Units, Physical Quantities, Measurement, Errors and Uncertainties, Graphical Pre-Sentation, & Linear Fitting of Data

GENERAL PHYSICS 1
QUARTER 1
Units, Physical Quantities, Measurement, Errors and Uncertainties, Graphical Pre-

sentation, & Linear Fitting of Data
Topic / Lesson Name GP1 – 01: Units, Physical Quantities, Measurement, Errors and Uncertainties, Graphical
Presentation, and Linear Fitting of Data
Content Standards 1. The effect of instruments on measurements
2. Uncertainties and deviations in measurement
3. Sources and types of error
4. Accuracy versus precision
5. Uncertainty of derived quantities
6. Error bars
7. Graphical analysis: linear fitting and transformation of functional dependence to lin-
ear form
Performance Stan- Solve, using experimental and theoretical approaches, multi-concept, rich-context prob-
dards lems involving measurement, vectors, motions in 1D, 2D, and 3D, Newton’s Laws,
work, energy, center of mass, momentum, impulse, and collisions.
Learning Competen- 1. Solve measurement problems involving conversion of units, expression
cies (STEM_GP12EU-Ia-1) of measurements in scientific notation
2. Differentiate accuracy from precision (STEM_GP12EU-Ia-2)
3. Differentiate random errors from systematic errors (STEM_GP12EU-Ia-3)
4. Use the least count concept to estimate errors associated with
single measurements (STEM_GP12EU-Ia-4)
5. Estimate errors from multiple measurements of a physical quantity using variance
(STEM_GP12EU-Ia-5)
6. Estimate the uncertainty of a derived quantity from the estimated values and uncer-
tainties of directly measured quantities (STEM_GP12EU-Ia-6)
7. Estimate intercepts and slopes—and their uncertainties—in experimental data with lin-
ear dependence using the “eyeball method” and/or linear regression formula
(STEM_GP12EU)
Specific Learning
Outcomes
Time Allotment 180 minutes
Lesson Outline:
1. Physical Quantities
Introduction/Motivation (10 minutes): Talk about the discipline of physics, and the discipline required to
understand physics.
Instruction / Delivery (30 minutes): Units, Conversion of Units, Rounding-Off Numbers
Evaluation (20 minutes)
2. Measurement Uncertainties
Motivation (15 minutes): Discuss the role of measurement and experimentation in physics; Illustrate issues
surrounding measurement through measurement activities involving pairs (e.g. bidy size and pulse rate
measurements)
Instruction/Delivery (30 minutes): Scientific notation and significant figures; Reporting measurements with
uncertainty; Significant figures; Scientific Notation ; Propagation of error; Statistical treatment of uncertain-
ties
Enrichment (15 minutes ): Error propagation using differentials
3. Data Presentation and Report Writing Guidelines
Instruction/Delivery (60 minutes): Graphing; Advantages of converting relations to linear form; “Eye-ball”
method of determining the slope and y-intercept from data; Least squares method of determining the slope
and y-intercept from data; Purpose of a Lab Report; Parts of a Lab Report
Materials Ruler, meter stick, tape measure, timer

Resources University Physics Volume 1 (Open Stax)
Procedure Meeting Learners

Introduction / Motivation
1. Introduce the discipline of Physics:
- Invite students to give the first idea that come to their minds when-
ever they hear Physics
- Let some students explain why they have such impressions of the
field.
- Emphasize that just as any other scholarly field, Physics helped in
shaping the modern world.
2. Steer the discussion towards the notable contributions of Physics to hu-
manity:
- The laws of motion(providing fundamental definitions and concepts
to describe motion and derive the origins of interactions between ob-
jects in the universe)
- Understanding of light, matter, and physical processes
- Quantum mechanics (towards inventions leading to the components
in a cell phone)
3. Physics is science. Physics is fun. It is an exciting adventure in the quest
to find out patterns in nature and find means of understanding phenom-
ena through careful deductions based on experimental verification. Ex-
plain that in order to study physics, one requires a sense of discipline.
That is, one needs to plan how to study by:
- Understanding how one learns. Explain that everyone is capable of
learning Physics especially if one takes advantage of one’s unique
way of learning. (Those who learn by listening are good in sitting
down and taking notes during lectures; those who learn more by en-
gaging others and questioning can take advantage of discussion ses-
sions in class or group study outside classes.)
- Finding time to study. Explain that learning requires time. Easy con-
cepts require less time to learn compared to more difficult ones.
Therefore, one has to invest more time in topics one finds more dif-
ficult. (Do students study Physics every day? Does one need to pre-
pare before attending a class? What are the difficult sections one
find?)
1. Units
Explain that Physics is an experimental science. Physicists perform ex-
periments to test hypotheses. Conclusions in experiment are derived from
measurements. And physicists use numbers to describe measurements.
Such a number is called a physical quantity. However, a physical quantity
would make sense to everyone when compared to a reference standard.
For example, when one says, that his or her height is 1.5 meters, this
means that one’s height is 1.5 times a meter stick (or a tape measure that
is one meter long). The meter stick is here considered to be the reference
standard. Thus, stating that one’s height is 1.5 is not as informative.
Since 1960 the system of units used by scientists and engineers is the
“metric system”, which is officially known as the “International System”
or SI units (abbreviation for its French term, Système International).
To make sure that scientists from different parts of the world understand
the same thing when referring to a measurement, standards have been de-
fined for measurements of length, time, and mass.
Length – 1 meter is defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum

in 1/299,792,458 second. Based on the definition that the speed of light is
exactly 299,792,458 m/s.
Time – 1 second is defined as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the microwave ra-

diation due to the transition between the two lowest energy states of the
cesium atom. This is measured from an atomic clock using this transi-
tion.
Mass – 1 kg is defined to be the mass of a cylinder of platinum-iridium

alloy
at the International Bureau of weights and measures (Sèvres, France).
Instruction / Delivery (30 minutes)
Procedure Meeting Learners
Introduction / Motivation
1. Units
Explain that Physics is an experimental science. Physicists perform ex-
periments to test hypotheses. Conclusions in experiment are derived from
measurements. And physicists use numbers to describe measurements.
Such a number is called a physical quantity. However, a physical quantity
would make sense to everyone when compared to a reference standard.
For example, when one says, that his or her height is 1.5 meters, this
means that one’s height is 1.5 times a meter stick (or a tape measure that
is one meter long). The meter stick is here considered to be the reference
standard. Thus, stating that one’s height is 1.5 is not as informative.
Since 1960 the system of units used by scientists and engineers is the
“metric system”, which is officially known as the “International System”
or SI units (abbreviation for its French term, Système International).
To make sure that scientists from different parts of the world understand
the same thing when referring to a measurement, standards have been de-
fined for measurements of length, time, and mass.
Length – 1 meter is defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum

in 1/299,792,458 second. Based on the definition that the speed of light is
exactly 299,792,458 m/s.
Time – 1 second is defined as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the microwave ra-

diation due to the transition between the two lowest energy states of the
cesium atom. This is measured from an atomic clock using this transi-
tion.
Mass – 1 kg is defined to be the mass of a cylinder of platinum-iridium

alloy
at the International Bureau of weights and measures (Sèvres, France).
2. Conversion of units
Discuss that a few countries use the British system of units (e.g., the United
States). However, the conversion between the British system of units and SI
units have been defined exactly as follows:
Length: 1 inch = 2.54 cm
Force: 1 pound = 4.448221615260 newtons
The second is exactly the same in both the British and the SI system of units.
How many inches are there in 3 meters?

How much time would it take for light to travel 10,000 feet?
How many inches would light travel in 10 fs? (Refer to Table 1 for the unit
prefix related to factors of 10).
How many newtons of force do you need to lift a 34 pound bag? (Intuitively,
just assume that you need exactly the same amount of force as the weight of
the bag).
3. Rounding off numbers

Ask the students why one needs to round off numbers. Possible answers may
include reference to estimating a measurement, simplifying a report of a mea-
surement, etc.
Discuss the rules of rounding off numbers:

a. Know which last digit to keep
b. This last digit remains the same if the next digit is less than 5.
c. Increase this last digit if the next digit is 5 or more.
A rich farmer has 87 goats—round the number of goats to the nearest 10.
Round off to the nearest 10:

314234, 343, 5567, 245, 7891
Round off to the nearest tenths:
3.1416, 745.1324, 8.345, 67.47
Table 1 – Systeme International (SI) prefixes.

Prefix Symbol Factor
Atto a 10-18
femto f 10-15
pico p 10-12
nano n 10-9
micro μ 10-6
milli m 10-3
centi c 10-2
deci d 10-1
deka da 101
hecto h 102
kilo k 103
mega M 106
giga G 109
tera T 1012
peta P 1015
exa E 1018
Evaluation (20 minutes)

Conversion of units
A snail moves 1 cm every 20 seconds. What is this in in/s? Decide how to re-
port the answer (that is, let the students round off their answers according to
their preference).

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GENERAL PHYSICS 1

Units, Physical Quantities, Measurement, Errors and Uncertainties, Graphical Pre-

Materials Ruler, meter stick, tape measure, timer

Procedure Meeting Learners

Length – 1 meter is defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum

Time – 1 second is defined as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the microwave ra-

Mass – 1 kg is defined to be the mass of a cylinder of platinum-iridium

Length – 1 meter is defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum

Time – 1 second is defined as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the microwave ra-

Mass – 1 kg is defined to be the mass of a cylinder of platinum-iridium

How many inches are there in 3 meters?

3. Rounding off numbers

Discuss the rules of rounding off numbers:

Round off to the nearest 10:

Table 1 – Systeme International (SI) prefixes.

Evaluation (20 minutes)

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