MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

SHEI «UZHOROD NATIONAL UNIVERSITY»

FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS

REPORT

Hypertext and Hypermedia

Made by:
2nd year student
full-time education
Faculty of International
economic relations
specialty
"Philology. Applied Linguistics"
Merenych Diana Yulianavna
Checked:
teach. Panin E. S.

Uzhhorod 2022
 CONTENT

INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................3
SECTION I. HYPERTEXT AND HYPERMEDIA......................................................4
1.1 Historical Perspective...........................................................................................4
1.2 Difference between Hypertext and Hypermedia...................................................4
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................8
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................9

2
 INTRODUCTION

Hypertext and hypermedia refer to Web pages and other kinds of on-screen
content that employ hyperlinks. Hyperlinks give us choices when we look for
information, listen to music, purchase products, and engage in similar activities. They
take the form of buttons, underlined words and phrases, and other “hot” areas on the
screen.
Hypertext refers to the use of hyperlinks (or simply “links”) to present text
and static graphics. Many websites are entirely or largely hypertexts.
Hypermedia refers to the presentation of video, animation, and audio, which
are often referred to as “dynamic” or “time based” content or as “multimedia.” Non-
Web forms of hypertext and hypermedia include CD-ROM and DVD encyclopedias
(such as Microsoft's Encarta), ebooks, and the online help systems we find in software
products.
For readers, freedom of access within a web enhanced with contextual
information provides a richer environment for understanding the information they
find. Many believe that hypertext also enhances comprehension because it mimics the
associative networks that people use cognitively to store and retrieve information.
It is common for people to use "hypertext" as a general term that includes
hypermedia. For example, when researchers talk about “hypertext theory,” they refer
to theoretical concepts that pertain to both static and multimedia content.
Many people consider the terms hypertext and hypermedia synonymous.
Nominally hypertext refers to relating textual elements, while hypermedia
encompasses relationships among elements of any media type. The concepts are
identical, though hypertext is more difficult to implement in non-textual media.

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 SECTION I. HYPERTEXT AND HYPERMEDIA

Hypertext is a cross referencing tool which connects the links to other text
using hyperlinks. Hypertext is non-linear and multi sequential and it is different from
our normal text. By the help of hypertext one organized way is achieved to present
information. This makes the user to move from one part of the information to another
part of the information which is in same page or any other page. It makes the
documentation simple by providing a way of easy accessible to the end user.
Hypermedia is the extension of Hypertext which includes multiple forms of
media such as text, graphics, audio or video etc rather than only text based like
hypertext. It provides a facility to connect the web pages to create a network with
multimedia elements with a simple click for a better multimedia experience.
Hypermedia allows links to be integrate in multimedia elements like images and
videos and when we click on that it takes us to that page.

1.1 Historical Perspective

Starting in the 1940s, an important body of theory and research has evolved
and many important hypertext and hypermedia systems have been built. The history
of hypertext begins with two visionary thinkers: Vennevar Bush and Ted Nelson.
Bush, writing in 1945, recognized the value of technologies that would enable
knowledge workers to link documents and share them with others. Nelson, starting in
the mid-1960s, spent decades trying to build a very ambitious global hypertext system
(Xanadu) and as part of this effort produced a rich (though idiosyncratic) body of
theory.

1.2 Difference between Hypertext and Hypermedia

The term hypertext has been used for the past three decades to extend the
functionality of the traditional form of linear text. Something that follows a sequential
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path is called linear like a book which is usually read from the beginning to the end
thus following a sequential order. Advances in technology and the evolution of
internet, however, have allowed programmers to develop much sophisticated ways to
read traditional text such as hypertext. It simply allows cross indexed content or
information to be embedded within chinks of text as references which would enable
the reader to move from one location to another within the same or another document.
Hypermedia is a superset of hypertext used in a much broader sense and is not
constrained to be text-based. The two are relative terms but used in different contexts
when it comes to multimedia applications.
Definition
Hypertext simply refers to text that contains links to other chunks of text to
which the user is transferred to usually by a mouse click or keypress. The documents
are linked together via hyperlinks which allow users to jump from one document to
another within the same or different web pages. Hypermedia, on the other hand, is an
extension of the term hypertext used in a similar way except it’s not constrained to
text elements. In fact, hypermedia contains different media elements or morphologies
such as audio, images, video, and still or moving graphics.
Representation
Hypertext is an interconnected network of documents and other media
referenced through links between them. It can contain either static or dynamic content
in an electronic format. The static content is the content that can be delivered directly
to the end users without any modification whereas dynamic content may subject to
change based on user inputs. Hypermedia is the next level of multimedia experience
which extends the notion of hypertext links to include not only text but a wide range
of other multimedia elements such as audio, video, and graphics.
Technology
Although the term hypertext is widely used in association with the World
Wide Web, the technology has been around since ages. The hypertext technology is
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solely based on human-computer interaction by strong cross referencing tools called
hyperlinks. It facilitates effective use of text and links and how to implement it on the
World Wide Web. Hypermedia technology is based on non-linear forms of media
which include not only plain text but also other multimedia elements to enhance your
overall multimedia experience. Hypermedia technology is a major breakthrough in the
field of education.
Applications
Hypertext technology goes beyond the usual clicking and accessing “go to”
links from one location to another on the internet. The hypertext model can be
implemented on a wide range of applications and the degree of dynamic linking in the
hypertext is not just limited to the internet. In fact, it can be applied to electronic
studying, literary exploration, and qualitative research. Hypermedia application can be
defined as a network of interconnected documents that are linked together by
extensive cross-referencing tools such as hypertext. The best example of hypermedia
is the World Wide Web.
Hypertext vs. Hypermedia: Comparison Chart
HYPERTEXT HYPERMEDIA
Hypertext refers to the system of Hypermedia refers to connecting
managing the information related to the hypertext with other media such as
plain text. graphics, sounds, animations.
Hypertext involves only text. It involves graphics, image,
video, audio etc.
Here only text becomes the part It is enhanced version of
of link. hypertext here along with text other
multimedia also becomes the part of
link.
Hypertext is the part of Hypermedia is the superior entity
hypermedia means it comes under which is the advanced version of
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hypermedia. hypertext.
It allows the user to navigate It includes multimedia to
through text in a non linear way. improve the multimedia experience.
It simply allows users to move It extends the ability of hypertext
from one document to another with a and allows user to click text or any other
single click on the hypertext or goto multimedia to move one to another page.
links.
Hypertext attracts to the user to Hypermedia attracts the user
move around the document as well as to more than the hypertext as it gives more
move from one page of document to flexibility of movement.
another.
It provides a less user experience It provides a better user
to the users than the hypermedia. experience to the users than the
hypertext.

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 CONCLUSION

Summing up, we can conclude that hypertext and hypermedia provide users
with the information they require. These help to connect users to the World Wide
Web to find any piece of information. The difference between hypertext and
hypermedia is that hypertext is a text that contains links to other blocks of text while
hypermedia is an extension of hypertext including text, audio, image, video and still
or moving graphics.
Both the terms hypertext and hypermedia follow a similar structure
comprising of nodes that are interconnected by links except in hypermedia systems,
the nodes can contain multiple forms of media such as text, images, audio, video, and
graphics. The main difference lies in the way they are implemented. Hypertext is used
to represent multimedia content in electronic text format whereas hypermedia
combines both hypertext and multimedia to provide access to a wealth of information
usually in a non-linear sequence. The idea of hypermedia is to extend the
functionality of multimedia elements to make content more interactive and better
accessible than before. The whole idea of the World Wide Web is based on the
concept of hypertext and hypermedia.

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 REFERENCES

1. [Електронний ресурс] - режим доступу:

https://web.njit.edu/~bieber/pub/cs-encyclopedia/hypertext.html - Hypertext &
Hypermedia: Definition
2. [Електронний ресурс] - режим доступу:
https://faculty.washington.edu/farkas/HCDE510-Fall2012/Farkas-
HypertextHypermedia-WGraphics.pdf - David K. Farkas “Hypertext and
Hypermedia”
3. [Електронний ресурс] - режим доступу:
http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-hypertext-
and-hypermedia/ - Difference Between Hypertext and Hypermedia
4. [Електронний ресурс] - режим доступу: https://pediaa.com/difference-
between-hypertext-and-hypermedia/ - Difference Between Hypertext and
Hypermedia
5. [Електронний ресурс] - режим доступу:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-hypertext-and-
hypermedia/ - Difference between Hypertext and Hypermedia