AngHari

ngbay
an,
Decl
arat
iondat
edMar
ch23,
1897(
The“
Act
a
deTej
eros”
)
Sour
ce:
Phot
ogr
aphsoft
heor
igi
nal
document
.

Thedocumentt ranscr
ibedbelowdoesnotbearanyheadi ngort i
tl
e,but
i
swi del yknownast he“ActadeTej eros.”Itproclaimst hattheconv enti
onheld
atTej erosthepr eviousdayhadbeensodi sorderly,sot arnishedby
skulldugger y,t
hatitsdeci si
onswer eill
egitimateandi nv al
id.Pat r
iotswho
remai nt r
uet otheideal softheKat i
punan, thesignat oriesinef fectaffi
rm,
shoul dnotr ecognizet hegov ernmentorr epublicinstitutedatt heconv enti
on,
andshoul ddisregardt heelectionofitsleaders–Emi l
ioAgui naldoas
President ;MarianoTr iasasVi ce-
President;Artemi oRi carteasCapt ain
Gener al;Emi l
i
anoRi egodeDi osasDi rectorofWar ;andAndr esBoni f
acioas
Directoroft heInterior.

TheTejerosconvent
ionwasapivotalev enti
nthePhili
ppi
nerevol
uti
on,
andit
sconsequencesremaincont
enti
oust ot hisday.Becauset
he
prot
estat
ionsvoicedi
nthe“Act
a”ul
ti
mat elyfailedtonul
li
fyi
tsoutcome,i
t

1
wast hepoi ntatwhi cht heov eral
lleader shi
pofthest
ruggleagainstSpai n
passedf rom theKat ipunant ot henascentgov er
nment ,
andf r
om Boni facioto
Aguinaldo.Andi thadadeepersi gnif
icancebeyondorganizati
onalstructures
andper sonalit
ies,somenat ionali
sthistor i
ansar
gue,becauseitsymbol ized
theseizureoft herev oluti
onar ymov ementbyt heCavit
eñoel i
te,andthe
defeatoft herevolutionoft hemasses. 1

Hereiti
snotintendedtor evi
sitthedebat esaboutclassandideology,
ortoattempttogiveanov ervi
ewoft her evolut
ioninCavit
e, butrat
herto
focusont heTejer
osconv enti
onandi tspolit
icsinthenarrowsense–onhow
thedelegateswereali
gned, onit
sout come, andont hi
sangr yrepudi
ati
on,the
“Acta,
”writt
eninit
simmedi ateaf t
ermat h.

Abov ethesignaturesont he“Acta”arepennedt hewor ds“ AngHari

ng
bayan”(“TheSov ereignPeople”),whichsuggeststhatthesignator i
esprof
ess
tobev oi
cingthewi l
lofthenationatlarge.Theyissuet heproclamat i
on,t
oo,
“i
nt henameoft heKat i
punan.”Butmosti nsist
entlytheyspeakandacton
behalfofthepar ti
culart
erri
tori
al uni
twithi
ntheKat i
punantheycal lt
he
Magdi wangPr esidency.“Wer ati
f yt
hisdocument,”theyaff
irm, “undera
bindingoathtocommi tourliv
esandweal t
ht othedefenceandsuppor tofour
saidPresidency.”TheMagdi wangst ampi simpressedont hef r
ontpage.

Whatatfirstsighti
smostpuzzl ingaboutt he“Acta”ist
hatitrejectsthe
outcomeofaconv enti
onatwhi chMagdiwangpar t
isanshadsupposedl ybeen
i
nacl earmajorit
y .Whenoner eadsthegroundsadv ancedbythesignat or
ies
fornulli
fyi
ngt hepr oceedi
ngs–dar kconspir
acies,i
neligi
bleel
ector
s, pre-
mar kedballotpaper s-thequest i
onsthatrepeatedl
yspr i
ngtomindar e
therefore“Whydi dy ou,asleadersoftheMagdi wang, all
owthesethingst o
happen?Whydi dy oulosecont rol
?”

1
Givent hepauci tyofdocument aryev idenceonTej eros, thekeypr imar ysour cesr emai nt he
memoi r
soff ourpr otagoni sts-Ar temioRi car te, Hi
magsi kannangmangaPi lipinol abansa
Kast ila( Yokohama: “Kar ihanCaf é”,1927) ; Sant iagoV.Al v ar
ez, TheKat ipunanandt he
Revol ution:Thememoi rsofagener al,tr
ansl atedbyPaul aCar ol
inaS.Mal ay( Mani l
a: Ateneo
deMani l
aUni ver sityPr ess, 1992) ;EmilioAgui naldo, Mgaguni tanghi magsi kan( Mani la:
Cr i
st i
naAgui nal doSunt ay ,1964) ;andCar losRonqui l
lo, I
langt alat atungkolsapaghi himagsi k
nang1896- 1897, editedbyI sagani R.Medi na, (QuezonCi t y:Univer si
tyoft hePhi lippines
Pr ess, 1996) .Ther eferencesher et oAlvar ez’ swor kar et ohi sor iginal 1927Tagal ogt ext,as
repr oducedi nt he1992edi tion,andt het ransl at i
onsdepar tinsomei nst ancesf rom Mal ay’s.
Not abl econt ribut ionst ot hev olumi noussecondar yl iterat ur
ei ncludeTeodor oA.Agonci l
lo,
TheRevol toft heMasses:Thest or yofAndr esBoni faci oandt heKat ipunan( QuezonCi ty:
Uni ver sityoft hePhi l
ippi nesPr ess, 1956) ;TheWr i
ti
ngsandTr ialofAndr esBoni facio,
transl atedbyTeodor oA.Agonci l
lowi t
ht hecol laborat ionofS. V.Epi st ola( Mani la: AntonioJ.
Villegas; Mani l
aBoni f acioCent enni alCommi ssion; Uni ver si
tyoft hePhi l
ippi nes, 1963) ;Car l
os
Qui rino, TheYoungAgui nal do:From Kawi tt oBi yak-na- Bat o(Mani l
a: Agui nal doCent enni al
Year , 1969) ;
Al fredoB.Saul o,Emi l
ioAgui nal do:Gener al i
ssi moandPr esi dentoft heFi rst
Phi li
ppi neRepubl i
c–Fi rstRepubl i
ci nAsi a( QuezonCi t y
: Phoeni xPubl i
shi ngHouse, 1983) ;
GlennAnt honyMay ,Invent ingaHer o:Thepost humousr e-creationofAndr esBoni f
acio
(Madi son: Cent erf orSout heastAsi anSt udi es, Univer sityofWi sconsi n-Madi son, 1996) ;
Mi lagr osC.Guer rero, “TheKat i
punanRev olut ion”inKasay sayan:Thest oryoft heFi li
pino
peopl e,v ol.V( [HongKong] :AsiaPubl i
shi ngCompany ,1998) ,
171–97; Ambet hR.Ocampo,
TheCent enni alCount down( PasigCi ty:Anv i
l Publ i
shi ng, 1998) ;andGl ennAnt honyMay ,
“War farebyPul ong:Boni facio,Agui naldoandt hePhi lippi neRev ol uti
onagai nstSpai n,”
Phi li
ppi neSt udi es, 55:4( 2007) ,449–77.

2
 Acl
oserl
ookattheTej
erosdr
ama,
howev
er,
suggest
sthatt
hesemi
ght
bet
hewr
ongquest
ionstoask.

Magdi
wangandMagdal
o

TheMagdi wangf i
rstcamei ntoexi stenceasanor di narybalangay
(branch)oft heKat i
punani nthet ownofNov eleta,const i
tut edonApr il2,1896
atacer emonypr esi
dedov erbyBoni facio.Thef oll
owi ngday ,Bonifacio
presidedov erasi mil
arcer emonyi nthenei ghbor ingt ownofKawi t
, atwhi ch
theMagdal obranchwasi naugur ated.Gr owi ngr apidly,thet wobr anches
wer esoonel evatedtot hest atusofpopul arcounci l
s( Sanguni anBay an),
whi chmeantt heycoul df or m branchesoft hei rownandest abli
sht heirown
areasofj uri
sdicti
on.Thedemar cati
onbet weent hetwocounci l
sbecame
mor epr onouncedandf ormal izedi nt hecour seoft heear lyengagement swith
Spani shforcesinSept emberandOct ober1896, andev enmor esooncet he
prov i
nceofCav i
tehadbeenl i
ber atedf rom Spani shaut hority.The
Magdi wangandMagdal ocounci lsthent ransformedt hemsel vesint oregional
gov ernments,eachwi tht heirownpr esidents,cabi nets,of f
icial
s,mi li
taryunits
and, t
oadegr eeatleast ,mut uallyagr eedt erri
tories.

From i
tscapi t
alsinnor t
hernCav i
te–atf ir
stNov eletaandl aterSan
FranciscodeMal abon–t heMagdi wangcounci lextendeditsi nfl
uence
southwar dsandwest war dstothet ownsofRosar io,Tanza,Nai k,Ternate,
Mar agondon, Bailen,Magallanes,IndangandAl f
onso, andal sot oNasugbu,
TuyandLooki nthepr ovi
nceofBat angas.TheMagdal ocounci l
,simil
ar l
y,
fr
om i tscapit
alsi nnorthernCav i
te–atf i
rstKawi tandlaterImus–ext ended
i
tsinf l
uencesout hwardsandeast war dstot hetownsofCar mona,
Dasmar i
ñas,Silang,AmadeoandMendez .Northwar ds,t
heMagdi wang
count edSanRoquewi thi
nitsjuri
sdi ct
ion,andMagdal ocount edBacoor .The
west ernpartoft heprov i
nce,inbroadt erms, wasMagdi wangt erri
tory,andthe
easter npartwasMagdal o.

Theoft-recount edr i
valr
ybet weentheMagdi wangandMagdal o, i
n
shor t
,wasconf inedt oar elat
ivelysmallgeogr
aphi calarea–t heprovinceof
Cav i
teandpar tsofBat angas.Norshoul dthelevel ofantagonism be
exagger ated.Fr ictionswer efr
equent ,
buttheynev erculminated,sof arasis
known, i
nphy sical v i
olence.Ther ewereti
mes, t
oo, whenr el
at i
onswer e
relati
velycordial,andwhenMagdi wangandMagdal ot r
oopsf oughtsideby
sideagai nsttheSpani shfoe.Thev agari
esofthisuneasyco- existence,it
mi ghtbear gued, assumedahi stori
csigni
fi
cancebey ondtheirduesimpl y
becauset heMagdi wangandMagdal ocouncil
sal one, i
nCav i
te,hadliberat
ed
anexpanseoft er ri
toryi nwhicht heyandrevol
utionistsfrom elsewherecould
mov eandcommuni catefreel
y, orcoul
dholdgather ingsli
ketheTej eros
conv enti
on.

TheMagdi
wang,
Andr
esBoni
faci
oandt
heKat
ipunanSupr
emeCounci
l

Andr
esBonif
aci
owasinv
itedt
oCavi
tebyt
heMagdi
wangpr
esi
dent
,
Mar
ianoAlvar
ez,
andfr
om t
heti
mehearri
vedint
hepr
ovi
ncei
nmid-

3
November1896hewascl osel
yassoci atedwi t
ht heMagdi wangcounci l
.2
He
tookupr esidence,andest abli
shedhi sheadquar ters,inSanFr anciscode
Malabon, theMagdi wangcapi tal,andhesomet i
mesl edMagdi wangt roopsi n
batt
le.Itismor ethanl ikel
yheal soat tendedmeet ingsoft heMagdi wang
council.Nodocument arysourceshav ey etbeenf ound, howev er,that
substantiatetheclai
msofAgui nal doandot herMagdal opar ti
sanst hat
Bonifaciosomehowdi splacedMar ianoAl varezasov er all
headoft he
Magdi wangcounci l.
3
Thet i
tl
ebywhi chBoni f
aciowasmostwi del
yknowni n
Cavit
ewassi mply“ t
heSupr emo, ”andhi sstatusandaut hor i
ty,asthe
Magdi wangmemoi r
istsRicart
eandAl varezindi
cat e,derivedpr imaril
yf rom
hispositi
onasheadoft heSupr emeCounci loftheKat ipunan.Al v
ar ez,in
part
icular,consi
stentlydrawsanexpl i
citdisti
ncti
onbet weent heMagdi wang
governmentont heonehandandBoni f
aci oandtheKKKSupr emeCounci lon
theother.4

Itisnotknownwhet herBoni facioact edaloneint henameoft he

Supr emeCounci lwhilstinCav i
te,orwhet herheact uallyr econstit
utedthe
bodyatt hi
stime.Theonl yot herper sont heninCav i
tethoughtt ohav ebeena
Supr emeCounci lmemberi mmedi atelypriortother evolut i
onwasFr anci
sco
Carreon, butotherpossibleappoi ntees( asidefrom Cav iteños)coul dhave
beenAl ejandroSantiago( presi
dentoft heTondo- basedKat agalugancouncil
oftheKKKi n1896) ;Teodor oGonzal es( whohadbeenont heSupr eme
Counci laround1893- 5)
;Apol onioSamson( aKKKl eaderi nCal oocanand
Nov ali
ches)andBoni f
acio’sbrotherPr ocopi o(whohadheadedaKKKbr anch
i
nt heMani l
adistr
ictofSant aCr uz).

TheI
musassembl
y

Towar dst heendofDecember1896, Boni faciopr esi

dedov eran
assembl yofMagdi wangandMagdal oleader s, conv enedbyt heMagdal oin
theircapitalofI must odiscusswhet hert oret aint heexistingKat i
punan
structureort oest abl
ishar evolutionarygov er nment .
5
TheMagdi wang
favoredt hef ormeropt i
on, andtheMagdal ot hel atter,andaf t
erheat ed
exchangest hemeet i
ngbr okeupwi thoutr esol utionont hiskeypoi nt.
Nev ertheless, t
heassembl ydidagr ee,accor dingt oRicar t
eandAl varez,to
appointBoni faci
ot oheada“ l
egislati
vecommi ttee”or“ congress”(“Lupung
Tagapagbat as”or“ Kapulungan” )andt oaut hor izehi mt oappoi ntasi t
s
member s“ somepeopl eheconsi deredt obewor thy”( i
“l
angt aonginaakala

2
Manysourcesst at
et hatMar i
anoAlv arezwast heuncleofBoni facio’swi f
e,Gregor i
ade
Jesus,buthewasact uallytheuncleofhermot her,
Balt
azaraAl varez.Itisbelievedthat
Balt
azarawasl i
vinginCal oocan(inthepr ov i
nceofManila)inthey ear simmedi atelypri
orto
therevol
uti
on,butsheappar entl
ysti
ll vi
sitedNov el
etar
egularlyonbusi ness,asa“ vendedora
alpormenorenambul anci adegener osef ectosdeEuropaypr oduct osdelpaí syChi na.”See
Medina’snotesinRonqui l
lo,Il
angtalata,124; andEmmanuel FrancoCal ai
ro,Noveleta:Bayan
ngMagdi wang(Dasmar iñas, Cavi
te:
Cav it
eSt udi
esCenter,DeLaSal leUniversit
y )
,308–10.
3
Ronqui
l
l I
o,l
angt
alat
a,553;
Agui
nal Mgaguni
do, ta,
142;
Saul
o,Emi
l
ioAgui
nal
do,
119.
4
See,
forexampl
e,Al
var
ezTheKat
, ipunanandt
heRevol
uti
on,
326.
5
Thesenotesfol
lowtheusualcust
om ofref
erri
ngtot hegatheri
ngatI
musasan“assembl
y”
andtothegather
ingatTej
erosasa“ conv
enti
on,”buttheTagalogsour
cesuset
hesame
wordsf h–pul
orbot ong(meetng)andkapul
i ungan( congress).

4
ni
yangkar
apat
-dapat
”).
6
I
tisnotknownwhet
herBoni
faci
oev
erdi
dappoi
nt
member st othisbody ,orwhet heritevermet ,buti
nt heearlymonthsof1897
hewasusi ngthetit
le“Pr esidentoft heSupr emeCongr ess”( “
P.ngK.
Kapulungan”)andsomeofhi scommuni cationswer estampedwi t
haseal
beari
ngt hewor ds“Sov ereignNat i
onofKat agalugan–Supr emeCongr ess”
(“Har
ingBay anKat agalugan–Kat aastaasangKapul ungan”) .Evenifthe
Congressnev erconv ened–dueper hapst ot heexigenciesofwar–i tappears
thatBonifaci
obelievedt hati tshouldconv enewhenci r
cumst ancespermitt
ed,
andthatitwoul dbeast ept owar dsestablishingar evoluti
onarygovernment.

TheTej
erosconv
ent
ion:
(i)t
heagenda

ThreemonthsaftertheI
musassembl y,
onMar ch22,1897,leadi
ng
represent
ati
vesofthetwocouncilsconv enedagain,thistimeinMagdi wang
terr
itor
yatthecasahaciendainTejeros.Thoughi tsfatefulconsequencesar
e
wellknown,almosteveryt
hingel
seaboutt heconventionisshroudedindoubt,
notleastbecausethesourcesavai
lablearef ew,part
isanandconf li
cti
ng.

Oneoft hecrit
icaluncertai
nti
esaboutt heTejerosgatheri
ngisit
s
purpose,it
splannedagenda.Ri cart
eandAl varez–t heonlyactual
parti
cipant
stol eavememoi r
s–bot hsayt heorigi
nal i
ntent
ionwastodiscuss
howt odefendt heli
beratedterri
tor
yofCav it
eagainstt heSpanishoff
ensi
ve
thenbeingledbyGener alLachambre. Onl
7
yoncet heconv enti
onwasunder
way ,
theymaint ai
n,didtheideaofest abl
i
shingar evoluti
onarygover
nment
getmoot edandagr eed.

Thisv ersionofev ent s,howev er,i

scont radi ctedbyacont empor ary
l
ettert hatper tai
nst ot hei nvitat
iont otheTej erosmeet i
ng.Thi sl etter,sentby
thepr esidentoft heMagdal ocounci l,
Baldomer oAgui naldo( acousi nof
Emi li
o),toFel ixCuencaandMar ianoNor iel,
twopr omi nentMagdal omember s
i
nt het ownofBacoor ,clearlyindicatesthatt hefor mat ionofagov ernment
andt heel ectionofi tsleader swasment ionedi nt hei nvit
ation.Thef ull
Tagal ogt extoft hisletterisr eproducedasanaddendum t ot hesenot es.
Wr it
ingonMar ch21, 1897, Agui naldoinformsCuencaandNor i
el thathehad
receivedacopyoft hisinv i
tationt henightbef oref rom thepr esidentoft he
Magdi wangcounci l(Mar ianoAl v arez).“Wehav ebeeni nv i
ted,”Agui naldo
writes, “
togot omor row, the22nd, t
othehaci endaofTej eros”i nor dert oel ect
a“ Kggnapul ungannghi himacsi c(Gobiernor evoluci onario)atpul ungandi n
namannghi himacsi csabauathucuman( GobiernoPr ovincial)
”.Agui nal
do
asksCuencaandNor i
el toconsi derwhowoul dbewor thycandi dat es,
i
mpr essesupont hem t hei mpor tanceofgoi ngt ot heconv ent i
on( unlesst he
Spani shof fensivemadei ttoodanger oust otravel ),anddi rectst hem t osend

6
Ricart
e,Hi
magsikan,37.SeealsoAlvar TheKat
ez, ipunanandt heRevol ut
ion,306,whose
accountisver
ysi
mi l
ar.Ricar
te’
smemoi rwaspubli
shedi ninstal
ment sintheMani l
aweekly
magazineSampagitain1926,andthesamemagazi neser i
ali
zedAl v
arez’
swor ki nali
ke
mannerin1927–8.Inhisf or
eword,Alv
arezindi
cat
est hathehasr eadRicarte’
smemoi r,
and
acompar i
sonoft
her especti
veTagalogtext
sshowst hathedr awsheav i
lyonRi car
teinmany
places.
7
Ri
cart
e,Hi
magsi
kan,55;
Alvar
ez,TheKati
punanandtheRevolut
ion,320.Inhisl
ett
erto
Jacint
odatedApr
il16,
1897,
contrar
ytotheseaccount
s,Boni
faci
osuggest sthei
nit
ial
reason
forconveni
ngt
heTejer
osmeetingwastodiscussSpani
shpeaceov ert
ures.

5
wordurgent
lyt
oKKKpr
esi
dent
sinot
hert
ownst
ell
i
ngt
hem al
sot
oat
tend
wi
thoutfai
l.

Ther eseemst obel i

ttl
edoubt ,t
hen,thattheelectionofar evol utionary
gov er nmentwasont heTejerosagendaf rom theoutset . Oncl
8
oser eadi ng,i
n
fact, neithert he“ Acta”nort heaccountoft heconventiongi venbyBoni facioin
hisl ettertoJaci ntodatedApr il24,1897( Document8. 10)cont endsot her wise.
The“ Act a”doesnotpr otestagainsttheelecti
oninprinciple.“ Asregar dst he
elect i
on,”t her elevantpassagebegi ns, “
…wecamet oanagr eementwi t
h…t he
Magdal oPr esidency …and[ t
heel ect
ion]wasaccor di
ngl yheldy ester
day …”
[Emphasi sadded] .Ther easonwhyt heelecti
onshouldbeannul l
ed,accor di
ng
tot he“ Act a,”isnott hatitwasunsanct ionedorunplanned, butthatitwas
blight edbymi sconduct .

Bonifaciotell
sJaci ntothatatTejeroshehadar guedthattheelect
ion
shouldnotpr oceed“ becauset herepresentati
vesfrom ot
herprovinces
(hukuman”
“ )wer enotpresent,asidefrom whichIsaidthatadecisionhad
alr
eadybeenr eached[ aboutthismat t
er]atthemeet i
ngheldinthet ownof
Imus.”9
But
,her eports,themaj ori
tyhadbeendet erminedtopressaheadwi t
h
establi
shingagov er
nment ,
andhadbr ushedhisargumentsaside.Hedoes
notsuggest ,t
hough, thatthepr oposaltoholdelect
ionshadbeenr aised
withoutanypr iornoti
ce.

Bonifaciohadav alidpoi ntwhenhear guedt hatt heelectionsshoul dbe

deferredunt i
lsucht i
measdel egatesf rom otherpr ovinces( hukuman)coul d
attendandt henewr ev oluti
onar ygov ernmentandt her epubliccouldbe
establ i
shedonamor er epresent ati
vef oundat i
on.Her i
ghtlyforesawt hatany
gov ernmentf or medatTej er osmi ghtclaimt obenat ional i
nscopebuti n
realit
ywoul dbecomposedal mostent irel
yofmenf rom asi nglepr ovince,
Cav it
e.Gi vent hedet erioratingmi li
tarysituation,ont heot herhand, ther ewas
l
ittl
er eali
sticpr ospectt hatamor ebroadlyr epresentativecongr esswoul dbe
feasibleint henearf utur e.Thosewhowi shedt opr essaheadwi ththe
electionsatTej er
osmi ghtt hereforeacknowl edget hatt hegov ernmentt hey
proposedwoul dnotbei deal ,butwoul dst i
llbeabl etocount erBoni f
aci o’s
argument sbysay i
ngt hathi sKat ipunanSupr emeCounci lhadov ertime
becomeev enl essrepresent ati
veoft her evoluti
onasawhol e.

TheTej
erosconv
ent
ion:
(ii
)thedel
egat
es

8
Theinvi
tat
ionorsummons( paanyaya)totheconv enti
on,Ricar
teandAlvarezbothr eport
,
wassi gnedbythesecretar
yoftheMagdi wangcounci l
,Jacint
oLumbr er
as.Itisquit
e
possible,
ofcourse,t
hatacopyofthei nvi
tat
ionwillsomedaybef ound,i
nwhi chcaset he
speculati
onanddebateont hi
sparti
culari
ssuemi ghtbel ai
dt or
est.Perhapstheelectionof
ar ev
oluti
onarygover
nmenthadbeenont heagendaf rom theoutset
,buttheformationofa
republi
chadbeenpr oposedonlyaf
tertheconv ent
ionwasunderway .
9
AndresBoni f
aci o,LettertoEmi l
i
oJaci nto,April24,1897.Theassembl yatImus,asnot ed
earl
ier,hadauthor isedBoni f
aciotoappoi ntandconv enea“ Kapulungan”-someki ndof
constit
ut i
onaland/ orlegisl
ativecongress.Ri cart
esay st hatBonifaci
orepeatedl
yasked
Baldomer oAgui naldo( whohadact edassecr etaryatImus)t osuppl yhi
m withacer ti
fi
ed
copyoft heassembl y’sresoluti
onont hismat ter,
butt hatsuchadocumentwasnev er
produced.Thati ssueasi de,thesourcesar eentir
elysilentont hefateofthe“Kapulungan”.
Bonifacio’sl
etterindicatesthathef el
ttheI musassembl y ’
sdecisi
onst i
l
lstood,orcouldat
l
eastber esur
rect ed.Ricarte,HimagsikannangmangaPi li
pino,37.

6
 Nobodyknowsthetot
alnumberofdel
egat
eswhoat t
endedt
heTej
eros
conv
enti
on,butt
hesourcesgi
vethenamesoftwent
y-si
x.

Alvar eznamesf i
fteenparti
cipantsontheMagdi wangsidewhenhe
fi
rstnarratest heev entsatTejeros( i
nchapter32ofhi saccount),andtothese
canbeadded–byv irt
ueoft hei
rcloseassociati
onwi ththeMagdi wang
council-Andr esBonifacioandapr omi nentmemberofhi sstaff,Teodoro
Gonzales.10
Noot hersources,sof arasisknown, addanyfurthernames.
Thefullli
stoft hesesev enteendelegates,t
ogetherwiththei
rrespectiv
ehome
towns,isasf oll
ows: -

Mar ianoAl
v arez( Nov eleta)
Pascual Al
var ez( Nov eleta)
Sant i
agoAlv arez( Nov eleta)
Andr esBonifaci o( Mani la;st ayi
nginSanFr anci
scodeMal abon)
Sev eri
nodel asAl as( Indang)
Josédel Rosar io( Tanza)
Teodor oGonzal es( Mani l
a, stayi
nginSanFr anci
scodeMal abon)
JacintoLumbr eras( SanFr anciscodeMal abon)
DiegoMoj i
ca( SanFr anci scodeMal abon)
Pabl oMoji
ca( SanFr anci scodeMal abon)
Sant osNocon( SanFr anci scodeMal abon)
Artemi oRi
car te( Batac, I
locosNor t
e;li
vi
nginSanFr anci
scode
Mal abon)
Emi li
anoRiegodeDi os( Mar agondon)
Sant i
agoRill
o( Tuy ,Bat angas; f
ormerlyMaragondon)
LucianoSanMi guel (Nov eleta)
Mar ianoTri
as( SanFr anci scodeMal abon)
AristonVil
l
anuev a(Nov eleta)

Fr om theMagdaloside,meanwhil
e,Emi l
i
oAgui nal
dor ecall
sinhis
memoi rt hatmanydel egat
eswer eunabl
etogot otheTej er
osconv enti
on
becauseMagdal otownswerethenbeari
ngt hebruntoftheSpani sh
onslaught .
11
Henamesonl yfourwhoattended,andfrom othersources
Medi na hasi
12
dent
ifi
edfi
vemore,makingat ot
alofnine,asfollows:-

Baldomer oAgui nal

do(Kawit)
CrispuloAguinaldo(Kawit
)
FelixCuenca( Bacoor)
TomasMascar do(Kawit
)
Ant onioMontenegro(Manila;
stay
ingi
nImus)
SixtoSapinoso( Imus)
Dani elTi
rona(Kawit)
Cay etanoTopaci o(
Imus)

10
Al
var TheKat
ez, ipunanandt
heRevol
uti
on,
318–22.
11
Agui
nal Mgaguni
do, ta,
208.
12
Medi
nai
nRonqui
l
l I
o,l
angt
alat
a,777.

7
 Li
cer
ioTopaci
o(I
mus)

TheMagdi wangandi tsassociates,

thememoi r
ist
sr ecor
d,notonlyhad
cl
ear l
ythegreaternumberoft hese“named”i ndivi
duals,whopr esumably
i
ncludedal lt
hemosti nf
luenti
aldelegates,butalsoheldthechai ratt
he
conventionandpr ov
ideditssecretar
ies.Thepr esidingoffi
cerwasatf i
rst
JacintoLumbr er
as,andsubsequent l
yAndr esBonif aci
o,andt hesecr
etari
es
aresaidt ohavebeenArtemioRi cart
eandTeodor oGonzal es.

Theleadingpr otagoni st
s,accor dingt oAlvarez,most lysatatal ong
table,whilsteveryoneel sest oodingr oupsar oundthesi des.Al thoughi tis
safet oassumet hatt heov erwhelmi ngmaj ori
tycamef rom Cav i
te,ther ewas
alsoasi gnifi
cantcont i
ngentf r
om Bat angast othesout handaf ewf r
om
prov i
ncest othenor th.Ronqui l
l
or elatest hatthelargeupst aissal
r aint he
Tejerosest atehousewas“ absolutelyf i
l
ledt ocapaci t
y,
”butnoneoft he
memoi ri
stshazar dsanest i
mat eofhowmanypeopl ewer epr esenti nt otal
,or
say showmanywer eent i
tl
edt ov ote.Accor dingtooneaccount ,t
hev otes
casti ntheelecti
onf orpr esidenttotaled256, buteveni fthisfigureisaccur at
e
i
ti simpossi bl
e,givent heal l
egationsofi rregulari
ti
es,toknowwhet heri t
reflectsthetruenumberofel ectors,accr edit
edorot herwi se.
13

TheTej
erosconv
ent
ion:
(ii
i)t
hebal
anceofopi
nion

Si
ncethe“rank-
and- f
ile”delegateswhost oodar oundt hel ongt abl
eare
obscuredbysomanyi ntr
actableunknowns, anydiscussionaboutwhat
happenedatTejerosmusti nev i
tablyreturntothemor epr omi nent,seated
fi
gureswhosenamest hememoi r
istsrecall
.Therei snor eason, i
nanyev ent
,
tosupposethatthepromi nentfiguresdi dnotrepresenttheov er
allbalanceof
opini
onatthemeet i
ng, andtherei snoev idencethatthei
rl eadershipwas
chall
enged,ort
heirwishest hwar t
ed, bysomeki ndof“ r
ank- and-fi
le”revolt
.

I
fweassumet hatthe“r
ank-
and-f
ile”del
egatesbackedtheirr
espectiv
e
l
eaderships,andift
heMagdi wangmajorityhadbeenasclearcutasAl var
ez,
Ricar
te,Aguinal
doandcount l
esssecondarysourcessay,t
henthewi shesof
theMagdi wangcouncil
,tostat
etheobvious,wouldhaveprevai
led.

Buttheydidnot,asthe“Acta”i
ncont r
overti
blytesti
fi
es.Boni f
acio’
s
attempttopersuadetheassembl eddelegatestodef ertheelectionofa
gov er
nmentmi ghtsuggestthatherecognizedfrom thev er
yst artthatheand
hisMagdiwangal li
esdidnotholdasecur emajority
.Theconv ent i
on’s
rej
ectionofhisargumentsmusthav eimmedi atelyconfirmedhi sfears.

Toexpl ai
nwhytheconventi
ondecidedt opressaheadwiththe
el
ect
ions,andwhyAguinaldowaselectedaspr esi
dentrat
herthanBonifacio,
weneedtol ookmoreatt
enti
velyattheal
legiancesofsomeoft hedelegates
whoSantiagoAlvar
ezandothersourcesidenti
fyasleadersorall
i
esoft he
Magdiwangcamp.

13
Ronquil
lo,I
langtal
ata,
642;
Tel
esf
oroCanseco,
“Hi
stor
iadel
aInsur
recci
ónFi
l
ipi
naen
Cavi
te”[1897],77.

8
 Alvarezwasamemberoft heMagdi wangi nnercir
cle: CaptainGener al
oftheMagdi wang’ stroops, sonoft hecounci l’
spresident,andcousi nofthe
council
’sinteri
ormi nister.Hi smemoi rcont ai
nsahugeweal thofinf or
mat i
on
aboutther evolutionof1896- 7ingener al
, andaboutev entsCav i
teinpar t
icular,
thatcannotbef oundi nanyot hersour ce.Any onewhohasr eadit,though,wi l
l
knowt hatitsstructur eissomewhatdi sjointed,i
tsstylediscur si
ve,andits
detai
loccasi onallysel f-
cont radictory.Readi ngthroughhi saccountasa
whole,rat
hert hanhi sf i
rstandf ull
estTej erosnar r
ati
veini solati
on, i
tsoon
becomesappar entthatatl eastsi xoft hesev enteenindiv
idual shedescr ibes
i
nhi schapt er32aspr omi nentMagdi wangl eadersoralli
eshadei therbroken
awayf rom thecounci lbyt het imeoft heconv entiononMar ch22orwoul dnot
necessari
lyacti nconcer twitht heirMagdi wangcolleagues.

Mar i
anoTr i
as,fi
rstly,whot akenof f
icear oundJanuar y1897ast he
Magdi wangmi nisterofwel fareandj ust ice,issaidbyAl varezand
Ricart
et ohav eswi tchedhi sallegiancet otheMagdal ocounci li
n
February1897f oll
owi ngdisput eswi thhi scol l
eaguesov ermi li
taryand
personal matters.Tr ias,r
ecount sAl var ez,hadst ar
tedt oor ganizehis
ownpr ivatearmy ,
andt ocommi ssionhi sownsubor dinateof fi
cer s,
i
ndependent l
yoft heuni fi
edMagdi wangcommand.Rebukedbyot her
Magdi wangmi nisters,andbyAl varezhi msel fasCapt ainGener al ofthe
Magdi wangf orces, Triashaddef ectedt ot heMagdal of orces,
acceptingt herankofl i
eutenantgener al andt akingwi thhimt woseni or
offi
cers,Mar i
anoSanGabr i
elandJul i
anMont alan,andt heirrespect i
v e
tr
oopdet achment s.Sur pr
isingly,though, heretainedhi sposi ti
onasa
Magdi wangmi nister.Atonepoi nthet ender edhi sresignation,buti t
wasnotaccept ed.14

Triasnotonl ydepl
etedMagdiwangmi l
it
arystr
engthbyhisacti
on,he
al
soper suadedEmili
anoRiegodeDios,theMagdiwangmi ni
sterof
dev elopment ,
tomoveovertotheMagdal ocampaswell.Riegode
Diosdepar ted,Al
var
ezrecall
s,wi
thouteventhecourt
esyoftenderi
ng
hi
sr esi
gnationasaMagdiwangmi ni
ster.
15

Josédel Rosari
o,alawy erwhoservedf orat i
measacol onelon
Alvarez’sownst aff
,becameasecr etally( l
“i
him nakapanal i
g”)ofthe
Magdal osecr et
aryofwarDani el
Tirona. TheTej
16
er
osconv enti
on
camet oanabr uptandchaoticend,famousl y,afterTironashoutedthat
“Josédel Rosari
o,t
helawy er
”wasbet terqualifi
edt ofillt
hepositi
onof
Directoroft heI
nteri
orthanAndresBoni facio,whom t hedelegateshad
j
ustel ected.

TeodoroGonzales,alawyeratt
achedt
oBonifaci
o’sstaf
f,i
sdescri
bed
byAlvarezasanotherdefect
ortotheMagdal
ocamp.Gonzal eshimsel
f,
i
nabr iefcommentpublishedasanappendi
xt oAl
v ar
ez’
swork,says

14
Alvar
ez,TheKatipunanandt heRevolut
ion,304–5;313.Alvar
ezrecal
l
stheexactdat
eon
whichTriastr
ansferred(l
“umipat
”)totheMagdal ocouncil
asbeingFebr
uary10,
1897.
Ricar
tegivesasimilaraccountofthedefecti
onofTriasinHimagsi
kannangmangaPi l
i
pino,
46.
15
Al
var TheKat
ez, ipunanandt
heRevol
uti
on,
457.
16
Al
var TheKat
ez, ipunanandt
heRevol
uti
on,
326.

9
 thather
emainedwit
htheSupr
emouptheti
meoft heTej
eros
convent
ion,
butconf
ir
msthatt
heyhadt
hen“par
tedways.
”17

Santi
agoRil
l
o, suggestsAlvar
ez,alsoalignedhi mselfwit
htheMagdal o
l
eadershi
ppr i
ort otheTejerosconventi
on. 18
Anotheraccountsaysthat
Ril
l
oplayedani mportantr
oleinsway i
ngt heconv entionagainstt
he
Magdiwangat tempttodef ertheestabl
ishmentofar evolut
ionary
gover
nment.19

Sever
inodelasAlas,
recor
dsAlvarez,wasamongt hosewhoar gued
mostforcef
ull
yatTej
erosthatt
hef ormati
onofarevolut
ionary
gover
nmentshouldnotbedeferr
ed, andshoul
dbegivenpr ecedence
aboveal
l el
se.
20

MarianoTriasandEmi l
ianoRiegodeDi os,insum, t
houghnominall
y
sti
l
lmember softheMagdi wangcounci l
,hadinef f
ectalignedthemsel
ves
wit
ht heMagdal ocampbef oretheTejerosconv enti
on,andJosédel Rosari
o,
TeodoroGonzal es,Sant
iagoRill
oandSev eri
nodel asAl assidedatthe
conventi
onwi ththosewhowant ed,wi
thoutfurt
herdelayorado, toseethe
Magdalo,theMagdi wangandal l t
heotherKKKcounci l
ssubsumedundera
si
nglerevoluti
onarygovernment.

Ifthesesi xindividual sar er emov edf r

om t he“ Magdi wangl i
st”and
reassignedtoget herwi tht heni neont he“ Magdal ol i
st”t oanew“ r
ev olutionary
government ”or“ pro-republ ic”list,thebal ancesuddenl yt il
ts.Thei nit
ial count
of17- 9infavoroft heMagdi wangi sconv ert
edt o11- 15, andt heMagdi wang
becomet hemi nority.I tispossi ble, infact,thatther at i
obecame10- 16, or
even9- 17,becauseAl v
ar ezal sohi ntst hatquest ionmar kshungov ert he
Magdi wangl oyalti
esofhi sdeput yCapt ai
nGener al ,Artemi oRi cart
e, andhi s
owncousi n,Pascual Alvarez, themi nisteroft heint erior.Aboutamont h
beforetheTej erosconv ent ion, her elates,Boni f
aci or ecei vedwor dt hatt he
Magdal osecr etaryofwar ,Dani elTirona, want edt ol ureRi car t
eandPascual
Alvarezawayf r
om t heMagdi wangar mybycommi ssioni ngt hem asgener als
i
nt heMagdal oar my .Whent heSupr emoconf r
ont edt het hreemenaboutt hi
s
all
egat i
on,Pascual AlvarezandRi car te“ l
aughedi tof fasapr i
vatejoke, but
glancedatsecr etaryTi rona”( “l
ihim nanagt awananatsi nul yapanlamangang
kagawadTi r
ona” ).
21
Ricar t
econf ir
msi nhisownmemoi rt hatt herepor ts
Bonifaciohear dwer ecor rect,andt hatTi ronaper sonal lyhadsecr et l
yhanded
thecommi ssionst oPascual Al varezandhi msel f.22

17
TeodoroGonzal
es, “I
sangpunani TeodoroGonzalestungkolsaKatipunanat
Paghihi
magsik”i
nAl varez,TheKati
punanandt heRevol
ution,468.
18
Alv
arez,TheKati
punanandt heRevol
ution,458.
19
Ronquil
l I
o,l
angtalata,642.
20
Alv
arez,TheKati
punanandt heRevol
ution,319.
21
Alv
arez,TheKati
punanandt heRevol
ution,316.
22
Ri
cart Hi
e, magsikannangmangaPi li
pino,49.Inaseparateautobi
ographi
calnot
e,Ri
car
te
statesthathewashandedhi sappoint
mentbyTironaonFebr uary24,
1897, andthatitwas
signedbyEmi li
oAguinaldoastheMagdaloCaptainGeneralandGeneralinChief.
“Document osexpedi
dosal ci
udadanoSr.Art
emioRicart
eyGar ciaconel si
mbolico“Vibora”
porel Gobier
nodeFil
ipinasenlarevol
uci
óndelañodel 898,cuyosori
ginalesseencuent r
an
depositadosenlasociedadComer ci
aloClubComercialt
itul
adoBanalnaKal ayaancomo
10
 Alvar ez’
smemoi r,asalreadyr emar ked, i
snoti nt er nallyconsi stent;
pointsofdet ai
l f
requent l
ydi f
ferfrom onechapt ert oanot her.Whenhebr ief
ly
returnst ot hesubj ectoft heTej erosconv entiont owar dst heendofhi s
narrati
v e,howev er,therei samor ef undament al discr epancy .I tisal mostas
i
f,lookingbackatwhathehaswr i
tten, itstrikeshi mt hathi si nit
ialpor tr
ayalof
theconv ent i
onasMagdi wang- domi natedhasbeenr ef ut edbyt hewei ghtof
hisownev idenceaboutt hedefect ionsofhi ser st whi lecol l
eagues.Hav ing
saidinchapt er32t hatthemeet ingwasconv enedatt hei nstigationof
Boni f
aci oandt heMagdi wang, her ecal lsinchapt er77t hati twassummoned
byt heMagdal ocounci l
.Hav i
ngpr ev iouslyassi gnedEmi lianoRi egodeDi os,
Sant i
agoRi llo,Severinodel asAl asandTeodor oGonzal est ot heMagdi wang
camp, hislat errecollecti
oni sthatbyt het imeofTej er ost heyhadbecome
“parti
sansoft heMagdal ogov ernment ”(“nagt atanggolngpamahal aang
Magdal o”).Theseconcl udingref l
ect ions, suggest ingt hatt heMagdal o
l
eader shi pwasal readyt akingthei nitiativ
e, andgai ningt heascendancy ,
beforeTej eros, t
all
ymuchmor ecl osel ywi ththeev i
dencescat teredel sewhere,
bothi nAl var ez’
sownmemoi randi nt heot hersour ces.

TheTej
erosconv
ent
ion:
(iv
)theel
ect
ions

Asubst anti
alpropor t
ionoftheTejerosdel egat escommonl ydescri
bed
as“ Magdiwang,”therefore,i
nreali
tynolongeral i
gnedt hemselveswit
ht he
Magdi wangcampandshoul dmoreaccurat elybecat egor i
zedas
“i
ndependent s”.Reclassifyi
ngtheseindi
vidual snotonl yti
psthebalanceof
delegates,butcastsadi ffer
entl
ightonther esult
soft heelecti
onsatTejeros
andchal l
engest heimpr essi
oncustomar i
lygi venbyhi stor
iansthatmostof
thewinningcandi dat
eswer eMagdiwang“ loy al
ist
s”.23

Beforetheconventionendedinupr oar,
thedelegatesvotedtofil
lfi
ve
l
eadingposi ti
onsintherevoluti
onar
ygov ernment.Ri car
te’
slisti
ngofthe
candidateswhost oodforthesepositi
onsshowst hatnei
thercampschemed
orvotedasacohesi vebloc.Assumi ngher emember edcor r
ectl
y,notoneof
thefi
v eelecti
onsatTejeroswasast rai
ght f
orwardcontestbetweenasi ngl
e
Magdal ocandidateandasi ngleMagdiwangcandi date.I
fweannot atehis
l
isti
ngwi ththeknownorpr obabl
eaff
ili
ati
onsoft herespecti
vecandidates,t
he
pict
ureisasf oll
ows:-

ForPr
esident
,Emil
ioAgui
nal
do[
Magdalo]wasel
ect
edoverMari
ano
Tri
as[
independent
]andAndr
esBoni
faci
o[Magdi
wang“
loyal
i
st”al
ly
].

ForVice-
President
,Mar
ianoTri
as[independent]waselect
edov
er
AndresBonifacio[
Magdiwang“l
oyali
st”al
ly]
,Severi
nodelasAl
as
[
independent]andMari
anoAlvar
ez[ Magdiwang“ l
oyal
i
st”]
.

ForCapt
ainGener
al,
Art
emi
oRi
car
te[
independent
]wasel
ect
edov
er

i
nici
adoryPr
esi
dent
edel
ami
sma.
”Phi
l
ippi
neRev
olut
ionar
yRecor
ds,
Reel
No.39,
Document
No.703.
23
Forexample,Agonci
l
l TheRevol
o, toft
heMasses,
209.Agonci
l
loi
sher
efol
l
owi
ngRi
car
te,
Hi
magsikannangmangaPi l
i
pino,
53.

11
 Sant
iagoAl
var
ez[
Magdi
wang“
loy
ali
st”
].

ForDir
ectorofWar,
Emil
ianoRiegodeDios[i
ndependent]wasel
ect
ed
overAri
stonVil
l
anueva[
Magdiwang“loy
ali
st”
],Dani
elTir
ona[Magdal
o]
andSanti
agoAlvar
ez[Magdiwang“l
oyal
ist
”]
.

ForDir
ectoroftheI
nterior
,AndresBoni
faci
o[Magdiwang“loy
ali
st”al
l
y]
waselect
edov erMari
anoAl var
ez[Magdiwang“
loyali
st”
]andPascual
Alv
arez[i
ndependent
].24

Somecandi dates, evi

dent l
y,werenomi natedasi ndivi
dualsratherthan
asstandard-bearersoft hei
rrespect i
vecouncils.Anyconspi r
aciesafootwer e
toodev i
ous,toocompl exforal att
er-
dayobser vertodet ectorcompr ehend.25

Buttheov er
alloutcomewascl ear.Magdi wang“loyali
st”candidateswere
defeatedinfouroft hef i
vecont ests,
andt heonlyv i
ctori
ouscandi dateali
gned
withtheMagdi wang“ loyali
sts”wasBoni faciohimself.

The“
Act
adeTej
eros”
:(i
)si
gnat
ori
esandnon-
signat
ori
es

Thedayaf tertheconv enti

onBoni facioandt he“loyal
ist”coreofthe
Magdi wangl eadershi p,sti
l
lattheTejerosest atehouse, dr
aftedandsigned
the“Act a,”i
nsi
st i
ngt hattheelecti
onslackedanyl egi
timacy.Emi l
i
oAgui naldo
andMar ianoTriaspr oceededt osweart heiroathsofof f
icebef or
ealarge
crucif
ixi ntheconv entoatTanza, aboutami ledist
antfrom Tejeros.Emi l
iano
RiegodeDi os,Sever i
nodel asAlas,Sant i
agoRi l
loandot her“pro-r
epubl
ic”
Magdi wangswer eint hecheeringcrowd.Ar temioRicarte,meanwhi l
e,
oscil
latingbetweent het wocamps, f
irstaffixedhissignaturetothe“Acta,”
thenmadehi swayt ot heceremoniesatt heTanzaconv ento,tookhisoat has
CaptainGener al,andt henwentbackt oTej erosandmadeawr itt
en
declarationsayingt hathehadt akenhi soat hunderduress.

Oft
hesevenindi
vidual
snamedbySant iagoAlv
arezashavi
ngbeen
membersoftheMagdiwangcabinetinJanuar
y1897,foursi
gnedthe“Acta”–
Mari
anoAlv
arez,
Jacint
oLumbr eras,Di
egoMoj i
caandArist
onVil
l
anueva; and
t
hreedi
dnot–Mar i
anoTr i
as,Emili
anoRiegodeDiosandPascualAlv
arez.

24
Ricar
te,Himagsi
kannangmangaPi
li
pino,
56–8;
Alv
arez,TheKati
punanandthe
Revolut
ion,321–2.Al
varez
’sr
ecol
l
ect
ionofwhi
chl
eadersstoodf
orwhichpost
sdiff
ers
sli
ght
lyfr
om t
hatofRi
car
te;
hedoesnotmenti
onthecandidaci
esofMari
anoTri
asfor
Presi
dent;
Sev
eri
nodelasAl
asforVi
ce-
Presi
dent
;orPascualAlvar
ezf
orDir
ect
orofthe
Int
eri
or.
25
Car losQui ri
nocl aimst hatthecandi dacyofMagdi wangmi nisterMar ianoTr iasinthe
president i
al contestwasaMagdal oplotthatsucceededi nsplitti
ngt heMagdi wangv ote
betweenTr i
asandBoni facio,thushandi ngv i
ctorytothesi ngleMagdal ocandi dateAgui nal
do.
Quiri
nodoesnotpr ovideanyev idenceforthisasser t
ion,howev er,anditseemshi ghly
specul ati
v e.Inanyev ent,i
fwear etobel i
eveCanseco’ saccount-t heonl yaccountt hatgives
anact ual tall
yoft hev otescast-Agui naldo’stotalwashi ghert hant hoseoft heothert wo
candidat escombi ned–146asagai nst80f orBoni f
acioand30f or“ MarianoAl var
ez,”
perhapsmeani ngMar i
anoTr ias.TheTr ialofAndr esBoni f
acio:t heor i
ginaldocument sin
Tagal ogt extandEngl i
sht r
ansl ati
on.TranslatedbyVi r
giniaPal ma- Bonifaciowi t
han
Historical I
ntroductionbyCar l
osQui ri
noandPr efacebyMi guel A.Ber nadSJ( Manila:Ateneo
deMani la,1963), 6;TelesforoCanseco, “ Hi
storiadelaI nsurrecciónFi l
ipinaenCav i
te”[1897],
77.

12
Thesi gnator
iesal
soincludedthemostseniorfi
gur
esintheMagdi wang
milit
aryhighcommand–Sant i
agoAl
varez,
Ar t
emioRicar
teandt woBri
gadier
Gener al
s.Wi t
htheadditi
onofaf ewmorenames, andali
ttl
eadditi
onaldet
ail
,
themostnot abl
e“Acta”signat
ori
esandtheirr
espect
iveposit
ionscanbe
l
istedasf oll
ows:-

MarianoAlv
arez(
Novel
eta)
,pr
esidentoftheSb.Magdi
wang;
gobernador
cil
l
oofNovel
etapr
iortotherevol
uti
on.

Sant
iagoAl
var
ez(
Nov
elet
a),
Capt
ainGener
aloft
heMagdi
wangar
my.

AndresBonif
acio(Manil
a,butstay
inginSanFranciscodeMalabon)
,
Presi
dentoftheSoverei
gnNat i
on,Presi
dentoftheSupremeCounci
lof
theKati
punan,Presi
dentoftheSupremeCongr ess.

Jaci
ntoLumbrer
as(SanFranci
scodeMalabon)
,mini
sterofst
ateofthe
Sb.Magdiwangandact
ingpresi
dentwhenMari
anoAlvarezwasabsent
.

Epi
fani
oMal
i
a(Nov
elet
a),
Capt
aini
ntheMagdi
wangar
my.

DiegoMoji
ca(SanFranci
scodeMal abon),
mini
steroffi
nanceintheSb.
Magdiwang;f
ormerlypr
esidentoftheSb.Mapagtii
s(theKati
punan
counci
li
nSanFr anci
scodeMal abon,whichwasmer gedint
othe
Magdiwanggovernmentinearl
y1897) .

Sant
osNocon(SanFr
anci
scodeMal
abon)
,Br
igadi
erGener
ali
nthe
Magdiwangar
my.

Ni
colasPort
il
la(
SanFranci
scodeMalabon)
,Br
igadi
erGener
ali
nthe
Magdiwangarmy;f
ormerl
ysecr
etar
yofSb.Mapagti
i
s.

Nicol
asRicaf
rente(Nov
elet
a),
presi
dentoft
heMagdi
wangmuni
cipal
counci
lofNoveleta.

Art
emioRi car
te(Bat
ac,I
locosNor
te;l
i
vingi
nSanFranci
scode
Malabon),Deput
yCaptai
nGeneraloft
heMagdiwangarmy;f
ormer
ly
tr
easurerofSb.Mapagti
i
s.

Luci
anoSanMi
guel
(Nov
elet
a),
Bri
gadi
erGener
ali
ntheMagdi
wang
army.

Ari
stonVill
anuev
a(Novel
eta),mi
nist
erofwarofSb.Magdi
wang;
past
gobernadorci
l
loofNovel
eta.

Abouttheot her33si gnatories,onlysnippetsofinfor

mat i
oncanbe
gleaned-thatAndr esVill
anuev a,forexampl e,
wast hesonofAr i
ston
Vill
anueva,andthattheOl aezandAngki kofami l
ieswereprominentinthe
townofNov el
eta.Stillr
esisti
ngt het empt ati
ontodwel lonthequesti
onof
class,i
tshouldjustbenot edt hattheMagdi wangl eadersoccupi
edmucht he
sameposi ti
onint heircommuni t
iesasdi dtheirMagdalocounterpar
ts.They

13
werenotbiglandowner s,becausethehaciendasinnort
hernCavit
ewereal
l
hel
dbyt hereli
giouscorporations.Somehadonl ymodestmeans.But
col
lect
ivel
y,byvirtueoftheirpoli
ti
cali
nfl
uence,r
elati
veeducat
ional
att
ainment,andr el
ati
veweal t
h, t
heywereindi
sputabl
ymember softhel
ocal
el
it
e.

Moreprecisel
y,theybelongedtotheeli
teofNov el
etaandSan
FranciscodeMal abon, twotownsl i
tt
lemorethanfourmi l
esapart.The
defectionofleadersfrom othertowns-menl i
keSeverinodelasAlasfrom
I
ndang; JosédelRosariofrom Tanza;Emil
ianoRiegodeDi osfrom
Mar agondonandSant i
agoRi l
lofrom Tuyi
nBatangas-haddr amat i
cal
l
y
narrowedt heterr
itor
ialrangeoftheMagdiwang’srepresentat
ionand
authority

The“
Act
adeTej
eros”
:(i
i)out
rageandest
rangement

Thepr imarypurposeoft he“Acta”,asal r

eadynoted, wast onull
ifythe
Tejeroselecti
ons.Copi esoft hedocumentwer etobedespat chedt oKKK
branchesoft hesameaccor d( caayon”
“ )
,andmember swhohadnotat tended
theconv enti
onwoul dther ebybei nfor
medwhyi t
soutcomewasi ll
egit
imat e.
Themaj orit
yatTej er
os, t
he“ Act a”aff
ir
ms, hadbeengainedbyf raud.Al most
alltheball
otpaper sfor“their”(theMagdal o)candidat
eshadbeenmar kedby
j
ustoneper son,andhadbeeni ssuedtopeopl ewhower enotent it
ledtov ote.
Thedocumental soreiteratesoneoft hear gument sBonifaciohadadv anced
forpostponingtheelect i
ons–t hatanumberofdel egateshadbeenunabl et o
attend.

Sodeepwast hei
rr esentment ,though,thatt
he“ Acta”signatori
esdi d
notwi sht oconfi
netheirst atementtot heimmedi ateinjusti
ceoft heelections.
Theywant edtoplaceonr ecor daswel lanumberofgr i
evancesagai nstthe
Magdal othatpr
e-datedTej eros,goi
ngbackev entotheout breakofthe
revol
ut i
oni nCavit
ewhen“ webegant herevoltandtheycamel ater.
”Af t
ert he
Magdal ohadjoi
nedt hef r
ay ,theMagdi wanghadhel pedthem wi thdonations
ofcash, f
oodandl i
vestock, andwhenMagdal otownshadcomeunder
Spanishat tackmanyMagdi wangsol diershadsacrifi
cedt heirl
iv
esi ntheir
defence.Noneoft hisfraternalassistance,the“Acta”obser ves,hadever
beenr eciprocat
ed,andnowi thadbeenr ewardedby“ anat t
emptt otakeour
Presidencyawayf rom usbyf r
aud.”

TheMagdi wangcouncil
, t
he“Act
a”declares,i
snotwill
ingtobe
subor
dinat
etoagov ernmentthatisi
ll
egi
ti
mat e.Ifanyoneistobe
subor
dinat
ed,saythesignat
orieswit
hthehintofat hr
eat,i
tshoul
dbe“ t
hem”
(meani
ngMagdal o)
,becausetheyweretheoneswho“ causedall
thetr
oubl
e”
andwhooughtt obeputt or
ight.

Butintheimmedi atefut urethe“ Acta”envi

sagesonl ythatloyal
revoluti
onistswil
lkeepthei rdistance( “paglayo”
)from theMagdal o
presidency,andwi l
lbepr eparedt odef endt heKatipunanandt heMagdi wang
presidencyt othedeath.Bey ondt histalkofseparation,t
he“ Acta”say
s
nothingaboutwhatshoul dhappennext .Nocal lisraisedfortheelect
ionto
ber e-r
un.Ther eisnopledgeofl oy alt
yt otheSupr emeCounci lofthe

14
Katipunanast hesti
l
l-r
ightf
uldir
ecti
ngbodyoftherevol
uti
on,noranyproposal
thattheSupr emeCongr essshouldbeconvenedtofr
ameaconst i
tuti
on,as
hadbeenagr eedattheImusassembl yhel
dthreemonthsprevi
ously.
Thought saboutthewayf orwardhadmoment ari
l
ygotlosti
naspat eof
recri
mination.

Concl
usi
on

VeryprobablytheMagdi wang“loyal
ist
s”hadgoodcauset obe
r
esentful;
v er
yprobabl ytheel
ecti
onsatTejeroswer eindeedmar r
edby
malpracti
ce.Butt hisdoesnotmean, ofcourse,thattheoveral
loutcome
wouldhav ebeendi ff
erenthadtheybeenor derl
yandcl ean.I
fthepr oclai
med
r
esulthadbeenat ravestyoft
heconv enti
on’swill
,thensurel
ytheout cryaft
er
t
hemeet i
ngwoul dhav ebeenmuchst ronger,andwoul dhaveprevailed.

I
twoul dbewr ongtoaskwhyt heMagdi wangpar tisans“ l
ostcont r
ol”at
Tejeros,thesenot eshavesoughtt oshow, becauset heyhadnotbeen“ in
cont r
ol”evenwhent heconv enti
onwascal ledt oorder.Ift herehadbeena
ti
mewhent heMagdi wang, Bonifaci
oandt heiralli
esheldt heupperhandov er
theMagdal o,t
hatt i
mehadal r
eadypassed.Magdi wangpr esti
geand
i
nf l
uencedi dnotsuddenl ycollapsewi t
houtwar ningatTej eros;theyhad
alreadybeeni ndeclineintheweeksbef ore.Amor epertinentli
neof
quest i
oningmi ghtbet oaskwhatexact l
ywer et hecausesoft heint
ernal
discordwi t
hintheMagdi wangcamp; whatpr ecipitatedthedef ecti
onsthat
debili
tateditsstrengthandpr esagedi t
sdissol uti
on.Theav ail
ablesources,
alas,all
udet othesecausesonl yvaguely,
andof t
ennotatal l.
 


Tagal
ogtext
26

[
Stamp]

DitosaTejerossacopngbayangMapagt ii
sngPangul uhang
Magdiuangngayongicadalauampu, t
,tat
longMar zongisangliboualongdaan
si
yam napo,t,
pito.AcongMi nistr
odeest adonasanlangPresidentena
gui
noongJacintoLumbr er
asBagongBayan, mgacapuaMi nistros,
General
es,
Mari
scales,Br
igadi
eres,Coroneles,mgaguinoongPangulo,atibapangmga
pi
nunosamgabayanbayangsacopngsi nabinangPanguluhannamay

26
Therear eatleasttwoTagal ogv ersionsoft het extt hatdi ff
erfr
om t heori
ginal-Tenepe
[
JoséP.Sant os,TeresitaSant osandNenaSant os] ,“
Si Andr esBonifaci oatangKat ipunan,”
unpubl ishedmanuscr i
pt,1948, 135–7; andav er si
onf rom t hecoll
ect ionofAnt onioK.Abad.
Obv iouslynotcopiedf rom t heor iginal,thesev er sionsar einf actr
et ranslati
onsint oTagal og
from ei t
hertheSpani shofEpi faniodel osSant osorPhi li
ppineRevi ew’ sEnglish.Bot ht hese
versionsar ereproducedbyI sagani RMedi nai nhi sannot atedediti
onofRonqui l
lo’sI l
ang
talata.I n1933JoséP.Sant ospubl ishedphot ogr aphsofsomeoft hesi gnaturesont he
“Acta,”butamor e-or-
lessaut hent i
cv ersionoft heor iginal Tagalogt extwasnotpl acedi nthe
publicdomai nunti
l 1996, whenI sagani R.Medi nai ncl udedt hedocumenti nhi sedi t
ionof
Ronqui llo’
smemoi r
.Wi shingt or endert het exti naf or mf ami li
artot hey outhoft he1990s,
howev er,Medinadeci dedt omoder nizet heor t
hogr aphyoft hedocument( “binagokoang
pagbaybay” )
.Ronqui l
lo, I
langt alata,93–9; JoséP.Sant os, WasAgui naldoRightt oHave
CausedBoni
faci
o’sDeat
h?Maykat
uwir
anowalasiAgui
nal
dosapagkakabar
ilkay
Boni
faci
o?([
Manil
a]:I
mprent
aMani
l
a,1933)
,5.

15
canicaniyangt ungcolnat agl
ay,pauacami ngl
ampasnasapaghanangedado
taongnal acaran,camingl ahataynagcapisan,
gayondinangmga
magui noongAndr esBonifasioMaypagasa, MarangalnaSupremo,atMar
iano
AlvarezMai nam, casalucuyangPresident
eatami ngpinagcai
sahanit
ongmga
somosonod–

Unauna:Bagaysapaghahal alngi sangPr esi

dente,mgaMi nistros,
generalesati bapangt ungcolnamar apat,napi nagcaisahannami nng
cabi
langPr esi denciaPanguluhangMagdal o,atsacat unaya, i
,ginauacahapon
sanasabi ngTej eros,datapuahindinami ngmasangayonansapagca, t,
ualang
cahusayan, nahal at
anami ngtotooangpag- apisaami ngPr esidenci a,dahilsa
i
sahal osangmanunul atngcanilangpapel etangpaghahal al
, cahima, t,
ual
angcabul uhangt auoaybi ni
gyanupangmacar amisila,napagqui l
alanami n
nasil
a,i,magcacat i
yapnasadahi langito,i
,pinauaualannami nghal agaang
nangyaringyaon, atsacatunaya,i
,ualangcasul atangmaayosnai binangonna
dapatnami ngpagf i
rmahan,atangi sapangmal aqui
ngcacul angan, ayhindi
nahahar apatual aroonangi banami ngcapat idnaPi nuno.

Ycalaua:Ami ngnatuclasanangmgal i
him nil
anggauaupang
masacupanni laangami ngPr esi
denciaaynangahasnghi ndicat
uir
an,naang
GeneralEmi l
ioAguinal
do,aynaganyayasamgaPangul ongnasasacupan
naminngi sangbagaynahi ndisinai
saysamagl i
ham nalimbag;cunanoang
dahi
l,
athi ndipinaal
amandi tosaami ngPanguluhan.

Ycaat
lo:Angdal auangbayangnasasacupanni
lanaSil
angatMar iñas
aynaagaongmgacaauaynaCast il
a,atdahi
ldit
o,i
,marami
ngtot ooangmga
caualnanamat ayditosaamin,bucodpaangmgagugolnapi lac, mgahayop,
bigas,
mar amingtotoongnasugatanatibapangcaabal
ahangmal aqui
,nguni
angami ngmgabayangnasasacupan, aysaauangDiosualaniisang
naaagaoangsi nabinangcaauay.

Ycaapat
:Niminsa,
i
,hi
ndicamihumi
hinginganumangsacl
olosa
cani
l
a,cundisi
l
a,t
,si
l
asaamin.

Ical
i
ma:Angmgat auonamin,hal
osaraogabiaynasalaban,
sapag
tat
angolsacani
l
a,bucodpaangibangmalal
aquingcar
apatan,
atangigagant
i,
ayangmacuhasalalangangamingPresi
denci
a.

Ycaani
m:Camiangnagsi mul angcagul uhanatsi l
a,
i,
huli.Sabagay
naitonanapagt alastasnami nghi ndisamahangsacapat i
dangpaqui t
ani l
a
saami n,aynagcai sanamancamisapagl ayosacani lanadimaaar i
ng
masacupani t
ongami ngPangul uhan, cahi
tanomangmasapi t,subal
isil
aang
pasacopatcatuiran, yayamangsacani l
amul aangl ahatngsigalot
.
Ybinangonnami ni t
ongcasul atansai l
ali
m ngmat ibaynapanunumpa,
nananagotangami ngbuhayatyamansapagt atangolaticapapanatagng
nabanguitnangami ngPr esi
dencia, caminglahatatangi bapang
nasasacupanatpasasacopaynapai i
lal
im sacasulatangit
o;angsinomansa
aminnamapahamacngsal i
him manathayagomamat ayngsamasamang
paraan,aypaguusi gui nngcalahat annadit i
ti
guil
anhangangsadimat uclas
angmaybadhangpagayongbagaycunsacal i,
atlapat anngtapatnapar usa
pi
nagcaisahandi nnami n,naangsi nomansaami natmagl il
osausapangi t
o,
16
aypagt utulunganngcal ahatannadicaaauaan; gayondi nnaman, pagpipi
li
tan
nami ngpagt iyagaanangmgat auongmayacal angmagt acsi
lngsadi
27

catuiranlabansaK. K.
K.atsaPangul uhanosaami ngl ahatnamagcacapat id,
angmgai to,i
,mahi gpitnaminghuhul ihi
nati padadalasaPr esi
denci angsa
madal ingpanahonaymapar usahan.Ti napositongpi nagcayariannasa
ngalanngbanalnaCat i
punan,cami nglahataynagt it
icngami ngpangal an,
apell
idoatngal ansanasabi ngCatipunan, nabagama, t,
camiaymar ami;ay
i
isaangl oob, tapang,pagmamasaqui tan,cahihiyanatbuhay, angcat i
bayang
i
to,i
,iingatansaPr esidencia,atmagpapadal angsal ingl i
mbagsamga
bayangcaayonnai ngatannamanngmgaPangul ongcapat idoi bangpuno.
Niyariitosanasabi ngbuan, araoatt aon–

AngHar
ingbayan
J.Lumbr
eras

And.Boni
faci
o Mar
ianoAl
var
es Ar
temioRi
car
te
[
Maypagasa] [
Mainam] [
Vibor
a]

Sant
iagoAl
var
ez Sant
osNocon Di
egoMoxica
[
Apoy] [
Duhat] [
Kati
bayan]

Andr
esVi
l
lanueva JoséCoronel Ni s
colP.Gini
cu[
?]
[
Gumamela] [
Alimbuyugui
n] [
Mangyar
i]

Marcel
oLumbr
eras Ri
cardoGarci
a
[
Suyod] [
Tanauin][
?]

Al
fonsoSi
acon LucioKred[?]
[
Masangkayo][
?] [Kapayapaan]

[
Twosi gnat
uresand A.A.
Vil
l
anueva
oneali
asill
egi
ble;
one [Kampupot]
al
iasGranada[?]
]

L.SanMiguel[
?] DamasoJof
oy[
?]
[
Maan][?] [
Magpatay]

Di
onci
oKoases[
?] Ni
colasRicaf
rent
e
[
Mabuti
][?] [
Sakali
][?]

Ber
nar
doEspinel
i [
Onesignat
ureandal
i
as
[
ali
asi
ll
egi
ble] i
l
legi
ble]

I
sabel
oBarranci
o[?] Adr
ianoOl
aez
[
Guiami
][?]

27
“Tacsi
l”i
sthefir
stwordont
hefif
thpageoftheori
ginaldocument,andfrom t
hispoi
ntunt
il
theendofthesignatur
es,t
het
exthasbeencopiedf
rom photographs.Iti
snotknown,
howev er
,whethert
herear
eoneortwofurt
herpagesofsignatur
es.

17
Epi
fani
oMal
i
a [
Onesi
gnat
urei
l
legi
ble]

P.Vi
ll
ena Jaci
ntoAngki
ko
[
Buan] [
Maagap]

Pl
aci
do[
?]Encar
naci
on GregoPoli
cante[
?]
[
aliasi
ll
egibl
e]

GenaroGarces Ar
seni
oMaur i
ci
o
Nagtat
angolngBayan [
ali
asi
l
legi
ble]

Sever
inoAvsegco[
?] Mar
ianoTal
ado[
?]
[
Mulawi
n]

Ar
cadi
oBuenveni
da Beni
toAl
i
d[?]

Fl
orent
inoAl
var
es Pi
oBal
uyot

Pabl
oOl
ais[
?] Gr
egor
ioGañac[
?]

Macar
ioCal
alang Mari
anoAl
vares
[
ali
asil
l
egi
ble]

Aqui
l
inoGaj
onar
a[?]

DamasoAl
var
es

Engl
isht
ransl
ati
on28

HereatTejeros,withinthej
ur i
sdicti
onoft hetownofMapagt is29,oft
i he
MagdiwangPresidency,thistwenty-thirddayofMar chonethousand,eight
hundr
edandninet y
-seven.I ,theMi nisterofStateandAct i
ngPr esi
dent ,Mr.
Jaci
ntoLumbreras,BagongBay an ,
30
fel
lowMi nister
s,Generals,
Marshal s,
Bri
gadi
ers,
Colonels,Pr
esi dentsandot herleadersfrom t
het ownswithint he

28
The“ ActadeTej er os”wasf irstbroughtt olightbythehi st
or i
anEpifaniodel osSantos,who
i
sbel ievedt ohav eacqui redtheor i
ginaldocumenti n1904.I n1917hei ncludedaSpani sh
transl ati
onoft het extinabi ogr aphicalsketchofBoni faciohewr ot
ef orthemagazi ne
Phi l
ippineRevi ew( Revi staFil
ipina).Hisar t
icle,i
ncludi
ngt hedocument ,wast hentr
anslated
i
nt oEngl i
shf orpubl i
cat i
oninasubsequenti ssueoft hesamemagazi ne.TheEnglishversion,
at ranslationf rom t heSpani shr atherthanf rom theoriginalTagalogtext,hassubsequent ly
beenusedbyv ir
tual l
yev erybodywhohaswr itt
enont hesubj ect.Epif
aniodel osSantos,
“Andr ésBoni facio”[ Spanishv ersion]Phili
ppineRevi ew( Revi
st aFil
ipi
na),II
:11(November
1917) ,71;Epifani odel osSant os,“AndrésBoni f
acio”[Engli
shv ersi
on],Philippi
neReview
(Revi staFili
pina) ,I
II:1-2(Januar y-
Febr uary1918) ,46–7.
29
TheKat
ipunannamef
orSanFr
anci
scodeMal
abon(
nowGener
alTr
ias)
.
30
BagongBay
an–“
NewNat
ion”-wast
heKat
ipunanal
i
asofJaci
ntoLumbr
eras.

18
j
urisdict
ionoft hesaidPresidencyhav i
ngof fi
ceswit
hwhichtheyarev est
ed,
eachofusofl egalageandcompet ent,haveconvenedtoget
her,andalsowit
h
Messr s.AndresBonifacio,May pagasa,esteemedSupremo;andMar iano
Alvarez,Mainam, t
hepr esentPr esi
dent,andouragreementi
sasf ol
lows:

First
:Asr egardstheel ectionofaPr esident,Mi nisters,Gener alsand
othernecessar yof fi
cer
s, wecamet oanagr eementwi tht heot herPr esidency,
theMagdal oPr esidency ,
and[ theel ecti
on]wasaccor dinglyhel dy esterdayat
theaforement i
onedTej eros,butwear enotcont entbecausei twasnotwel l
conduct ed.Wedi scoveredt hatourPr esidencyi ntruthwaswr onged, because
almostal lt
heirballotpaper swer ewr it
tenbyj ustoneper son, and[ i
ssuedt o]
unqualifi
edpeopl esoast ogi vethem amaj ority
.Wehav el earnedt hatthey
conspiredtogether ,andfort hi
sr easonweconsi derthatwhathappenedt here
wasi nvali
d.Nodocument ,i
nf act,waspr eparedt of ormal izet henew
arrangement s,whi chneededoursi gnedendor sement .Yetanot hermaj or
defici
encywast hatsomeofourbr otherchiefswer eel sewher eandunabl et o
attend.

Second:Wehav ediscoveredthei
rsecretmoves,audaci
ousand
i
mpr oper,t
oplaceourPresidencyunderthei
rcontrol
.Forsomer easonnot
knownher einourPr
esidency,GeneralEmili
oAguinaldoi
nvit
edthepr esi
dents
i
nourj uri
sdi
cti
ontoconsideramat ternotmentionedinthepri
ntedlett
er.
31

Thir
d:Twot ownsunderthei
rjuri
sdicti
on, Si
langandMarinas32,
wer e
capt
uredbyt heSpani
shenemy ,
andv er
ymanyofoursol dier
sdiedasar esul
t,
andinaddit
iontoourhavi
ngmadecont ri
but i
onsofcash, ani
malsandr ice,we
hadmanywoundedandsuf f
eredot
hergr eatlosses.Butthankstothemer cy
ofGod,notoneofthetownsunderourjurisdi
ctionhasbeencapt ur
edbyt he
sai
denemy .

Four
th:Notoncehav
ewesol
i
cit
edanyki
ndofai
dfr
om t
hem,
wher
eas
t
heyhavefrom us.

Fi
ft
h:Ourpeopl
ehav ebeenfighti
ngpracti
call
ydayandnightinorder
todef
endthem,aswel
lascontri
buti
nggr eat
lyinotherways,
andt hereward
hasbeenanatt
empttotakeourPresidencyawayfrom usbyfraud.

Si
xth:Webegant herebel
li
onandtheycamelater.Inthi
sregard,we
hav
ereal
isedthatt
heiract
ionstowar
dsusar enott
hoseoft r
uebrothers,and
wehaveagreedtodist
anceoursel
vesfr
om them sothatourPresi
dency

31
Whatl ett
erisbei ngment ionedher ei snotknown, butthemat terAguinaldor aisedwiththe
Magdi wangpr esi dent sispr
obabl ythepossi bil
it
yofpeacenegot i
ationswiththeSpani sh
col
oni algovernment .Agui
naldohadr ecentl
ybeencont actedbyt woSpani ardsact ingas
i
ntermedi ar
iesf ort hegov er
nmentwhohadaskedwhet hert herevoluti
oni
stsmi ghtbewi l
l
ing
tolaydownt heirar msi nreturnforsomeki ndofpar donoramnest y.Hehadt henconsul t
ed
Mar i
anoAl varez, theMagdi wangpr esident,ontheseov ertures,andAl v
arezhadi nturn
consultedBoni faci o.Whent heybot hforceful
lyrejectedthei deaofanynegot iated
settl
ement ,Agui nal dothenpr oceeded, wit
houttheirknowl edgeorconsent , t
osoundoutt he
vi
ewsoft hepr esident softheKKKbr anchesaffil
iatedtot heMagdi wang.Andr esBoni f
acio,
LettertoEmi l
ioJaci nt
o,Apr
il 16,1897; Quiri
no,TheYoungAgui naldo,132–4.
32
Dasmar
iñas.

19
cannotbemadesubor dinat e, what everhappens.Butt heyar et heoneswho
shouldsubmi tandbeputt or ight ,becauset heycausedal lthet roubl e.We
rati
fythisdocumentunderabi ndi ngoat ht ocommi tourl ivesandweal thto
thedef enceandsuppor tofoursai dPr esi dency .Al l ofus, ot heraf fili
atesand
thosewhowi sht obecomeaf f
iliates, will abidebyt hi sdocument .Shoul dany
amongstuscomet osuf fermi sf or t
une, openl yorsecr etly
, orbewi ckedly
kil
led,weshal lallinv estigateandshal lnotr estunt il theper petrator ,i
fsuch
therebe, isfoundanddul ypuni shed.Wer esol vealsot hatshoul dany
amongstusbet r
ayt hiscompact ,weshal l allturnuponhi m wi thoutmer cy.
Weshal lli
kewiseactv igor ousl yt ot rackdowni ndividual swhopr esumet o
commi tsomev ilet r
easonagai nstt heK. K. K.andt hePr esidency ,oragai nst
anyofourbr ethr en.Weshal l pur suet hem r elentl
essl yanddespat cht hem to
thePr esidencyassoonaspossi blef orpuni shment .Weconcl udet hi
s
compacti nthenameoft her ev eredCat i
punan, al
lsi gningwi thournames,
surnamesandnamesi nt hesai dCat ipunan.Al thoughwear emany ,wear e
unitedasonei noursent iment , cour age, solidar i
ty,unwor thinessandl if
e.
Thisresol uti
onwi l
l bekeptsecur elyint hePr esidency ,andpr intedcopi eswill
bedespat chedt ot ownsoft hesameaccor dt obel ikewi sesaf elykeptby
brotherPr esident sorot herl eader s.Thi swasdoneont hemont h,dayand
yearabov ewr i
tten.

Addendum33

[
seal
]
Sanguni
anBayan
Magdalo

Kgg.G.Fel
i
xCuencaatG.Mar
ianoNor
ielGar
gano

Capagtangapni opoyar i
ngcalatasaymangyar ingisaisi
pangcung
sinoangmgamagui noongnar arapatsaKggnapul ungannghi hi
macsic
(Gobi
er norevolucionario)atpulungandi nnamannghi himacsi csabauat
hucuman( GobiernoPr ovinci
al)alangalangsai sangKal at
asngG.Pr esident
e
saMagdi wangnat i
nangapcopongmayal as12nitonggabiatdoo, i
,tayo
i
naanayahannamangyar ingmacar ati
ngbucas22nal umalacadsaHaci enda
ngTej erosupangdoo, i,magauaangt inatauagnasabi ngbut usansapag
hahalalngmgapunongnasambi tsaitaas.

Cayaposabagaynaitoayinaasahanconaangi
nñongmgaKamahal an
hahar
apdi t
osabahayHacienda(cungual
angmal
aquingpangani
b)dat
apua,
t,
maglalagaycapongsucatmacatauansapamamahalanginñongt
uncoldi
an
sapanguluhansaal
asseisngumaganangnasabingarao.

Hal
i
gue,
21ngMar
zo

AngPlo.
B.Agui
naldo

33
Pedr
oS.deAchutegui
SJandMiguelA.Ber
nadSJ,Agui
naldoandt
heRevol
uti
onof1896:A
document
aryhi
stor
y(QuezonCi
ty:
AteneodeMani
la,
1972),343.

20
H.
K.:Pagsabi
hanmopoangmgaG.Pl
ongt
agai
bangbayandi
anat
i
pagsaunanahuagmagcul
ang.

21