CHAPTER 3:

HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON CURVE SURFACES

1.) The cylindrical tank in the figure shown has a hemispherical end cap ABC. γh2o = 9.79
kN/m3
a) Compute the total horizontal forces exerted on ABC by the oil and water.
b) Compute the total vertical forces exerted on ABC by the oil and water.
c) Compute the resultant forces exerted on ABC by the oil and water.

SOLUTION:

a) Total horizontal forces exerted on ABC by the oil and water:

P1 = γwh̅A
(𝜋)(2)2
P1 = (9.79) (0.9) (4.15)
2
P1 = 299.75 kN

P2 = γh̅A = (Pressure at C.G.) (Area)

4𝑟 (𝜋)(2)2
P2 = [9.79 (0.9) (3 + 2) + 9.79 (3𝜋)] ] [ 2
]
P2 = 329.02 kN

Ph = P1 + P2
Ph = 299.75 + 329.02
Ph = 559 kN to the left

b) Total vertical forces exerted on ABC by the oil and water:

Fv = wt. of liquid inside the hemisphere
4
4 𝜋 (23 ) ( )𝜋(23 )
Fv = (9.79) (0.9) (3) ( 4
) + 9.79 3
4
Fv = 156 kN

c) Resultant force exerted on ABC by the oil and water

R = √(559)2 + (156)2
R = 580.36 kN

DAMS

2.) The figure shows a cross section of a gravity dam with reservoir full.
a) Compute the average shearing stress along the plane between the blocks B1 and B2.
b) Compute the vertical component of the resultant between blocks B1 and B2
considering uplift force.
c) Compute the factor of safety against sliding between blocks B1 and B2 if the
coefficient of friction is 0.65.
SOLUTION:

a) Average shearing stress between blocks B1 and B2

P = γwh̅A
P = 62.4 (10) (20) (1)
P = 12480 lb. = F
𝐹
Ss = 𝐴
12480
Ss = 17 (1) (144)
Ss = 5.10 psi

b) Vertical component of the resultant

P = γwh̅A
P = 62.4 (10) (20) (1)
P = 12480 lb.

1 (20) (1) (62.4)

W1 = 2
W1 = 624 lb
(10+17)
W2 = (20) (150)
2
W2 = 40500 lb

1248 (17) (1)

U= 2
U = 10608

Ry = W1 + W2 – U
Ry = 624 + 40500 – 10608
Ry = 30516 lb.

c) F.S. against sliding

𝜇 𝑅𝑦
F.S. = 𝑃

(0.65)(30516)
F.S. = 12480

F.S. = 1.59

BOUYANCY

CE BOARD NOV. 2000

3.) A rectangular tank of internal width 7 m partitioned as shown, it contains oil and
water. Assume unit weight of water is 9.79 kN/m3.
a) If the oil has a sp. gr. Of 0.84, find its depth h.
b) If a 900 N block pf wood is floated in oil, what is the volume of wood submerged?
c) If a 900 N block of wood is floated in oil, what is the rise in free surface of the water
in contact with air?
SOLUTION:

a) Depth “h”
0 + 9.79 (0.84) h – 9.79 (1) = 0
h = 1.19 m.

b) Volume of wood
0.9 = 9.79 (Vs) (0.84)
Vs = 0.10944 m3 (vol. of wood submerged)

c) Rise in free surface of the water in contact with air

Since the volume of oil does not change:
1.19 (0.5) (7) + 0.10944 = h1 (0.5) (7)
h1 = 1.221 m
x (0.5) (7) = y (1) (7)
y = 0.5 x
0 + 9.79 (0.84) (1.221) + 9.79 (3 - x) – 9.79 (4 + 0.5x) = 0
1.02564 = 1.5x
0.02564 = 1.5x
x = 0.01709 m
y = 0.5 (0.01709)
y = 0.00854 m
y = 8.54 mm
The free surface of the water will rise by 8.54 mm

CHAPTER 4:

RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM ON FLUIDS

1. A 1.5-m-high by 1.8 m wide by 4.5-m-long enclosed tank is filled with water and
accelerated horizontally at 5 m/s2. The top of the tank has a small slit across the front.
a) Determine the maximum pressure in the tank.
b) Determine the total force acting on the rear end of the tank.

GIVEN:

Length, L = 4.5 m
Height, H = 1.5 m
Width = 1.8 m
a = 5 m/s2

SOLUTION:

tan θ = a/g y = L tan θ h1 = H + y = 3.79

tan θ = 5/9.81 y = 4.5 tan 27.01° hcg = 0.5H + y =
θ = 27.01° y = 2.29 m 3.04

a) Maximum pressure in the tank.

Pmax = γw h1
Pmax = 9.81 (3.79)
Pmax = 37.18 kPA

b) Total force acting on the rear end of the tank.

F = Pcg A
F = γw hcg x Area
F = 9.81 (3.04) (1.5 x 1.8)
F = 80.52 kN
ROTATING VESSEL

2. A closed cylindrical vessel 1.2 m in diameter and 2.1 m high is filled with water to a
height of 1.6 m. The vessel is rotated about its own vertical axis.
a) How fast shall it be rotated such that the water will just reach the top of the
cylinder?
b) How fast shall it be rotated such that the vortex will just reach the bottom of the
cylinder?
c) When the vessel is rotated at 200 rpm, what area is uncovered at the bottom of the
tank?

GIVEN:

D = 1.20 m; r = 0.60 m
H = 2.1 m; h = 1.6 m
a = H – h = 0.50 m

SOLUTION:

a) Water surface just touching the top cover

y = 2a = 1 m
𝜔2 𝑟 2
y= 2𝑔
𝜔2 (0.6)2
1= 2𝑔
ω = 7.38 rad/s
ω = 70.485 rpm

b) Vortex touching the bottom of the tank.

For a cylindrical tank that is more than half full, the vortex will touch the
𝐻2
bottom when the height “y” of the paraboloid is y = 2𝑎
𝐻2 2.12
y= 2𝑎
= 2(0.5)
y = 4.41 m
𝜔2 𝑟 2
y= 2𝑔
𝜔2 (0.60)2
4.41 = 2𝑔
ω = 15.5 rad/s
ω = 148.02 rpm

c) ω = 200 rpm
Note: 200 rpm > 148.02 rpm, thus the vortex will fall below the tank bottom.
𝜔2 𝑟 2
y=
2𝑔
𝜋 2
(200 𝑥 ) (0.6)2
y= 30
2𝑔
y = 8.049 m

𝑎
Formula: y1 = (y - k)
𝐻
𝐻2 2.12
k= 2𝑎
= 2(0.5)
= 4.41 m
0.5
y1 = (8.049 – 4.41)
21
y1 = 0.866 m

𝑥1 2 𝑟2
𝑦1
= 𝑦
0.62
x12 = 8.049
(0.866) = 0.03873
Area uncovered = π x12 = 0.122 m2
3. The three – legged manometer in the Figure is filled with water to a depth of L2 = 25
cm. All tubes have equal small diameters. The system spins at angular velocity ω about
the central tube L1 = 9 cm, r = 12 cm.
a) When ω = 120 rpm, what is the depth of water in the outer leg?
b) When ω = 120 rpm, what is the depth of water in the inner leg?
c) What maximum ω can be imposed without spilling any water?
d) If ω = 120 rpm, what is the depth of water in the inner leg?

GIVEN:

L1 = 0.09 m
L2 = 0.25 m
r = 0.12 m

SOLUTION:

a) ω = 120 rpm = 12.566 rad/s

𝜔2 𝑟 2
y= 2𝑔
(12.5666)2 (0.12)2
y= 2(9.81)
y = 0.1159 m = 11.19 cm
since no water is spilled and the tube has uniform diameter, 2y1 = y2
y = y1 + y2
11.59 = y1 + 2y1
y1 = 3.86 cm & y2 = 7.727 cm
Depth of water in the outer leg = L2 + y1 = 28.86 cm

b) Depth of water in the inner leg = L2 – y2 = 17.27 cm

c) Maximum ω without spilling any water

y1 = L1 = 0.09 m
y2 = 2y1 = 0.18 m
y = y1 + y2 = 0.27 m

𝜔2 𝑟 2
y= 2𝑔
𝜔2 (0.12)2
0.27 = 2(9.81)
ω = 19.18 rad/s x 30/π
ω = 183.16 rpm

CHAPTER 5:
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

CE Board May 1979

1. A 20 hp suction pump operating at 70% efficiently draws water from a suction line
whose diameter is 200 mm and discharges into air through a line whose diameter is 150
mm. The velocity in the 150 mm line is 3.6 m/s. If the pressure at point A in the suction
pipe is 34 kpa below the atmosphere, where A is 1.8 m. below B on the 150 mm line.
a) Find the energy added by the pump
b) Determine the maximum elevation above B to which water can be raised assuming a
head loss of 3 m. due to friction.
c) Find the pressure at B
SOLUTION:
𝑉𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 𝑉2 𝑃𝑐
a) 2𝑔
+ 𝑤
+ 𝑍 + 𝐻𝐴 = 2𝑔𝑐 + 𝑤
+ 𝑍𝑐 + 𝐻𝐿

QA = QC
𝜋 𝜋
4
(0.2)2 𝑉𝐴 = 4
(0.15)2 (3.6)

VA = 2.025 m/s

Output hp = input hp x efficiency

Output hp = 20 (0.70)

𝑄𝑊𝐸
Hp =
746
𝜋
Q= 4
(0.15)2 (3.6)

Q = 0.06 m/s
0.06 (9810) (𝐻𝐴)
14 = 746

HA = 17.74 m

𝑉𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 𝑉2 𝑃𝑐
b) 2𝑔
+ 𝑤
+ 𝑍 + 𝐻𝐴 = 2𝑔𝑐 + 𝑤
+ℎ+3
2 (3.6)2
(2.025) 34
− + 0 + 17.74 = + 0 + 1.8 + ℎ + 3
2(9.81) 9.81 2(9.81)
h = 9.02 m

𝑉𝐵2 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝑐2 𝑃𝑐
c) + + 𝑍𝐵 = + + 𝑍𝐶 + 𝐻𝐿
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
VA = VB
𝑃𝐵
0+ 𝑤
+ 0 = 0 + 0 + 9.02 + 3
𝑃𝐵 = 117.92 𝑘𝑃𝑎

VENTURI METER

CE Board May 1983

2. A Venturi meter is installed on a pipe 250 mm diameter in which the maximum flow is
125 liters/sec. and the pressure head is 6 m of H2O.

a) Calculate the minimum diameter of throat to ensure that a negative head will be
formed in it.
b) Determine the change in pressure head from 1 to 2 when the double column
differential mercury gauge connected to it shows a difference of 20 cm.
c) Determine the discharge
SOLUTION:

a) Minimum diameter of throat to ensure that a negative head will be formed in it.
𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉2 𝑃2
2𝑔
+ 𝑤
+ 𝑍1 = 2𝑔2 + 𝑤
+ 𝑍2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑤
= 2𝑔
Q1 = Q2
A1 V1 = A2 V2
𝜋 𝜋
4
(0.25)2 V1 = 4 D22 V2
0.0625 V1 = D22 V2
𝑃1
𝑤
=6m
Q = A1 V1
𝜋
0.125 = (0.25)2 V1
4
V1 = 2.55
To ensure negative head at the throat, use zero pressure head.
𝑃1 − 0 𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑤
= 2𝑔
6 (2) (9.81) = V22 – (2.55)2
V2 = 11.15 m/s2
Q2 = A2 V2
𝜋
0.125 = 4 (D)2 (11.15)
D = 0.12 m
D = 120 mm

b) Change in pressure head 1 to 2

𝑉12 𝑃 𝑉2 𝑃
2𝑔
+ 𝑤1 + 𝑍1 = 2𝑔2 + 𝑤2 + 𝑍2
𝑃1 𝑃2
+ y + 0.20 – 0.20 (13.6) – y=
𝑤 𝑤
𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝑤
= 2.52

c) Discharge
A1 V1 = A2 V2
𝜋 𝜋
4
(0.25)2 V1 = 4 (0.12)2 V2
0.0625 V1 = 0.0144 V2
V2 = 4.34 V1
2
𝑉V2 1 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ =
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔
𝑉12 (4.34 V1)2
2𝑔
+ 2.52 = 2𝑔
𝑉2
17.83 2𝑔1 = 2.52
V1 = 1.67 m/s
Q = A1 V1
𝜋
Q = 4 (0.25)2 (1.67)
Q = 0.082 m3/s
Q = 82 liters/sec.

3. Water flows from a large tank through a large pipe that splits into two smaller pipe as
shown in the figure. If viscous effects are negligible. Unit weight of water = 9.8 kN/m 3
a) Determine the discharge at point 2 in liters/sec
b) Determine the flow ate from the tank in liters/sec
c) Determine the pressure at point 1.
SOLUTION:
a) Discharge at 2
𝑉02 𝑃0 𝑉22 𝑃2
+ + 𝑍0 = + + 𝑍2
2𝑔 𝑤 2𝑔 𝑤
𝑉2
0 + 0 + 7 = 2𝑔2 + 0 + 4
𝑉22
=3
2𝑔
V2 = 7.67 m/s
Q2 = A2 V2
𝜋
Q2 = 4 (0.03)2 (7.67)
Q2 = 5.42 liters/sec

b) Flow rate from the tank

𝑉02 𝑃0 𝑉2 𝑃3
2𝑔
+ 𝑤
+ 𝑍0 = 2𝑔3 + 𝑤
+ 𝑍3
𝑉32
0+0+7= +0+0
2𝑔
V3 = 11.72 m/s
𝜋
Q3 = 4 (0.02)2 (11.72)
Q3 = 0.00368 m3/s
Q = Q2 + Q3
Q = 0.00542 + 0.00368
Q = 0.00910
Q = 9.10 liters/sec

c) Pressure at 1
𝑉02 𝑃0 𝑉2 𝑃1
2𝑔
+ 𝑤
+ 𝑍0 = 2𝑔1 + 𝑤
+ 𝑍1
𝑉12 𝑃1
0+0+7= + + 0
2𝑔 𝑤
0.00910
V1 = 𝜋
(0.05)2
4
V1 = 4.63 m/s
4.632 𝑃1
7= +
2 (9.81) 𝑤
𝑃1
𝑤
= 5.91
P1 = 5.91 (9.8)
P1 = 57.87 kPa
 Republic of the Philippines
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Cabanatuan City

Comprehensive Examination 2

Submitted by:

Lara Mariz B. Gatbonton

BSCE 5-A

Submitted to:

Engr. Emma Suarez

Date Submitted: August 28, 2018