SURYADATTA NATIONAL SCHOOL

A.Y. 2022- 23
STANDARD XII CHEMISTRY JOURNAL

INDEX
EXPT TITLE OF EXPERIMENT DATE PAGE NO
NO
11 To determine enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid
(HCl) and strong base (NaOH)
12 To determine heat of displacement (enthalpy change) of
Cu (copper) from CuSO4, solution by Zn (Zinc)
13 To prepare crystals of ferrous ammonium sulphate
(Mohr’s Salt)
14 To prepare of 2-naphthol aniline dye

EXPERIMENT NO 11
AIM : To determine enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid (HCl) and strong base

(NaOH)

THEORY : Enthalpy of neutralization is change in enthalpy when 1 mole of an acid is

neutralized by one mole of base or vice versa.
For example
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H 2 O.

Enthalpy of neutralization of all strong acids v/s strong bases is the same because in all cases
the net reaction is the same i.e.,

H+ (aq) + OH– (aq) → H2O ∆H = - 57.3 kJ

APPARATUS : 250 ml beakers, thermometer (1/10 th °C), polythene bottle, measuring cylinder,
glass rod.

CHEMICALS : 1M HCl solution, 1M NaOH solution, distilled water.

PROCEDURE :

1. Determination of water equivalent of calorimeter .

● Take 100 ml of water in a polythene bottle.
● Fix a rubber cork with two holes in a polythene bottle.
 ● Fix a thermometer in one hole of the rubber cork in such a way that its bottom is
dipped in water in polythene bottle.
● Suspend the glass stirrer through the other hole of the rubber cork.
● Note the temperature of water (t1).
● Heat 100 ml of water in another beaker to a temperature 10-15°C above room
temperature
● Note the temperature (t2) and quickly pour the warm water into the water kept
in polythene bottle.
● Stir and note the final temperature (t3).
2. Take 100 ml of 1M HCl solution in a beaker and place it in polythene bottle. Note the
temperature (t4’).
3. Take 100 ml of 1M NaOH solution in another beaker and place it in another polythene
bottle. Note its temperature (t4”).
4. Transfer NaOH into the polythene bottle contain HCl. Stir the contents and note the
temperature (t5).

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION :

Water equivalent of calorimeter as calculated = W g

Volume of N/2 HCl = 100 ml

Volume of N/2 N NaOH = 100 ml

t 4 ’+t 4 ”
Mean temperature of HCl + NaOH =
2
= t4°C

Temperature of mixture = t5°C

Heat evolved during neutralization = (200 + W) x (t5 – t4) x 4.2 J

= _______ Q Joules.

Q x 1000 x 2
Heat evolved when 1 mole HCl is neutralized =
100
J

Q x 1000 x 2
= 100 x 1000 J
2Q
= 100 J

RESULT :

Heat / enthalpy change of neutralization of HCl with NaOH = _______ kJ

PRECAUTION :
 1. Normatlity of HCl and NaOH should be equal.
2. Note the temperature reading carefully.
3. Stirring should be done slowly and gently.
4. The temperature of acid and base should be allowed to equilibrate before mixing.

EXPERIMENT NO 12
AIM: To determine heat of displacement (enthalpy change) of Cu (copper) from CuSO 4, solution
by Zn (Zinc)

THEORY : Elements having lower values of standard reduction potential can displace another
element from its solution having higher value of standard reduction potential. Zinc dissolves in
the solution of copper sulphate by liberating heat of displacement and copper gets
precipitated.

APPARATUS : Polythene bottle and thermometer.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED : Zinc powder, 0.2 M Copper sulphate solution

PROCEDURE:

Wash polythene bottle with water. Take 25 ml of 0.2 M CuSO 4, in the polythene bottle and
shake well, record its temperature using thermometer as t 10C. Take 1g ofzinc dust (powder),
add it to the CuSO4, solution in polythene bottle and shake well. Record the maximum
temperature of solution as t2°C. The blue colour of the solution fades and it becomes colourless.
Copper metal gets deposited.
RESULT:

EXPERIMENT NO 13
AIM : To prepare crystals of ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s Salt)

THEORY : Ferrous ammounium sulphate (Mohr’s Salt ) is a double salt of ferrous sulphate

and ammonium sulphate with six molecules of water of crystallization i.e. FeSO 4 .
(NH4)2SO4 . 6H2O. It is formed by dissolving an equimolar mixture of hydrated
ferrous sulphate and ammonium sulphate in water containing a little sulphuric
acid. It has light bluish green colour and gives Fe 2+, NH4+, (SO4)2- ions on dissolving
in water.

FeSO4 . 7H2O + (NH4)2SO4 → FeSO4 . (NH4)2SO4 . 6H2O

278 g 132 g 392 g

APPARATUS : Two 100 ml beakers, glass rod, china dish, funnel, tripod stand, wire gauze,
gas burner, filter paper, measuring cylinder.

CHEMICALS : 1 gm Ferrous sulphate, 0.5 gm ammonium sulphate, 1ml dil. Sulphuric acid
10 ml of distilled water
PROCEDURE :

1. Take 1 gm of Ferrous Sulphate and 0.5 gm of Ammonium sulphate in a clean 100 ml

beaker.
2. Add to it about 1ml of dil. Sulphuric acid (to prevent hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate).
3. Boil about 10 ml of distilled water in another 100 ml beaker for 5 minutes.
4. Add the boiling water into the first beaker containing salt and dil. H 2SO4 and stir with
glass rod.
5. Filter the hot solution into a china dish to remove impurities, if any.
6. Heat the solution in the china dish till saturation point (tested with a glass rod).
7. Keep the china dish aside for cooling. If a crust is formed, this indicates crystallization
point.
8. Remove the crystals and dry by pressing between filter paper.
9. Weigh the crystals obtained.

OBSERVATION AND RESULT :

Colour of the crystals = Light bluish green

Shape of the crystals = Monoclinic

Weight of the crystals = _x___ gm

x∗100
Percentage yield =
X

392
(Theoretical yield = * 1 = X g)
278

PRECAUTION :

1. Do not forget to add dil sulphuric acid to ferrous sulphate before adding water, to
prevent hydrolysis.
2. Use only boiled water for dissolving salts to prevent oxidation of ferrous sulphate.
3. Cooling should be done slowly to get good quality of crystals.
4. During cooling solution should not be disturbed.

EXPERIMENT NO 14
Aim: To prepare of 2-naphthol aniline dye
Theory: 2-Naphyhol aniline dye is an azo compound and it is a scarlet red dye. It is mainly used
for dyeing textiles. It contains the characteristic group. Azo compounds have an extended
conjugated system and are often coloured and are used as dyes. These compounds are
prepared by the reaction known as coupling reaction. 2-Naphthol aniline dye is prepared from
aniline.

Aniline is first converted to diazonium salt by treating it with nitrous acid at >5oC. Nitrous acid
is produced in the reaction mixture by the reaction of sodium nitrite with hydrochloric acid. The
procession of conversion of aromatic primary amines into diazonium salt is known as
diazotisation. This benzene diazonium compound undergoes a coupling reaction with 2-
Naphthol to form 2-Naphyhol aniline dye.

Materials Required:

 Aniline -4.5ml
 sodium nitrite- 4g
 2-Naphthol -7g
 conc.HCl -10ml
 Conical flask
 Beaker
 Buchner funnel
 Bunsen burner
 Filter paper

Procedure
Real Lab Procedure

1. Take 4.5g of aniline, 10ml of Conc. HCl and 20ml of water in a conical flask. Cool this
solution to 5oC by placing the flask in ice-cold water.
2. In a 100ml beaker, dissolve 4g of sodium nitrite in 20ml water and then cool this
solution to 5oC.
3. Slowly add sodium nitrite solution to the solution of aniline in Conc.HCl. A diazotized
solution is formed.
4. In a 250ml beaker dissolve 7g of 2-naphthol in 60ml of 10% NaOH solution and cool this
solution to 5oC.
5. Then add the diazotized solution to the naphthol solution while stirring constantly.
Immediately a deep red colour develops and the 2-Naphthol aniline dye rapidly
separates as red crystals.
6. Allow the above mixture to stand in a freezing mixture for 30minutes, while stirring
occasionally. Filter the solution through a Buchner funnel and wash the precipitate with
water and dry it.
7. Recrystallisation of 2-naphthol aniline dye: Take about 40ml of acetic acid in a beaker
and add a small amount of the precipitate into it. Warm the contents of the beaker to
 get a clear solution. Then filter the hot solution and cool the filtrate in ice. Red coloured
crystals of 2-Naphthol aniline dye separate. Wash the crystals with ethanol and then dry
the crystals by placing them between filter papers and measure the weight of the
crystals obtained.

Chemical Reaction

Observation
The weight of 2-Naphthol aniline dye = _____________ g.
Precaution

 The solution of aniline in hydrochloric acid should be cooled to 5 oC, and this
temperature should be maintained throughout the addition of sodium nitrite solution.
 Addition of sodium nitrite should be very slow because the reaction is exothermic and
may cause the temperature to rise.
 Always add diazonium chloride solution to 2-naphthol solution for dye formation and
not vice-versa.

NOTE : TAKE VALUE AS RECORDED DURING PRACTICAL AND THEN PERFORM CALCULATION

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