PARTS OF SPEECH

1. A noun is a part of speech that denotes a person, animal, place, thing, or idea. The
English word noun has its roots in the Latin word nomen, which means name. Every
language has words that are nouns.
Proper Nouns
Proper nouns are nouns that refer to specific entities. Writers of English capitalize
proper nouns like Nebraska, Steve, Harvard, or White House to show their distinction
from common nouns.
Common Nouns
Common nouns refer to general, unspecific categories of entities. Whereas Nebraska is
a proper noun because it signifies a specific state, the word state itself is a common
noun because it can refer to any of the 50 states in the United States. Harvard refers to
a particular institution of higher learning, while the common noun university can refer to
any such institution.
Compound Nouns
A compound noun contains two or more words which join together to make a single
noun. Compound nouns can be words written together (closed form) such
as softball and toothpaste, words that are hyphenated (hyphenated form) such as sixpack and son-in-law, or separate words (open form) such as post office and upper
class that go together by meaning.
Countable Nouns
To linguists, these count nouns can occur in both single and plural forms, can be
modified by numerals, and can co-occur with quantificational determiners like many,
most, more, several, etc.
Collective Nouns
In general, collective nouns are nouns that refer to a group of something in a specific
manner. Often, collective nouns are used to refer to groups of animals. Consider the
following sentences.

2. Gender of Noun
masculinefeminine: here nouns that denote specifically male persons (or animals)
are normally of masculine gender; those that denote specifically female persons (or
animals) are normally of feminine gender; and nouns that denote something that does
not have any sex, or do not specify the sex of their referent, have come to belong to one
or other of the genders, in a way that may appear arbitrary.[13][14] Examples of languages
with such a system include most of the modern Romance languages, the Baltic
languages, the Celtic languages, Hindustani, and the Afroasiatic languages.
commonneuter: here a masculinefeminineneuter system previously existed, but the
distinction between masculine and feminine genders has been lost (they have merged
into what is called common gender). Thus nouns denoting people are usually of
common gender, whereas other nouns may be of either gender. Examples
include Danish and Swedish (see Gender in Danish and Swedish), and to some extent
Dutch (see Gender in Dutch grammar). The merger of masculine and feminine in these
languages can be considered a reversal of the original split in Proto-Indo-European
3. Uses of noun
The subject(s) can be expressed through the use of common nouns, proper nouns, or
pronouns. 1) Noun represents the name of a place, a person, a thing, or an idea. a)
Common Noun refers to any place, person, thing, idea, etc.
An objective complement can be a noun or an adjective which follows the direct
object renaming or modifying it. It is used with verbs like make, name, call, choose,
elect, and appoint.
A noun or pronoun used as a direct object tells who or what is receiving the action of
the verb. Let's look at an example: The little boy sang a song. In this sentence, the verb
shows the action sang.
ever use subjective pronouns as direct objects. ... She is the subject, kisses is the
action verb and me is the direct object. Indirect objects. Indirect
objects are nouns or pronouns that identify to whom or for whom the action of the verb
is performed, as well as who is receiving the direct object.

An objective complement can be a noun or an adjective which follows the direct

object renaming or modifying it. It is used with verbs like make, name, call, choose,
elect, and appoint.

4. Pronouns
What is a Pronoun?
In grammar, a pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for
a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as the pronouns antecedent.
How is this possible? In a nutshell, its because pronouns can do everything that nouns
can do. A pronoun can act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of
the preposition, and more.

Types of Pronouns
Pronouns can be divided into numerous categories including:

Indefinite pronouns those referring to one or more unspecified

objects, beings, or places

Personal pronouns those associated with a certain person, thing, or

group; all except you have distinct forms that indicate singular or plural
number

Reflexive pronouns those preceded by the adverb, adjective,

pronoun, or noun to which they refer, and ending in self or selves

Demonstrative pronouns those used to point to something specific

within a sentence

Possessive pronouns those designating possession or ownership

Relative pronouns those which refer to nouns mentioned
previously, acting to introduce an adjective (relative) clause

Interrogative pronouns those which introduce a question

Reciprocal pronouns those expressing mutual actions or

relationship; i.e. one another

Intensive pronouns those ending in self or selves and that serve

to emphasize their antecedents
verb
a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of
the predicate of a sentence, such as hear, become, happen.
verb
use (a word that is not conventionally used as a verb, typically a noun) as a verb.
"any English noun can be verbed, but some are more resistant than others"

Kinds of Verbs
A verb is an important part of an English question or sentence. Actually, it is likely that
all questions and sentences have a verb in it. This highlights how important verbs can
be. It signals an occurrence, an action or a state of being in the sentence or question.

Action Verbs
As the names suggest, action verbs primarily express action. For instance, sit, eat,
cycle, etc. They describe things and actions that occur rather than the state of
something. An action verb is primarily applied in a progressive aspect commonly used
for all actions that are in progress. Most of the action verbs are categorized as transitive
or intransitive. What this means is that, some verbs are used along with direct objects
while others dont. The object here can be a thing or a person receiving an action of a
certain subject.

Auxiliary Verbs & Lexical Verb

Among the many kinds of verbs in English, auxiliary verbs and lexical verbs are very
useful.
Linking Verbs
Since linking verbs, also referred to as copulas or copular verbs, don't
function in the same way as typical verbs in showing action, it can
sometimes be tricky to recognize them
Simple Forms
Present Tense
Present tense expresses an unchanging, repeated, or reoccurring action or situation that exists
only now. It can also represent a widespread truth.
Past Tense
Past tense expresses an action or situation that was started and finished in the past. Most past
tense verbs end in -ed. The irregular verbs have special past tense forms which must be
memorized.
Future Tense
Future tense expresses an action or situation that will occur in the future. This tense is formed by
using will/shall with the simple form of the verb.

The speaker of the House will finish her term in May of 1998.
The future tense can also be expressed by using am, is, or are with going to.
The surgeon is going to perform the first bypass in Minnesota.
We can also use the present tense form with an adverb or adverbial phrase to show future time.
The president speaks tomorrow. (Tomorrow is a future time adverb.)
Present Progressive Tense
Present progressive tense describes an ongoing action that is happening at the same time the
statement is written. This tense is formed by using am/is/are with the verb form ending in -ing.
The sociologist is examining the effects that racial discrimination has
on society.

Past Progressive Tense

Past progressive tense describes a past action which was happening when another action
occurred. This tense is formed by using was/were with the verb form ending in -ing.
The explorer was explaining the lastest discovery in Egypt when
protests began on the streets.
Future Progressive Tense
Future progressive tense describes an ongoing or continuous action that will take place in the
future. This tense is formed by using will be or shall be with the verb form ending in -ing.
Perfect Forms
Present Perfect Tense
Present perfect tense describes an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past or that
began in the past and continues in the present.This tense is formed by using has/have with
the past participle of the verb. Most past participles end in -ed. Irregular verbs have special
past participles that must be memorized.
Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense describes an action that took place in the past before another past action. This
tense is formed by using had with the past participle of the verb.
By the time the troops arrived, the war had ended.
Future Perfect Tense
Future perfect tense describes an action that will occur in the future before some other action.
This tense is formed by using will have with the past participle of the verb.
By the time the troops arrive, the combat group will have spent several
weeks waiting.
Perfect Progressive Forms
Present Perfect Progressive
Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the
present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by using has/have been and
the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing).
The CEO has been considering a transfer to the state of Texas where
profits would be larger.
Past Perfect Progressive

Past perfect progressive tense describes a past, ongoing action that was completed before some
other past action. This tense is formed by using had been and the present perfect of the verb
(the verb form ending in -ing).
Before the budget cuts, the students had been participating in many
extracurricular activities.
Future Perfect Progressive
Future perfect progressive tense describes a future, ongoing action that will occur before some
specified future time. This tense is formed by using will have been and the present participle of
the verb (the verb form ending in -ing).
Subject verb agreement simply means the subject and verb must agree in
number. This means both need to be singular or both need to be plural.
Subject/Verb Agreement Examples
Here are some examples of subject verb agreement (the subject is bolded
and the verb underlined):

My dog always growls at the postal carrier.

Basketballs roll across the floor.
I dont understand the assignment.
These clothes are too small for me.
Peter doesnt like vegetables.
Compound Subjects
Compound subjects (two subjects in the same sentence) usually take a plural
verb, unless the combination is treated as singular in popular usage or the
two subjects refer to the same thing or person. Here are some examples of
subject verb agreement with compound subjects:

Sugar and flour are needed for the recipe.

Neither my dad nor my brothers know how to ski.
Pepperoni and cheese are great on a pizza.
Corned beef and cabbage is a traditional meal in Ireland. (popular
usage)
The creator and producer is arriving soon. (both refer to same
person)

When using or or nor in a compound subject containing a singular and

plural subject, the verb agrees with the closest subject. Examples of
compound subjects using or, neither-nor, or either-or include:

My mom or dad is coming to the play. (singular)

Neither gray nor white is my favorite color. (singular)
Either Grandpa or my sisters are going to the park. (closest subject
is plural)
Either my sisters or Grandpa is going to the park. (closest subject is
singular)
Neither she nor I am going to college. (closest subject is singular)
Singular Indefinite Pronouns
Here are some examples of subject verb agreement with singular indefinite
pronouns:

Each gets a trophy for playing.

Somebody will pay for this.
Anybody is more fun than you.
Something is very wrong here.
Everybody enjoys a good book.
Nothing has been determined as of yet.
Plural Indefinite Prounouns
Here are some examples of subject verb agreement with plural indefinite
pronouns:

Both are qualified for the job.

Many went to the beach and got sunburned.
Few know what it really takes to get ahead.
Several are already on location.
Some sugar is required for taste. (sugar is uncountable so singular
verb used)
Most of the cookies were eaten. (cookies are countable so plural verb
used)
Midsentence Phrase or Clause

Here are some examples of subject verb agreement with a phrase or clause
between the subject and verb:

A theory of physics ascertains that a body in motion stays in motion.

A virus in all the companys computers is a real threat to security.
The causes of this prevalent disease are bad diet and lack of exercise.
The couch and chair I got at the store look really nice in here.
The members of the choir are very happy with the performance.
Collective Nouns
Collective nouns can be singular or plural depending on meaning. Here are
some examples of subject verb agreement with collective nouns:

The
The
The
The
The

committee meets here every Thursday. (singular)

crowd is getting angry. (singular)
jury has finally reached a decision. (singular)
majority rules most of the time. (plural)
staf have gone their separate ways for the holidays. (plural)

Inverted Subjects
Here are some examples of subject verb agreement with inverted subjects
where the subject follows the verb:

There are seven clean plates in the dining room.

There is a hair in my lasagna.
Over the rainbow flies a bird.
How are the employees enjoying the new building?
A good gift is a gift card.
Subject/verb agreement is essential to ensure that a sentence is
grammatically correct. To learn more and see more examples, check out
these articles - 20 Rules of Subject Verb Agreement and Subject Verb
Agreement.