Oxidation and Reduction ( REDOX )

Oxidation :
losing e- Reduction :
gaining e-

:
gain Oxygen ( O) : loose oxygen ( O)

: loose Hydrogen ( H) :
gain hydrogen ( H)

:
increase oxidation number :
decrease oxidation state

÷:
✓ Na lost e- ✓
F gain e-

✓ Na was oxidized ✓ F was reduced

oxidation
reduction
0 0 2+ 2-

Mg S →
Mgs Mg H2O
HadMgO
+ + +
→

↓
oxidized reduced

reducing agent oxidizing agent

i.
mg
=
oxidized

s = reduced

C) ✗Ida-1 ION S-1Gt @

•
count how many e- has lost / gain when it forms a compound by bonding with other atoms

↳ measure how many e- has lost

Polyatomic ion

}
}
-

5042
-
-
+
CO
- _

a
NO a Poy a a NH ↳ ,
OH
}

Rules
mm

•
oxidation state of monoatomic ion = its charge

• oxidation state of uncombined element :O

diatomic molecule
"
◦ = 0

"
•
neutral compound = 0

◦
more electronegativity element will have negative oxidation state

group 1 metal oxidation : +1 ( except H )

group
2 metal oxidation : +2

a
oxygen oxida .
= -2 except 1-1202 a 1=20

•
Fluorine oxi .
always -1

a
chlorine oxida .
= -1 except in compound WII 0nF

a
Hydrogen is + I except metal hydride C- 17 ex ) Nati

Example
- ~

Ncici

1-1202 → His +1 when it doesn't bond with metal

so 0 = -
1

4 HNO -1
CUCS) → Cu ( NO})z ( ag)
+
2N 02cg ) +
21-12041
} ( aq)
d
s -1 ! d
z+
¥
reduced oxidized

oxidizing agent reducing agent

Balance equation

1) Spilt reaction into oxidation half and reduction half .

2) Check the number of atom that isn't H and O and balance

3) Check the no .
of oxygen ,
if not equal add H2O
www

4) Check the no .
of hydrogen , if not equal add Ht
in

51 Check the total charge ,

if not equal add
I

6) Balance the no .
of e- on 2 eq .

7- I combine 2 eq .

ctaioriiñcuoas
-

8) If it's in a basic solution → add OH on 2 sides .

H+ >

Iron 1-1-11 oxidised to Iron ( TI ) by Clz CI reaction

_

a is produced in this

>+
( Fe
"
e- ) 2Fe2+→2Fe3+
-

☐
☐× : → Fe + × 2 → → Ze

Clz 2 e- 2cL
☐ : →
re +

2Fe3
+
2Fe3+
'

Clz →
-
- '
+ 2cL +

Oxidation of CH } CH CH to CH C CH
by dichromate ( ve ) ions ccrzo ? -1
- -
-
-

} } } .

I 11
OH 0

Crz 072 ions

"
-

In the process are reduced to Cr ions .

1) write net ionic reaction in acidic condition

3 +

2072 Cr
-

[ 31-17014 + Cr →
CzH GO +

Oxidation :
[ 31-17014 →
Cz 1-160 +21-1++2 e- -
①

reduction :
Crz072-+1414++6 e- → 2 Cr 3++71-120 ②
-

① 3 CzH , OH 3C
'
③
-

✗ :
3 →
31-160+61-1 + Ge -

③ ② Crz 072 203++3

-

: 3 814+-7 C 31-160+71-120
Cz 1-170 H
+
+ +

2) write net ionic reaction in basic condition

81-1+3 Cz 1-170 H 072-+814+-7 203++3

-

+
Crz C 31-160+71-120 +801-1

Crz 072 203++3

-

81-120
-

3 C.3460 +
71-120+801-1
Cz 1-170 H
+ + →

H2O Crz 072 203++3

-
'

3 C.3460 +
71-120+801-1
Cz 1-170 H
+ + →
Balance equation

1) Spilt reaction into oxidation half and reduction half .

2) Check the number of atom that isn't H and O and balance

3) Check the no .
of oxygen ,
if not equal add H2O
www

4) Check the no .
of hydrogen , if not equal add Ht
in

51 Check the total charge ,

if not equal add
I

'

6) Balance the no .
of e- on 2 eq .

7- I combine 2 eq .

staioriiñcuoas
_

8) If it's in a basic solution → add OH on 2 sides .

H+ >

Iron III oxidised to Iron ( TI ) by Clz CI reaction

_

a is produced in this

>+
( Fe
"
e- ) 2Fe2+→2Fe3+
-

☐
☐× : → Fe + × 2 → → Ze

Clz 2 e- 2cL
☐ : →
re +

2Fe3
+
2Fe3+
'

Clz
-
- '
+ → 2C I +

Oxidation of CH } CH CH to CH C CH
by dichromate ( ve ) ions ccrzo ? -1
- -
-
-

} } } .

%
I
OH

Crz 072 ions

"
-

In the process are reduced to Cr ions .

1) write net ionic reaction in acidic condition

3 +

2072 Cr
-

[ 31-17014 + Cr →
Cz 1-160 +

Oxidation :
cztly.CH →
Cz 1-160 +21-1++2 e- -
①

reduction :
Crz072-+1414++6 e- → 2 Cr 3++71-120 ②
-

① 3 Cz 1-1701-1 3C
'
③
-

✗ :
3 →
31-160+61-1 + Ge -

③ ② Crz 072 203++3

-

: 3 814+-7 C 31-160+71-120
Cz 1-170 H
+
+ +

2) write net ionic reaction in basic condition

81¥ 072-+81-1+-7 2. Cr 3++3 C 31-160+71-120 +801-1

-

3
Cz 1-170 H
+
Crz

Crz 072 203++3

-

81-120
-

3 C. 3460 +
71-120 801-1
Cz 1-170 H
+ + → +

H2O Crz 072 203++3

-
'

3 C. 3460 +
71-120+801-1
Cz 1-170 H
+ + →

55297 standard reduction potential onion

Galvanic cell
→ wit hydrogen

volt meter ( 2- a different in potential > →

high resistance le einarsson )
-

.
sina.fi e- eins / Iori@9607 voltmeter @ on

& orio wire

Reduction potential
u m m m m muumuu

mg2++2 e- T
ng -
2.38 V

"
f Cu
-

Cu + 2e 0.16 V

reduction potential : obosois e-

↳ Ñ
Cu
higher than Mg : oiseooiannnaicu

( e- or :oiañ
'

Mg
( No connect 2 metal a
e- flow

°
① E- :
prefer reduction

⊖ E° :
prefer oxidation
 Good at
REDUCTION
 Noioooaie basso -

emf s electromotive force >

-

Ñ Ñ
Nat Nat
-

Cl
Nat Nat
- .

Cl Nat [ 1
é , ,
.

Nat : 2h loose e-
e- D Cl
-

Cl
-

Zn Cu
Zn Cu
f b
Nat
: Cu
gain e-

Ct
-

→
" cuzt
" Cuzt 2h2 ↑
2h2 ↑ znzt CUZ -1
znzt CUZ -1 zn2t
2h2
"
znzt

't
2h2

"
I C. 1- move to Nat move to

high low cuz

-1
2h

balance the charge balance the charge

high positive ions low positive ions

SALT BRIDGE : balance the charges

ANNODE : oxidation occur

CATHODE : reduction occur

"
can Cu react with Mg ions

SIP
1) Get 2 equilibrium you are interested in

2) Identify the least positive < more positive :

reduction >

< least positive = oxidation >

Cuz
-1
+ 2 e- = Cu +
0.34N

"
Mg + 2é =
Mg
-
2.37 V
a

"
Cu not react with bec Cu want to accept e- more than loose
mg .

" "
but Mg can react with Cu bec Mg wants to loose e- and Cu want to accept e- .

Electrolysis use battery to push e- other way to split compound +

supply energy Anion attract to annode

ex ) NaCl → Nat + Cla cation attract to cathode

5
+
power

inert carbon electrode

e-
°

/ 1/1/11 '
! y
+ Inert carbon electrode

^ "

ang 11
¢+02
-

02 gives
-

A e- to and form 02 < an node oxidation 202

-

:
A ,
> → 02+4 e-

"
B: Al get e- from B and form At < cathode ,
reduction > At " + 3e
-

→
At

convention current
<

e-
•

"" "" t
+

A B -

gap
-
i.
At cathode : least reactive element react first
f H+

H2O
\ ↓ ↓
! { ti
-

OH
a- Nat H
At anode : If we have halide → halide will be discharged

:
no halide → OH
_

will be discharge I 401-1

-

→
21-120+02+4 e- : basic soln-bborioiaas%ed.ba?hsbbNNII >

NaCl = Nat + Cl < 21-120 →

41-1++4 e- +
202 : acidic 5017 >

H+
-

H2O = + OH
?⃝
 reduction

C +
Fez 03 >
Fe +
CO2

carbon is more reactive than Fe :

displacement

goxidized
A- 1203 At
Mg MgO
+ > +

magnesium is more reactive than Al

more stable = least energy

E Temp (K )

(g)

④ released

energy

(1)

is '

Thermal energy
Exothermic
_

zµ , Hz +
energy
Endothermic

Hess's Law and Enthalpy change calculation

HESS 'S LAW

If you convert reactants A into products B , the overall enthalpy change will be exactly the same .

intermediates

reactant A reactant A ↑ H 1

reactants A B
product
☐

OH OH
•
intermediates

product B product B
• # 2

I 1
OH is equal but eq .
2 need some extra heat
energy to start .

CALCULATION

STEPS ☐ write down enthalpy change u want to find

☐ fit other information u know < enthalpy >

☐ find 2 routes

°"
6C is ,
+
342cg ) D
CGHG (l)

61-394 ) 3C -296 ) -
3267

i.
d d D

Gcoz (g) +
31420cg ) •

Hess 's Law says that enthalpy changes on 2 routes are the same ☐ Hrxn = { bonds broken -
{ bond forms

i. OH -
3267 =
6C -394 ) +3C 2867 -

◦ ◦
04--45 KJ / MOI OH rxn = { OH product -
{ OH reactant

CzH4 (g) + HCl

(g)
°"
D CzHg (g)
OH N09moÑWN%oooaoion=o
↳

[ 2.2 [ 92.3
) -
709
02 a 1=2 a Clz a Brz

2C ( s) +
2 É Hz (g) +
tzclz (g)

'

- -
52.2 - 92.3 + OH = -109

OH = -
68.9 KJ / MOI

standard entropies (5)

✓ measured at 298k a
1 bar

✓ unit = J / kmol

Entropy changes ,
05°

05° : EST product ) -

{ So reactant

CHL, (g) +
202cg ) ☐ C.
02cg )
+
21-120 (1)

CH 4 Oz CO2 H2O

5° ( J / KMOI ) 186 205 214 69.9

05° : { 5° product -
ESO reactant

= _
242.251km 01

4 05 decrease bec . there is a decreased in total number of gas molecules .

Gibbs free energy

21-12 +
Oz → 21-120 :
spontaneous c happen on its own >

21-120 →
2112+02 :
need input energy

Endothermic reaction can also be spontaneous

LOG
'

K
KJ / K' mol
usually
: OH -705
y
1
Gibbs free energy 06 : OH -
TDS

/ L
usually
usually
06 → -
ve :
spontaneous Jlkmol
KJ / K' MOI

↳ + ve : non -
spontaneous

↳ 0 : reach equilibrium point

☐ Exothermic rxn .
→ OH -
ive

☐
Endothermic rxn →
on + ive

conditions

if OH -
ve
a
US +
ve :
always spontaneous c- 007 ☐ exothermic rxn .

OH + ve a
US -
ve :
always non -

spontaneous ( +007 ☐ endothermic rxn .

UH -
ve ☐s -
ve :
depend on T < high T
high UG ; non -

spontaneous > ☐ exothermic rxn

a a
.

UH US Ve T endothermic
+ ve
a
+ :
depend on < high T
a
low 06 ; spontaneous > ☐ rxn .

Acidified Potassium dichromate kzcrzoy.ci Which is an orange solution turns green when it reacts with methanol

°
form
'

is from
-

CH
}
OH to H -
C
•
amethanoic acid the green color kzcr in solution .

◦µ

"
Kzcrz 07 +
CH } OH >
HCOOH + Cr
d d ↓
2-
2kt ( crzoy / .
Cr
3 -1

HALF REACTION
"
"
reduction ( Crz 07) >
Cr oxidation CHzOH
> HCOOH
" "

6 e- +
144++42071 > 2Cr3 -171-120 H2O +
CHZOH → HCOOH +44++4 e-

2Cr3 -171-1207×2
"

( Ge 144+-1 Crz 07 : 281-1+-1 2Crz07 4 Cr 3++141-120

-

1 + > 12 e- + >

2 ( H2O +
CHZOH → HCOOH + 44++4 e- > ✗ 3 : 31-120+301-1304
'
3. HCOOH + 121-1++12 e-

1 + 3
; 161-1++2 Crz 07+3 CH } OH → 4Cr 3++31-1 COOH +111-120
~

↓
in acid