Physics Equations: Temperature Conversion

Physics Equations
The list of equations of every single topic we studied during the mid-term.
If you want a short summary of each topics, refer to these links:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/12JMlvd9h8iUEOcO53Hynx8p-
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics tjVk9FAzh27blLKDeQw/edit?usp=sharing
Fluid mechanics: Fluid Mechanic https://docs.google.com/document/d/
1LZRy6xi2DglFkpcnPA9p7pEKxkuUNxPUc_3up0AmJTk/edit?usp=sharing
Temperature conversion
Ko = Co + 273.15
Co = Ko - 273.15
Fo = Co*9/5 + 32
Co = (Fo - 32) * 5/9
Conservation energy
ΔPE + ΔKE + ΔU = 0
PE1 = mgh
Specific heat capacity
Heat exchange and calorimetry

Cp = Q/mΔT
Q = m* Cp * T
Energy absorbed by water = Energy released by substances

Qw = -Qx
Cw * mw * ΔT w = - Cx * mx * ΔT x
Latent heat
Heat = Mass * Latent heat
Heat = Mass * Heat capacity * Changes in temperature
Q = mL
Q = mcp ΔT
Work done by gas

W = PΔV
W = Fd(A/A)
= (F/A)(Ad)
If the gas expands, ∆V is positive, and the work done by the gas on the piston is positive.
If the gas is compressed, ∆V is negative, and the work done by the gas on the piston is
negative.
(here, the piston does work on the gas)
When the piston does not move, the gas volume remains constant, there is no displacement
and no work is done on or by the system.
Isovolumetric process
- work done W= 0, because volume V is a constant
- heat(Q) may be exchanged
- Internal energy(U) may change.
Isothermal process
- Temperature T is a constant, so ∆U = 0
- Heat may be exchanged
- Work can be done
Adiabatic process
- No heat is transferred, Q =0
- Internal energy may change
- Work may be done
Isobaric process
- Pressure P is a constant.
- Heat Q may be exchanged
- Work W may be done
- Internal energy U can also change.
law of thermodynamics
First law
∆U = Q -W
Wnet = Qh – Qc
Second law
Wnet = Qnet = Qh – Qc
Eff = 1 - Qc / Qh
Fluid Mechanics
Density and Buoyant force
SI unit of mass density is kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).

At best, I recommend you to remember the water density.
Buoyant force
- Weight of an object immersed in a fluid = Object apparent weight
- Apparent weight is always less than an actual weight.
Archimedes’s law
mf represents the mass of the displaced fluid.
Whether the object sinks or floats, It depends on the net force.
Net force = Apparent weight.
Fnet = FB - Fg (Object)
Applies Archimedes’s principle
Fnet = mfg - m0g

p = m/v, therefore:
Fnet = (pfVf - p0V0)g
Buoyant force on floating object
Two forces acting on each other. Gravitational force and the buoyant force.
Submerged object
Fnet = (pfVf - p0V0)g
Whenever the object is submerged, Vf = V0
Fnet = (pf - p0)g
If:
Object’s density is greater than the fluid density
- The net force is negative, thus it’ll sink.
Object’s density is less than the fluid density

- The net force is positive, thus it’ll float.
Object’s density is equal to the fluid density

- They’ll suspend in the water.
Fluid Pressure
P=F/A
Pressure = force / area
Pinc = F1 / A 1 = F2 / A 2 → F2 = (A2 / A 1) * F1
Pressure variation with depths in a fluid

m = pV = pAh
Pressure in the depths → P = F / A = mg / A = pVg / A = pAhg / A = phg
This is called gauge pressure.
Atmospheric pressure is 1.01 * 105 Pa

Pressure in a fluid and buoyant force
Fnet = A(P 0 + pgh2) + (-A(P0 + pgh1)
Fnet = A(P0 + pgh2) - A(P0 + pgh1)
Fnet = Apgh 2 - Apgh 1
Fnet = pg(h2 - h1)A
Fnet = pghfA
Fnet = mfg
Fluid Flow
Conservation of mass
m1 = m2
But, m = pV
Volume of a cylinder → V = a * x
Volume = Area * Length
p1V1 = p2V2
p1A1x1 = p2A2x2
X=v*t
p1A1v1t1 = p2A2v2t2
If we assumed that the density and the time used are the same
It’ll become:
A1v1 = A 2v2
Area1 * Velocity1 = Area 2 * Velocity2
This is called the continuity equations
“Av” = flow rate

Units
A = Area
C = Celsius
Cx = Specific Heat Capacity
d = distance
Eff = efficiencies
F = Fahrenheit
F = Force
g = Gravity
h = height
K = Kelvin
KE = Kinetic Energy
L = Latent
m = Mass
P = Pressure
p = density
PE = Potential Energy
Q = Energy transferred as heat
Qw = Energy absorbed by water
Qx = Energy released by substances “x”
T = Temperature
U = Internal Energy
V = Volume
v = velocity
W = Work
x = length
Important stuff that will come out in the exam
- Thermal equilibrium
- Thermal expansion
- Specific heat
- latent heat and heat curve
- Relation between the work and thermodynamic first laws and second laws
- The last questions in the review assignment are important
- The thermodynamic process, 4 different process
- The efficiencies
- How the force and the pressure varies with the areas
Basically almost everything

Physics Equations: Temperature Conversion

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Physics Equations

Specific heat capacity

Heat exchange and calorimetry

Energy absorbed by water = Energy released by substances

Work done by gas

(here, the piston does work on the gas)

Density and Buoyant force

SI unit of mass density is kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).

mf represents the mass of the displaced fluid.

Whether the object sinks or floats, It depends on the net force.

Net force = Apparent weight.

Applies Archimedes’s principle

Fnet = mfg - m0g

Fnet = (pfVf - p0V0)g

Buoyant force on floating object

Fnet = (pfVf - p0V0)g

Whenever the object is submerged, Vf = V0

Fnet = (pf - p0)g

Object’s density is less than the fluid density

Object’s density is equal to the fluid density

Pressure variation with depths in a fluid

Pressure in the depths → P = F / A = mg / A = pVg / A = pAhg / A = phg

This is called gauge pressure.

Atmospheric pressure is 1.01 * 105 Pa

Area1 * Velocity1 = Area 2 * Velocity2

This is called the continuity equations

“Av” = flow rate

Basically almost everything

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