DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE

Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

PRPC 324: PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Module 4: Analysis and Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam, T-Beams and
Irregular Beams using Strength Design Method

I. Course Objectives:
1. The students are expected to familiarize the formula’s, principles, concepts and code
provisions used in the analysis and design of doubly reinforced concrete beam, T-
beams and irregular beams for flexure.

2. To educate the student about the procedure of the analysis and design of DRB, T-
beams construction and irregular beams in accordance to the NSCP 2015 for non-
prestressed member using strength design method.

II. Course Outline:

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beam
1.2.1 Steps in the Analysis of DRB
1.2.2 Steps in the Design of DRB
1.3 Sample Problems under DRB
1.4 Activity no. 4.1
1.5 Introduction to T-Beam Construction
1.6 Code Requirements for T-Beam Construction
1.7 Analysis of T-Beams and Irregular Beams
1.8 Sample Problems under T-Beams and Irregular Beams
1.9 Activity no.4.2

III. Learning Content:

1.1 Introduction
Doubly reinforced beam is defined as the beam in which the reinforcement is provided by
the steel in both tension and compression zone of the beam. If it is known that the depth of the
beam is fixed, then the best option is to provide the doubly reinforced beam for resisting the
particular moment.
Occasionally, beams are restricted in small sizes by space or aesthetic requirements to
such extent that the compression concrete should be reinforced with steel to carry compression.
Compression reinforcement is needed to increase the moment capacity of a beam beyond that of
a tensile reinforced beam with maximum steel area. Aside from these reasons, compression
reinforcement makes beams tough and ductile and reduces long term deflection of beams.

P a g e 1 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

Compression steel also helps the beam withstand stress reversals that might occur
during earthquakes. Continuous compression bars are also helpful for positioning stirrups and
keeping them in place during concrete placement and vibration. Various tests show that
compression reinforcement also prevents the beam to collapse even if the compression concrete
crushes especially if it is enclosed by stirrups

1.2 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beam

0.85f’c εc = 0.003
d’ ½a d’ εs’
As’ a Ac C1 As’ C2 = As’ fs’

d ФMn ФMn2 d - d’ N.A.

= ФMn1
+
d- ½ a
As As1 = Asmax As2

T1 = As1 fy T2 = As2 fy εs

DRB Couple Bars Strain

SRB SECTION
SECTION (Tension & Compression Bars) Diagram
(Partial Tensile Reinf.)

Doubly Reinforced beam is analyzed by dividing the beam into two couples φ Mn1 and φ Mn2
as shown in the figure. φ Mn1 is the couple due to compression concrete and the part of the tension
steel As1. φ Mn2 is the couple due to compression steel As’ and the other part of the tension steel area
AS2.
Compression reinforcement is provided to ensure ductile failure. For this reason, therefore,
the stress in tension steel fs is always equal to fy. On the other hand, the stress of compression steel
fs’ may be either equal or below fy.

1.2.1 Steps in the Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beam

a.) Section Type

ρ ≤ ρmax (SRB, compression bars are not needed)
ρ > ρmax (DRB, compression bars needed)

P a g e 2 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

ρmin ρmax ρbal

φ = 0.90 φ = 0.65
Ø = 0.65 + 0.25 (εt – εty) / (0.005 - εty)

TENSION TRANSITION COMPRESSION

CONTROL CONTROL CONTROL

εs = 0.005
εs = 0.004

SINGLY DOUBLY
REINFORCED BEAM REINFORCED BEAM

b.) Bar Behavior

b.1) Assume CSY (Compression Steel Yields); fs’ = fy
As2 fy = As’ fs’
As2 = As’
As1 = As - As2
As1 = ρ max b d
c.) Solve for a & c
C1 = T1
0.85f’c a b = As1 fy
c = a / β1

d.) Solve for the stress of compression steel

In Strain Diagram:
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑 (𝐜−𝒅′ )
εs’ = 𝐜

𝑐−𝑑′
fs' = 600 ( )
𝑐
if fs’ ≥ fy (Compression Steel Yields; CSY) proceed to step e.)
if fs’ < fy (Compression Steel does not Yield; CSDY) proceed to step f.)

e.) Since, fs’ ≥ fy (CSY); As2 = As’

φMn = φMn1 + φMn2
φMn = φT1 (d – a/2) + φT2 (d – d’) ; φMn = φAs1 fy (d – a/2) + φAs2 fy (d – d’)
φMn = φC1 (d – a/2) + φC2 (d – d’) ; φMn = φ0.85f’c a b (d – a/2) + φAs’ fy (d – d’)

P a g e 3 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

f.) If fs’ < fy (CSDY); As2 ≠ As’

T = C1 + C2
As fy =0.85 f’c a b + As’ fs’
𝐜−d′
As fy =0.85 f’c β1 c b + As’ {600 ( )}
𝐜
Solve for c.
Solve for a = β1 c.
Solve for Mu
φMn = φMn1 + φMn2
φMn = φC1 (d – a/2) + φC2 (d – d’) ; φMn = φ0.85f’c a b (d – a/2) + φAs’ fs’ (d – d’)

g.) Determination of Maximum Steel Ratio

Section 409.3.3.1 For non-prestressed beams with Pu < 0.10f’cAg, εt shall be atleast 0.004.
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρ max = (𝟕)
𝒇𝒚
𝟑
cmax = ( 𝟕 ) d

h.) Another Expression to check the Bar Behavior of Compression Steel

0.85 f′ c β1 (600d′ )
ρ - ρ' ≥ (Compression Steel Yields; CSY)
fy d (600−fy)
0.85 f′ c β1 (600d′ )
ρ - ρ' < (Compression Steel Doesn’t Yield; CSDY)
fy d (600−fy)
Where:
As′
ρ' = bd

1.2.2 Steps in the Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam

a.) Solve for ρ max and Mumax

Mumax = φ Rnmax bd2

ρ max2 fy2
Rnmax = ρmax fy - 1.7(f′ c)
ρ max = 0.75 ρ bal NSCP 2001
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρ max = ( 𝟕 ) NSCP 2015
𝒇𝒚

P a g e 4 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

b.) Determine the Section Type

Mu = Mu1 + Mu2
If Des. Mu ≤ Mumax (Design as Singly Reinforced Beam)
If Des. Mu > Mumax (Design as Doubly Reinforced Beam)

c.) Solve for As1 & As2

As1 = ρ max b d
Mn1 = Mn max
φMn2 = Mu – φMn1
φMn2 = φ As2 fy (d – d’)

d.) Solve for a & c to determine the bar behavior

Assume CSY (Compression Steel Yields); fs’ = fy
C1 = T 1
As1 fy =0.85 f’c a b
a = β1 c
𝑐−𝑑′
fs' = 600 ( )
𝑐

 if fs’ ≥ fy (Compression Steel Yields; CSY)

fs = fy ; As’ = As2
 if fs’ < fy (Compression Steel does not Yield; CSDY)
fy
As’ = As2 fs′

1.3 Sample Problems

1.) A 6m concrete beam is simply supported at the ends. The beam has a width of 300
mm and a total depth of 450 mm. It is reinforced with 4-25mmφ bars at the
tension side and 2- 22mmφ at the compression side w/ 70 mm concrete cover to
centroid of reinforcement. If f’c= 30 MPa, fy = 415 MPa and ρ max = 0.02316. Use
NSCP 2015. Determine:
a.) The depth of stress block
b.) The nominal flexural strength
c.) The factored uniform load including the weight of the beam.

P a g e 5 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

70mm

2-22mmФ
450mm 380mm

4-25mmФ

300 mm
a.) Section Type
As
ρ = bd
𝜋
( )(252 )(4)
ρ = (300)(380)
4

ρ = 0.0172 < ρ max = 0.02316

Therefore, SRB.

b.) Assume TSY fs = fy

π
As fy 4( )(25)2 (415)
a = 0.85f′cb = 4
0.85 (30)(300)
a = 106.52 mm
0.05(30−28)
β1 = 0.85 - 7
β1 = 0.836
c = a/ β1 = 106.52/0.836
c = 127.42 mm
Verify if TSY : εs ≥ εty
0.003 (d−c)
εs = ; εty = fy/Es
c
0.003 (380−127.42)
εs = = 0.00595
127.42
εty = fy/Es = 415/200,000 = 0.00275 < εs

Therefore, TSY @ Tension Control

c.) Solve for Mn
𝜋 106.52
Mn = 4 (25)2(4)(415)(380 - 2 )
Mn = 266.24 kN-m
P a g e 6 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

d.) Solve for factored uniform load

Mu = 0.90 (266.24) = 239.62 kN-m
Mucap ≥ Mumax
Mucap = Mumax to be safe in flexure
Mumax = wu L2 /8
239.62 = wu (6)2/8
wu = 53.25 kN/m

2.) A rectangular beam has a width of 300mm and an effective depth of 537.5mm to the
centroid of the tension bars. Tension reinforcement consist of 6-28mmφ in two rows,
compression reinforcement consists of 2- 22mmφ, f’c = 27.6 MP and fy = 415 MPa. Assume
steel covering of 62.5mm from centroid of reinforcement. Use NSCP 2015 and assume Ф =
0.90. Compute:
a.) The depth of compression block.
b.) The factored ultimate moment capacity of the beam

62.5mm

2-22mmФ
d = 537.5mm
6-28mmФ

300 mm

a.) Section Type

As
ρ = bd
𝜋
( )(282 )(6)
ρ =(300)(537.5)
4

ρ = 0.0229
limiting strain εs ≥ 0.004
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρ max = (𝟕)
𝒇𝒚
𝟎.𝟖𝟓(𝟐𝟕.𝟔)(𝟎.𝟖𝟓) 𝟑
ρ max = ( 𝟕 ) = 0.02059
𝟒𝟏𝟓

ρ > ρ max (therefore, DRB)

P a g e 7 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

b.) Bar Behavior

Assume CSY (fs’ = fy)
As2 = As’
As1 = As - As2
As1 fy
a = 0.85 f′ c b
𝜋 𝜋
{( )(282 )(6)−( )(222 )(2)}(415)
a= 4 4
0.85(27.6)(300)
a = 173.02 mm
c = a/ β1 = 173.02/0.85
c = 203. 55 mm
Stress Check:
𝑐−𝑑′
fs' = 600 ( )
𝑐
203.55−62.5
fs' = 600 ( ) = 415.77 MPa > fy
203.55
Therefore, CSY. The depth of compression block is a = 173.02 mm.

c.) Ultimate Moment Capacity of the beam

φMn = φ0.85f’c a b (d – a/2) + φAs’ fs’ (d – d’)
Mucap = 0.90 (0.85)(27.6)(173.02)(300)(537.5 – 173.02/2)
𝜋
+ 0.90( 4 ) (222 )(2)(415)(537.5-62.5)
Mucap = 629.14 kN-m

3.) In the beam section shown, it will be subjected to a service dead load of 215 kN-m. What
is the safe service live load moment of the beam? Use f’c = 21 MPa, fy = 415 MPa and NSCP
2015.

30 mm

5-25mmФ

650mm
8-25mmФ

25 mm

360 mm
P a g e 8 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

a.) Section Type

d = 650 – 30 -25 – 25/2 = 582.5 mm
d’ = 30 + 25/2 = 42.5 mm
As
ρ = bd
𝜋
( )(252 )(8)
ρ =(360)(582.5)
4

ρ = 0.01873

limiting strain εs ≥ 0.004

𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρ max = ( )
𝒇𝒚 𝟕
𝟎.𝟖𝟓(𝟐𝟏)(𝟎.𝟖𝟓) 𝟑
ρ max = ( 𝟕 ) = 0.01567
𝟒𝟏𝟓

ρ > ρ max (therefore, DRB)

b.) Bar Behavior

Assume CSY ; fs’= fy
0.85 f′ c β1 (600d′ )
ρ - ρ' ≥ (Compression Steel Yields; CSY)
fy d (600−fy)
As′
ρ’ = bd
𝜋
( )(252 )(5)
ρ’ = (360)(582.5) = 0.0117
4

ρ - ρ’ = 0.0187 - 0.0117 = 0.007

0.85 f′ c β1 (600d′ ) 0.85 (21) (0.85) (600)(42.5)
= = 0.00865
fy d (600−fy) 415 (582.5) (600−415)
0.85 f′ c β1 (600d′ )
ρ - ρ’ < fy d (600−fy)
Therefore, CSDY.

c.) Solve for a & c.

T = C1 + C2
As fy =0.85 f’c a b + As’ fs’
𝐜−d′
As fy =0.85 f’c β1 c b + As’ {600 ( )}
𝐜
𝜋 𝜋 𝐜−42.5
( 4 ) (252 )(8)(415) = 0.85(21)(0.85)(c) (360) + ( 4 ) (252 )(5) {600 ( )}
𝐜
Solve for c.
c = 122.38 mm
P a g e 9 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

Solve for a = β1 c.
a = 0.85 (122.38) = 104.023 mm
d.) Stress Check.
𝑑−𝑐
fs = 600 ( )
𝑐
582.50−122.38
fs = 600 ( ) = 2255.86 MPa > fy & > 1000 MPa (TSY); φ = 0.90
122.38

𝑐−𝑑′
fs' = 600 ( )
𝑐
122.28−42.5
fs' = 600 ( ) = 391.63 MPa < fy (therefore, CSDY)
122.38

e.) Solve for MLL

φMn = φ0.85f’c a b (d – a/2) + φAs’ fs’ (d – d’)
Mucap = 0.90 (0.85)(21)(104.023)(360)(582.5 – 104.023/2)
𝜋
+ 0.90(4 ) (252 )(5)(391.63)(582.5-42.5)

Mucap = 786.29 kN-m

Mu = 1.2 MDL + 1.6 MLL
786.29 = 1.2 (215) + 1.6 (MLL)
MLL = 330.18 kN-m

4.) A 12 m long rectangular reinforced concrete beam is simply supported at its ends. The
beam is provided with an additional support at the midspan. The beam is reinforced with
25mm diameter bars, four bars at the tension side and 2 bars at the compression side.
Concrete strength f’c = 30 MPa and steel yield strength fy= 415 MPa. Use ρ max = 0.0157.
Determine the factored uniform load that the beam could carry. NSCP 2015.

70mm

2-25mmФ Wu
450mm 380mm
A 6m B 6m C
4-25mmФ

300 mm P a g e 10 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

a.) Section Type

As
ρ = bd
𝜋
( )(252 )(4)
ρ = (300)(380)
4

ρ = 0.0172 > ρ max = 0.0157

Therefore, DRB.

b.) Bar Behavior

Assume CSY ; fs’= fy
0.85 f′ c β1 (600d′ )
ρ - ρ' ≥ (Compression Steel Yields; CSY)
fy d (600−fy)
As′
ρ’ = bd
𝜋
( )(252 )(2)
ρ’ = 4
(300)(380)
= 0.00861
ρ - ρ’ = 0.0172 - 0.00861= 0.00859
0.05(30−28)
0.85 f′ c β1 (600d′ ) 0.85 (30) (0.85− ) (600)(70)
= 7
= 0.0307
fy d (600−fy) 415 (380) (600−415)
0.85 f′ c β1 (600d′ )
ρ - ρ’ < fy d (600−fy)
Therefore, CSDY.

c.) Solve for a & c.

T = C1 + C2
As fy =0.85 f’c a b + As’ fs’
𝐜−d′
As fy =0.85 f’c β1 c b + As’ {600 ( 𝐜
)}
𝜋 𝜋 𝐜−70
( 4 ) (252 )(4)(415) = 0.85(30)(0.836)(c) (300) + ( 4 ) (252 )(2) {600 ( )}
𝐜
Solve for c.
c = 99.87 mm
Solve for a = β1 c.
a = 0.836 (99.87) = 83.49 mm

d.) Verify if CSDY

𝑐−𝑑′
fs' = 600 ( )
𝑐
99.87−70
fs' = 600 ( ) = 179.45 MPa < fy (therefore, CSDY)
99.87

P a g e 11 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

e.) Solve for Mucap

φMn = φ0.85f’c a b (d – a/2) + φAs’ fs’ (d – d’)
Mucap = 0.90 (0.85)(30)(83.49)(300)(380 – 83.49/2)
𝜋
+ 0.90( 4 ) (252 )(2)(179.45)(380-70)
Mucap = 243.59 kN-m

f.) Solve for factored uniform load.

Using three moment equation:
6𝐴1ā1 6𝐴2ā2
MA L1 + 2 MB (L1 + L2) + MCL2 + + =0
𝐿1 𝐿2

MA = MC = 0
6𝐴1ā1 𝑊𝑢(𝐿1)3
=
𝐿1 4
6𝐴2ā2 𝑊𝑢(𝐿2)3
=
𝐿2 4

𝑊𝑢(6)3 𝑊𝑢(6)3
0 + 2 (243.59)(6+6) + + =0
4 4
Wu = 54.13 kN/m

5.) A rectangular beam has a width b = 300 mm, d = 490 mm, f’c = 27.6 MPa and fy = 280
MPa. Compression steel if required shall have its centroid 60 mm from extreme concrete
fiber. The design Mu = 620 kN-m and use NSCP 2015. Design the reinforcing bars.

60mm

As’
490mm

As

300 mm

P a g e 12 | 34
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

a.) Solve for ρ max and Mumax

Mumax = φ Rnmax bd2

ρ max2 fy2
Rnmax = ρmax fy - 1.7(f′ c)
Design at Tension Control (εt = 0.005).

𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟑
ρ max = (𝟖)
𝒇𝒚

𝟎.𝟖𝟓(𝟐𝟕.𝟔)(𝟎.𝟖𝟓) 𝟑
ρ max = (𝟖)
𝟐𝟖𝟎
ρ max = 0.0267
0.02672 (280)2
Rnmax = 0.0267 (280) - = 6.285 MPa
1.7(27.6)
Φ = 0.90
Mumax = φ Rnmax bd2
Mumax = 0.90 (6.285)(300) (490)2
Mumax = 407.44 kN-m = Mu1
Des. Mu > Mumax (therefore, design as DRB)
Mu = Mu1 + Mu2
Mu2 = 620 – 407.44 = 212.56 kN-m

b.) Solve for As1 & As2

As1 = ρ max b d
P a g e 13 | 34
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

As1 = 0.0267 (300)(490) = 3924.90 mm2

b.1) Assume CSY:

As1 fy (3924.90)(280)
a = 0.85f′cb = 0.85 (27.6)(300)
a = 156.15 mm
c = a/ β1 = 156.15/0.85
c = 183.71 mm
𝑐−𝑑′
fs' = 600 ( )
𝑐
183.71−60
fs' = 600 ( ) = 404.04 MPa > fy (CSY)
183.71

b.2) Solve for Mu2 to compute for As and As’

Mu2 = φ As2 fy (d – d’)
212.56x 106 = 0.90 (As2)(280)(490-60)
As2 = 1961.61 mm2
As = As1 + As2
As = 3924.90 +1961.61
As = 5886.51 mm2

Since CSY, As’ = As2.

As’ = 1961.61 mm2

P a g e 14 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
Tel. No. (6345) 458 0021; Fax (6345) 458 0021 Local 211
URL: http://dhvsu.edu.ph DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
E-Mail Address: [email protected]

1.4 Activity 4.1

Solve the following problems completely using NSCP 2015.Include all relevant illustrations
whenever possible.

1.) A simply supported beam is reinforced with 4-28mmφ at the bottom and 2-28mmφ at the
top of the beam. Steel covering to centroid of reinforcement is 70 mm at the top and bottom
of the beam. The has a total depth of 400mm and width of 300 mm. The f’c = 30 MPa, fy=
415 MPa & ρbal = 0.031. Determine the design strength using 0.90 as reduction factor.
Determine also the concentrated live load at the midspan in addition to a dead load of 20
kN/m including the weight of the beam if it has a span of 6m.

2.) Determine the theoretical steel area’s required for tension of a rectangular section with b =
350 mm, d = 700 mm under a factored moment of 1,500 kN-m. If compression steel is
required, assume it will be placed 70 mm from the compression fiber of concrete. Use fc’ =
28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.

3.) Determine the theoretical steel area’s required for tension and compression of a rectangular
section with b = 250 mm, d = 480 mm under a factored moment of 356 kN-m. If compression
steel is required, assume it will be placed 70 mm from the compression fiber of concrete.
Use fc’ = 20.73 MPa and fy = 346 MPa.

4.) A 305mm wide rectangular beam has an overall depth of 560 mm. The beam is reinforced
with 4-25mm φ compression bars. The centroid of tension and compression bars are 70 mm
from extreme concrete fiber. Assume fy = 415 MPa and f’c = 29 MPa. Determine:
a.) The balanced tension steel area, the nominal and ultimate balance moment.
b.) The maximum tension steel area, the nominal and ultimate maximum moment.

5.) A propped cantilever beam shown is made of reinforced concrete having a width of 290 mm
and an overall depth of 490 mm. The beam is loaded with uniform dead load of 35 kN/m
(including its own weight) and a uniform live load of 55 kN/m. Given f’c = 21 MPa and fy =
415 MPa. Concrete cover is 60 mm from the centroid of the bars. Determine the required
tension steel area for maximum positive moment. Assume EI is constant.

A 6m B 2m C

P a g e 15 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
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1.5 Introduction to T-Beam Construction

Reinforced concrete floors usually consist of slabs and beams which are placed or poured
monolithically. In this effect, the beam with have extra width on top (which is usually under
compression) called flanges, the resulting section is called a T-Beam. The beam may also be L-
shaped if it is located at the end of a slab.

Figure 1.5.1: T-beams

Figure 1.5.2: Elements of T-Beam

P a g e 16 | 34
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E-Mail Address: [email protected]

1.6 Code Requirements: NSCP 2015 (Section 409.2.4)

409.2.4.1 T-Beam Construction

409.2.4.1 In T- Beam construction, the flange and the web shall be placed monolithically or made
composite in accordance with Section 416.4.

409.2.4.2 Effective flange width shall in accordance with Section 406.3.2.

406.3.2 T-beam Geometry

406.3.2.1 For non-prestressed T-beams supporting monolithic or composite slabs, the effective
flange width bf shall include the beam width bw plus an effective overhanging flange width in
accordance with table 406.3.2.1, where h is the slab thickness and sw is the clear distance to the
adjacent web.

406.3.2.1 Isolated non-prestressed T-beams in which the flange is used to provide additional
compression area shall have a flange thickness greater than or equal to 0.50bw and an effective
flange width less than or equal to 4bw.

409.2.4.3 For T-beam flanges where primary flexural reinforcement is parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the beam, reinforcement in the flange perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam
shall be in accordance with Section 407.5.2.3.

407.5.2.3 If primary flexural reinforcement in a slab that is considered to be a T-beam flange is

parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam, reinforcement perpendicular to the longitudinal axis
of the beam shall be provided in the top of the slab in accordance with (a) and (b). This provision
does not apply to joist construction.

a. Slab reinforcement perpendicular to the beam shall be designed to resist the factored load on
the overhanging slab width assumed to act as a cantilever.
P a g e 17 | 34
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b. Only the effective overhanging slab width in accordance with Section 406.3.2 need to be
considered.

Summary:

A. Interior Beams

𝐿𝑛
1. bf = + bw
4
2. bf = 16t + bw
𝑆𝑤 𝑆𝑤
3. bf = 2 1 + 2 2 + bw

B. Exterior Beams

𝐿𝑛
1. bf = 12 + bw
2. bf = 6t + bw
𝑆𝑤
3. bf = 2 + bw

C. Isolated Beams
1. bf ≤ 4 bw
2. tf ≥ 0.50 bw

P a g e 18 | 34
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E-Mail Address: [email protected]

1.7 Analysis of T-Beams and Irregular Beams

A. T-Beams at Mid Span (Positive Bending)
Case I. Wide Rectangular Beam ( a ≤ tf )

bf 0.85f’c

Ac a C = 0.85 f’c Ac
tf

N.A. d- ½ a

As
T = As fy

bw

C=T
0.85f’c Ac = As fy
0.85f’c a bf = As fy
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
a=
0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑓

Mu = φ As fy (d – a/2)
Mu = φ 0.85f’c a bf (d – a/2)

P a g e 19 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
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E-Mail Address: [email protected]

Case II. True T-Beam (a > tf )

bf 0.85f’c

tf A1 A1 C1
A2 a
C2
N.A.
d- ½ tf
d- ½ a

As
T = As fy

bw

C1 + C2 = T
0.85f’c( bf – bw) tf + 0.85f’c a bw = Asfy
Mu = Ф 0.85f’c ( bf – bw) tf (d - tf/2) + Ф 0.85f’c a bw (d – a/2)
Mu = 0.85f’c Ac (d – ȳ )
1.7.1 Method of Analysis

bf 0.85f’c

Ac a CF = 0.85 f’c bf tf
tf

N.A. d- ½ tf

As
T = As fy

bw
Case I. If CF ≥ T therefore, a ≤ tf (Analyze as Wide Rectangular Beam)
Case II. If CF < T therefore, a > tf (Analyze as True T-Beam)

P a g e 20 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
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1.8 Sample Problems.

1. An interior T-beam in a floor system has a clear span of 5.4m. Web thickness of beam is 300
mm. Find the effective flange width if it has a slab thickness of 125mm.

2.) An exterior T beam in a floor system having an effective depth of 600 mm, has a web thickness
of 300mm. The beam has a spacing of 2.4 m on centers. Thickness of slab is 100mm.
Determine the effective width of the flange of the end of the beam or L-beam having a span of
6m.

P a g e 21 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
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3.) Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the T-beam shown in the figure, if f’c = 21 MPa ,
fy = 414 MPa and RSB = 3-28mmФ tension bars. Use NSCP 2015.

800 mm
4.) Solution:
50 mm
a.) CF = 0.85 f’c bf tf

N.A. 300 mm CF = 0.85 (21)(800)(50)

CF = 714 kN

As 𝜋
T = As fy = 4 (28)2 (3)(414)
T = 764.76 kN
250 mm
CF < T ; therefore, a > tf

800 mm Case II. True T-beam

0.85f’c
5.) ŷ
50 mm 6.)
Ac a C = 0.85 f’c Ac

N.A. 300 mm
d-ŷ

As
T = As fy

250 mm
b.) C = T
0.85 f’c Ac = As fy
764.76 𝑥 103
Ac = = 42,843. 70 mm2
0.85 (21)

Ac = (bf – bw) tf + a bw
42,843.70 = (800 – 250) (50) + a (250)
a = 61.33 mm > tf (True T-beam)
c = a/ β1 = 61.37/0.85

P a g e 22 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
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c = 72.20 mm

c.) Verify if TSY

0.003 (d−c)
εs = ≥ εty = fy/Es
c
0.003 (300−72.20)
εs = = 0.00947 > εty = 0.00207
72.20

> 0.005
Therefore, TSY @ Tension Control
d.) Solve for the Ultimate Moment Capacity
Concrete:
Mucap = φ0.85f’c Ac (d – ȳ)
Solve for ŷ using Varignon’s Theorem:
tf a
(bf – bw)( tf )( )+(a)(bw)( )
ȳ= 2 2
( centroid from the compression fiber)
Ac
50
(800−250)(50)( ) +(250)(61.37)(61.37/2)
ȳ= 2
42,843.70

ȳ = 27.04 mm
Mucap = 0.90(0.85)(21)(42,843.70)(300-27.04)
Mucap = 187.87 kN-m

P a g e 23 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
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E-Mail Address: [email protected]

4.) A T-beam for a floor system has a slab thickness of 100 mm and a total depth of 550 mm.
It has a web thickness of 300mm. The T-beam is monolithically poured with the slab. The
beam has a simple span of 6 m and spacing of 2.4 m (center to center). The beam carries a
live load moment of 184 kN-m and a dead load moment of 84 kN-m. Use f’c = 20.7 MPa and
fy = 413.7 MPa. Assume steel covering of 65 mm (from centroid of reinforcement).
Determine depth of compression block and steel area required for tension only).
bf bf

100 mm
MuF

485 mm
N.A.

As As

2.40 m

a.) Solve for bf

For the Interior T-Beams
6000
a.1) bf = + 300 = 1800 mm
4
a.2) bf = 16t + bw = 16(100) + 300
bf = 1900 mm
𝑆𝑤1 𝑆𝑤1
a.3) bf = 2 + 2 + bw
2400−300 2400−300
bf = + + 300 = 2400 mm
2 2

Adopt the smallest value: bf = 1800 mm

b.) Solve for compression block a
Des. Mu = 1.2 MDL + 1.6 MLL
Des. Mu = 1.2 (84 ) + 1.6 (184)

P a g e 24 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
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Des. Mu = 395.20 kN-m

Moment at the Flange:
MuF = φ 0.85f’c Ac (d – tf/2)
MuF = 0.90(0.85)(20.70) (1800)(100) (485– 100/2)
MuF = 1239.92 kN-m > Des.Mu
Therefore, Wide Rectangular beam (WRB)

1800 mm 0.85f’c

100 mm Ac a C =0.85f’c Ac

Des Mu d – a/2

As
T = As fy

300 mm

Des Mu = φ 0.85f’c Ac (d – a/2)

395.20 x 106 = 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(a)(1800)(485 – a/2)
a = 29.48 mm < tf (therefore, wide rectangular beam)
c.) Solve for As
Verify if TSY
c = a/ β1 = 29.48/0.85
c = 34.69 mm

0.003 (d−c)
εs = ≥ εty = fy/Es
c
0.003 (485−34.69)
εs = = 0.0389 > εty = 0.00207
34.69

> 0.005

P a g e 25 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
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E-Mail Address: [email protected]

Therefore, TSY @ Tension Control

C=T
0.85f’c Ac = As fy
0.85 (20.7)(1800)(35.61) = As (413.7)
As = 2725.375 mm2

5.) Compute the flexural strength of the T-beam shown below. Use f’c = 27 MPa and fy = 350
MPa. Assume ρ max = 0.0264. The concrete clear cover is 20 mm and clear layer distance
between bars in tension is 25 mm. Use NSCP 2015.

bf = 600 mm

3 – 22mmФ t = 110 mm

10mmФ
stirrups h = 390 mm
10 – 25mmФ

bw = 300 mm

a.) Solve for d , d’, As and As’

d = 110 + 390 – 20 – 10 – 25 – 25/2 = 432.5 mm
d’ = 20 + 10 + 22/2 = 41 mm
𝜋 3125 𝜋
As = ( 4 ) (252 )(10) = mm2
2
𝜋
As’ = ( 4 ) (222 )(3) = 363𝜋 mm2

P a g e 26 | 34
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b.) Section Type

As
ρ = bd
𝜋
( )(252 )(10)
ρ = (300)(432.5)
4

ρ = 0.0378 > ρ max = 0.0264

Therefore, DRB.

c.) Bar Behavior (Assume CSY ; fs’ = fy)

As1 = As – As2
3125 𝜋 2399 𝜋
As1 = 2 - 363𝜋 = 2 mm2
Compare CF to T:
CF = 0.85f’c bf tf = 0.85(27)(110)(600) = 1514.7 kN
2399 𝜋
T= As1 fy = 2 (350) = 1318.92 kN
CF > T (Therefore, Wide Rectangular Beam)

bf = 600 mm 0.85 f’c

C2 = As’ fs’
a
3 – 22mmФ C1 = 0.85 f’c a bf

10mmФ
stirrups

10 – 25mmФ

T = As fy

bw = 300 mm

d.) Solve for a & c

T = C1 + C2
As fy = 0.85 f’c a bf + As’ fs’

P a g e 27 | 34
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Since Assume CSY; fs’ = fy

We come up with the equation:
As1 fy = 0.85 f’c a bf
1318.92 x 103 = 0.85(27)(a)(600)
a = 95.78 mm
c = a/ β1 = 95.78/0.85 – 0.05/7(28-27)
c = 113.64 mm
Verify if CSY:
𝑐−𝑑′
fs' = 600 ( )
𝑐
113.64−41
fs' = 600 ( ) = 383.53 MPa > fy (therefore, CSY)
113.64

e.) Solve for Mucap

Mucap = Ф [ 0.85f’c Ac (d – a/2) + As’fs’ (d - d’)]
Mucap = 0.90 [ 0.85(27)(95.78)(600)(432.5 – 95.78/2) + 363𝜋 (350)(432.5 – 41)]
Mucap = 597.17 kN-m

6.) A hollow beam is shown in the figure. Assume f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 345 MPa. It is
reinforced with 4-25mmФ bars. Calculate the design strength of the beam.

125 mm 125 mm
250 mm

CF 150 mm

500 mm

150 mm
75 mm

P a g e 28 | 34
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Solution:
From the figure:
a.) CF = 0.85 f’c bf tf
CF = 0.85 (28)(500)(150)
CF = 1785 kN

𝜋
T = As fy = 4 (25)2 (4)(345)
T = 677.41 kN

CF > T ; therefore, a < tf

Case I. Wide Rectangular Beam

b.) C= T
0.85 f’c Ac = As fy
677.41 𝑥 103
Ac = = 28,462. 61 mm2
0.85 (28)

28,462.61 = 500 a
a = 56.93 mm < tf (WRB)
c = a/ β1 = 56.93/0.85
c = 66.97 mm

c.) Verify if TSY

d = 800 -75 = 725 mm

0.003 (d−c)
εs = ≥ εty = fy/Es
c
0.003 (725−66.97)
εs = = 0.0295 > εty = 0.00207
66.97

> 0.005
Therefore, TSY @ Tension Control

P a g e 29 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
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d.) Solve for Mucap

Mucap = φ0.85f’c Ac (d – a/2)
Mucap = 0.90(0.85)(28)(28,462.61)(725-56.93/2)
Mucap = 424.66 kN-m

7.) For the beam cross section shown. Determine the flexural strength using NSCP 2015.
The f’c = 20 MPa and fy = 350 MPa. Use β1 = 0.85.

150 mm 150 mm
200 mm

AF AF 200 mm

725 mm

5-32mmФ

Solution:
From the figure:
a.) CF = 0.85 f’c AF
CF = 0.85 (20)(300)(200)
CF = 1020 kN

P a g e 30 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
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𝜋
T = As fy = 4 (32)2 (5)(350)
T = 1407.43 kN

CF < T ; therefore, a > tf

Case II. True T-Beam

150 mm 150 mm
200 mm
0.85 f’c

ȳ
200 mm
a A1 A1 C = 0.85 f’c Ac

A2

b.) C = T
0.85f’c Ac = T
1407.43 𝑥 103
Ac = 0.85 (20)
= 82,790 mm2

Ac = A1 +A2
82,790 = 300 a + 200 (a – 200)

a = 245.58 mm > tf (True T- beam)

c = a/ β1 = 245.58/0.85
c = 288.92 mm

c.) Verify if TSY

0.003 (d−c)
εs = ≥ εty = fy/Es
c
0.003 (725−288.92)
εs = = 0.0453 > εty = 0.00175
288.92

> 0.004 but <0.005 (Therefore, transition control)

P a g e 31 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
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Solve for strength reduction factor:

Ø = 0.65 + 0.25 (εt – εty) / (0.005 - εty)
Ø = 0.65 + 0.25 (0.00453 – 0.00175) / (0.005 – 0.00175)
Ø = 0.864

Mucap = Ø 0.85f’c Ac (d - ȳ)
245.58 245.58−200
300 (245.58)( )+200 (245.58−200){ +200)
2 2
ȳ=
82790

ȳ = 133.80 mm
Mucap = 0.864 (0.85)(20)(82790)(725 – 133.80)
Mucap = 718.91 kN-m

P a g e 32 | 34
 DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines ARCHITECTURE
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1.9 Activity no.4.2

“Life is the most difficult exam. Many people fail, because they try to copy others, not
realizing that everyone has a different question paper.”
Instructions and Reminders:
 Show your complete and comprehensive solution
 Include all relevant illustrations, drawings, derivations and concepts
whenever possible.
 Write or type your solutions legibly.
 Use NSCP 2015.
Problems:
1.) A floor system consists of a 100mm concrete slab supported by continuous T-beams
with 9 m spans, 1.2m o.c. Web dimensions, as determined by negative-moment
requirements, are bw = 280 mm, and d = 500 mm. Concrete cover is 70mm from the
centroid of the bars. The beam is subjected to a maximum positive factored moment
of 1080 kN-m. Use f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Calculate the required tension steel
area at the point of maximum positive moment.

2.) Compute the flexural strength of the T-beam shown below. Use f’c = 25 MPa and fy =
345 MPa. Assume ρ max = 0.0264. The concrete clear cover is 20 mm and clear layer
distance between bars in tension is 25 mm. Use NSCP 2015.

bf = 600 mm

2 – 22mmФ t = 100 mm

10mmФ
stirrups h = 390 mm
10 – 28 mmФ

bw = 315 mm
P a g e 33 | 34
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3.) A symmetrical cross-section of a reinforced concrete shown has a value of f’c = 20.7
MPa and fy = 415 MPa. The concrete clear cover placed at the centroid of
reinforcement is 62.5mm. Given As = 4375 mm2, As’ = 1875 mm2 & unit weight of
concrete is 23.54 kN/m3. Use Ф = 0.90. Determine the superimposed uniform live load
the beam could support, besides the weight of the concrete, the beam is freely
supported with length of 10 m.

375 mm

100 mm

600 mm

100 mm

125 mm

IV. References
1. Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack C. McCormac and Russel H. Brown , 9th Edition.
2. National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010/2015 , Volume 1 (Buildings, Towers and
other Vertical Structures)
3. ACI 318 Building Code requirements for Reinforced Concrete, Latest Edition
4. Nilson, Arthur H. and Winter, George et. Al, Design of reinforced Concrete Structures, 13th Ed.
2000, McGraw Hill

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