Science10 Q2 Mod5 UsesofMirrorsandLenses v3

10
Science
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Uses of Mirrors & Lenses
In Optical Devices
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

SCIENCE - Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 5: Uses of Mirrors and Lenses in Optical Devices
First Edition, 2020
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Members
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10
Science
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Uses of Mirrors & Lenses
In Optical Devices
This Instructional Material was collaboratively developed

and reviewed by educators from public schools. We encourage
teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments and recommendations to the Department of Education
at [email protected].
We value your feedbacks and recommendations.
ii
Table of Contents
Page
COVER PAGE
COPYRIGHT PAGE
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Lesson 1: Uses of Plane Mirrors in Optical Devices
What I Need to Know ……………………………….. 2

What I Know ………………………………… 2
What’s In ………………………………… 5
What’s New ………………………………… 5
What is It ………………………………… 6
What’s More ………………………………… 8
What I Have Learned ………………………………… 11
What I Can Do ………………………………… 11
Lesson 1: Assessment ………………………………… 12
Additional Activities ………………………………… 15
Lesson 2: Uses of Curved Mirrors in Optical Devices
What I Need to Know ……………………………….. 17
What I Know ………………………………… 17
What’s In ………………………………… 18
What’s New ………………………………… 18
What is It ………………………………… 19
What’s More ………………………………… 20
What I Can Do ………………………………… 23
Lesson 3: Uses of Lenses
What I Need to Know ………………………………… 26

What I Know ………………………………… 26
What’s In ………………………………… 27
What’s New ………………………………… 27
What Is It ………………………………… 28
What’s More ………………………………… 33
What I Can Do ………………………………… 34
Assessment (Unit ………………………………… 37

Test)
Key to Answers ………………………………… 40
References ………………………………… 42
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iv
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Grade 10 Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module

on The Uses of Mirrors and Lenses in Optical Devices.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators from public schools to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:
Notes to the Teacher

Your primary role in classroom is to identify situations
which can challenge students to learn specially at this time of
Covid-19 pandemic. Despite our present situation, let us be
optimistic that quality education can still be delivered to our
students through Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM). It is your
role to explain the purpose of this instruction to the students.
As the facilitator of learning, find a sense of balance between
the academic and nurturing aspects of teaching and approach
the learning experience in a positive, fun and non-dominating
way.
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage
and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
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For the learner:
Welcome to the Grade 10 Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module

on The Uses of Mirrors and Lenses in Optical Devices.
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies
in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being
an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as
a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener,
an activity or a situation.
What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.
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Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be
Activities given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.
For the parent/guardian:
As schools continue to remain closed due to coronavirus, parents and

guardians are challenged with a new role in guiding students in module-based
learning at home.
This module was designed to provide your student with fun and
meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at their own pace
and time. They will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner, with your guidance.
At the end of this module you will find:
References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other

activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do

not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone.
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We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful
learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can
do it!
viii
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master The Uses of Mirrors and Lenses in Optical Devices. The scope
of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in
which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are
now using.
The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Uses of Plane Mirrors in Optical Devices
 Lesson 2 – Uses of Curved Mirrors in Optical Devices
 Lesson 3 – Uses of Lenses in Optical Devices
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1.Identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine their
uses in optical instruments.
Subtasks:
1.Identify ways in which the properties of plane mirrors determine their uses in
optical instruments.
2.Identify ways in which the properties of curved mirrors determine their uses in
3.Identify ways in which the properties of lenses determine their uses in optical
instruments.
1
Lesso
n Uses of Plane Mirrors in
1 Optical Devices
What I Need to Know
Mirrors and lenses both have the ability to reflect or refract light. This
property has put mirrors and lenses in use for centuries. As of 2010, mirrors and
lenses are so prevalent that most people use them every day, regardless of
whether or not they consciously perceive the use. There are standard and
innovative uses for mirrors.
After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1.Identify ways in which the properties of plane mirrors determine their uses in
Lesson 1: What I Know
With the following questions below, allow your curiosity to open up and
answer the questions as thoroughly as you can. Use your stored knowledge to
answer the questions.
Choose the letter which corresponds to your correct answer.
1. What happens to the image produced by a pinhole camera when

you move the back wall farther from the pinhole? It becomes
A. larger and brighter.

B. larger and fainter.
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C. smaller and brighter.
D. smaller and fainter.
2. The shortest mirror in which a creature from outer space can see its entire
body is _________________________.
A. twice as its height

B. equal to its height
C. one half of its height
D. four times as its height
3. A ray reflected from a retro-reflector
A. passes through the focal point.

B. forms a right angle with an incident ray.
C. travels in the direction opposite that of the incident ray.
D. has an angle of reflection equal to the angle of incidence.
4. A ray of light parallel to the optic axis of a concave mirror is reflected back
A. through the focal point.

B. parallel to the optic axis.
C. as if it came from the focal point.
D. through the center of the sphere.
5. The back surfaces of automobile headlights are curved
A. to concentrate light in one direction.

B. to get multiple images of the filament.
C. for structural reasons not related to optics.
D. because inverted, real images of filaments shine brighter.
6. A ray of light passing through the focal point at an angle to the optic axis of a
concave mirror is reflected back

C. in the horizontal direction.
7. What type of image is formed when an object is placed at a distance of 1.5

focal lengths from a convex mirror?
A. erect and real

B. erect and virtual
C. inverted and real
D. inverted and virtual
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8. Some yellow objects actually absorb yellow light but reflect red and green
light. If we shine yellow light on such a yellow object, it will appear ...... to our
eyes.
A. black
B. green
C. red
D. yellow
9. If a ray of light strikes a pane of glass at 45 degrees to the normal, it
A. leaves the glass at a larger angle to the normal.

B. leaves the glass at a smaller angle to the normal.
C. passes straight through as if the glass were not there.
D. leaves with the same angle to the normal, but is deflected to the side.
10. Two coins are at equal distances from your eye. One is under 40 cm of water,
the other under 40 cm of glass. Which coin appears closer?
A. Cannot be determined
B. The one under the glass
C. The one under the water.
D. They both appear at the same distance.
11. The dispersion of light when it passes through a prism shows that
A. all colors in the light are treated the same.

B. the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant.
C. different colors have different indices of refraction.
D. the prism contains many narrow, equally spaced slits.
12. A converging lens is used to form a sharp image of a candle. If the lower half
of the lens is covered by a piece of paper, the
A. image will not change.

B. image will become dimmer.
C. lower half of the image will disappear.
D. upper half of the image will disappear.
13. In most cameras the location of the image is adjusted to appear on the film
by changing the
A. shape of the lens.

B. position of the lens.
C. focal length of the lens.
D. diameter of the diaphragm.
14. A human eye employs a _____ lens to form _____ images.
A. diverging .... real
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B. converging .... real
D. diverging .... virtual
C. converging .... virtual
15. A camera employs a _____ lens to form _____ images.

C. diverging .... virtual
D. converging .... virtual
What’s In
Imagine yourself as a curious little scientist. Have that drive to push new
limits and keep yourself excited about the world around you. Usually, in science,
the real answer is usually far from obvious. When we are curious, we ask
ourselves “why did this happen?” or “why isn’t this the result I expected?”. As
human beings, curiosity is one of the greatest strengths we have.
In this lesson, you will learn how plane mirrors are used in devices utilized
by scientists and even ordinary people like you.
You will have a broader understanding on how plane mirrors are widely
used in our day to day living and how they play a significant role in technology.
What’s New
Optical Devices
Optical instruments are the devices that process light wave to improve
an image for clearer viewing. Using an optical instrument like a magnifying lens
or other complex device like microscope or telescope usually makes things
bigger and allows us to see in a more detailed manner. Using converging lenses
makes things look bigger and on the other hand, diverging lenses always gets
smaller images for you.
The first optical instruments were telescopes which were used to magnify
distant images, and microscopes used for magnifying very small images. These
instruments have been greatly improved since the days of Galileo and Van
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Leeuwenhoek, and have been extended into other portions of
the electromagnetic spectrum.
Plane Mirrors
A mirror with a flat surface is a plane mirror. An "ordinary" mirror without

a curve inside and out. These mirrors can be found almost anywhere – from
bathrooms to hallways to exteriors of buildings – and knowing how they reflect
light can make complex mirror variants significantly easier to understand.
The images that a plane mirror reflects are known as "virtual images" –
but they are different from the simulated digital images that you can see on your
computer screen or in a game on your phone. The difference between a real
versus virtual image is that a real image is formed when light converges at a
point – like looking at an apple on your desk – a virtual image is formed from two
divergent rays of light which never meet. To simplify, a plane mirror creates an
image of an object you cannot touch. This way, all mirrors create virtual images,
but plane mirrors reflect light differently than concave or convex mirrors do.
Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plane-mirror.png
Reflections from the plane mirror create upright virtual images with the
same magnification or size and distance as the objects they reflect. That is why
you can use a plane mirror to decide precisely where there is something behind
you.
What is It
Application of Plane Mirrors
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Where are plane mirrors used?
1. Elevator Mirrors
Elevators are one of the greatest products of technology, because going

up 25 flights of stairs sounds tiring and time-consuming. If you thought that the
creators of elevators were only concerned with the engineering part of it, you're
definitely wrong. Installed mirrors are strategically placed for a great reason.
Turns out, back in the day, when elevators were relatively new, people
stood in them, staring into nothingness with an exaggerated sense of time
because they had nothing else to do. All they could think of was their very
natural fear of falling from an elevator suspended mid-air with nothing but
cables. So, mirrors were installed in order to distract people and give them
something to look at while they waited. The mirrors also gave the usually small
space of an elevator a sense of depth, thereby reducing the feeling of
claustrophobia that one might feel in such an enclosed space.
Image Source: https://www.storypick.com/elevators-mirrors-quora/
2. Periscope
A periscope is an instrument for observation over, around or through an

object, obstacle or condition that prevents direct line-of-sight observation from
an observer's current position.
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A simple periscope consists of an outer case with mirrors at each end
set parallel to each other at a 45° angle. Periscopes allow a submarine, when
submerged at a relatively shallow depth, to search visually for nearby targets
and threats on the surface of the water and in the air.
Image Source: https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/these-brands-are-proving-how-
effective-periscope-can-be
3. Kaleidoscope
A kaleidoscope is a toy that uses light and mirrors to reflect objects and
create beautiful, fascinating repeating patterns. There are many different types
of kaleidoscopes that create different patterns, but all use the same basic laws of
physics, manipulating light and reflection.
When looking through the hole, light filters through the glass (or clear
plastic) on the end of the object chamber and illuminates the objects, which then
reflect off of all of the mirrors. The reflections bounce off of one another as the
light passes through the tube. The eye sees these bouncing reflections, creating
the patters. As the kaleidoscope rotates, the objects shift in the chamber, and
the reflection changes, creating new patterns. The concept is simple, but creates
a wonderful end result that delights and entertains.
Image source: https://babbledabbledo.com/mini-diy-kaleidoscopes-open-ended/
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What’s More
Activity 1.1 The Kaleidoscope (1)

Task: Construct a kaleidoscope. If you ever looked through a kaleidoscope, you
would surely say it's beautiful. The sunlight bounces off the glass with colors and
is reflected in the mirrors to create beautiful patterns which you can see if you
look inside.
Note: Cutting your own mirror maybe not possible at your home. You can
use three mirrors available in your home with identical shape and size. If there is
none, you may borrow from your teachers since there may be available mirrors
of identical sizes cut into strips in your science laboratory. If there are available
glass dealers in your nearby area, you may request them to do the cutting of the
mirrors for you to have your own kaleidoscope.
CAUTION: Be careful in handling mirrors since the edges might be sharp.

.
Procedure:
1. You may use 3 small rectangular mirror strips to form your kaleidoscope.
2. Connect the three rectangular mirror strips using a scotch tape to form a
triangle
3. Cut your cardboard roll to the length of your mirror plus 1/3" (.85
cm). This is with a box cutter, but scissors will do. Just be careful
not to stab yourself.
Image Source: https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Kaleidoscope, Accessed June 26, 2020
4. Create your peephole. Here's how:

*Place one of the circular ends of your tube flat on a piece of paper --
contact paper is best, but construction paper or even gift wrap will work,
too.
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*Cut about 1" (2.5 cm) around the traced circle; with that extra 1", cut
little notches around the circle so it bends more easily (it'll sort of look like
a firework).
*Cut a triangle or circle in the center of the paper to view through. Center
the cardboard tube on top of your circle and secure the edges with tape
(unless you're using contact paper, of course).
5. Create your plastic lenses. Get an empty plastic container or two and trace
two circles using the end of your tube (permanent marker is easiest to see). With
an object that's about ½" (1.25 cm) larger than your tube, draw around the
previous ones. Then, cut around the each of the larger circles with scissors.
Lenses!
With one of the circles, cut notches all the way to the inside of the smaller circle
-- this'll be called lens 1. It should sort of resemble a gear. With the other circle,
cut notches to the outside tracing of the smaller circle — this'll be lens 2. Lay
them flat against the table and bend the notches upwards.
6. Assemble the inside of your kaleidoscope. To begin, slide your triangular

mirror inside the cardboard tube. Take lens 1 and place it inside your tube
against the edges of the mirror, notches facing up; this should form a sort of
makeshift pouch. Place your selected beads, sequins, glitter, gems, and/or
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confetti on top of this plastic lens. Cap your gems using lens 2, notches
facing down, and use masking tape to secure it all together.
7. Decorate your tube. The easiest way to make this kaleidoscope look
as impressive as possible is contact paper -- so long as you work out
the bubbles! But you can also use construction paper or even gift
wrap to jazz it up. And then add on some glitter or stickers if the
urge strikes!
8. Put your kaleidoscope to good use. Done! Now all you have to do is
hold it up to the light and look through it. The light bounces off the
mirrors, creating the kaleidoscope effect you see inside. (1)
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What I Have Learned (Lesson
Summary)
1. How are images formed with plane mirrors?

2. What are the devices where plane mirrors are used?
3. How important is plane mirror to you.?
What I Can Do
Activity 1.2 Why is ‘AMBULANCE’ written in reverse?

Watch the video on the link given below to understand more about plane mirrors
and how it is so important in our daily lives. But if you cannot watch the video,
you may have a game with your brothers and sisters to learn about Lateral
Inversion.
Here’s how:
 All of you must take hold of a paper and pen, then somebody
will give a go signal to start writing your names on a piece of
paper that it would read correctly when you place it in front of
a mirror.
ENJOY!!!!!!!!
Video Title: Lateral Inversion: Why is ‘Ambulance’ written in reverse
Channel: It’s AumSum Time
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjlYKvQo-kI
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Image Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjlYKvQo-kI
Based on the video you have watched or based on the activity you have
performed, explain in your own words, why the word ‘Ambulance’ is written in
reverse in this emergency vehicle?
Lesson 1: Assessment
Now after learning about plane mirrors, answer the following questions
based on what you have learned from this lesson.
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
A. all colors in the light are treated the same.

B. the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant.
D. the prism contains many narrow, equally spaced slits.
A. passes through the focal point.

B. forms a right angle with an incident ray.
C. travels in the direction opposite that of the incident ray.
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D. has an angle of reflection equal to the angle of incidence.

C. as if it came from the focal point.
A. to concentrate light in one direction.

B. to get multiple images of the filament.
D. because inverted, real images of filaments shine brighter.
5. In most cameras the location of the image is adjusted to appear on the

film
by changing the:
A. shape of the lens.

B. position of the lens.
C. focal length of the lens.
D. diameter of the diaphragm.
6. A ray of light passing through the focal point at an angle to the optic axis
of
A concave mirror is reflected back:

7.What happens to the image produced by a pinhole camera when you

move the back wall farther from the pinhole? It becomes
A. larger and brighter.

B. larger and fainter.
8. The shortest mirror in which a creature from outer space can see its
entire body is _________________________.

9.What type of image is formed when an object is placed at a distance of 1.5

focal length from a convex mirror?
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A. erect and real
B. erect and virtual
C. inverted and real
D. inverted and virtual
10. Some yellow objects actually absorb yellow light but reflect red and green
light. If we shine yellow light on such a yellow object, what color can be
perceive by the eye?
A. black
B. green
C. red
D. yellow
11. If a ray of light strikes a pane of glass at 45 degrees to the normal, it
A. leaves the glass at a larger angle to the normal.

B. leaves the glass at a smaller angle to the normal.
C. passes straight through as if the glass were not there.
D. leaves with the same angle to the normal, but is deflected to the side.
12. Two coins are at equal distances from your eye. One is under 40 cm of
water,
the other under 40 cm of glass. Which coin appears closer?
A. Cannot be determined
B. The one under the glass
C. The one under the water.
D. They both appear at the same distance.
13. A converging lens is used to form a sharp image of a candle. If the lower
half of the lens is covered by a piece of paper, the
A. image will not change.

B. image will become dimmer.
C. lower half of the image will disappear.
D. upper half of the image will disappear.

C. converging .... virtual

C. diverging .... virtual
D. converging .... virtual
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Additional Activities
Activity 1.3 The Simple Periscope

Task: Construct a simple periscope and trace the incident and reflected rays.
Materials:
1. Plane mirrors – 2 pcs
2. Illustration board or cardboard
3. Cutting Mat
4. Glue or sticky tape
5. Cutter, scissors, ruler, flashlight or lamp
Procedure:
1. Using the materials listed, design and construct an improvised periscope
based on the information gathered from different resources.
2. A record sheet is provided to serve as your guide for accomplishing the
written report on your constructed periscope.
Image Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDDisOh4oZE
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name:_________________________________ Grade and

Section:_______________________
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Sketch the device/model constructed:
What concepts did you learn in the construction of the device? Explain
Lesson
2
Uses of Curved Mirrors in Optical
Devices
17
What I Need to Know
Now that you already understand what optical devices are and how plane
mirrors are used in these devices, it’s now time to learn something new. Aside
from plane mirrors, we also have another classification of mirrors known as the
curved mirrors (spherical mirrors). There is also a wide array of optical devices
using the curved mirrors. Let us explore more with the succeeding items.

1.Identify ways in which the properties of curved mirrors determine their uses in
Lesson 2: What I Know
Match the items in Column A and B.
Column A Column B
1 Solar Cooker
2 Dental Mirror
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3 Concave Mirror
4 Convex Mirror
5 Projector
What’s In
In this lesson, you will learn how curved mirrors are used in devices
utilized by scientists and even ordinary people like you.
You will have a broader understanding on how curved mirrors are widely
used in our day to day living and how they play a significant role in technology.
What’s New
Concave and Convex Mirrors

In contrast to plane mirrors, convex and concave mirrors curve the rays of
light that hit them. This results in the virtual images produced by their reflections
coming out distorted, as the light rays move towards or away from the center of
the mirror. For this reason, convex and concave mirrors aren't useful in
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bathrooms, but they can be helpful in the right situation; for example, because
plane mirrors can't produce useful images at certain angles, the mirrors on the
side of a car are convex. They allow drivers to see behind and to the sides of
their vehicle, though these virtual images aren't at the same distance as the
objects they reflect. This is why car mirrors have messages reminding drivers
that objects in the mirror may be closer than they appear in the reflection.
Convex mirrors curve outwardly. Light rays diverge as they reflect off the
curve of this mirror; when the rays converge again, the viewer sees an image.
Convex mirror images are upright and appear farther away than they really are.
Image Source: https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/48-convex-mirror
Concave mirrors curve inwardly. Light rays diverge off the curve of this
mirror. The image may be upside down if the object is too far away. When the
object is close to the mirror, it appears right side up and magnified. (2)
Image Source: https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/47-concave-mirror
What is It
20
Application of Curved Mirrors
Where are curved mirrors used?
1. Side Mirrors (Motorcycle or Car)
One of the most important safety devices on your vehicle is its set of
mirrors. It might be considered the simplest but it plays a great role in ensuring
your safety on the road. A side mirror, also known as the wing mirror, is
a mirror placed on the outside of motor vehicles to help the driver see areas
behind and to the sides of the vehicle, outside the driver's peripheral view known
as the "blind spot”.
Image Source: https://unsplash.com/s/photos/side-mirror
Image Source: https://www.wowwoodys.com/side-mirror-safety-options/
2. Dental Mirror
Concave mirrors are the most common dental instruments used in a
dentist’s office, and most patients will agree that they are less scary compared to
other equipment such as forceps and drills. They are part of
diagnostic instruments in dentistry. The concave mirror is sometimes referred
to as the mouth mirror. The head of the mirror is usually round and can be in
different sizes depending on the diameter of the mirror.
21
The mirror is made of a handle and head. The head is made of specified
sizes depending on the manufactures but what is likely to change is the head,
which depends on the requirement. Concave mirrors magnify images such that
when the object is at a distance from the mirror, it forms an inverted image and
as the object gets closer to the mirror it forms an image that is magnified.
Some of the mirror’s handles are metal, while others are made of a
combination of metal and resin or metal with silicon padding. Others are made of
resin only. Dentists that are concerned about the weight of the mirror prefer a
lightweight mirror made of a resin handle with handgrips that are silicon padded.
Most mirrors are made of round surfaces. The mirror number shows the
relative diameter of the mirror. Most dentists prefer size four or five mirrors, but
a small-sized mirror with a number three diameter is important in case of mirror
size issues. Mirrors that are double-sided help dentists enhance visualization,
improve light reflection and are ergonomically beneficial since they have a
unique bend in the mirror stem. Today dentists’ mirrors are more than a shiny
surface as manufacturers have come up with all kinds of mirrors that give
dentists an enhanced view of the inside of the patient’s mouth. (3)
http://i.ebayimg.com/images/i/152446894748-0-1/s-l1000.jpg
3. Solar Cooker
A solar cooker can do almost anything a stove or an oven can do, only it
uses a natural nonpolluting, free, abundant energy source. In this article, we'll
find out how sunlight becomes heat, check out the different types of cookers
available and how they work, see what makes solar cooking a potential lifesaver
in many parts of the world and examine some of its shortcomings.
22
At its simplest, the sunlight-to-heat conversion occurs when photons
(particles of light) moving around within light waves interact with molecules
moving around in a substance. The electromagnetic rays emitted by the sun
have a lot of energy in them. When they strike matter, whether solid or liquid, all
of this energy causes the molecules in that matter to vibrate. They get excited
and start jumping around. This activity generates heat. Solar cookers use a
couple of different methods to harness this heat. (4)
Image Source:
https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/solar-
cooking1.htm
What’s More
Activity 2.1 Convex Spoon Mirror

Task: Your goal is to examine convex mirrors and the reflection of light. Here,
you have to learn and understand the bend in a convex mirror, and how it
distorts the view of the image being looked at.
Light rays reflect from convex mirrors. Convex mirrors make the light rays
focus together. Images that are on the outside of the mirror are inverted or
upside down. The inside focus is upright and larger in view, like the side mirror
on a car. These types of mirrors distort the images they make. A convex mirror
like the front of the spoon, makes an image that can be small or large, and right
side up or upside down. It’s also important for students to understand that the
closeness of the spoon has an effect. The closer you are to the mirror (spoon),
the larger the image, up to a certain point. (5)
23
Image Source:
https://s3mn.mnimgs.com/img/shared/discuss_editlive/2191102/2013_07_31_10_57_59/i
mage3241484778515667493.jpg
1. Describe what you see in front and back of the spoon.

2. Move the spoon back and forth towards your face changing focus.
3. Provide an explanation on your observation
.
What I Have Learned

(Lesson Summary)
1. Describe a convex and concave mirror.

2. How are images formed with curved mirrors?
3. What are the devices where curved mirrors are used?
What I Can Do
Activity 2.2 Interview
24
Task: Interview someone you know who frequently use an optical device
or instrument. In your interview, be sure to highlight the significance of
the optical device they use.
Your interview will be rated with the following criteria:

Creativity 20%
Significance of Content 40%
Clarity of Content 30%
Overall Presentation 10%
TOTAL 100%
Match the items in Column A and B.
Column A Column B
1 Solar Cooker
2 Dental Mirror
25
3 Concave Mirror
4 Convex Mirror
5 Projector
Activity 2.3 Detective Mode On.
Task: Roam around your house and list all the mirrors and lenses you can identify.
Beside each item, describe how each item is being used and explain how is it
significant in your day to day living. List as many items as you can.
Name of Item Usage Significance
26
Lesso
n Uses of Lenses in Optical
3 Devices
What I Need to Know
You encounter lenses every day. Whether it’s the lens on your cell phone
camera, the lenses on the eyeglasses or contact lenses you use to see clearly,
magnifying glasses, microscopes, telescopes or something else entirely, the
physics of lenses explains how a simple piece of glass can be used to magnify,
minimize or bring images into focus for any purpose.
Essentially, lenses work by bending light rays that pass through them
through refraction, but this basic point can be implemented in different ways that
varies according to the lens type. Luckily, the basics of such lenses are easy to
understand when you learn a little more about how they work. (6)

1.Identify ways in which the properties of lenses determine their uses in optical
instruments.
What I Know
27
True or False. Identify each statement as true or false based on the underlined
word/s.
_______1. When light interacts with objects several times as large as its
wavelength,
It travels in straight lines and act as a ray.
_______2. A focal point is a point at which rays of light or other radiation
converge.
_______3. The optical axis is the line of asymmetry for the lens.
_______4. A biconvex lens is a simple optical lens with one convex side.
_______5. A magnifying glass is a convex lens.
_______6. Simple microscopes use two or more lenses in a row to magnify objects
for
viewing.
_______7. A wide-angle lens is a type of lens with a very small focal length that
dramatically increases the field view.
_______8. Lenses work by bending light rays that pass through them through
refraction.
_______9. The depth of field describes the range of distances at which objects are
in
focus when viewed through a lens.
_______10. The mirror in a microscope is convex, so it focuses the light to a real
image
on the same side of the mirror as the object.
What’s In
In this lesson, you will learn how lenses are used in devices utilized by
scientists and even ordinary people like you.
You will have a broader understanding on how lenses are widely used in our day
to day living and how they play a significant role in technology.
What’s New
Lenses
A lens is a piece of transparent material that is shaped so as to cause light
rays to bend in a specific way as they pass through it, whether that means
making the rays converge to a specific point or to diverge as if from a specific
point. The material used could be a piece of glass or plastic, and the shape of the
lens determines whether it causes light rays to converge or diverge. The word
28
“lens” comes from the Latin word for “lentil,” due to the similarity in shape
between a converging lens and the legume.
The actual bending of light rays produced by a lens occurs because the
lens material has a different index of refraction than the surrounding air. This
behavior is described by Snell’s law for refraction, which relates the different in
angle between the incident and refracted light ray to the indices of refraction for
the two materials.
In short, the law says that if you’re going from a lower refractive index
substance to a higher one (e.g., from air to glass), the light ray is deflected
towards the “normal” to the surface (i.e., towards the direction perpendicular to
the surface at that point) and that the opposite is true for light rays going from a
higher refractive index material to a lower one. (6)
Terms in Optics
There are quite a few unique terms used in optics and understanding
these is crucial if you’re studying the physics of lenses.
 Focal point is the point where parallel rays converge when after
passing through a lens.
 Focal length of a lens is the distance from its center to the focal
point.
 Optical axis is the line of symmetry for the lens.
 Light ray is an approximation of the path of light, where straight

lines are used to represent the motion of light waves.
 Biconvex lens is a simple optical lens with two convex
What is It
Where are lenses used?

1. Magnifying Lens
A magnifying glass is a convex lens. Convex means curved outward, like
the underside of a spoon or the dome of a sports stadium. It is the opposite of
concave, or curved inward. A lens is something that allows light rays to pass
through it and bends, or refracts, them as they do so. A magnifying glass uses a
convex lens because these lenses cause light rays to converge, or come
together.
29
Image Source:
https://thesocialclasslens.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/magnifying-glass-2.jpg
A magnifying glass, in effect, tricks your eyes into seeing what isn't there.
Light rays from the object enter the glass in parallel but are refracted by the lens
so that they converge as they exit, and create a "virtual image" on the retina of
your eye. This image appears to be larger than the object itself because of
simple geometry: Your eyes trace the light rays back in straight lines to the
virtual image, which is farther from your eyes than the object is and thus
appears bigger. (7)
Image Source: https://sciencing.com/magnifying-glasses-work-4567139.html
The magnifying lens is a critical aspect of modern technology. Without it,

you would not be able to take advantage of cameras, watch movies on a screen
or use gadgets such as the night-vision goggles that are vital in certain military
operations. Going back to the early 17th century, Galileo assembled the first
astronomical telescope, and discovered previously unknown features of Earth's
moon and nearby planets, and also revealed that Jupiter has multiple moons of
its own. (7)
2. Camera
A camera lens is one of the most familiar types of lenses you encounter on
a daily basis, and these come in many different types, although they all share
the same basic principles of operation outlined previously. (8)
30
Image Source: https://sciencing.com/lens-physics-definition-types-how-they-
work-13722365.html
The aperture, which lets light into the inside of the camera, corresponds to
the pupil. The system of lenses in a camera performs the same function as the
lens of the eye. However, whereas the lens of the eye changes shape to change
focus, glass lenses are not very forgiving of shape changes. Instead, the lens
system can be slid along its optical axis in order to focus on the film. Of course,
the film plays the role of the retina. In addition, cameras have a shutter, which
opens and closes quickly so that the film does not get inundated with light. This
produces a more or less clear image of the instant that the photographer shoots.
(9)
Image Source: https://sciencing.com/lens-physics-definition-types-how-they-

work-13722365.html
A prime lens is a basic lens with a fixed focal length, and a zoom lens has
a variable focal length, so you don’t have to physically change your location to
get something in focus. A wide-angle lens is a type of lens with a very small focal
31
length that dramatically increases the field of view, and a fisheye lens is
essentially an extreme version of a wide-angle lens. (8)
3. Eyeglass or Contact Lens
Other common types of lenses are eyeglasses lenses or the contact lens,
and both of these works to correct the problems with your vision. If you’re
“nearsighted,” this means your eye lenses create images in front of the light-
sensitive retina in your eye, and so you need diverging (concave) lenses to move
the image further back.
If you’re “farsighted,” the lenses in your eyes would produce an image
further back than your retinas, so you need converging lenses to correct this
issue.
Both contact lenses and eyeglasses correct this in the same way – by
adding an additional corrective lens to make the effective focal length of your
eye match the distance to your retina – but there are differences because
contact lenses sit directly on your eyes. In a contact lens, the lens doesn’t need
to cover as much space (it only needs to be big enough for your pupil at its
maximum dilation) and can achieve this with less material. For eyeglasses
lenses, the lens needs to cover a much larger area and is thicker as a result. (8)
4. Microscope
Microscopes work by using biconvex lenses (lenses with two convex sides)
to produce a magnified version of the images. Microscopes are a little more
complicated (because they usually have multiple lenses), but they produce
magnified images in basically the same way. As on microscopes, these have
another lens in the eyepiece to make sure the captured light is in focus when it
reaches your eye. The other major type of telescope is a reflector telescope,
which uses mirrors instead of lenses to gather the light and send it to your eye.
The mirror is concave, so it focuses the light to a real image on the same side of
the mirror as the object. (8)
32
Image Source:
https://sciencing.com/difference-glass-compound-light-microscope-8611655.html
A simple microscope uses a single lens, so magnifying glasses are simple

microscopes. Stereoscopic or dissecting microscopes usually are simple
microscopes as well. Stereoscopic microscopes use two oculars or eyepieces, one
for each eye, to allow binocular vision and provide a three-dimensional view of
the object. Stereoscopic microscopes may have different lighting options as well,
allowing the object to be lit from above, below or both. Magnifying glasses and
stereoscopic microscopes can be used to view details on opaque objects like
rocks, insects or plants.
Compound microscopes use two or more lenses in a row to magnify
objects for viewing. In general, compound microscopes require that the specimen
to be viewed is thin enough or transparent enough that light can pass through.
These microscopes provide high magnification, but the view is two-dimensional.
(10)
5. Binoculars
Binoculars and telescopes are the next best thing. They take you up to the
action without having to move a muscle. Binoculars are based on the science of
optics and some pretty clever tricks that lenses pull on light. (11)
33
Image Source: https://www.explainthatstuff.com/binoculars.html
You can probably see where we're heading. If you want to see something
in the distance, you can use two convex lenses, placed one in front of the other.
The first lens catches light rays from the distant object and makes a focused
image a short distance behind the lens. This lens is called the objective, because
it's nearest to the object you're looking at. The second lens picks up that image
and magnifies it, just like a magnifying glass magnifies an image on paper. If you
put the two lenses in a closed tube, hey presto, you have a telescope. (There's
quite a good demonstration on this page at Birdwatching.com.) You can make
your own telescope easily enough with a couple of magnifying glasses and a
cardboard tube wrapped around them.
Binoculars are simply two telescopes side by side, one for each eye. But
there's a catch. When light rays from a distant object pass through a convex
lens, they cross over. That's why distant things sometimes look upside down if
you look at them through a magnifying glass. The second lens doesn't sort out
that problem. So, binoculars have a pair of prisms (large wedges of glass) inside
them to rotate the image through 180 degrees. One prism rotates the image
through 90 degrees (flips it onto its side), then the next prism rotates it through
another 90 degrees (flips it onto its side again), so the two prisms effectively turn
it upside down. The prisms can either be arranged in a back-to-back
arrangement (known as roof prisms) or at 90 degrees (known as Porro prisms).
The prisms explain why binoculars are heavy and why they are sometimes
quite chunky in the middle. Field glasses, which are compact binoculars like the
ones shown in the photo here, flip the incoming images using only lenses. There
are no prisms, so field glasses are smaller, lighter and more compact—but the
image quality is poorer. (11)
What’s More
Activity 3.1 Making Improvised Camera

Task: Construct a pin hole camera and explain the factors that affect the image
on the screen.
Materials:
1. Illustration board or cardboard
2. Black cartolina, cutting mat
3. Pin or sewing needle, glue or sticky tape
4. Cutter, scissors, ruler, flashlight or lamp
34
Procedure:
1. Using the materials given, design and construct an improvised camera based
on the information gathered from different resources.
2. A record sheet is provided as your guide for accomplishing the written report
on your constructed camera.
Reference Video: Pinhole Camera by ThinkTac
Source: YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jbjolpz2BQ
What I Have Learned (Lesson

Summary)
1. What is a lens?
2. How are images formed with lenses?
3. What are the devices where lenses are used?
What I Can Do
Activity 3.2 I’m a Song Composer

Music is known to affect our feelings and energy levels. It can prompt
memories, enhance brain activity and stimulate the mind. (Brewer, 1995). Based
on what you have learned in Lesson 1 to 3, compose a song parody using the
words and sentences found within the lessons. An example is shown below:
Song Title: A Molecular Shape of You (Ed Sheeran Parody)
35
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8FAJXPBdOg
Note: If you have a cellphone, use it to record your composition. Enjoy!
True or False. Identify each statement as true or false based on the underlined
word/s.
_______1. Simple microscopes use two or more lenses in a row to magnify objects
for
viewing.
_______2. A wide-angle lens is a type of lens with a very small focal length that
dramatically increases the field of view.
_______3. Lenses work by bending light rays that pass through them through
Refraction.
_______4. The depth of field describes the range of distances at which objects are
in . focus when viewed through the lens.
_______5. The mirror in a microscope is convex, so it focuses the light to a real
image
36
On the same side of the mirror as the object.
_______6. When light interacts with objects several times as large as its
wavelength, . it travels in straight lines and act as a ray.
_______7. A focal point is a point at which rays of light or other radiation
converge.
_______8. The optical axis is the line of asymmetry for the lens.
_______9. A biconvex lens is a simple optical lens with one convex side.
_______10. A magnifying glass is a convex lens.
Activity 3.3 Concept Map

A concept map is a visual organizer that can enrich your understanding of
a learned concept. In this activity, you are free to create a concept map on what
you have learned from Lesson 1, 2 and 3. See below concept map as an
example:
Your work will be rated using the following rubrics found on the concept map
below.
37
Source: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Dj2pChR-
QFw/Upi_AWKSOQI/AAAAAAAAUyI/61KKE9tp2jU/s1600/a+concept+map.png
38
POST-TEST: Assessment
1. A ray of light passing through the focal point at an angle to the optic axis of a

2. What happens to the image produced by a pinhole camera when you move
the back wall farther from the pinhole? It becomes…
A. larger and fainter.
B. larger and brighter.
3. The shortest mirror in which a creature from outer space can see its entire
body is _________________________.

A. has an angle of reflection equal to the angle of incidence.

B. passes through the focal point.
C. forms a right angle with an incident ray.
D. travels in the direction opposite that of the incident ray.
A. through the center of the sphere.

B. through the focal point.
C. parallel to the optic axis.
D. as if it came from the focal point.
A. because inverted, real images of filaments shine brighter.

B. to concentrate light in one direction.
39
D. to get multiple images of the filament.
A. the prism contains many narrow, equally spaced slits.

B. all colors in the light are treated the same.
D. the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant.
A. converging .... real

B. converging .... virtual
C. diverging .... real
A. converging .... real

B. converging .... virtual
C. diverging .... real
10. A converging lens is used to form a sharp image of a candle. If the lower half
of the lens is covered by a piece of paper, the
A. lower half of the image will disappear.

B. upper half of the image will disappear.
C. image will become dimmer.
D. image will not change.
11. In most cameras the location of the image is adjusted to appear on the film
by changing the
A. position of the lens.

B. diameter of the diaphragm.
C. shape of the lens.
D. focal length of the lens.
12.What kind of mirror is used by department stores to give a wider area and
smaller image of the shoppers?
A. Plane mirror
B. Convex mirror
C. Concave mirror
D. None of the above
40
13. If you wish to have a magnified image of your face for applying makeup or
shaving, the mirror you will use must be:
A. Convex mirror
B. Concave mirror
C. Plane mirror
D. any of these
14. Farsightedness is corrected by a:

A. convex mirror
B. convex lens
C. concave mirror
D. Concave lens
15. A person views his image in front of a mirror. His image appeared to be real,
inverted and larger than him. What kind of mirror did he used?
A. Plane Mirror B. Convex mirror C. Concave Mirror D. Magic Mirror
41
Answer Key
Lesson 1 What I Lesson 3 What I

Know Know
1. D 1. True
2. A 2. True
3. B 3. False - Symmetry
4. A 4. False -Two convex
5. A sides
6. B 5. True
7. D
6. False - Compound
8. D
7. True
9. D
10.B 8.True
11.D 9. True
12.A 10. False – Concave
13.C
14.A
15.C
Lesson 1 Lesson 3 UNIT TEST

Assessment Assessment 1. B
1. D 1. False - Compound 2. A
2. B 2. True 3.A
3. A 3.True 4. D
4. A 4. True 5. B
5. C 5. False – Concave 6. B
6. B 6. True 7. C
7. D 8. A
7. True
8. A 9. A
8. False - Symmetry
9. D 10. C
10. D 9. False -Two convex
sides 11. A
11. D 12. B
12. B 10. True
13. B
13. A 14. D
14. A 15. C
15. C
42
Lesson 2: What I Know/Assessment
43
References
1. https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Kaleidoscope, Accessed June 26, 2020

2. https://sciencing.com/concave-mirrors-used-7238113.html, Accessed June 26,
2020
3. https://www.vitadentalspring.com/blog/dentist-use-concave-mirror
4. https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/solar-
cooking1.htm
5. https://rampages.us/robinsonqj/2017/07/03/concave-spoon-mirror-topic-9-
activity-1/
6. https://sciencing.com/lens-physics-definition-types-how-they-work-
13722365.html
7. https://sciencing.com/magnifying-glasses-work-4567139.html
8. https://sciencing.com/lens-physics-definition-types-how-they-work-
13722365.html
9. https://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/courses/m309-01a/chu/Applications/apps.htm
10. https://sciencing.com/difference-glass-compound-light-microscope-
8611655.html
11. https://www.explainthatstuff.com/binoculars.html
12. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plane-mirror.png
13. https://www.storypick.com/elevators-mirrors-quora/
14. https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/these-brands-are-proving-how-effective-
periscope-can-be
15. https://babbledabbledo.com/mini-diy-kaleidoscopes-open-ended/
16. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjlYKvQo-kI
17. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDDisOh4oZE
18. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/48-convex-mirror
19. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/47-concave-mirror
20. https://unsplash.com/s/photos/side-mirror
21. https://www.wowwoodys.com/side-mirror-safety-options/
22. http://i.ebayimg.com/images/i/152446894748-0-1/s-l1000.jpg
23. https://www.solarcooker-at-cantinawest.com/images/new_solsource500.jpg
44
24.https://s3mn.mnimgs.com/img/shared/discuss_editlive/2191102/2013_07_31_
10_57_59/image3241484778515667493.jpg
25. https://thesocialclasslens.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/magnifying-glass-2.jpg
26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8FAJXPBdOg
27. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Dj2pChR-
QFw/Upi_AWKSOQI/AAAAAAAAUyI/61KKE9tp2jU/s1600/a+concept+map.png
45
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
DepEd Division of Bukidnon

Fortich Street, Sumpong, Malaybalay City
Telefax: (088) 813-3634
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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10

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Published by the Department of Education – Division of Bukidnon

Elbert R. Francisco, PhD, Chief EPS, CID

Printed in the Philippines by

This Instructional Material was collaboratively developed

We value your feedbacks and recommendations.

Lesson 1: Uses of Plane Mirrors in Optical Devices

What I Need to Know ……………………………….. 2

What I Need to Know ………………………………… 26

Assessment (Unit ………………………………… 37

Welcome to the Grade 10 Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

Notes to the Teacher

Welcome to the Grade 10 Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

For the parent/guardian:

As schools continue to remain closed due to coronavirus, parents and

At the end of this module you will find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

The following are some reminders in using this module:

2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other

3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.

5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

What I Need to Know

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

Lesson 1: What I Know

Choose the letter which corresponds to your correct answer.

1. What happens to the image produced by a pinhole camera when

A. larger and brighter.

A. twice as its height

3. A ray reflected from a retro-reflector

A. passes through the focal point.

A. through the focal point.

5. The back surfaces of automobile headlights are curved

A. to concentrate light in one direction.

A. through the focal point.

7. What type of image is formed when an object is placed at a distance of 1.5

A. erect and real

9. If a ray of light strikes a pane of glass at 45 degrees to the normal, it

A. leaves the glass at a larger angle to the normal.

A. all colors in the light are treated the same.

A. image will not change.

A. shape of the lens.

14. A human eye employs a _____ lens to form _____ images.

A. diverging .... real

15. A camera employs a _____ lens to form _____ images.

A. diverging .... real

14. A human eye employs a _ lens to form _ images.

15. A camera employs a _ lens to form _ images.

14. A human eye employs a _ lens to form _ images.

15. A camera employs a _ lens to form _ images.