Latin Project 1002

Latin Project 1002
By: Traci Powell
Verbs
Perfect Active System:
The Perfect system of verbs is a way of showing an action that has already been
completed by using the third principal part of a dictionary entry. The difference between the
perfect and present tense is that they use different stems and endings that encompass variating
meanings.
Stems and Their Correlating Principal Parts

Present Stem First Principal Part
Perfect Active Third Principal Part
Perfect Passive Fourth Principal Part
Voice:
The voice is a representation of correlation between a subject and the action that the verb
is expressing. There are two different voices which are active and passive. When it is an active
voice, the subject is acting on something else. Passive is when the subject is the one receiving the
action.
Deponent Verbs:
A deponent verb is one that appears to be passive but translates as active.
Irregular Verbs: All irregular verbs are irregular in the present tense and specifically, sum and
possum are irregular in the present system entirely. All irregular verbs however are regular in the
perfect tense.
All irregular verbs are intransitive

1. sum, esse, fuī, futūrus to be, exist
2. possum, posse, potuī to be able, can
3. vollō, velle, voluī to want, wish, be willing
4. nōlō, nōlle, noluī to not want, to be unwilling
5. mālō, mālle, maluī to prefer, want [something] more
6. eō, īre, iī, itūrus to go
7. ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus to bring, carry, bear; endure
Participles
Participles are verbal adjectives that contain characteristics of both adjectives and a verb. The
participle and noun object being modified must agree in case, number, and gender. The stem
originates from the verb and the ending is from an adjective.
Part of Speech Stem and Ending:

- Present Active Participle - present stem + -ns, -ntis
- Perfect Passive Participle - participle stem + -us, -a, -um
- Future Active Participle - participle stem + ūr + us, -a, -um
Ablative Absolute:
This use of the participle is created by combining a participle and a noun in the ablative
case. The absolute portion of the name implies that it will be free from the rest of the sentence.
Sentence Example:
- Bellō finītō, omnēs gaudent.
- The bolded portion is the participle in the form of an ablative absolute. This form
of participle stands alone from the sentence.
- Hostēs captī arma dēmīsērunt.
- The bolded word in this sentence is the participle and it is modifying an object in
this sentence.
Expressions of Time & Space
Accusative:
When used in a sentence as an expression of time, the accusative represents a length of
time. Sometimes this is shown with the preposition per.
- Trēs annōs manēbāmus.
- We stayed for three years.
- Per annum labōrābam.
- I worked throughout the year.
Ablative:
When used in a sentence, the ablative expression of time is used as a representation of a
time when or signaling a point in time. It can also be used to represent a time within which or a
range of time something occurred.
- Agricola prīmā lūce labōrat.
- The farmer works at first light (= dawn).
- Tertiō annō templum aedificāvērunt.
- They built the temple during the third year.
Dependent Clauses
Independent vs. Dependent Clauses:

An independent clause is a part of a sentence that, if singled out, could stand alone;
however, a dependent clause is one that relies on the main clause for better comprehension and
adds to the main clause.
Adverbial Dependent Clause:

An adverbial dependent clause is one that modifies a verb in the main clause. These
dependent clauses begin with a subordinating conjunction to connect the main clause and
dependent clause. These conjunctions are better known as clause markers. The clause begins
with a clause marker and usually ends at the first verb following the marker; however this may
not be true if the verb follows directly behind the marker.
Clause Markers:
- antequam
- cum
- dum
- postquam
- quia
- quod
- sī
- ubi
Adverbial Dependent Clause Examples:

1. Poēta tibi hoc carmen dedit dum in tuā casā sumus.
a. The dependent clause in this sentence begins with “dum” and ends at the next
verb which is “sumus”
Adjectival (relative) Dependent Clause:
An adjectival dependent clause otherwise known as a relative clause is used to modify a
noun in the main clause and acting just like an adjective. Adjectival clauses begin directly after
the noun it modifies starting with a relative pronoun which usually agrees with the modified
noun in gender and number. The antecedent is the noun being modified in the main clause. The
relative pronoun gets its number and gender from the antecedent however the case is determined
from its own use in the sentence. In the case that an antecedent is not present, the relative
pronoun will work with the main clause.
Relative Dependent Clause Example:

1. Paucī omnia quae incipiunt finiunt.
a. The relative clause begins with the marker “quae” which follows the antecedent
“omnia”.
Noun (infinitive) Clauses:

1. Indirect Statement
a. An noun clause: indirect statement is a clause with an infinitive verb and an
accusative object with verbs that express saying, thinking, and perceiving.
b. The subject of infinitives are in the nominative and accusative case.
2. Objective Infinitive
a. Verbs that have the meaning “to order” or “to wish” that frequently appear with
the infinitive clause as their object.
3. Noun (infinitive) Clause Examples:
a. Nōlunt nōs venīre.
i. The noun clause in this sentence is nōs venīre.
b. Caesar respondit sē ventūrum esse.
i. The noun clause in this sentence is sē ventūrum esse.
Degrees of Adjectives & Adverbs
Adjectives:
- Positive “big”:
- An adjective that functions just like normal and is used as a simple modifier.
- Comparative “bigger”
- Comparative adjectives are formed by adding -ior or -ius to the stem. This degree
of adjective always uses the third declension endings.
- Superlative “biggest”
- Superlative adjectives are formed by adding -issim- to the stem which is then
followed by the first and second declension endings. These decline like bonus,
bona, bonum.
Adverbs
- Positive
- Many adverbs are formed using adjectives
- 1st and 2nd declension adjectives add -ē to the stem
- 3rd declension adds -(i)ter to the stem
- Comparative
- Comparative adverbs end in -ius and are the same as the accusative singular
neuter form of the comparative adjective.
- Superlative
- Superlative adverbs are created by replacing the superlative adjective ending with
an -ē.
Comparison:
1. ‘Than’ can be expressed using “quam” with a comparative adjective or adverb
2. When the comparative degree is followed by an ablative this can also signal the use of
than.
Quam + superlative
- Quam + superlative has the meaning “as . . . as possible”.

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Latin Project 1002

By: Traci Powell

Stems and Their Correlating Principal Parts

Perfect Active Third Principal Part

Perfect Passive Fourth Principal Part

All irregular verbs are intransitive

Part of Speech Stem and Ending:

Expressions of Time & Space

Independent vs. Dependent Clauses:

Adverbial Dependent Clause:

Adverbial Dependent Clause Examples:

Relative Dependent Clause Example:

Noun (infinitive) Clauses:

Degrees of Adjectives & Adverbs

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