Fluid Pressure and Its Measurement
Fluid Pressure and Its Measurement
Fluid Pressure and Its Measurement
Fluid Mechanics
𝑃
𝑝=
𝑎
Pressure head
𝑃𝑧 cos 𝜃 = 𝑃𝑦
𝑝𝑧 x 𝐴𝐵. cos 𝜃 = 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑝𝑦 x 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵. cos 𝜃 = 𝐵𝐶
𝑝𝑧 x 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑝𝑦 x 𝐵𝐶
𝑝𝑧 = 𝑝𝑦
𝑝𝑥 = 𝑝𝑧 = 𝑝𝑦
Atmospheric pressure
• Air possesses some weight
• Must exert pressure on the surface of the earth
• Air is compressible
• Its density is different at different heights
• Density of air varies due to temperature and humidity
• Measured by the height of column of liquid it can support
• At sea level, the pressure exerted by the column of air of 1 square metre cross-
sectional area nd of height equal to that of the atmosphere is 103 kN
• Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 103 kN/m2
• 10.3 metres of water, in terms of equivalent water column or 760 mm of
mercury in terms of equivalent mercury column
Gauge pressure
• Piezometer tube
• Manometer
Piezometer tube
• Simple manometer
• Micromanometer
• Differential manometer
ℎ𝐴 + 𝑠1 𝐻 + 𝑠1 𝑥100 = ℎ𝐵 + 𝑠1 𝐻 + 𝑠2 𝑥100
ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵 = (𝑠2 − 𝑠1 )𝑥100
ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵 = 13.6 − 0.8 𝑥 100 = 1280 𝑚𝑚 = 1.280 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Difference of pressure
𝑘𝑁
𝑝 = 𝑤 ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵 = 9.81 𝑥 1.28 = 12.56 2 = 12.56 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚
Inverted Differential Manometer
• Particular type of differential manometer, in which an inverted U-
tube is used
• Used for measuring difference of low pressures, where accuracy
is prime consideration
• It consists of an inverted U-tube, containing a light liquid whose
two ends are connected to the points whose difference of
pressures is to be found out
Inverted Differential Manometer
h1 =Height of liquid in the left limb below the datum line in mm
h2 = Difference of levels of the light liquid in the right and left limbs
in mm
h3 = Height of liquid in the right limb below the datum line in mm
hA = Pressure in the pipe A (in mm)
hB = Pressure in the pipe B (in mm)
s1 = Specific gravity of the liquid in the left limb
s2 = Specific gravity of the light liquid
s3 =Specific gravity of the liquid in the right limb
Inverted Differential Manometer
Pressure heads in both the limbs below the Z-Z datum are equal
ℎ𝐴 − 𝑠1 ℎ1 = ℎ𝐵 − 𝑠2 ℎ2 − 𝑠3 ℎ3
Example 2.13
An inverted differential manometer having an oil of specific gravity
0.75 was connected to two different pipes carrying water under
pressure as shown in figure.
ℎ𝐵 − 𝑠2 ℎ2 − 𝑠3 ℎ3
ℎ𝐴 − 𝑠1 ℎ1
Example 2.13
Pressure head in the left limb below Z-Z
ℎ𝐴 − 𝑠1 ℎ1 = 1.5 − 1 𝑥 0.2 = 1.3 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Pressure head in the right limb below Z-Z
ℎ𝐵 − 𝑠2 ℎ2 − 𝑠3 ℎ3 = ℎ𝐵 − 0.75 𝑥 0.1 − 1 𝑥 0.05
= ℎ𝐵 − 0.125 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Pressure heads in both the limbs below the Z-Z datum are equal
1.3 = ℎ𝐵 − 0.125
ℎ𝐵 = 1.3 + 0.125 = 1.425 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
And pressure in the pipe B
𝑘𝑁
𝑝𝐵 = 𝑤. ℎ𝐵 = 9.81 𝑥 1.425 = 13.98 2 = 13.98 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (Ans.)
𝑚