FANAEDUCATI

ON

UNITONE
HI
STORYANDTHEHISTORIANCRAFT
1.
1THEMEANI
NGANDUSEOFHISTORY
Histor
yi sabr anchofknowl edgethatdealswithallhadbeendonebypeoplewholi
ved
i
nt hepast .
iti
st hetot
al i
tyofthethought,sayi
ngsanddeedsofpeoplewhol i
vedbef
ore
us.
Impor t
anceofhi story
Histor
y: -
Helpsust ol
earnaboutwhatpeopl edidi nthepast
.
Helpsnott orepeatt hemistakesofthepast .
Enablesust ounder standthepastsociety.
I
tenabl esust oi ncreaseourunder standingofthepresentsoci
etyandmay
forecastaboutf ut
uresociety.

1. 2keyEl ement sintheSt udyofHi st

or y
Sourcesar eamongt hedeci siveelement sint hestudyofhistory.Inhist
ory,ever
y
stat
ementmustbesuppor tedbyev i
dence.Thi sev i
denceisobtainedf r
om sourcesof
hi
story.
Hist
ori
ansuset womai nt ypesofsour cesi nt heirresear
ch.Theyar epr i
marysources
andsecondar ysour ces.
Pri
mar ysources:-
havedirectrelationst otheeventst heydescr ibe.
Theycomedi rectl
yf rom theperiodunderst udy.
Theyarenear erintimeandpl acet ot heev ent.
Monument s,inscript
ions,coins,letters,diar
ies,memoirs,chronicl
es,documents
ofcontracts,agreement sandey e-witnessar eamongprimar ysources.

Secondar
ysources:-
Donothavedirectr
elat
ionornearnesstotheev
entt
heydescr
ibe.
Mostofthem arehi
stori
calr
econstruct
ions.
Mosthist
orybooksaresecondarysources.

Pr
imary sources are morereli
ablethan secondary sour
ces because t
hey have
i
mmediacyt ot he eventand t
heyar e bet
tersources ofhist
ory.However
,cri
ti
cal
eval
uat
ionofbothpr i
maryandsecondar
yisveryimportant
.
Oralt
radit
ionscoul
dbetakenasbot hpri
maryandsecondarysour
ces.

Obj
ect
ivi
tyisanotherkeyel ementinthestudyofhi st
ory.
Objecti
vit
yint hest udyofhistoryreferstowr it
inghistori
calfactsastheywere
withoutadditi
onorsubt racti
on.Objectiv
ityinthi
scont extalsomeansidenti
fyi
ng
therealorsignif
icantevents.
Objecti
vit
yist heutmostdut yofthehi stori
antopr esentthereali
tyast
heyreall
y
wer eandinthewayt heyreal
lyoccurr
ed.

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 FANAEDUCATI
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UNI
TTWO

EARLYDEVELOPMENTOFHUMANBEI
NG

2.
1.Theor
iesoft
heOr
igi
nofHumanBei
ngs
Cr
eat
ioni
stVi
ew

Thecreat
ioni
stview bel
iev
ethathumanwascr
eat
edbysuper
nat
uralf
orce(
God)wi
th
al
lcompletephy
sicalshapeandst
ruct
ure.

Sci
ent
if
icVi
ew

Scient
if
ictheor y
,whichwaspr opagat
edbyCharl
esDarwi
nint heMiddl
eofthe19th
centur
y,explainsthathumanbeingsdevel
opedf
rom l
owerbei
ngsthr
oughthegradual
andnaturalprocessofchange.

Charl
esD.expl
ainedhistheor
ypubli
shinghisworkenti
tl
ed“ Origi
nofSpeci
esby
Natur
alSel
ecti
on. ”Darwin’sscient
ifi
cwor kdescr
ibedev oluti
onandnatur
al
sel
ecti
onasatheoret
icalexpl
anat
ionforevol
uti
onar
yphilosophy .

2.
2.HumanEv
olut
ion

Homi
nids

A homini
di s a memberoft he sci
ent
if
icf
amilymade up ofhuman beings and
pr
ehist
ori
chumanl ikecr
eat
ures.ThetwoAfr
icanapes,gor
il
lasandchi
mpanzeesare
cl
osestl
iv
ingrel
ati
vesofhumans.

Thesespeci
esarecl
assi
fi
edasmember
sofadi
ff
erentzool
ogi
calf
ami
l
y,of
ten
cal
ledpongi
dae.

Anthr
opol
ogi
stsbel
ievethathumanbei
ngs,chi
mpanzeesandgoril
l
asdevel
oped
fr
om acommonancest orthatl
i
vedbet
ween8and5mi l
li
onyear
sago.However
,
i
tdoesnotmeanthathumansev ol
vedf
rom chi
mpanzees.

Yet,i
t does indi
cat
et hat both evol
ved from a common ape ancest
or.
I
nvest
igat
orshavecal
cul
atedthatthespl
itbet
weenhomini
dsandt
heli
neleadi
ng
tochi
mpanzeesandgori
l
lasoccurredaboutmil
liony
ear
sago.

TheFi
rstHumans

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 FANAEDUCATI
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Aust
ral
opi
theci
nes

Byaround6mi l
li
onyearsagoinAfri
ca,anapel i
kespeci eshadevol
vedwithtwo
i
mpor t
anttr
ait
sthatdi
sti
ngui
shedi
tfr
om apes:1)smallcanineteet
hand2)bi
pedal
i
sm
thati
swalki
ngont wol
egsasthepr
imaryf
orm oflocomotion.

Scienti
stsrefert othese ear
li
esthuman speci es as australopi
theci
nes or
austral
opit
hs f orshor
t.The name aust r
alopi
theci
nes translatel i
ter
all
y as
“sout her
n ape”,i nr ef
erence to Sout
h Af ri
ca,wher et he first known
austral
opit
hecinesf
ossil
swerefound.

Countr
iesinwhichscient
istshavefoundaust
ral
opi
thsf
ossi
l
sincl
udeEt
hiopi
a,
Tanzania,
Keny
a, Sout
hAfricaandChad.

Or
igi
nofgenushomo

I
tisprobablyinAfr
icawherethegenusHomoor i
ginat
edatabout2.
5mill
ionyear
sago.
Aust
ralopi
theci
nesaf ar
ensi
smaywel lhav
ebeenanancest orofthegenusHomo.
Member s of t he genus Homo had l ar
ger brains and small
er jaws than
aust
ral
opit
hecines.

Homohabil
is:I
st heoldestt
ypeofhumanbeing,l
iv
edineasternandsouther
nAf
rica
about2mil
l
iony ear
sago.Apar t
ialskul
lofHomoHabili
s,datedtoabout1.9mi
l
li
on
year
sagowasuncov er
edinthel
owerOmoBasin,i
nEthi
opia.

Ot
heri mport
antsi
tes ofHomo habi l
i
si ncl
ude OlduvaiGorge i
n Tanzani
a,
St
erkf
ontei
ninSout
hAfricaandLakeTurcanai
nnorthernKeny
a.

HomoHabi li
smadet hef i
rststonetool
swhichconsi
stedoffl
akesandcor
es
and are known as Oldowan technol
ogy,named aft
erthe Ol
duvaiGor
ge i
n
Tanzani
a.

Homo er
ect
us:Thistypeofhumanbeingseemstohaveor
igi
natedinAfr
icaand
becamet
heear
li
esthumanspeci
est
omigrat
efr
om Af
ri
cat
onor
ther
nAsiaandEur
ope.

Theoldestfossi
l
soft hi
sspeci
esareabout1.7t
o1. 8mil
l
ionyear
sol
d.Homo
erect
ushadasl ight
lysmal
l
erbrai
nandslight
lyl
argert
eet
hthanwhatmoder
n
humanbeingshav e.

Homoerectusmadel i
ttl
etool
sknownas“ Acheulean.
”Thenamederi
vesf
rom a
smal
ltowninFr ancecal
ledSt.Acheul
,wher
et hefir
stst
onetool
softhev
ari
ant
wasuncovered.

Theywer
epr
obabl
ythef
ir
sthumanbei
ngst
omast
ert
heuseoff
ir
ear
ound1.
5

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 FANAEDUCATI
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mi
l
li
ony
ear
sago.

Thesitesi
nEt
hiopi
a,wheref ossi
lsofHomoer ectuswereuncov
ered,i
ncl
udet he
l
owerOmo Basi n,Melka-Kunture,Konso-Gardula,Middl
e Awash and gadeb.
OtherHomoerect
usfossil
sar efoundinIndonesia,Ger
manyandChina.

Homosapiens:ar
eclassi
fi
edi
ntotwosub-
groups.Onei
s“ar
chai
c”Homosapi
ensand
t
heot
heris“modern”Homosapiens.

ArchaicHomosapi ensseemst ohaveevolv

edf rom Homoerect
ussomet i
me
between300, 000and600, 000year
sagoandi sconsider
edasanint
ermediate
betweenHomoer ect
usandmoder nhumanbei ng.MuchofAfri
caandEurope
seem tohav ebeenoccupiedbyvari
ouspopul
ati
onsofarchai
cHomosapiensfor
severalhundredthousandyear
s.

Aparti
alcrani
um andotherbonesofar chai
cHomosapienswer euncover
edat
BodoinMiddleAwash.Otherfossi
l
sandmi crol
i
thi
cstonet
oolsofarchai
cHomo
sapi
enshav ebeendi
scoveredatdi
ffer
entsit
esi
nAfri
caandEurasia.

“Moder
n”Homosapi ensincludealll
iv
ingpeopleplusthatfossi
lpopulati
onrom
aboutt
hel ast100,
000y ear
s.Theyar eanatomicall
yv er
ysi mi
lartot heli
ving
humanbeing.Theyareverysimil
artot hel
i
v i
nghumanbei ng.Theol destdated
si
tesar
efoundinAfri
ca,
Mi ddleEastaswellasinEurope.

Severalf
ossil
sofHomosapiensincludi
ngacompleteskull
,whichmaybemor e
than100,000year
sold,
havebeendiscover
edatKi
nishinthelowerOmoBasi
n.A
l
owerj awdatedaboutt
hesameagehasbeenuncov eredfrom t
hecavesi
tenear
DireDawa.

Modernhumanbei
ngslivedacrossAfri
ca,Eurossi
aandAust r
ali
asome35,000
year
sago.Theyalso spread int
othe Amer i
ca aswell.These peopl
eli
ved
ever
ywher
ebygat
heri
ngpl antf
oodsaroundthem byhunt
ing.

2.
3.Ear
lyCul
tur
alDev
elopment

TheStoneAgewasaper i
odofhumant echnologicaldevel
opmentcharact
eri
zedbythe
useofstoneasthepri
ncipalr
aw mat
erialfortools.TheSt oneAgebeganroughl
y2.5
mil
li
onyearsago,
endedinsomepart
soft hewor l
d5, 000yearsago.

Archaeologist
s have divi
ded the Stone Age int
o diff
erent st
ages,each
character
izedbydiff
erentt
ypesoft
oolsortoolmanuf
actur
ingtechni
ques.These
stages are Paleol
it
hic(Ol
d Stone Age),Mesol
it
hic(Middl
e Stone Age)and
Neolit
hic(NewSt oneAge).

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Archaeologi
stssubdi
vi
dedt hePal
eol
it
hici
ntotheLowerPaleol
i
thi
c(t
heear
li
est
phase),Middl
ePaleol
it
hicandUpperPal
eol
it
hic(t
helat
erphase)
.

Duri
ngtheOldStoneAge,peoplel
ear
nedtomaket ool
sandweaponsbychi ppi
ng
onestoneagai
nstanother
.Theydi
scover
edusesoff i
re.Peopl
elear
nedt ol
i
vein
cav
es,tomakeclot
hingofski
ns,
andpai
ntedpi
ctur
esont hewall
sofcaves.

Duri
ngtheMiddl
eSt oneAge,peopl
etamedthedog,madet
hef
ir
stpot
ter
yfr
om sun-
bakedcl
ayandhol
lowedoutlogstomakecr
udeboats.

Int
heNewSt oneAge,peoplelearnedt
omakeshar
perstonetool
s,t
ospineandweav
e,
andtofir
eclayt omakepot s.Theybecamef
oodproducersbydomesti
cati
ngani
mals
andgrowingplantsf
rom seed

Whenpeoplebegant of
arm,theysettl
eddownt oliv
ei noneplace.Theyformed
townsf
orpr ot
ection,madelaws,createdgover
nment s,anddevel
opedelaborat
e
for
msofr eli
gion.Insuchaway ,thathumani ndustr
iousnessisdil
igentef
fort
s
humansocietyledtoearl
ycult
uraldevelopment
.

Ear
lySt
oneAge(
LowerPal
eol
it
hic)

ThelowerPal
eol
it
hicdatesfr
om about2.
5mil
li
onyearsagount
ilabout200,000years
ago.Twosuccessi
vet ool
-maki
ngindust
ri
eschar
acter
izedt
helowerPal eoli
thi
c:the
Oldowanandt
heAcheulean.

TheOldowantoolsremainwasdiscover
edatOlduvaiGor
geinTanzani
a.I
tis
somet
imerefer
redtoasthechopper
-cor
eorpebbl
e-t
ooli
ndust
ry.

Oldowan toolmaki ng i
nvolved hitt
ing one palm sized cobbl
estone against
another
.Thisprocesscreatedlarge,sharp-
edgedcor etool
scapableofbr eaking
bonesandsl i
ci
ngmeatorv eget
ationandsmal lerf
lakesthatcouldscraphides
andsharpenwoodenst i
cks.

TheOldowant
ool
swer
emadebyat
echni
queknownast
he“
dir
ectper
cussi
on”
method.

TheAcheul
eant
ool
swer
efi
rstdev
elopedabout1.
5mi
l
li
ony
ear
sago.

Thet m Acheul
er eani
snowusedt
oref
ert
ohandaxei
ndust
ri
esi
nAf
ri
ca,
Eur
ope
andAsi
a.

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 FANAEDUCATI
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Acheuleantool
sareknownas“ bi
faces”Amongthesehandaxesar
ecl
eav
ers
thatwerefl
akedonbot
hsidesi
nar egul
arpat
ter
n.

TheAcheul
eant
ool
susual
l
yhadshar
pedge,poi
ntedendandwer
eroundatt
he
top.

I
nEthi
opi
asitesforol
destAcheul
eant
ool
sar
efoundi
npl
acessuchasKonso-
Gar
dul
a,GadebandMelkaKuntur
e.

Ingener
al,Ol
dowant
ool
sar eident
if
iedwi
thHomohabi
l
iswhi
l
etheAcheul
eani
s
asscoci
atedwit
hHomoerectus.

Mi
ddl
eSt
oneAge(
Middl
ePal
eol
it
hic)

TheMiddl
ePaleol
it
hicext
endsfr
om around200,000yearsagount
ilabout30,
000year
s
ago.I
twasatthi
stimethatHomo-Er
ectusevol
vedint
ot hehumanspeciescal
ledHomo
sapi
ensorModernhuman.

InAfr
icaatthi
speriod,humansbegant omakeawi derv
ari
etyofsmall
ertool
s
about200,
000y ear
sago.Someoft hesetoolswer
ehaft
edasspearpointand
kni
ves.Sit
esforMi ddl
eSt oneAgear elocat
edatGademotta,MelkaKunt
ure,
PorcEpi
c,andKoneinEthiopiaandMidhi
shiandGudGudinSomali
a.

Lat
erSt
oneAge(
UpperPal
eol
it
hic)

TheUpperPaleol
it
hicextendsfr
om about40,
000y earsagount i
ltheendofthe
l
asticeageabout10,000yearsago.I
ntheUpperPaleoli
thi
c,standar
dizedbl
ade
i
ndustr
iesappear
edandbecomemuchmor ewidespreadthaninprevi
oustimes.

Atthistime humans,began to use new tool

-maki
ng techni
ques known as
“pr
essureflaki
ng”.General
l
y,t
heLateSt oneAgear t
if
acts,f
urtherr
educti
onin
si
ze,ar
efitt
edintohandl
esandusedas“ Composit
eTools”inarr
owsandbows.

TheNeol
it
hicRev
olut
ion

Thisperiodrefer
stothet i
meaf ter11,000yearsagowhenfoodpr ocessi
ngt
hrough
domesticat
ion of pl
ants and animalsr epl
aced for
agi
ng as domi nantmode of
subsi
stence.Thereweremoreinnovati
onsinarti
fact
sandmor
eadv ancesweremadein
humanbehav iort
hanintheprecedi
ngper i
ods.

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Ther i
seofagr i
cult
urebeganintheMiddleEasti
ntheregioncall
edt heFertil
e
Crescentthatcover
swhatisnowLebanonandpar t
sofIran,Ir
aq,I
srael,Jor
dan,
Syri
aandTur key.Hereweobser vesi
tesofsedentar
yl i
fe,domest i
cati
onof
pl
antsandani mals,newt
ools,
div
ersi
fi
cati
onofhumandietsthati
mplieddivi
sion
oflabor.

Thereemergedf ami
li
esandcommuni tieswhoi nhabi
teddefi
nedterri
tori
alareas.
Stonehouseswer ebui
lt
.Thiswashowv i
ll
agesandlit
tl
etownscamei nt
obei ng.
Thiswasf oll
owedbyt heappearanceofsoci et
ieswho wer eorganizedand
di
v i
dedintoclassesofpri
ests,chi
eft
ai ns,merchant
s,arti
sans,shepherds,etc.
Thelaborhier
archywasbornfrom t
heirdimensionoftasks.

TheNeol i
thi
chumanbeinginvent
edthehatchetandmi l
l
stonest ogri
ndcereals.
Pott
erywasal somadeforfoodcooki
ngandst or
agefacili
ti
es.Allf
oodwaskept
i
near thenwarevases.Ar
ti
factswereincreasi
nglyexchanged.Humanbei ngs
soonlearnednowtomakefiretocookt
heirfoodandprotectthem f
rom col
d.

Thisperi
od also wi
tnessed theemergenceofsacr
ed pl
acesand tr
adi
ti
onal
rel
igi
ons. Final
ly
,popul at
ion i
ncr
eased and t
hisl
ed to conf
li
ctt
o cont
rol
resour
ces.

TheNeol
it
hicRev
olut
ioni
ntheEt
hiopi
anRegi
on

SomeelementsofNeol
i
thictr
adi
ti
ontogetherwi
thot
hercult
uralmani
fest
ati
onshav
e
beenobser
vedint
heNort
hernandSout
hernpart
sofEt
hiopi
a.

Thepresenceofaceramictradi
tion,pol
ishedst
onet
ool
s,domesti
cat
ionof
pl
ant
sandani malsandsedentar
yl i
fearesomeofthechar
act
eri
sti
csofthe
Neol
i
thiccul
tur
e.

Theexistenceoft heseNeol i
thict
ypesofcul tur
eintheNor t
hernpar tofEt hiopi
a
andt heHor nofAf ri
cai sattest
edf rom Gobedrar ockshelter(3000BC) ,and
Lal
ibelacav e(500BC) .Gr i
ndingandpol i
shedaxeshav ealsobeenf oundat
AqordatandBar ent uinEr i
tr
ea.Thesesi tesprovi
dedNeol i
thi
cmat eri
alcul tur
e
suchasaxes,cer ami cs,gr
indingstones,beads(smallroundobjects),andst one
fi
gures,etc.

Thearchaeol
ogistDombr owskihadexcav atedchickpeasandv eget
ablesdat
ed
to 500BC.AtLai bel
a cav e.Anotherar chaeol
ogicalevidence of possi
ble
nd
domesti
catedcattl
edatedt othemid-2 mi ll
enni
um BC.Hav ebeenf oundatt
he
LakeBasakasit
e.Theot herfaunar
emai nsofdentalfragmentsofacameldated
to2500BCcomesf rom Gobedra.

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Duri
ng thi
st ime Neoli
thi
c cul
tur
ei n Ethi
opia,new economi cs and cult
ural
devel
opmentappear ed.The communi t
ies evi
dently star
ted sedentar
yl if
e,
domesti
cati
onsofani malsandpl ant
sandusedcer amics.Cult
ivat
ionofr oot
pl
antsandcr opssuchasenset ,t
eff,noog,mill
et,chatandcof f
eet ookplace.
Todaythesepl ssuchasensetar
ant edispersedindiffer
entpart
soft hecountry
andhavebecomei mportantf
oodcrops.

UNI
TTHREE
THEANCIENTWOLD
3.1.Emer genceofSt at es
Theor i
esoft heEmer genceofSt ates
St ater eferst ot erri
tor ialent it
yt hati spol iti
call
yor ganized and hasa
gov ernmentandpeopl e.Thest atecanbeunder stoodast hehighestand
mostpower f ulpol i
ti
calor ganizationofsoci ety
.Itpossessest hemonopol y
ofpowert ousewi t
hini tst err
itory.
 The agency t hatexer cises poweron behal foft he st atei s called
gov ernment .
Ther ear ediffer enttheor iesf ortheemer genceofanci entst ates.
These ar e Rel igion,WarLeader ship,and Cont roloft rade r outes and
Irr
igat i
on.Ther ei salso t heor yof“ or
ientaldespot ism”i nt heor iginof
anci entst ates.Thi st heor y claimed t hatci vil
ization wher e agri
culture
dependedonl arge-scal ei rr
igati
onf rom r iverwat er,ast rongst atepower
emer gedbecausedespot icst at
epowerwasneededt oor ganizelaborf or
greati rr
igationandf l
oodcont rolwor ks.
TheNat ur eofEar lyStates
 Anci entstateshadpeopl ewi thspeci ali
zedski ll
ssuchasar tisans,soldi
er s,
official
s,et c.anddi fferent i
at i
oni ntocl asses.Nost atecoul dofcour se
comei ntoexi st encewi thoutt hepr eviousdev el
opmentofagr i
cultur
e.
I ndust ri
ousnessi st heul timat emeansf ort heattainmentofdev el
opment .

Anot
hert
heor
yisDi
vi
ner
ightt
heor
y.Accor
dingt
hist
heor
y,Empi
reSt
ates

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 FANAEDUCATI
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areseenasi nstit
uti
onscr eatedbyGodandt heemperorsar
eregar
dedas
God’sownr epresentat
ivesoragent soneart
h.
 Thet heor
yasser t
st hatt hesoci alor
derin which t
heposit
ion oft
he
i
ndivi
dualisdet er
minedhi erarchi
call
ybasedonthebirt
h,isGodgiv
enand
thusimmutable.

3.2.Anci entWor ldCi vil

izati
onsAf r
ica
AncientEgy pt
Egy ptwasoneoft heear l
iestoft hegr eatci v i
l
izationsoft heanci entwor ld.
Theanci entGr eekhi stori
anHer odot ussai dthatEgy ptwas/ isthe“ Gif
tof
theNi le” ,meani ngt hatEgy ptcouldnothav eexi st
edwi thoutt heannual Ni le
fl
oodt hatbr oughtwat erandsoi lt
oEgy pt .
 TheEgy ptki ngnamedMenesuni tedt heUpperEgy ptandLowerEgypti nc.
3200BC.
 Thehi st oryofanci entEgy ptisusual lydiv i
dedi nto3ki ngdoms
ot heOl dKingdom ( c.2686- 2181) ,
o Mi ddleKi ngdom ( c.2040- 1743)and
o NewKi ngdom ( c.1550- 1080)
 Ther ewasal sot heFi rstandSecondI ntermedi ateper i
odswhencent ral
politi
cal author i
tybr okendown, f
ollowedbyr eunificati
on.
 Wi t
hint heper i
odsoft het hreeandI ntermedi ateper iods,t herewer e31
dynast iesofi ndi genousr ulersinEgy pt.
 Aftert heNew ki ngdom,i ndigenousr uleended i nEgy ptwi tht hefinal
Persianconquesti n343BC.Al exandert heGr eatconquer edEgy ptfrom
Persiai n332BC.
 Macedoni aGr eekr ulecont inuedunt i
lEgy ptbecamepar toft heRoman
Empi rei n30BC.
InEgy pt ,theki ngwasal l-
power ful.Hewasr egar dedasani ncarnat
egod
andaf terhi s“ deat h”onear th;hewoul dbeagodwat chi ngov erthewel far e
ofEgy ptandi tspeopl e.
 Since t he per iod oft he New ki ngdom,t he king ofEgy ptwas cal led
“Phar aoh” .
 The“ Phar aoh”i sHebr ew forananci entEgy ptianwor l
dmeani ng“ great

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 FANAEDUCATI
ON

house”
,thati
s,t
hepl
acewher
etheki
ngl
i
ved.

 Thecapi taloft heOl dKi ngdom wasMemphi slocat edneart hesi teof
present -
dayCai r o.
 Dur ing t heMi ddl eand t heNew Ki ngdoms,t hecapi talmov ed t o
Thebes, muchf ar thert ot hesout h.
o Officialscal ledv iziershel pedki nggov ernanci entEgy pt.Thev i
zier sact ed
asmay ors, t
axcol l
ect or sandj udges.
o Anci entEgy ptwasdi videdi nto42pr ov i
ncescal led“ nomes” .
o Theki ngappoi nt edof ficialsknownasa“ nomar ch”t ogov erneachpr ov ince.
o Mostoft heor di nar ypeopl ei nanci entEgy ptwer eengagedi nagr i
cul tur e.
o Anci entEgy ptianswor shi pedmanydei ties( godsandgoddesses)because
theybel iev edi nl i
f eaf terdeat h.Theyconst ructedpy ramidsandot hergr eat
housesf orki ngsandqueens’ bur i
alplaces.
o Anci entEgy pt’spy rami dsar et heol destandl argestst onest r
uct uresi nt he
wor ld.Ther uinsof35 maj orpy rami dsst i
llst and al ong t heNi l
e.The
Largestone, theGr eatPy rami datGi za, standsabout140met ershi gh.
o Egy ptbui ltagr eatempi reandr eachedt hehei ghtofi t
spowerdur ingt he
1400’ sBC,underKi ngThut moseI I
I.Hel edami li
tarycampai gni nt oAsi a
almosty ear l
yf or20y earsandbr oughtPal estineandSy r
iai ntot heEgy pt i
an
empi r
e.
o Heal soest abl ishedEgy pt iancont rolov erKushandsur roundi ngNubi a,
whichwer ev aluabl esour cesofsl aves, copper ,gold, ivor
yandebony .
o RamesesI I(r.1290- 1224BC)wasoneoft heknownphar aohsoft het ime.
Thewel l
-knownv oy aget oPuntsentbyQueenHat shepsuthadal sot aken
placei nt heNewKi ngdom per iod.
o Anci entEgy ptians made r emar kable pr ogress i n gov ernment ,r eligi on,
engi neeringandar chi tectur e, wr i
ti
ngandsci encei ncludingmat hemat ics.

Kush/Meroe
 Kushwasaki ngdom al
ongtheNil
eriv
erinwhatisnownort
heast
ernSudan.
Itsf oundi
ngdateisnotknown,buti texi
stedasear l
yas2000BC and
l
astedunti
laboutAD350.
 Kushwasat radi
ngcenterandi
texport
edslaves,
catt
le,
gol
dandivor
y.

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 FANAEDUCATI
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 Egy ptconquer ed Kush i nt he 1500' s BC,and t he Kushi ties adopt ed

element s ofEgy ptian ar t ,l anguage and r eligion.Lat er,the Kushi ti
es
conquer edEgy ptabout750BC, wheni tspowerdecl i
ned.
 FiveKushi t er uler ssuccessi v elyr ul
edEgy ptasphar aohsoft heTwent y
FifthDy nast y .
 Dur i
ngt hist i
me,Napat awast hecapi taloft hecombi nedt er
ritoryofEgy pt
andKush.TheKushi tesr uledEgy ptunt i
labout670BC,whenAssy r
ians
from Asi aat tackedEgy ptandsackedThebes,t hef ormerEgy ptiancapi tal.
AnAssy rianar myt hendest roy edNapat a,t
hecapi tal ofKush.
 Ther ulersofKushf ledsout hwar dst ocent ralKushwhi chsur vivedt he
attack.
 Ar oundt hesi xthcent uryBC,t heki ngdom ofKushbegant oexpandi ts
terri
tor yint hesout her ndi rect i
on.
 Thesout her nl imitoft heki ngdom wassomewher ei nt hepr esentci t
yof
Khar toum.
 Thecapi taloft heki ngdom al so shifted to Mer oewhi ch wasl ocated
somewher ei nt henor thofKhar toum.
 Theper ioddur i
ngwhi chMer oeser vedascapi talmar kedt hegl orious
per i
odi nt heci vil
izationofKush.Becauseoft his,theKushi teciv i
lizati
onof
thisper iodi sof t
enr ef erredt oasMer oticcivili
zat ion.
 TheKushi t esf oundi ronor eandhar dwood.Theyhadawel l-
dev elopedi ron
i
ndust ryandmadei ront oolsandweapons.Theuseofi ronweaponsmade
theki ngdom v er ypower fulmi li
tari
ly.I tconquer edal arget erritoryand
monopol izedt het r
adeoft heHor nofAf rica.Thepr osper ityofMer oe
l
ar gelydependedont hist r
ade.
 Thedecl i
neofMer oebegani nt hemi ddleoft hef irstcent uryAD.Thi swas
becauseoft her iseoft her ival empi r
eofAksum.
I nt hemi ddl eoft hef ourt hcent uryAD,t heAksumi teki ngcal ledEzana
i
nv adedMer oe.
 Ezana' sar mysackedandbur nedMer oeandt herebybr oughtt heanci ent
kingdom ofKusht oanend.
ASI A
Mesopot amia

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 FANAEDUCATI
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o By about2900 BC,a ci
vi
lizat
ion ofcity st
ates emer
ged in sout
hern
Mesopotamia(
modernI
raq),intheareacal
ledSumer i
abetweentheTigr
is
andEuphrat
esri
ver
s.

o ThenameMesopotamiacomesf rom aGr

eekwor
dmeani
ngbet
weenr i
ver
s.
Ther
eisnoevidencef
ort hattheSumeri
ansmovedt
her
efrom any
where
el
se;t
heymayhavebeenindigenous.

o Ther ul ersofSumer ianci ty-stat eswer eabsol uteki ngscal ledl ugals.The
kingr uledast her epr esent ativ eoft hecit
y-st ate'schi efgod.Hewasnota
godhi msel fasi nEgy pt.Hewasr esponsiblef orseei ngt hatt hewor shipof
thegodwaspr oper lycar riedout .
oI twasbel iev edt hatt hepr osper i
tyandsecur ityoft hest atewasensur edby
thepr operwor shipoft hegod.
o Thel ugalwasaki ng, buthadasupr emedut yt ot hegods.Asar ecentwor k
comment s,' '
somel andwasownedbyt heki ng,someassi gnedt otempl es
andsomei npr ivateowner shi p.''
o Accor dingt osomewr iters,thepl oughwasf irstusedi nSumer i
abef oret he
establishmentoft heci ty-states.
o Boat smov edbywi ndal soappear edf i
rsti
nSumer i
a.
o TheSumer iansbecameexper tsinmet alwor kingandt heirbr onzear ti
facts
exhibitedr ar eski l
lsi nt hest andar doft heday .
o Likeanci entEgy pt i
ans,t heSumer iansdev elopedski ll
si nast ronomyand
mat hemat icswhi ch t heyused f ort he pr epar ation ofa cal endar,land
measur ementandadmi nistrat ion.
o Wegott he60mi nut esi nanhourand360’ (
inaci rclef r
om t heSumer i
ans.
o Betweenabout3200-2900BC, Sumer iansdev elopedawr i
tingsy st
em.
o Thesy stem usi ngwor dpi ct ures,dev el
opedi nt o asy stem ofwedge-
shapedchar acterscal ledcunei form.
o Thesumer iansmader emar kabl econt ri
buti
onsi nlaw, thear t
sandsci ence.
o TheMesopot ami ansmadecar ef ul studyoft heheav enlybodi es.
o Theyr ecogni zedt hedi fferencebet weenpl ant sandf i
xedst ars.Thi slaid
thefoundat i
onf ort hest udyofmoder nastronomy .

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 FANAEDUCATI
ON

UNI TFOUR
THEMEDI EVALPERI ODORTHEMI DDLEAGES
EuropeDuri
ngt heMi ddleAges- Inv asi onsandtheAgeofFeudal i
sm
TheGermanicpeopl efrom Scandi navi awer eorganizedi
ntri
balwaysof
l
if
e.
TheRomanscal ledt heGer mansbar bar i
ans.
TheVisi
gothsinv adedSpai nin416A. D.
TheAngels,Jut
esandSaxonsset t
ledi nBrit
ainin450A.D.
480sTheFranksest abl
ishedaki ngdom i nGaul.
TheOstrogothinv adedI tal
yint hesamey ear.
Eff
ectsoftheBar bar i
anI nvasion
Thebarbari
ansdi v i
dedt heRomanEmpi rei
ntomanysmal lki
ngdoms.
Theydestr
oyedt heRomant rader out es.
Mosttowndwel ler swentt ocount rysi deandbecamepeasant s.
Somet
ownswer
eabandoned&di
sappear
ed.
By9thcent ur ymostWest ernEur opewasdi videdi ntol argeest atescal led
manor s.
TheRomanCat holicChur ch
TheRomanCat holicChur chwast hemai nciv il
izinganduni fyi
ngf orceof
theMi ddl eAges.
Itprovidedl eader shipf ort hepeopl eandsav edWest ernEur opef r
om
compl et ei gnor ance.
Themi ssi onar iesi ntroducedt heideasofgover nment sandj usticetot he
barbar i
ans.
TheChur chcol lectedt axesandmai ntainedl awandor der.
Chur chbui ldingsser vedashospi tal
sf ort hesi ckandi nnsf orthet raveller
s.
Cathedr al andmonast eriesbecamet hecent r esofl earningi ntheear ly
middl eages.
Cathedr al wer eChur chesofbi shopandmonast erieswer ecommuni t
iesof
monks.
Monkswer epeopl ewhogav eupwor ldlylif
et oGod’ sser vice.
TheLat i
nal phabetcont i
nuedi nmostEur opeanl anguagesexceptGr eek
andmostSl avlanguagesi nRussi aandt heBal kans.
Lati
nwast hel iv i
ngl anguageoft heR. C.Candt heMedi evaluni versit
ies.
Moder nEur opeanl anguagesar edev elopf r
om Lat in.
TheRomanCat holicChur chwast hel argestl andhol derint heMi ddle
Ages.
Byzant ineEmpi reoft he16thCent ury

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 FANAEDUCATI
ON

Diff
erencesoft heWest ernandEasternRomanEmpi res
West ernRomanEmpi r
e
Capital–Rome
Gov .-Smal
t lkingdoms
Reli
gion- RomanCat holi
c
Civil
izaton–decl
i inedandcol l
apsedsince476A.D.
Language–Lat i
n
Alphabet-Lat i
n
EasternRomanEmpi re
Capital–Const ant i
nople
Gov .–l
t argeempi re
Reli
gion- GreekOr thodox
Civi
li
zation-Cont inueduntil1453A.D.
Language–Gr eek
Alphabet–Cy r
illi
c
TheBy zant i
neEmpi rei udedI
ncl t
aly,par
tsofSpain,
Tunisi
a(old
Africa),Asi aMi nort
,heBalkanPeninsul
a,Egypt
,Palest
ineandSyr
ia.
Theempir
eorgani
zedmanylawsofancientRomansastheJust
ini
anCode.
Just
ini tHagi
anbui
l aSophi
a(St.Sophi
a)mostsplendi
dchurchi
nthe
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 FANAEDUCATI
ON

empire.
Themaj ori
tywer epoorf armerswhor ai
sedgr ape,oliveandwheator
herdedsheep.
Theyimpor tedsilk,
spi cesluxurygoodsfrom Chi na.
TheBy zant i
nepr eservedanci entGreekl
it
erature,philosophy,Roman
government altr
aditi
ons.
Byzantinespr eadChr istianit
ytoRussiaandot herSlavicpeople.
Theytransl atedbooksf rom Greekint
oOldSlav oniclanguageandinvented
Cyril
li
cal phabet.
TheCy rill
icalphabetisusedi nRussiaandmuchofBal kans.
TheChur chspl i
tt ookplaceinthe11thcent uryasGr eekOrt
hodox
andRomanCat hol i
c.
TheEast ernChur chdi dn’
tacceptj
uri
sdictionoft hepopeofRome
ov ertheeastandwest .
Green=Lat i
nRed=Cy rill
icblue=Arabi
cyel
low-green=Br ahmangrey=ot
hers

Thebar
bar
iansat
tackedBy
zant
inei
nal
lfr
ont
ssi
ncet
hedeat
hofJust
ini
an.

By1071t heNor manstooksouthernI t

aly.
TheSel jukTur ksdefeatedtheByzant i
nearmyatt hebatteofManzi
l ker
t
i
nt hesameyear .
Emper orAlexiusComnenusaskedt heChr i
sti
ansofWest ernEurope
againstSeljukTurks.
Thehel pofWest ernEuropetoByzant i
neagainstt
heMusl imforcewas
call
edCr usade.
TheTur ksinvadedHol yLandsbesidest heByzant
ine.
Crusadewast hecampai gnofChri
stianEuropeagainstTurks.

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 FANAEDUCATI
ON

Inthef i
rstcrusade ( 1096-1099)t heCr usader
sgai nedcoast
alr
egi
ons
oftheHol yLands.
TheOt tomanTur ksConquer edConst antinopl
ein1453andendedThe
By zantineEmpi re.
TheTur ksr enamedt heci yofConst
t ant i
nopleasI st
anbul.
Themostspl endidchur chofSt .SophiabecameMosque.
Fact orsf ortheFal lofBy zanti
ne
Attackf r
om al ldirections
Financi alandmi li
taryexhaust ion
Longt erm war f
areoft hearmy
Oppr essi vesy stem andov ertaxation
Fact orsforMusl im Vi ctor
y
Besi dest heabov ef actors
Christ i
anI ranianhat edt hepoly t
heistrulersofPersia
ThePer sianEmpi rewasweakenedbydy nasti
cwar
TheRi
seandExpansi
onofI
slam
Islam andt heMusl im Empi r
e
Islam, oneoft hethr eemaj orwor l
dr eli
gions, alongwi thJudai sm and
Chr istianity,thatprof essmonot heism, orthebel iefinasi ngleGod.
Pr ophetMohammed( 570- 632A.D.)pr eachedI sl
am Al lah( oneGod) .
Musl i
mst hosewhobel ieveinAl l
ahandacceptt het eachingofMohammed
ashi smessenger .
Mohammedbeganhi st eachingin610A. D.inMecca( Saudi Arabia)
.
Qur ay shAr absandweal t
hymer chant sopposedt het eachingof
Mohammed.
Theywer eget ti
ngi ncomef rom thePi lgrimageofKabaahol yshrinein
Mecca.
Theyper secut edMohammedandhi sfollower s.
Mohammedandhi sf ollower sf
ledt oYat r
iblat errenamedMedi natal-
Nabi
(theCi tyoft hePr ophet )orMedi nai n622A. D. .
Thef li
ghtofMohammedf rom Meccat oMedi nai scal ledHi j
ir
a.
Ansar s( helpers)wer et heinhabitantsofMedi nawhoi nvitedMohammed
tot heirt own
Muhaj irunwer ef r
om meccaundert ookHi ji
ra.
Sahaba( Ansar sandMuhaj ir
un)wer et hecompani onoft hePr ophet.
Mohammedgov ernedt heMusl im Communi t
ycal ledUmmaandr esisted
theQur ayshat tack.
Mohammeddi edin632A. D.andhi sfollowersst rengt henedI sl
am.
Musl i
m schol arscodi fiedIslamicl awsi nt oacoher ent .

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 FANAEDUCATI
ON

SchoolofI slam
Qur’anorKor an, thehol ybookofI slam.
ForMusl imsi ti sthev erywor dofAl lah,theabsol uteGodofI sl amicf
ait
h,
andwasr ev eal edt ot hepr ophetMuhammad.
Hanafi,Mal iki,Shaf iandHanbal iemer gedasf ourl egal school s.
Theyagr eedont heQur anandHadi thasasour ceofShar i
’a.
TheHanaf i school i
sdomi nanti nTur key, Sy r
ia,Iraq,Cent ralAsi aand
southernI ndi a/Paki stan.
TheMal aki school hasf oll
ower si nNor thAf r
ica,Musl im Spai nandWest er
n
andcent ral Sudan.
TheShaf i Madhhabi sf oundi nIndiaOceanshor es, f
rom Sout hernArabi
a
EasternAf ricat oIndonesi a.
TheHanbal iisdomi nanti nSaudiAr abia.
InEthiopiaShaf iandHanaf ischoolsofI slami clawar edomi nant .
Mohammedemphasi zedShur aasi tisthebaseofgov erningt he
communi ty.
Chronologi calAdmi nist rationofCal i
phat esandMusl i
m Dy nast i
es
Cali
phswer esuccessor sofMohammed.
AbuBakr( 632- 34) Umar(
, 634-44) Ut
, hman( 644- 56)andAl iwer etheearl
y
cali
phs.
TheUmay yadCal i
phs( 661- 750)i nDaamascus
TheAbbasi dCal i
phs( 750- 1258)i nBaghdad
TheAbbasi di nCai ro( 1261- 1517)inCai ro
TheFat imi dDynast yandTheUmayyadofSpai n
TheOt tomansandTheModer nPeriod
Misunder st andi ngofSomeGr oups
Othmanwasmur der edbyr ebelsbyopposi nghispol i
cies.
Aliwasel ect edascal iphi nMedi na.
Muawuya( gov ernorofSy r
ia)andhi sf ollower sopposedt heel ecti
onofAli
.
Alihadagreedt osettl
emi sunderstandi
ngbyar bi
tr
ation.
Thef ol
lowersofAli(Khari
ji
tes)rej
ectedhisideaofarbit
rat
ionandr
evolt
ed
againstcal
iphsandt hecentralgovernmentsofUmay yadandAbbasid
dynasti
esinIraq,ArabiaandI r
an.
SomecommonFeat uresofI
slamicSect
s
Eveni heKhar
ft ij
it
esspli
tintomanyfacti
onstheyhavecommonfeatur
es.
I
..Theyasser
tedthatanyoneguil
tyofaseri
oussinwasunbel
i
everand
apost
ateandshouldbeputt odeat
h.
II
.El
ecti
onofimamate( cal
i
phate)i
sequall
ygi
vent oal
lmeneventobl
ack
sl
aveswithqual
i
ficat
ionofpiet
yint
egri
tyandr
eli
giousknowl
edge.

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 FANAEDUCATI
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Di v
isionofI slami cWor ld
t
h
Inthe7 cent urytheMusl im wor l
di sdiv i
dedintot womaj orsectscal
led
ShiitesandSunni t es.
Shi’atAl i( thepar tyofAl i
)orShi i
tes( I
mamat e)repl acedthecommuni ty
consensusbydoct rine.
Thef i
rstI mam wasAl i
.
TheI mamsar econsi deredasdi vinelyappointedr ulersandt eacher
s.
Shi’i
sm ( t hedoct rineofShi i
tes)soonspl i
tintomanysect s.TheTwelver
s
andSev ener sar emostknown.
Twel versr ecogni zedt hetwel f
thdescendant sofAl i cal
ledMohammedal -
Mahdiwhodi sappear edi n880.
Iranist hest ronghol dofi t
Ther ear ef oll
ower sinI r
aq, Syri
a,LebanonandI ndi a.
t
h
Sevener s( Ismai l
is)shi i
teswhor ecogni zedthe7 i mam, Ismael
Maj orDi ff erencesBet weenSuni tesandShi i
tes
Thesour ceofSunni t
esl awar etheQur an,Hadith, theconsensusoft he
communi tyandanal og.
Thef ourbasesoft heShi i
teslawar et heQur an,Hadi t
hoft heProphetand
theI mams, theconsensusoft hecommuni tyandr eason.
Alt
houghtheShii
tesperf
orm pi
l
gri
magetoMecca,
theypref
err
edt ovisi
t
thetombofAliandhissonHussei
nint
hetownofNajafandKarbala.
.
TheSuni Musli
ms
SunniIslam (Musl
im Or
thodoxy)suppor
t heSunna(
edt thewayoft
he
Prophet)isthelar
gestI
slamicSect.
SunisorSunit
escomprised90%ofthewor ld’
stot
alMusl i
m popul
ati
on.
SunniMusli
msbel i
evethatMuhammadi ntendedthattheMusli
m
communi t
ychooseasuccessor,orcali
ph,byconsensustoleadthe
theocr
acy(eart
hlyki
ngdom underdi
vinerul
e)hehadsetup.
ExpansionofI sl
amicEmpi re
Thefir
stcal i
phsexpandedI sl
am outsi
deArabia.
Theydef eatedPer si
aandBy z
anti
nearmies.
Theycont roll
edSy ri
ain636.
Aft
erthebat t
lesofQudisiyya(637)andNihanwand( 642)
theyendedthe
Persi
anEmpi re.
Theypenet ratedIrani
anhighlandsfrom t
heirmil
it
arybaseofBasraand
Kuf
a.
I
n650t heyreachedi
nthebor
der
sofIndi
a,Ir
aqandArmenia.
TheyconqueredEgypti
n642.
TheUmay yadcali
phswhorul
edf
rom 661to750(foundedby

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 FANAEDUCATI
ON

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ከ9-
12ላላችሁተማሪዎች

እንደሚታወቀው ከ2015ዓ.
ም ጀምሮየዩኒቨርስቲመግቢያፈተናከ9ኛ- 12ኛክፍልያለውን
የሚያጠቃልልነ ው።ይህም ተማሪዎችላይጫ ናመፍጠሩየማይቀርነ ው።እኛም ከ2015
ዓ.ም የት/
ትዘመንጀምሮበነ ፃMathemati
csትምህርትንከ9ኛ-
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ለየትያሉYouTubevi
deoእያዘጋጀንየምናግዛችሁመሆኑንስናሳውቃችሁበታላቅ
አክብሮትነ ው።
ከእናንተየሚጠበቀው በትኩረትመከታተልብቻነ ው።

Comput
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onየበዛበትጊዜላይስላለንታሪክለመቀየርለስኬትዛሬጀምራችሁተነ
ሱ

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 FANAEDUCATI
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