IMAGE FORMATION BY MIRRORS AND LENSES

Jolly Mar D. Castañeda, MST

Senior High School Teacher II
Baggao National Agricultural School Sta. Margarita Annex
 MODULE 1
IMAGE FORMATION BY MIRRORS & LENSES
Course Title: People and the Earth’s Ecosystem Course Code: GE-Elec 1

Instructor: Frederic C. Tomas,LPT Term and Year: A.Y.2021-2022

LEARNING PLAN DESCRIPTION: This module is intended for grade 12 students of St. Paul
University Philippines, STEM Strand. It discusses image formation by lenses and mirrors and their
practical uses in some optical instrument. Mirror and lens equation were also further discussed with
several examples to determine the object or image’s height, distance, and magnification. Ray Tracing
technique was elaborated to identify the location, size, and orientation of the image formed by both
optical tools.

QUARTER: Fourth

LEARNING PLAN TITLE: Image Formation by Mirrors and Lenses

TOPIC AREAS: Reflection and refraction at plane and spherical surfaces, Mirrors, Thin lens

TIME FRAME DURATION: Week No. 8 (for 1 week)

CONTENT STANDARD: The learners demonstrate an understanding of…

1. Reflection and refraction at plane and spherical surfaces
2. Mirrors
3. Thin lens

PERFORMANCE STANDARD: Use theoretical and, when feasible, experimental approaches to

solve multiconcept, richcontext problems using concepts from electromagnetic waves, optics,
relativity, and atomic and nuclear theory.

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:

 Explain image formation as an application of reflection, refraction, and paraxial approximation
 Relate properties of mirrors and lenses (radii of curvature, focal length, index of refraction [for
lenses]) to image and object distance and sizes
 Determine graphically and mathematically the type (virtual/real), magnification, location, and
orientation of image of a point and extended object produced by a plane or spherical mirror
 Determine graphically and mathematically the type (virtual/real), magnification,
location/apparent depth, and orientation of image of a point and extended object produced by a
lens or series of lenses

INTRODUCTION

If Christians will reflect the love and character of Christ, the world will see its need of Him.
This same principle applies to the physical world. No one can see an object if it does not reflect light.
How an object appears depends on the amount of reflected light, the composition of the reflected light,
and the angel at which the light is reflected. Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the
behavior of visible light and other electromagnetic waves. In particular, optics is concerned with the
generation and propagation of light and its interaction with matter. Mirrors, which have curved
surfaces designed to reflect rays, also form images. A system of lenses and/or mirrors forms an image
by gathering rays from an object and then causes them to converge or diverge. The position to which
the rays converge to or diverge from is the image. You will be able to use the laws of reflection and
refraction in order to describe and explain how images are formed by mirrors and lenses. You will also
be able to solve problems pertaining to the position and magnification of images formed by mirrors
and lenses. One of the thrusts of this learning plan is to make you aware of the purposes of the
different types of mirrors and lenses so you can select the right type of mirrors and lenses that you can
use in your daily lives.

OBJECTIVES:
This learning plan is designed for you to:
1. identify the different types of lenses;
2. investigate and understand reflection, refraction of lenses and mirror optics;
3. differentiate and illustrate concave and convex images; and
4. predict the qualitative characteristics(orientation, type, and magnification) of images
formed by plane or curved mirrors and lenses.

LESSON PROPER/DISCUSSION

HOOK Me!
Before we start with our discussions, let us have a simple activity. On the blanks, write “Plane”
if the statement is for Plane mirrors; write “Concave” if it is a property of Concave mirror;
write “Convex” if it is a property of Convex mirror.

______ 1. Reflecting surface on side of curvature

______ 2. Virtual image
______ 3. Real image
______ 4. Flat reflecting surface
______ 5. Upright, reversed image the same size as the object
______ 6. Reflecting surface on outside of curvature
______ 7. Upright, smaller image
______ 8. Rays reflected at same angle
______ 9. Rays diverge
______ 10. Rays converge

Don’t forget to check the end part of the learning plan for the correct answers!

I. REFLECTION

Light waves radiate in all directions from their source or from a point of refection. If you place
an object on a table and look at it as you walk around the table, you can see the objects from all sides.
If light waves traveled only in one direction, you could see it only when you were inline with its
reflected waves. Because light waves also behave like particles, it is sometimes easier to describe light
waves in terms of straight lines, called rays, that radiate from a light source or from a point of
reflection. Light rays conform to the law of reflection: the angle of reflection equals the angle of
incidence. When light rays strikes a flat surface at an angle of 450, the ray is reflected at 450.
 When light strikes a completely flat, even surface, all the light rays reflect at the same angle.
This is called regular reflection and is most easily illustrated with a flat, or plane mirror. When light
strikes an uneven surface, the light rays reflect at various angles. The incidence rays are parallel, but
the reflection rays spread out in all directions. This type of reflection is called diffused reflection.

Many types of incandescent light bulbs employ

diffused reflection. “Frosted” light bulbs are coated with a
grainy substance. Although their surfaces appear smooth,
an examination under magnification reveals an uneven
surface. As incidence rays strike the grains of the frosted
surface, the light is reflected in all directions. This spreads
the light over a greater area and gives it a softer
appearance. The plastic panels that cover many florescent
light fixtures accomplish the same purpose.

II. MIRRORS

A mirror is any smooth reflector of light. There are three types of mirrors: plane, concave, and
convex. The plane mirror is the most common. Both concave and convex mirrors have curved
surfaces. The concave mirror has a reflective surface on the inside of the curvature, and the convex
mirror has a reflective surface on the outside of the curvature. This may help you remember which is
concave and which is convex: The concave mirror seems to "cave in," and the convex mirror seems to
"exit" outward.

Choose an object and place it in the middle of a room. Stand a plane mirror behind and to the
right of the object. Adjust the mirror so that a straight line drawn from the object to the mirror strikes
the mirror at an angle of approximately 45°. (A piece of string stretched from the object to the mirror
may help you line it up.) This line indicates the incidence ray and the angle of incidence. Now draw
another line at a 45° angle away from the mirror to indicate the reflection ray and the angle of
reflection. If you stand anywhere along this line and look toward the mirror, you see an image of the
object. The reflected image appears clear and in focus, but reversed.
 Step up to the plane mirror so that you can see your reflection. As you peer into the mirror,
someone (who, by the way, bears a striking resemblance to you) peers back at you. Now raise your
right hand. The image "mirrors" your action by raising its left hand. The image is reversed because the
mirror "sees" the object from the point of view of someone inside or behind the glass. This "mirror
image" is one reason why people are often disappointed with photographs of themselves. What they
see in a photograph doesn't conform to the image they see in the mirror. The human face is not
perfectly symmetrical, and of course, neither are hairstyles.

When you, for example, look in the mirror (the only way you
can see your face), your hair appears to be parted on the left side,
even though it is actually parted on the right. What appears to
be the right side of your face is actually the left. When your
picture is taken, the camera sees you as you actually are and
not as a mirror image. When you look at the picture, it
somehow doesn't look like you-because you've only seen
the mirror image of that face. If you stand in front of a
mirror and compare your photograph with your mirror
image, you should be able to see the differences. Another
interesting feature of plane mirrors is that the image appears to
be behind (or "inside") the mirror. Of course, there is no object
behind or inside the mirror. This type of image - one that seems to be
somewhere other than where it actually is—is called a virtual image. A plane mirror reflects a virtual
image that appears upright, the same size as the object, and the same distance "behind" the mirror as
the object is in front of the mirror.

If you move a step or two out of the path of

reflection, you can still see the image, but it is
slightly out of focus. Although light behaves like
parallel rays, there is so some spreading of light
waves into secondary reflections, and the image is
the clearest in the path of reflection. As you continue
moving away from the path of reflection, the image
gradually moves out of focus until it can no longer
be seen. Most household mirrors are not large,
enough for this to occur. Usually, the image appears
to move off the mirror before it moves completely
out of focus.
 Because the surfaces of convex and concave mirrors
are curved, parallel rays of light are reflected at different
angles. Rays of parallel light that strike the reflective surface
of a convex mirror spread apart. Rays that spread apart in this
manner are said to diverge. Convex mirrors produce upright,
virtual images (“behind mirror) that are reduced in size.
Because convex mirrors diverge light they have a wider field
of view than plane mirrors and are often placed at corners or
intersections to help you see around them and avoid collisions.
Some automobiles are equipped with convex mirrors.

Care must be taken, especially with convex automobile

mirrors, to compensate for the reduced size of the image. An
object reflected by a convex mirror is actually larger (or closer) than the image indicates. Newer
models of convex automobile mirrors have a printed warning: "Objects are closer than they appear."

Rays of parallel light striking the reflective

surface of a concave mirror are reflected inward
toward a common point called the focal point.
These rays are said to converge. In most cases, a
concave mirror forms a real image—one that is
focused in front of the mirror, not behind it like a
virtual image. Because the reflected rays cross
each other after they converge, the image is
usually inverted (upside down). However, if an
object is placed close to a concave mirror, the
image may be virtual and upright. For our
purposes, though, we will only consider concave
mirrors that form inverted, real images.

III. REFRACTION

The velocity of light changes when light passes from one medium
into another. The change of velocity causes light to refract. Light
refraction can easily be demonstrated with a clear glass of water and a
straight pencil. Put the pencil into the water, and rest it at an angle
against the side of the glass. Now look at the pencil from the side.
Although it appears as if the pencil bends as it enters the water, it is still
straight. Look at the next illustration to see what happens. Light
(indicated by the blue line) travels through the air to the glass.

At point B, light enters the glass and its velocity decreases. As the
velocity changes, the light is refracted and bent outward from the
axis. At point I, the light passes into the water. Because water is
less dense than glass, the light speeds up slightly and refracts
inward. The light strikes the pencil and is reflected. At point D,
the reflected light enters the glass again. The light slows down and
refracts inward toward the axis. At point C, the light reenters the
air and is refracted outward again. Because the light reflecting
from the pencil outside the water is not refracted, the light
reflecting from the pencil under the water reaches your eyes at a
different angle, and it appears that the pencil is bent. Has this ever
happened to you? As you travel down a road on a warm, sunny
day, you see what appears to be a lake in the middle of the road
ahead of you. The surface of the "lake" shimmers and reflects the surrounding landscape. As you
approach the "lake," it disappears without a trace! You have just seen a mirage. Refraction is
responsible for this phenomenon. On a hot day, the air near the ground is warmer than the air higher
up. As light enters the region of warmer air, it is retracted upward. If this light comes from the sky, it
is refracted upward and into your eyes. Since you are accustomed to light traveling in straight lines,
you "see" blue water (actually a reflection of the blue sky) where there is none.

Boosting Your Intelligence!

Review Check-up #1:

Directions: Fill in the blanks. If the activity is a question answer with a complete
sentence.

1. Light waves radiates in all directions from their source ______ or from a point of
______.
2. Light waves can be described as _____ radiating from a light source or from a
point of reflection because they also behave like ______.
3. State the law of reflection.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. If light ray strikes a flat surface at an angle of 360, its angle of reflection is _____.
5. If a light ray a has an angle of reflection of 520, its angle of ________ is also 520.
6. Regular reflection is the reflection of all light rays at the same _______ from a
completely _____, _____ surface.
7. Diffused reflection is the spreading out in all _______ of waves reflected at
various __________ from an ________ surface.
8. A flat mirror reflects an image from the point of view of someone _______ or
_____ the glass.
9. Why are convex mirrors often placed at corners?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
10. The ____ image of a concave mirror is focused in _____ of the mirror, not
______ it like a virtual image.
11. The change in ________ of light as it passes from one medium into another
causes light to ________.
12. Light reenters the air and is _______ outward.
13. Light passes into the water, speeds up, and _______ inwards.
14. The pencil appears bent because the light reflecting from the _____ under the
water reaches your eyes at a different ______ than the light reflecting from the
______ above the water.
15. A _______ occurs when light is refracted upward and makes water or other
objects seem to appear where they are not.

IV. LENSES

Refraction also magnifies objects that are underwater. If you place a coin in the bottom of a glass and
fill the glass with water, the refraction of light through the water makes the coin seem closer to the top
of the glass. It is this property of refraction that makes it possible for microscopes or telescopes to
magnify objects. A piece of glass or plastic used to magnify an object is called a lens. There are
basically two types of lenses- convex and concave. Convex lenses have at least one convex surface.
Concave lenses have at least one concave surface. The other surface for each type of lens may be
convex, concave, or flat. The six varieties of lenses are illustrated below.

Lenses form images

by converging
or diverging
light rays. Look at
the diagram of three parallel light rays passing through a double convex lens. Ray 1 passes through the
top portion of the lens, Since the surface of the lens bows outward, the bottom of ray 1 makes contact
with the lens before the top of the ray makes contact. Since this slows the bottom of the ray, it is
refracted downward. As ray 1 exits the lens, the top of the ray reenters the air first. Since air is less
dense than glass, the top of the ray speeds up. This should refract the ray upward, but it does not.
Because of the angle at which the ray passes through the glass, the bottom of the ray remains inside
the glass longer. The top of the ray speeds up as it enters the air, but the bottom of the ray continues to
travel slower through the lens. The slowing effect of the ray in the glass is greater than the speeding
effect of the ray in air, so the ray continues to refract downward. Ray 3 passes through the bottom
portion of the lens. The top of ray 3 first makes contact with the surface of the lens, and the ray
refracts upward. As ray 3 reenters the air, it continues to refract upward. Ray 2 strikes the surface of
the lens at the very center. The top of the ray is refracted downward, and the bottom is refracted
upward the same amount. The upward refraction is counteracted by the downward refraction, and the
ray passes through the lens without a change in direction.
The point at which parallel rays converge is the focus(F) or focal point of the lens. The distance from
the center of the lens to the focal point is called the focal distance(f). Only parallel rays converge at
the focal point. Parallel rays are produced by very distant light sources, such as the sun and stars. Light
reflected from objects does not consist of parallel rays.

If an object is placed behind the lens, light rays are reflected from the object and pass at various angles
through the lens. If the reflected rays converge in front of the lens at a point just beyond the focal
point, the image produced is real, inverted, and smaller than the object.

If the reflected rays converge in front of the lens at a distance twice the focal distance, the image is
real, inverted, and the same size as the object.

If the rays converge in front of the lens at more than twice the focal distance, the image is real,
inverted, and larger than the object.
If the object is too close to the lens, the rays never converge and no image is produced.

Only convex lenses form real images that can be magnified and projected onto a screen. For this
reason, convex lenses are used in slide, movie, and overhead projectors. To compensate for the fact
that convex lenses usually invert the image, the film is placed upside down in slide and movie
projectors. The convex lens inverts the upside-down image, which turns the image upright. The mirror
in an overhead projector displays the image correctly.

Now look at the next diagram of three parallel

light rays passing through a concave lens. Ray 1
passes through the top portion of the lens. Since
the surface of the lens bows inward, the top of
ray 1 makes contact with the lens before the
bottom of the ray. Since contact causes the top
of the ray to slow down, the ray is refracted
upward. As the ray exits the lens and reenters
the air, the inward curvature of the lens causes
the ray to refract upward again. Ray 3 is
refracted downward. Ray 2 passes through the
center of the lens and does not change direction.

The focal point for a concave lens is called the

virtual focal point. The virtual focal point is like a
virtual image—it is not where it appears to be.
Since light rays that pass through a concave lens
diverge, they do not actually come together at a
focal point like the converging light rays that pass
through a convex lens. The position of the virtual
focal point can be indicated by drawing the paths
of the diverged rays back through the lens to the
point where they intersect. Since the focal point is
virtual, this is indicated by the dotted lines in the
diagram on the right.

A special diagram called a ray diagram illustrates how a convex lens works. To plot a ray diagram, a
lens is drawn with a line, called the axis, running through the center of it and perpendicular to the lens
plane. The lens plane is an imaginary plane that extends from the top to the bottom of the lens. On a
correctly drawn ray diagram, the focus of the lens is located on the axis in front of the lens.
In the diagram below, an object is located on the axis behind the lens and more than once, but less than
twice, the focal distance from the lens. First, ray 1 is drawn parallel to the axis. Starting at the top of
the object, the line is drawn to the lens plane. Next, the ray is drawn from the lens plane through and
extending beyond the focal point. Note: The ray actually changes direction where it contacts the lens
and again as it exits the lens, but it is difficult to determine the exact angles without using complex
mathematics. The same results are achieved by making only one directional change at the lens plane.
Now, ray 2 is drawn from the top of the object through the axis at the lens plane. Ray 1 and ray 2
should converge in front of the lens at slightly more than twice the focal distance from the lens. The
image appears at the point where the two rays converge. The height of the image is determined by the
distance between the axis and the point of convergence. Since the point of convergence is below the
axis, the image is inverted.

A ray diagram illustrating a concave lens can be drawn similar to a ray diagram for a convex lens,
except that the image forms near the virtual focal point behind the lens. For this example, let us place
an object twice the focal distance behind the concave lens. Draw ray 1 parallel to the axis from the top
of the object to the lens plane. From this point, draw a dotted line back to the virtual focal point. This
line determines the angle of divergence. Now that you know the angle of divergence, you can
complete ray 1 as it moves upward in front of the lens. Ray 2 is drawn from the top of the object to
and past the point where the axis crosses the lens plane. The image appears at the point where the
dotted line from ray 1 crosses the actual line of ray 2. Since the intersection point is above the axis, the
image appears upright. Since the intersection point is behind the lens, the image is virtual. By
measuring the distance from the point of intersection to the axis, we see that the image is also reduced
in size.

Boosting Your Intelligence!

Check-up Activity #2
Scan the QR code to enter in the online game.

V. The ‘Four Principal Rays’ in Curved Mirrors

Images formed in a curved mirror can be located and described through ray diagramming. The P – F
ray, F – P ray, C – C ray, and the V ray are the ‗Four Principal Rays‘ in curve mirrors. These rays,
applied for concave and convex mirrors.

P – F Ray. A ray of light parallel to the principal axis is P – F Ray. A ray of light parallel to the principal axis is
reflected passing through the principal focus, F. reflected as if passing through the principal
focus, F.

F – P Ray. A ray of light passing through the focus, F F – P Ray. A ray of light directed towards the focus,
is reflected parallel to the principal axis. F is reflected parallel to the principal axis.

C – C Ray. A ray of light passing through the center of C – C Ray. A ray of light directed towards the center of
curvature, C reflects back along its own path. curvature, C reflects back along its own path.

V Ray. A ray of light directed to the vertex reflects at equal V Ray. A ray of light directed to the
angle from the principal axis vertex reflects at equal angle from
the principal axis.
In determining the position and nature of the image graphically, the Four Principal Rays‘ are used.
Ray diagramming is used in the graphical method of locating the image. The following are ray
diagramming steps using the Four Principal Rays‘ in determining the position and the nature of the
image of an object formed by concave mirror and convex mirror.

1. From the object, draw the first ray (P – F ray). From the same point on the object, draw
the second (F – P ray), third (C – C ray), and fourth (V ray) rays.
2. The intersection of the four rays is the image point corresponding to the object point.
For example, if you started diagramming from the tip of the arrow-shaped object, the
intersection of the reflected rays is also the tip of the arrow-shaped image. Thus, you
can determine completely the position and characteristics of the image.
3. For a convex mirror, light rays diverge after reflection and converge from a point that
seems to be behind the mirror (virtual focus);but the procedure for locating images is
the same as for concave mirror.

Boosting Your Intelligence!

Review Check-up #3:

Directions: Construct ray diagrams to determine the location, orientation, size, and type
of images formed by curved mirror. Using the protractor and the ruler, copy each of the
diagrams (A – F) below on a separate sheet of paper. As much as possible, use the four
principal rays to locate the image formed in a curved mirror. In the next table identify the
Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed in Curved Mirrors b y filling the
table.

Concave Mirror

A. B.

C. D.

Convex Mirror

E. F.

Image
 Location of Object Location Orientation Size (same, Type
(upright or reduced or (real or virtual)
inverted) enlarged)

CONCAVE
A. Farther than the Center
of Curvature
B. At the Center of Curvature

C. At the Focal point

D. Between the Focal point
and the Center of the lens
(Vertex)
CONVEX
E. Farther than C in
front of the Mirror
F. Between F and V in
front of the Mirror

VI. MIRROR EQUATION

Ray diagrams provide useful information about the image formed, yet fail to provide the information
in a quantitative form. Ray diagrams will help you determine the approximate location and size of the
image, but it will not provide you with the numerical information about image distance and object
size. To determine the exact location and size of the image formed in a curved mirror, an equation is
needed.

(a) (b)
Figure : Similar Triangles Formed using the (a) first ray (P – F ray) and (b ) fourth ray (V ray).

From the height of the object, h and the height of the image, h’ shown in Fig. above (a), you can arrive
at the first equation

Similarly, as shown in Fig. above (b), the second equation can be derived as

Combining Equations 1 and 2, you will get

Rearranging Equation 3, you will arrive at

and finally,

where: f = focal length or distance from the mirror and the focal point, F
p = distance of the object from the mirror
q = distance of the image from the mirror

The equation above, called mirror equation, applies to both concave and convex mirrors. However, for
all location of objects in front of the convex mirror, the image always appears as if it is located behind
the mirror. It is therefore considered that the value of image distance, q is negative. In the same
manner, the focus, F in a convex mirror is located on the other side of the mirror (behind the mirror),
thus, the focal length, f is also negative.

Sample Problem #1:

A 5.00-cm tall light bulb is placed at a distance of 45.0 cm from a concave mirror having a focal
length of 10.5 cm. Determine the image distance and the image size.

Given:
height of the object, h = 5.00 cm distance of the object, p = 45.0 cm focal point, f = 10.5 cm

Find:
distance of the image, q = ? height of the image, h’ = ?

The mirror equation must be used to determine the distance of the image,
q.

To determine the image height, the magnification equation is needed.

Since three of the four quantities in the equation are known, the fourth
quantity can be calculated.

The negative value for image height indicates that the image is an inverted
image.

Sample Problem#2:
What is the focal length of a convex mirror that produces an image that appears 15.0 cm behind the
mirror when the object is 27.5 cm from the mirror?

Given:
q = -15.0 cm p = 27.5 cm
Find:
f=?
To determine the focal length, f, the mirror equation will be used. Substitute and solve for f.

The negative value for focal length confirms that the mirror used is a
convex mirror.

Knock!Knock!
The Sign Conventions for Mirror
• f is positive (+) if the mirror is a concave mirror
• f is negative (-) if the mirror is a convex mirror
• q is (+) if the image is a real image and located on the object’s side of the mirror.
• q is (-) if the image is a virtual image and located behind the mirror
• h’ is (+) if the image is an upright image
• h’ is (-) if the image an inverted image

Boosting Your Intelligence!

Review Check-up #4:

Directions: Try solving the following.

1. What is the image distance and image height if a 7.00-cm tall object is placed 30.0
cm from a concave mirror having a focal length of 10.0 cm?
2. A magnified, inverted image is located a distance of 30.0 cm from a concave mirror
with a focal length of 15.0 cm. What is the object distance?

VII. The ‘Three Most Useful Rays’ in Lenses

Images formed in a lens can be located and described through ray diagramming. The following three
most useful rays for convex and concave lenses are presented below.

Convex Lens (Converging Lens) Concave Lens (Diverging Lens)

 1. P–F Ray. A ray of light parallel 1. P–F Ray. A ray of light parallel
to the principal axis is refracted to the principal axis is refracted
passing through the principal as if passing through the principal
focus, F behind the lens. focus, F in front of the lens.

2. F–P Ray. A ray of light directed towards the

focus, F behind the lens is refracted parallel to
2. F–P Ray. A ray of light passing through the principal axis.
the focus, F in front of the lens is
refracted parallel to the principal axis.

3. V Ray. A ray of light

3. V Ray. A ray of light passing through the exact center of the
passing through the exact center of the lens (Vertex) continue to travel in the
lens (Vertex) continue to travel in the same direction.
same direction.

To graphically determine the position and kind of the image formed, the ray diagram can be used.
Consider the following steps using the three major rays described above
1. From the object, draw the first ray (P–F ray). From the same point on the object, draw the
second (F–P ray), and third (V ray) rays.
2. The intersection of the rays is the image point corresponding to the object point. For example,
if you started diagramming from the tip of the arrow-shaped object, the intersection of the
refracted rays is also the tip of the arrow-shaped image. Thus, you can determine com- pletely
the position and characteristics of the image.
3. For a concave lens, light rays diverge from a virtual focus; but the procedure for locating
images is the same as for convex lenses.

In the next activity, you will use the steps described above to locate and describe the images formed by
convex and concave lenses by graphical method. To do this, always start by drawing the lens and its
principal axis, then identify the F and 2F on the principal axis. Next is to draw the object, then diagram
the rays from the object.

Boosting Your Intelligence!

Review Check-up #5:

Directions: Construct ray diagrams for lenses by determine graphically the location,
orientation, size, and type of image formed. Show graphically the changes in the
image formed as an object’s position is changed. Copy each of the diagrams (A–F)
below on a clear sheet of paper. Construct ray diagram using, as much as possible, the
‘three most useful rays’ for each of the following cases to determine the location,
orientation, size, and type of the image.

Convex Lens
A. B.

C. D.

Concave Lens
E. F.

Image
 Location Orientation Size (same, Type
(upright or inverted) reduced or (real or virtual)
Location of Object enlarged)

CONVEX LENS
A. Beyond 2F’
B. At 2F’
C. Between 2F’ and F’

D. At the Focal
point, F’

CONCAVE LENS
E. At 2F’
F. At the Focal
point, F’

VIII. The Lens Equation

Ray diagram does not provide exact location and numerical information about the image formed in
lenses, as in the image formed in curved mirrors through ray diagram. To determine the exact location
and size of the image formed in lenses, a lens equation is needed. The following derivation shows the
lens equation using the results from ray diagram.

From the first and third rays, similar triangles are seen in the diagram

Similar Similar
Triangles Triangles

(a)
(b)
Similar Triangles are Formed using the (a) first ray (P – F ray) and (b )third ray (V ray).

From the height of the object, h and the height of the image, h’ shown in Figure above (a), you can
arrive at the first equation,

Similarly, as shown in Figure above (b), the second equation can be derived as

Combining Equations 1 and 2, you will get

Rearranging Equation 3, you will arrive at

and finally ,

where:
f = focal length or distance from the mirror and the focal point, F
p = distance of the object from the lens
q = distance of the image from the lens

The equation above, called mirror equation, applies to both convex and concave lenses. However, in
the case of the concave lens, the image will always be located on the side where the object is also
located. It is therefore considered that the value of image distance, q is negative. The focal length, f in
a concave lens is negative while positive in a convex lens.

Sample Problem#1:
What is the image distance and image size if a 5.00-cm tall light bulb is placed a distance of 45.5 cm
from a convex lens having a focal length of 15.4 cm?

Given:
h = 5.00 cm p = 45.5 cm f = 15.4 c

Find:
d=?
q=?

To determine the image distance, the lens equation must be used.

Since three of the four quantities in the magnification equation are known, the height of the image, h
can be calculate

The negative values for image height indicate that the image is an inverted image.

In the case of a concave lens, you found out that the image always appears in front the lens. It is
therefore considered that the value of image distance, q is negative.
Sample Problem#2:
What is the image distance and image size if a 3.00-cm tall light bulb is placed a distance of 30.5
cm from a diverging lens having a focal length of -10.2 cm?

Given:
h = 3.00 cm ,
p = 30.5 cm
f = -10.2 cm

Find:
q = ? h’ = ?

To determine the image distance, the lens equation will be used.

This confirms the image distance, q as negative. To determine the image height, the
magnification equation is needed. Since three of the four quantities in the equation are known,
the fourth quantity can be calculated. The solution is shown below.

Knock!Knock!
The Sign Conventions for Lenses

• f is + if the lens is a double convex lens (converging lens)

• f is - if the lens is a double concave lens (diverging lens)
• q is + if the image is a real image and located behind the lens
• q is - if the image is a virtual image and located on the object’s side of the lens
• h’ is + if the image is an upright image (and therefore, also virtual)
• h’ is - if the image an inverted image (and therefore, also real)

Boosting Your Intelligence!

Review Check-up #6:

Directions: Try to solve this.

Determine the image distance and image height for a 8.00-cm tall object placed 46.5
cm from a convex lens having a focal length of 16.0 cm.
Knock Nut Shells!
 Reflection is the bouncing of light when it hits a surface.
 Two Laws of Reflection:
 The normal line, incident ray, and the reflected ray lie on the same plane.
 The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
 The reversal effect is the inversion of the image from left to right.
 Mirrors at an angle produce multiple images.
 Two Types of Reflection:
 Specular/ Regular Reflection – reflection of light on smooth surfaces such as mirrors or a calm body of
water.
 Diffuse/ Irregular Reflection – reflection of light on rough surfaces such as clothing, paper, and the asphalt
roadway.
 A curved mirror is a reflecting surface in which its surface is a section of a sphere.
 Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors:
 The Concave Mirror or Converging Mirror
 The Convex Mirror or Diverging Mirror
 Important Points in Ray Diagramming:
 Center of Curvature, C – the center of the sphere in which the mirror is part. Its distance from the mirror is
known as the radius.
 Vertex, V – the center of the mirror.
 Focal Point/ Focus, F – the point between the center of curvature and vertex. Its distance from the mirror is
known as the focal length, f.
 The ‘Four Principal Rays’ in Curved Mirrors
 The P – F Ray is ray of light parallel to the principal axis, is reflected passing through the principal focus, F
(concave mirror), and as if passing through the principal focus, F(convex mirror).
 The F – P Ray is a ray of light passing through F (concave mirror) or directed towards F (convex mirror), is
reflected parallel to the principal axis.
 The C – C Ray is ray of light passing through the center of curvature, C (concave mirror) or directed
towards the center of curvature, C (convex mirror) reflects back along its own path.
 V Ray is a ray of light directed to the vertex reflects at equal angle from the principal axis
 Mirror Equation:

 A lens is a transparent material made of glass or plastic that refracts and focuses (or that appears to focus) light rays
at a point.
 Two Types of Lenses:
 Convex Lens or Converging Lens
 Concave Lens or Diverging Lens
 The ‘Three Most Useful Rays’ in Lenses:
 The P – F Ray is ray of light parallel to the principal axis is refracted passing through the principal focus, F
behind the lens (convex) or as if passing through the principal focus, F in front of the lens (concave).
 F – P Ray. A ray of light passing through F in front of the lens(convex) or directed towards F behind the
lens(concave) is refracted parallel to the principal axis.
 V Ray. A ray of light passing through the exact center of the lens (Vertex) continue to travel in the same
direction.
 The Lens Equation

 The Magnification Equation

VALUES INTEGRATION:
 Reflect on this quote.

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FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Be sure you have accomplished all the formative activities I have given you
in the lesson proper before you proceed to the Summative Assessment. For
activities which are unfinished, try working on them patiently and honestly.
It will help you answer the Summative Assessment. Now, I want to know if
you are done with the activities. You can check your answers at the end of
this Learning Plan.

Direction: Place a check mark (√) in the answer box if you are done with it.

Hook Me!
 Knock Knock!

Boosting Your Intelligence.

Review Check-up # 1:

Review Check-up # 2:

Review Check-up # 3:

Review Check-up # 4:

Review Check-up # 5:

Review Check-up # 6:

SUMMATIVE TEST

Objective: To assess the student’s ability to recall key conceptions associated with fragment of
description or related examples.

I. Matching Type : Match Column A with Column B. Write your answer on the space provided.

A B
_______ 1. point at which parallel rays converge A. concave lens
_______ 2. distance from convex lens to focal point B. convex lens
_______ 3. converge parallel rays of light C. focal point
_______ 4. diverges parallel rays of light D. focal distance
_______ 5.produces virtual image E. real, inverted, smaller than object
_______ 6. produces real image F. real, inverted, larger than object
_______ 7. object too close to the lens: rays don’t G. no image
converge
_______ 8. in front of the lens at twice focal distance H. real, inverted, same size as the object
_______ 9. in front of the lens just beyond focal I. real, upright, smaller than the object
point
_______ 10.in front of the lens at more than twice
focal distance.
II. A. Convex & Concave MIRROR: (3pts.)
Directions: The same object (height = y) is placed at several different distances s to the left of
the same mirror (focal length = f). For each case, draw the 3 principal rays to locate the image.
Then use the “thin lens” equations to calculate:
• the image height y' (in terms of y) • whether the image is real or virtual
• the image distance from the lens s' (in terms of s and f)• whether the image is upright or
inverted

s = 3f –f C

2.
S = 3f

C f
B. Diverging & Converging LENS: (3pts)
Directions: The same object (height = y) is placed at several different distances s to the left of
the same lens (focal length = f). For each case, draw the 3 principal rays to locate the image.
Then use the “thin lens” equations to calculate:
• the image height y' (in terms of y) • whether the image is real or virtual
• the image distance from the lens s' (in terms of s and f)• whether the image is upright or
inverted

s = 2f

f f

s = 3f –f –f

III. Solve the following (3 points each)

1. A 3.10-cm diameter coin is placed a distance of 25.0 cm from a concave lens that has a
focal length of -11.0 cm. Determine the image distance and the diameter of the image.
2. An object is placed 33.7 cm from the convex mirror with a focal length of 10.7 cm.
Determine the image distance.
3. A 7.0-cm tall light bulb is placed a distance of 37.5 cm from a convex mirror having a
focal length of -12.5 cm. Determine the image distance and the image size.

PERFORMANCE TASK

In today’s era education is not only confined to read and write it is now linked to holistic development
of the children. Now the challenge and the demand in the market are not only limited to having
knowledge, but it is also more about how impeccably one can present that knowledge. Part of this
preparation, students are encourage to join local and international science fair to show case their
knowledge in the different field of Science and Technology.
As a participant in an upcoming science exhibition, your group was tasked to create a prototype of
optical instruments that uses optical materials such as but not limited to mirrors, lenses, and prisms.
You will present, demonstrate, and explain the scientific concept behind your product in the school’s
Annual Science Fair.

Rubrics

2 3 4 5

Creativity Poor satisfactory Very satisfactory excellent

Output Needs Satisfactory Very Satisfactory Excellent

Performance improvement

Timeliness Never submit An hour of On Time Finish the activity

tardiness of ahead of time
submission

Preparation Student is almost Student is rarely Students is usually Students is almost

never prepared prepared with prepared with always prepared
with assignment assignments and assignments and with assignments
and required class required material required class and required class
materials class. materials materials.

Teamwork Does not work Occasionally Usually helps to Works to

well with others helps to complete complete group complete all group
and shows no group goals, goals. Usually has goals. Always has
interest in sometimes makes a positive attitude a positive attitude
completing group fun of the group about the task and about the tasks
goals. task and work of work of others. and work of
others. others.

Problem Solving Sheet

Group No: ______
Members: _______________________________
Activity Title: _____________________________
Problem: ________________________________

Type of Problem:
 Construction discovery testing

Procedure:

What we did to solve the problem?

Sketch/Diagram of the Device/Model Constructed

What concepts our group considered in the construction of the device?

What concepts our group considered in the construction of the device?

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What our group found out?

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

What our group recommends to improve the design/model built?

_________________________________________________________________________________________
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ANSWER KEY

Check-up #1
1. Concave
2. Plane
3. Concave
4. Plane
5. Plane
6. Convex
7. Convex
8. Plane
9. Convex
10. Concave

Check-up #2
Answers are provided online

Check-up #3

Review Check-Up # 4
 1. 15 cm
2. 30 cm
3. 15.68 cm

Review Check-Up # 5

REFERENCES

Belen, J.G., A.I Yap, E.B Ogena, and A.I Yap. Addressing Misconceptions in Mathematics
and Science. Quezon City: NISMED UP Diliman and DOST-SEI.
Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Ford, A. L. (2012), Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics
with Modern Physics – 13th Ed., San Francisco: Addison-Wesley Pearson Education,
Inc.
Science and Technology Textbook for Fourth Year, Revised Edition, 2004, SEMP.
Henderson, Tom, . The Physics Classroom, “Specular vs. Diffuse Reflection.” Retrieved from.
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/ refln/u13l1d.cfm.
The Mirror Equation. Accessed June 21, 2014. http://www.physicsclassroom.
com/class/refln/Lesson-3/The-Mirror-Equation
Ray Diagram – Concave Mirrors. Retrieved from http://www.
physicsclassroom.com/Class/refln/U13L3d.cfm#note
Ray Diagram – Convex Mirrors. Retrieved from http://www.
physicsclassroom.com/class/refln/Lesson-4/Ray-Diagrams-Convex- Mirrors

Diverging Lenses – Ray Diagrams. Retrieved from http://www.

physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-5/Diverging-Lenses-Ray- Diagrams
Physics Questions. Retrieved from. http://www.sciencequiz.net/
lcphysics/light/mcq/reflection/reflection1a.htm