligadha settlement (Adiya) housing typologies
→Yes, the community is satisfied with the new proposed spatial organisations and housing
typologies.
3. Whether do they prefer more number of small size rooms or min number of
spacious rooms
→They prefer spacious rooms even though they are less in number.
4. Whether do they prefer dedicated space in the housing unit for worship
→Most of them did not prefer a dedicated space except some female interviewees in Paniya
community and Adiya community.
5. Willingness to get involved in the housing construction
→ They are willing to participate in construction work, if given proper training, but they prefer to
give the works to a trusted agency even more.
6. Local resources available and community preference on building materials
→ Burnt mud blocks are available at a nearby site called Panamaram.

Phase VII: Developing the final housing solutions appropriate to the community contexts minimizing the physical vulnerability
Material Palette for normal housing units
Housing planning and design approach Sl No: Item Material used
1 Foundation Normal rubble masonry
Potential factors
2 Walls Interlocking mud blocks
3 Plastering Cement mortar
Household Composition
4 Door frame Concrete /wood
General features of the proposed housing units 5 Door shutter Pressed wood/ wood
The present life style Every proposed unit basically has a Service core unit, 6 Window frame Concrete
consisting of a kitchen, bathroom and a sit out. 7 Window panel Glazed glass
Daily activity pattern The size of the main hall room is adjusted in each unit 8 Roof RCC slab
type, according to the size of the household that was 9 Staircase RCC
considered.
Current Housing Pattern Material palette for flood resilient housing unit (Ground floor)
The hall can be converted to another bedroom or a
study room according to the changes in purpose by Sl No: Item Material used
Existing topography of the settlement providing a screen or even a wall. 1 Foundation Normal rubble masonry
The whole structure is constructed in an incremental 2 Walls Cement blocks
Aspirations manner so that in future expansions or alterations can 3 Plastering Cement mortar
be made. 4 Door frame Wood
The space under the staircase can be used as a storage 5 Door shutter Pressed wood
External Conditions
space in case of rain. 6 Window frame Aluminium
7 Window panel Glazed glass
The bathroom is provided along with the unit but with
an entrance from outside. 8 Staircase Steel
Design Philosophy Housing typologies proposed 9 Stilts Concrete
• Housing Typology based on basic family composition Type Type of Family Facilities Plinth Material palette for flood resilient housing unit (First floor)
Area
• The design must ensure healthy living environment (Sq. Ft) Sl No: Item Material used
by providing potable water, adequate sanitary A Single Person/ Aged couple SCU+ 2 Walls Cement fiber boards/ V Panels
facilities and cooking facilities within the housing unit. 3 Plastering NA
beyond reproductive age Multipurpose 345-395
• The establishment of habitable, stable and socially without children Hall 4 Door frame Wood
and culturally adaptable residential environment. B Parents + Children less than 6 5 Door shutter Pressed wood
years of age 6 Window frame Aluminium
• Permanent residential structures ensuring internal C Parents + School going S C U + 2BR
and external privacy and adequate safety . + Hall 395-489 7 Window panel Glazed glass
Children
8 Roof frame Steel truss
• Scope for incremental development D Parents + Adolescent Children
/ ( Married Son / daughter) 9 Roof covering Mangalore tiles
• Disaster Resilient design and construction

Final housing design


Flood resilient Basic unit I

Flood resilient Unit II

Cluster View

GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING TRIBAL SETTLEMENTS
The tribal community generally prefers to settle as self- Guidelines for siting housing in flood prone areas Building Siting and Orientation
contained groups along with their family or relatives. Kerala being a multi hazard prone state the infrastructure
They also found to be highly bonded each other socially reconstruction must incorporate standards and design
and culturally. Hence the settlement pattern must be provisions, stipulated by various international and as well as
promoting their community living as well as must be national agencies for siting and design and construction of
socially and culturally adaptable. The following sections buildings and structures. However, in the wake of largescale
highlight the approaches for planning settlements for damage due to flooding, housing in the flood prone areas need
tribal community followed by guidelines for flood resilient to be constructed following the flood resistant design provision
planning. as per the code for Flood Resistant Design and Construction, as
well as National Disaster Management Guidelines-Management
Type of Housing Cluster of Floods by National Disaster Management Authority, India.
New construction and substantial improvements shall be • Orientating the house across the ﬂow can reduce the
• A cluster is defined as Plots or dwelling units or designed and constructed, to resist flotation, collapse, or clearance between houses, which increases the local
housing grouped around an open space. permanent lateral movement resulting from the action of velocity around the house. Hence orientating the house
• Ideally housing cluster should not be very large. In hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, wind, and other loads during design as the shorter wall faces the water ﬂow.
ground and one storeyed structures not more than 20 flood. The basic approaches and guidelines for settlement
• It is always ideal to build houses according to the natural
houses should be grouped in a cluster. Clusters with planning in flood prone areas have ben explained below.
topography of the plot. It is also advised to streamline
more dwelling units will create problems in identity, the corners, as these are likely to be mostly damaged due
encroachments and of maintenance. Dry flood proofing to impact of debris and turbulence.
• By considering the distinct socio- cultural • If the length of the house is more in one direction, then
characteristics of tribal community the study the house should be oriented in such a way that the
proposes “Interlocking Cluster” as an appropriate shorter wall faces the direction of flow to minimize the
housing cluster as shown in figure below. damage.
• Interlocking clusters are formed when the dwelling • New houses should be constructed in such a manner that
units are joined at back and on sides with at least one evacuation route is clear. Access roads to settlements
side of a cluster common and having some dwelling should be designed in such a way that evacuation in case
units opening onto or having access from the adjacent of flood events is easy.
• The houses should not be constructed along the path of
clusters will be considered as interlocking clusters.
drainage of flood water. In an area which is likely to be hit
Dwelling units in such clusters should have at least
by floods, the land-use planning regulations should
two sides open to external open space. Houses in an
clearly define at what distance from riverbeds would it be
interlocking cluster can have access, ventilation and safe to locate the settlement. The figure above explains
light from the adjacent and cluster and also cater for • Dry flood proofing is advised for the houses where depths the best possible ways of building orientation in flood
future growth of the settlement. of inundation is potentially high. prone areas.
• Dry flood proofing uses levees, door seals and walls to stop
water from entering the house as given in above figure. This Layout of buildings
can be achieved by raising the house on earthen fill or The layout of buildings in the settlement should be in
embankments as shown in the figure above. such a way that, there is adequate spacing between the
buildings. This is to ensure that the velocity of the water
• Fill can be shaped to optimise the flow of floodwater flowing between the buildings does not increase and thus
around the building In either case, earthworks or fill and the cause more damage to the buildings. It is most ideal to
house building shape should be planned to divert construct square shaped buildings as they are proved to
floodwater away from buildings. ASCE 24 limits dry flood be more stable. It is ideal to construct circle shaped
proofing to areas where flood velocities are less than or structures or houses with their sides inclined to the flow
Typical cluster planning equal to 5 feet per second. of water thus to reduce the damage due to flow of water.


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DEVELOPING APPROPRIATE HOUSE

DESIGNS FOR TRIBAL

Department of Architecture and Planning , Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Recognized the importance of education

Katcha House Pucca House

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Kattunaika Community (Vattapady Tribal Settlement , Sulthan Bathery)

Traditional Techniques Common spaces

• There are sacred groves in the centre / origin of the

• The settlement is distributed in the radial pattern.

• The approach to the settlement is by a narrow road that I

• The inner roads are unpaved and unfinished .

• Individual units are approached by muddy footpaths varying

• There is no well defined pattern of houses due to the

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Length of Occupancy Level of completion of house

Family composition HIGHLIGHTS

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Material used in construction

• The community as a whole faces shortage in water supply.

• There is no deity worshipping in any of the houses in this community.

Doors Windows Foundation Walls

35% 23% 24%

Cement/ Plywood Cement/ wood

Wood Cement/ wood Aluminium

Details of basic amenities

Fully owner driven 35%

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Household size Distribution

4 the families is greater than 75 years. 77%

• Average daily income per person in the

• Everyone surveyed owns the house they

18% live Cement/ wood

• Average no of rooms: 3.5 Cement Cement Red Oxide Tile

• Average size of housing unit: 640 sq. ft

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Length of Occupancy Kachcha Pucca Semi-Pucca Hut

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

• 70 % of the households have toilet outside their house.

• 74% have adequate electric supply.

Cement/ PVC Bamboo 11% Cement

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Housing Pattern Housing Pattern

Flood in 2018 & 2019 Housing Schemes availed

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

IAY: 1996 IAY: 2000

Uncompleted Houses VKY : 2018-19 VKY: 2017-18

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar

Project Team: Dr. Shyni Anilkumar