OfCr

imi
nal
For
ceandAssaul
t

349.For
ce:

Aper sonissaidtouseforcetoanotheri fhecausesmot i

on,changeofmot ion,orcessat i
onof
mot i
ont othatot
herorifhecausestoanysubst ancesuchmot ion,orchangeofmot i
on,or
cessationofmot i
onasbr i
ngsthatsubst anceintocontactwithanypar tofthatot her'
sbody ,or
withany t
hingwhichthatotheri
swearingorcar ryi
ng,orwit
hany thingsosituatedt hatsuch
contactaffect
sthatother'
ssenseoffeel ing:provi
dedthattheper soncausi
ngt hemot ion,or
changeofmot i
on,orcessati
onofmot ion, causesthatmotion,changeofmot ion,orcessation
ofmot ioninoneofthethreeway shereinaf t
erdescri
bed:

Fi
rst
:Byhi
sownbodi
l
ypower
.

Secondly
:Bydisposinganysubst
anceinsuchamannerthatt
hemot i
onorchangeorcessat
ion
ofmotiontakesplacewit
houtanyfur
theractonhi
spar
t,oronthepartofanyot
herper
son.

Thi
rdl
y:Byi
nduci
nganyani
mal
tomov
e,t
ochangei
tsmot
ion,
ort
oceaset
omov
e.

350.Cr
imi
nal
for
ce:

Whoeverint
enti
onal
lyusesfor
cet oanyperson,wit
houtthatper
son'
sconsent,i
nordert
othe
commi t
ti
ngofanyoffence,
orintendi
ngbyt heuseofsuchforcetocauseorknowi
ngittobe
l
ikel
ythatbytheuseofsuchforcehewiltcauseinj
ury,
fearorannoyancet
othepersontowhom
thef
orceisused,i
ssaidtousecr i
minal
forcetothatother
.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

(a)Zissi t
ti
nginamoor edboatonar i
ver.Aunf astensthemoor i
ngs, andthusint
ent i
onall
y
causest heboattodrif
tdownt hestream.Her eAi ntenti
onall
ycausesmot iontoZ, andhedoes
thi
sbydi sposingsubstancesinsuchamannert hatt hemot i
onisproducedwi t
houtanyot her
actiononanyper son'
spar t.Ahas,therefor
e, i
ntenti
onallyusedforcetoZ; andi
fhehasdoneso
withoutZ'sconsent,i
nor dertothecommi t
tingofanyof fenceorintendingorknowi ngittobe
l
ikelythatthi
suseoff orcewi l
lcauseinjury
,fororannoy ancet oZ,Ahasusedcr i
mi nalf
orceto
Z.

(b)Zisridi
nginachar
iot
,AlashesZ'shorses,andt
herebycausethem t
oquickenthei
rpace.
HereAhascausedchangeofmot i
ont oZbyinduci
ngtheanimalstochangethei
rmotion.Ahas,
ther
efore,usedf
orcet
oZ.andif,Ahasdonet hiswi
thoutZ'
sconsent,i
ntendi
ngorknowingitt
o
beli
kelythathemayther
ebyinj
ure,fr
ight
enorannoyZ.Ahasusedcr iminalf
orcetoZ.

(
c)Zisridi
nginapalanqui
n.A,
intendi
ngtor
obZ.seizesthepoleandst
opsthepalanqui
n.Here
Ahascausedcessati
onofmotiontoZ,andhehasdonet hi
sbyhisownbodi
lypower .Ahas,
t
heref
ore,usedf
orcetoZandasAhasact edthusi
ntenti
onall
ywit
houtZ'
sconsentinordert
o
t
hecommi
ssi
onofanof
fenceAhasusedcr
imi
nal
for
cet
oZ.

(d)Aint
enti
onall
ypushesagainstZinthestr
eet.Her
eAhasbyhi sownbodi lypowermovedhi
s
ownpersonsoast obri
ngi ti
ntocont
actwithZ.Hehastherefore,i
ntent
ionall
yusedfor
cetoZ;
andifhehasdonesowi thoutZ'
sconsent,i
ntendi
ngorknowingi tt
obel i
kelythathemay
ther
ebyinj
ure,
fri
ghtenorannoyZ.hehasusedcr imi
nalf
orcet oZ.

(e)Athrowsast one,
intendingorknowi ngi tt
obel ikel
ythatt
hest onewillbet husbroughti nt
o
contactwithZ.orwit
hZ' sclot
hes, orwithsomet hingcarri
edbyZort hatitwillstr
ikewat er,and
dashupt hewateragainstZ'sclothes,orsomet hingcarri
edbyZ.Her e,i
fthet hrowingoft he
stoneproducetheeffectofcausinganysubst ancet ocomeintocontactwi t
hZ.or ,Z'
scl othes.
Ahasusedf or
cetoZ; andifhedidsowi thoutZ'sconsentint
endingtherebytoi nj
ure,fr
ightenor
annoyZ, hehasusedcr i
minal f
orcet oZ.

(f
)Aintenti
onall
ypull
supawoman' svei
l.HereAint
entionall
yusesfor
cetoherandifhedoes
sowithoutherconsenti
ntendingorknowingitt
obelikelythathemayther
ebyinj
ure,
fri
ght
enor
annoyherhehasusedcr i
mi nalf
orcetoher.

(g)Zisbathi
ng.Apour sintothebathwaterwhichheknowst obeboili
ng..HereAintent
ional
ly
byhisownbodilypowercausessuchmot ionintheboil
ingwat erasbri
ngsthatwaterint
o
contactwit
hZ,orwithotherwat ersosit
uatedthatsuchcont actmustaff
ectZ'ssenseof
feel
i
ng.Ahas, t
herefore,
intenti
onall
yusedforcetoZ;andi fhehasdonet hi
swi t
houtZ's
consentint
endi
ngorknowi ngitt
obel i
kel
ythathemayt herebycausei
njury,
fearorannoyance
toZ.Ahasusedcr iminalforce.

(h)Ainci
tesadogt
ospringuponZ.wit
houtZ'
sconsent
.Her
e,i
fAi
ntendsl
ocausei
njur
y,f
ear
orannoyancet
oZ,heusescri
minalf
orcetoZ.

351.Assaul
t:

Whoev ermakesanygest
ure,oranypr
epar at
ionintendingorknowingittobeli
kel
ythatsuch
gestur
eorpreparat
ionwi
ll
-causeanypersonpr esenttoapprehendthathewhomakest hat
gestur
eorpreparat
ioni
tabouttouse.ofcriminalforcetothatper
son,issai
dtocommi tan
assaul
t.

Expl
anat
ion:Merewordsdonotamountt
oanassaul
t,Butt
hewordswhichapersonusesmay
gi
vetohisgest
ureorprepar
ati
onsuchameani
ngasmaymaket hosegestur
esorprepar
ati
ons
amounttoanassaul
t.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

(a)Ashakeshi
sfi
statZ,i
ntendi
ngorknowingi
ttobel
ikel
ythathemayt
her
ebycauseZt
o
beli
evet
hatAisaboutt
ostrikeZ,Ahascommit
tedanassaul
t.
Oft
her
ightofPr
ivat
eDef
ence

96.Thi
ngsdonei
npr
ivat
edef
ence:

Not
hingi
sanof
fencewhi
chi
sdonei
ntheexer
ciseoft
her
ightofpr
ivat
edef
ence.

97.Ri
ghtofpr
ivat
edef
enceoft
hebodyandofpr
oper
ty:

Ev
eryper
sonhasar
ight
,subj
ectt
other
est
ri
cti
onscont
ainedi
nSect
ion99,
todef
end;

Fi
rst
:Hisownbody
,andt
hebodyofanyot
herper
son,
agai
nstanyof
fenceaf
fect
ingt
hehuman
body;

Secondly:Theproper
ty,whethermovabl
eorimmov abl
e,ofhimsel
forofanyotherperson,
againstanyactwhichisanof f
encefal
li
ngundert
hedefini
tionofthef
t,r
obber
y,mischiefor
cri
mi nal
trespass,
orwhichisanattempttocommittheft
,robber
y,mischi
eforcr
iminal t
respass.

98.Ri
ghtofpr
ivat
edef
enceagai
nstt
heactofaper
sonofunsoundmi
nd,
etc.
:

Whenanact , whichwouldotherwisebeacer tai

nof f
ence,i
snotthatof f
ence,byreasonoft he
youth,t
hewantofmat urit
yofunderstanding,t
heunsoundnessofmi ndortheintoxi
cationofthe
persondoingt hatact
,orbyreasonofanymi sconcepti
onont hepartofthatperson,every
personhasthesamer ightofpr
ivatedefenceagainstthatactwhichhewoul dhav ei
ftheact
werethatoffence.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

(a)Z,
underthei
nf l
uenceofmadness,
att
emptst
oki
llA;
Zisguil
tyofnoof
fence,
butAhast
he
samerightofpr
ivatedef
encewhichhewoul
dhavei
fZweresane.

(b)Aenter
sbyni ghtahousewhi chheislegal
l
yentit
ledtoenter
.Zingoodfait
h,t
akingAfora
house-
breaker,at
tacksA.HereZbyat t
ackingAunderthismisconcept
ion,
commitsnooffence.
ButAhast hesamer ightofpr
ivatedef
enceagainstZ,whichhewouldhaveifZwerenotacti
ng
undert
hatmi sconcepti
on.

GENERALEXCEPTI
ONS

76.Actdonebyaper
sonbound,
orbymi
stakeoff
actbel
i
evi
nghi
msel
fbound,
byl
aw:

Nothi
ngi
sanoffencewhichI
sdonebyaper
sonwhois,
orwhobyreasonofamistakeoff
act
andnotr
easonofamistakeofl
awingoodf
ait
hbel
i
eveshi
msel
ftobe,boundbylawtodoit.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

(a)A,
asol
dier
,fi
resonamobbytheor
derofhissuper
iorof
fi
cer
,inconf
ormi
ty,
wit
hthe
commandsofthelaw.Ahascommi
tt
ednooffence.

(
b)Aanof
fi
cerofaCour
tofJust
ice,
bei
ngor
der
edbyt
hatCour
ttoar
restYandaf
terdue
enqui
ry,
bel
i
evi
ngZt
obeYar
rest
sZ.Ahascommi
tt
ednoof
fence.

77.ActofJudgewhenact
ingj
udi
cial
l
y:

Nothi
ngi
sanoffencewhi
chi
sdonebyaJudgewhenacti
ngjudi
cial
l
yint
heexer
ciseofany
powerwhi
chi
s,orwhichi
ngoodf
ait
hhebeli
evest
obe,gi
ventohim byl
aw.

78.Actdonepur
suantt
othej
udgmentoror
derofCour
t:

Nothingwhichi sdonei
npursuanceof,orwhichiswar rant
edbythejudgmentororderof,a
CourtofJustice,i
fdonewhil
stsuchjudgmentoror derremainsi
nf or
ce,i
sanoffence,
notwithst
andingtheCourtmayhavehadnoj uri
sdicti
ont opasssuchjudgmentororder,
provi
dedt hepersondoi
ngtheactingoodf ai
thbelievesthatt
heCourthadsuchjuri
sdict
ion.

79.Actdonebyaper
sonj
ust
if
ied,
orbymi
stakeoff
actbel
i
evi
nghi
msel
fjust
if
ied,
byl
aw:

Nothingi
sanoffencewhi
chisdonebyanypersonwhoisj
ust
if
iedbylaw,orwhobyreasonofa
mistakeoff
actandnotbyreasonofamist
akeoflawi
ngoodfait
h,bel
iev
eshimsel
ftobe
j
usti
fiedbyl
aw,indoingi
t.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

AseesZcommi twhatappearstoAt obeamurder.A,i

ntheexercise,t
othebestofhi
s
j
udgment ,exert
edingoodf ai
thofthepowerwhi
cht helawgivestoallper
sonsofappr
ehendi
ng
murdersintheact,sei
zesZ, i
nordertobri
ngZbeforetheproperauthori
ti
es.Ahascommitt
ed
nooffence,thoughitmayturnoutthatZwasacti
ngi nsel
fdef
ence.

80.Acci
denti
ndoi
ngal
awf
ulact
:

Nothi
ngisanoffencewhichisdonebyacci
dentormisf
ort
une,andwi
thoutanycr
iminal
i
ntent
ionorknowledgeinthedoi
ngofalawfulacti
nalawful
mannerbylawfulmeansandwi
th
pr
opercareandcaution.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

Aisatwor
kwithahat
chet;
theheadfl
iesoffandki
ll
samanwhoi sst
andi
ngby.Hereift
her
e
wasnowantofpr
opercaut
iononthepartofA,hi
sacti
sexcusabl
eandnotanof
fence.

81.Actl
i
kel
ytocausehar
m,butdonewi
thoutcr
imi
nal
int
ent
,andt
opr
eventot
herhar
m:

Nothingi
sanoffencemerel
ybyr easonofitsbei
ngdonewit
ht heknowledget
hati
tisli
kelyt
o
causeharm,i
fitbedonewithoutanycriminal
int
ent
iont
ocausehar m,andingoodfai
thfort
he
purposeofpr
eventi
ngoravoidi
ngot herharmtoper
sonorpropert
y.

Expl
anat
ion:I
tisaquesti
onoffactinsuchacasewhetherthehar
mt obeprev
entedoravoi
ded
wasofsuchanat ur
eandsoimmi nentastoj
usti
fyorexcusether
iskofdoi
ngtheactwit
hthe
knowl
edgethatitwasl
ikel
ytocauseharm.
(
a)A,thecapt
ainofast
eam v
essel
,suddenl
yandwi
thoutanyf
aul
tornegl
i
genceonhi
spar
t,
f
inds

himselfinsuchapositionthat
,beforehecanst ophi sv essel,hemusti nevitablyrundowna
boatB, wit
htwentyorthirt
ypassengersonboar d;unlesshechangest hecour seofhisv essel,
andthat,bychanginghiscourse,hemusti ncurriskofr unningdownaboatCwi t
honl ytwo
passengersonboar d,whichhemaypossi blyclearHer e,ifAal t
ershi
scour sewi thoutany
i
ntenti
ont orundownt heboatCandi ngoodf ai
thf orthepur poseofav oidi
ngt hedangert othe
passengersintheboatB, heisnotguilt
yofanof fence,thoughhemayr undownt heboatCby
doinganactwhi chheknewwasl ikel
ytocauset hateffect,
ifitbefoundasamat teroffactthat
thedangerwhichhei ntendedtoav oi
dwassuchast oexcusehi mincurringt heriskofrunning
downC.

(b)A,i
nagr eatfi
re,pull
sdownhousesinor
dertopr
eventt
heconflagr
ati
onfr
om spreadi
ng.He
doesthiswiththeintent
ioningoodf
ait
hofsavi
nghumanli
feorpropert
y.Her
e,ifi
tbefound
thatt
heharmt obepr ev
entedwasofsuchanat
ureandsoimminentastoexcuseA'sact
,Ais
notguil
tyoftheoffence.

82.Actofachi
l
dundersev
eny
ear
sofage:

Not
hingi
sanof
fence,
whi
chi
sdonebyachi
l
dundersev
eny
ear
sofage.

83.Actofachi
l
dabov
esev
enandundert
wel
veofi
mmat
ureunder
standi
ng:

Nothingi
sanof f
encewhi chi
sdonebyachildabovesev
enyear
sofageandundertwelve,who
hasnotattai
nedsuffi
cientmat
uri
tyofunder
standi
ngtoj
udgeofthenat
ureandconsequences
ofhisconductonthatoccasi
on.

84.Actofaper
sonofunsoundmi
nd:

Nothi
ngisanoffencewhichisdonebyaper
sonwho,atthet
imeofdoi
ngit,byreasonof
unsoundnessofmind,i
sincapabl
eofknowi
ngthenat
ureoft
heact,
orthatheisdoingwhati
s
ei
therwrongorcontr
arytolaw.

85.Actofaper
soni
ncapabl
eofJudgmentbyr
easonofi
ntoxi
cat
ioncausedagai
nsthi
swi
l
l:

Nothi
ngisanof fencewhichisdonebyapersonwho,atthetimeofdoingit
, i
s,byr
easonof
i
ntoxi
cati
on,incapableofknowingthenat
ureoft
heact,orthatheisdoi
ngwhati sei
therwr
ong,
orcont
rarytolaw; pr
ovi
dedthatthethi
ngwhichi
ntox
icatedhim wasadminister
edtohim
wit
houthisknowl edgeoragai
nsthiswil
l.

86.Of
fencer
equi
ri
ngapar
ti
cul
ari
ntentorknowl
edgecommi
tt
edbyonewhoi
sint
oxi
cat
ed:

I
ncaseswher
eanactdoneisnotanoff
enceunlessdonewit
hapar t
icul
arknowledgeorintent
,
aper
sonwhodosetheacti
nastateofi
ntoxicat
ionshal
lbel
iabl
etobedealtwit
hasi fhehad
t
hesameknowledgeashewoul
dhavehadi fhehadnotbeenint
oxi
cated,unl
essthething
whi
chi
ntoxi
cat
edhi
m wasadmi
nist
eredt
ohi
m wi
thouthi
sknowl
edgeoragai
nsthi
swi
l
l.

87.ActnotI
ntendedandnotknownt
obel
i
kel
ytocausedeat
horgr
iev
oushur
t,donebyconsent
:

Not hi
ngwhi chisnoti nt
endedtocausedeath,orgri
ev oushurt,andwhichisnotknownbydoer
tobel i
kelytocausedeat h,orgri
evoushurt
,isanoffencebyr easonofanyharm whichitmay
cause, orbeintendedbyt hedoertocause,t
oanyper son,aboveei ght
eenyearsofage,whohas
givenconsent ,
whet herexpressorimpli
ed,t
osufferthatharm; orbyreasonofanyharm whi
ch
i
tmaybeknownbyt hedoertobelikel
ytocausetoanysuchper sonwhohasconsent edtot
ake
ther i
skofthathar m.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

AandZagr eetofencewit
heachotherf
oramusement.Thi
sagreementi
mpli
estheconsentof
eachtosuff
eranyharm whichi
nthecour
seofsuchf
encing,maybecausedwit
houtfoul
play;
andifA,whil
eplayi
ngfai
rl
y,hur
tsZ,Acommit
snooffence.

88.Actnoti
ntendedt
ocausedeat
h,donebyconsenti
ngoodf
ait
hforper
son'
sbenef
it
:

Nothing, whi
chisnoti
ntendedtocausedeath,i
sanoffencebyreasonofanyhar
m whichitmay
cause,orbei nt
endedbythedoertocause,orbeknownbyt hedoertobeli
kel
ytocause,toany
personf orwhosebenef
ititi
sdoneingoodf ai
th,
andwhohasgi venaconsent
,whetherexpress
orimplied,tosuff
ert
hatharm,ortotaketheri
skofthathar
m.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

A,asurgeon,knowingthatapart
icul
aroper
ati
onisli
kel
ytocauseofdeathofZ,
whosuffer
s
undert
hepainfulcomplaint
,butnoti
ntendi
ngtocauseZ'
sdeath,andi
ntendi
ng,
ingoodfai
thf
or
Z'
sbenefit
,perfor
mst hatoper
ati
ononZwi thZ'
sconsent.Ahas-
commi t
tednooff
ence.

89.ActdoneI
ngoodf
ait
hforbenef
itofchi
l
dori
nsaneper
son,
byorbyconsentofguar
dian:

Nothi
ngwhichisdonei ngoodfait
hforthebenef
itofapersonundertwelveyearsofage, orof
unsoundmind,byorbyconsent,eit
herexpr
essorimpli
ed,oftheguardi
anorot herperson
havi
nglawfulchargeofthatper
son,isanof
fencebyreasonofanyhar m whi
chi tmaycause, or
beint
endedbyt hedoertocauseorbeknownbyt hedoertobelikel
ytocauset othatperson:

Pr
ovi
ded

Fi
rst
:Thatthi
sexcept
ionshal
lnotext
endt
othei
ntent
ional
causi
ngofdeat
h,ort
othe
at
temptingtocausedeat
h;

Secondl
y:Thatthisexcepti
onshal
lnotext
endtothedoingofanythi
ngwhi cht
hepersondoi
ngi
t
knowstobelikelytocausedeath,
foranypur
poseotherthantheprevent
ingofdeat
hor
gri
evoushurt
;ort hecuri
ngofanygri
evousdi
seaseorinfi
rmit
y;

Thi
rdl
y:Thatt
hisexcept
ionshal
lnotext
endt
othev
olunt
arycausi
ngofgr
iev
oushur
t,ort
othe
att
empti
ngtocausegri
evoushur
t,unlessi
tbefort
hepur
poseofpr
event
ingdeat
horgr
iev
ous
hurt
,ort
hecur
ingofanygriev
ousdiseaseori
nfi
rmit
y;

Four
thly
:Thatthi
sexcepti
onshallnotext
endt
otheabet
mentofanyof
fence,
tot
hecommi
tt
ing
ofwhichof
fenceitwouldnotext
end.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

A,i
ngoodf ait
h,forhischi
l
d'sbenefitwit
houthischi
l
d'sconsent
,hashi
schil
dcutfort
hestone
by"asurgeon,knowingitt
obel i
kelythatt
heoperati
onwill
causethechi
ld'
sdeat
h,butnot
i
ntendi
ngt ocausethechil
d'sdeath.Aiswithi
ntheexcepti
on,i
nasmuchashisobj
ectwasthe
cureoft
hechi l
d.

90.Consentknownt
obegi
venunderf
earormi
sconcept
ion:

Aconsentisnotsuchaconsentasisintendedbyanyactionofthi
sCode, i
ftheconsenti
sgiven
byapersonunderfearofi
njur
y,orunderami sconcept
ionoffact
,andift
heper sondoi
ngthe
actknows,orhasreasont
obeliev
e,thattheconsentwasgiveninconsequenceofsuchfearor
misconcept
ion;

Consentofinsaneperson:I
ftheconsenti
sgivenbyapersonwho,fr
om unsoundnessofmind,
ori
ntoxi
cat
ion,isunabletounder
standthenat
ureandconsequenceoft
hattowhichhegives
hi
sconsent;

orConsentofchil
d:Unl
esst
hecont
rar
yappear
sfr
om t
hecont
ext
,ift
heconsenti
sgi
venbya
per
sonwhoi sundertwel
vey
ear
sofage.

91.Excl
usi
onofact
swhi
char
eof
fencesi
ndependent
lyofhar
m caused:

Theexcepti
onsinSect
ions87,
88and89donotext endt
oact swhi
chareof f
ences
i
ndependentl
yofanyharm whi
chtheymaycause, orbei
ntendedtocause,orbeknowntobe
l
ikel
ytocause,t
othepersongi
vingtheconsentoronwhosebehalftheconsenti
sgiven.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

Causi
ngmiscarr
iage(unl
esscausedi ngoodfait
hforthepur
poseofsavingthelif
eofthe
woman)toanoffenceindependent
lyofanyharm whichitmaycauseorbeintended,
tocauset
o
thewoman.Therefor
eitisnotanoffencebyreasonofsuchharm;andtheconsentofthe
womanorofherguar di
antothecausingofsuchmi scar
ri
agedosenotjust
if
yt heact
.

92.Actdonei
ngoodf
ait
hforbenef
itofaper
sonwi
thoutconsent
:

Nothi
nganoffencebyreasonofanyhar m whichi
tmaycauset oaper sonbywhosebenefi
titi
s
doneingoodfai
thevenwi t
houtthatper
son'sconsent,i
ftheCircumstancesaresuchthati
s
i
mpossibl
eforthatper
sont osigni
fyconsent,
orifthatpersonisincapabl
eofgivi
ngconsent,
andhasnoguardianorotherpersoninl
awfulchargeofhimf rom whom iti
spossibl
etoobtain
consenti
nti
mef
ort
het
hingt
obedonewi
thbenef
it
:

Pr
ovi
ded

Fir
st:
Thatt
hisexcept
ionshal
lnotext
endt
othei
ntent
ional
causi
ngofdeat
h,ort
heat
tempt
ing
tocausedeath;

Secondly
: Thatthisexcept
ionshal
lnotext
endtot hedoingofanyt
hingwhicht
hepersondoi
ngi
t
knowstobel ikelytocausedeath,
foranypur
poseot herthant
heprevent
ingofdeat
hor
gri
evous,hurt,orthecuri
ngofanygriev
ousdiseaseorinfir
mit
y;

Thi
rdl
y:Thatt
hisexcept
ionshal
lnotext
endtothev ol
unt
arycausi
ngofhur
t,ort
othe
at
tempti
ngtocausehurtforanypur
poseotherthantheprev
enti
ngofdeat
horhurt
;

Four
thly
:Thatthi
sexcepti
onshallnotext
endt
otheabet
mentofanyof
fence,
tot
hecommi
tt
ing
ofwhichof
fenceitwouldnotext
end.

107.Abet
mentofat
hing:

Aper
sonabet
sthedoi
ngofat
hing,
who:

Fi
rst
:I
nst
igat
esanyper
sont
odot
hatt
hing;
or

Secondly:Engageswithoneormoreot
herper
sonor
,personsi
nanyconspir
acyforthedoi
ngof
thatt
hing,ifanactorill
egalomi
ssi
ont
akespl
acei
npursuanceoft
hatconspi
racy,
Andinorder
tothedoingoft hatt
hing;or

108.Abet
tor
:

Apersonabetsanoffence,whoabetseit
hert
hecommi ssionofanoffence,ort
hecommission
ofanactwhichwouldbeanof fence,
ifcommit
tedbyaper soncapabl
ebyl awofcommit
tingan
off
encewit
ht hesameI nt
enti
onorknowledgeasthatoftheabett
or.

Expl
anati
on1:Theabet
mentofthei
l
legal
omissi
on-
ofanactmayamountt
oanof
fence
al
thoughtheabet
tormaynothi
msel
fbeboundtodothatact
.

Expl
anat
ion2:
Toconsti
tutetheoff
enceofabetmenti
tisnotnecessaryt
hattheactabet
ted
shoul
dbecommit
ted,orthattheef
fectr
equi
sit
etoconsti
tut
etheof f
enceshouldbecaused.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

(
a)Ai
nst
igat
es8t
omur
derC,
Bref
usest
odoso.Ai
sgui
l
tyofabet
ti
ngBt
ocommi
tmur
der
.

(
b)Ai
nst
igat
esBt
omur
derD.Bi
npur
suanceoft
hei
nst
igat
ionst
absD.Dr
ecov
ersf
rom t
he
wound.Ai
sgui
l
tyofi
nst
igat
ingBt
ocommi
tmur
der
.

Expl
anati
on3:Iti
snotnecessar ythatt
hepersonabet
tedshoul
dbecapablebylawof
commi t
ti
nganoffence,orthatheshouldhavethesameguil
tyi
ntent
ionorknowledgeast
hatof
theabett
ororanyguil
tyint
entionorknowledge.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

(a)A,withagui
l
tyint
ent
ion,
abetsachil
doralunat
ict
ocommi tanactwhichwouldbean
offence,
ifcommit
tedbyapersoncapabl
ebylawofcommitt
inganoffence,
andhavingt
he
samei nt
enti
onasA.HereAwhethertheactbecommit
tedornot,
isguil
tyofabet
ti
ngan
offence.

(b)A,wi t
htheintenti
onofmur deri
ngZ, inst
igat
esB,achil
dunderseveny earsofage, t
odoan
actwhi chcausesZ'sdeath.B, i
nconsequenceoft heabet
ment,doestheacti ntheabsenceof
Aandt hereby,causeZ'sdeath.Here,thoughBwasnotcapabl ebylawofcommi tt
ingan
offence,Aisli
abletobepuni shedinthesamemannerasi fBhadbeencapabl ebyl awof
commi tti
ngaof fence,andhadcommi tt
edmur der
,andheisther
eforesubjecttothe
punishmentofdeat h.

(c)Ai nstigatesBt osetfir

et oadwel l
i
ng-house,B,i
nconsequenceoftheunsoundnessofhis
mind, beingi ncapableofknowi ngthenat ureoftheact
,orthatheisdoi
ngwhatiswr ongor
contraryt olaw, setsfi
retothehousei nconsequenceofAsinsti
gati
on.Bhascommi ttedno
offence, butAi sguilt
y,ofabet t
ingtheof f
enceofsetti
ngfi
retoadwel l
i
nghouse,andisliabl
eto
thepuni shmentpr ovi
dedfort hatoffence.

(d)Aintendi
ngtocauseat hef
ttobecommi tted,inst
igatesBtotakepropertybelongi
ngtoZout
ofZ'spossessi
on.AincludesBtobelievethatthepr opertybel
ongstoA.Bt akest hepr
opert
y
outofZ'spossessi
oningoodf ait
h,beli
evi
ngi ttobeA' sproper
ty.B,acti
ngundert hi
s
misconcepti
on,doesnottakedishonestl
y,andt heref
oredoesnotcommi tt
heft.Butisgui
lt
yof
abett
ingthef
t,andisl
iabletot
hesamepuni shmentasi fBhadcommi t
tedt
heft.

Expl
anat
ion4:Theabet
mentofanof
fencebei
nganof
fence,
theabet
mentofsuchanabet
ment
i
salsoanoffence.

120-
ADef
ini
ti
onofcr
imi
nal
conspi
racy
:

Whent
woormor
eper
sonsagr
eet
odo,
orcauset
obedone,

(
1)ani
l
legal
act
,or

(2)anactwhi
chi
snoti
l
legal
byi
l
legal
meanssuchanagr
eementi
sdesi
gnat
edacr
imi
nal
conspi
racy
:

Pr
ovi
dedthatnoagreementexceptanagreementt
ocommi tanof
fenceshal
lamountt
oa
cr
imi
nalconspi
racyunl
esssomeactbesidestheagreementi
sdonebyoneormorepart
iest
o
suchagr
eementi
npur
suancet
her
eof
.

Expl
anati
on:I
tisi
mmateri
alwhet
hert
hei
l
legal
acti
stheul
ti
mat
eobj
ectofsuchagr
eement
,or
i
smer el
yinci
dent
alt
othatobj
ect
.

141.Unl
awf
ulassembl
y:

Anassemblyoff
iveormoreper
sonsisdesi
gnat
edan"
unl
awf
ulassembl
y"i
fthecommon
obj
ectoft
hepersonscomposi
ngthatassembl
yis:

Fi
rst
:Tooverawebycr i
minalf
orce,
orshowofcr
iminalf
orce,theFeder
aloranyPr
ovinci
al
GovernmentorLegi
slatur
e,oranypubl
i
cser
vanti
nt heexer
ciseofthelawf
ulpowerofsuch
publ
icserv
ant;or

Second:
Tor
esi
stt
heexecut
ionofanyl
aw,
orofanyl
egal
process,
or

Thi
rd:
Tocommi
tanymi
schi
eforcr
imi
nal
trespass,
orot
herof
fence;
or

Fourt
h:Bymeansofcr i
minalforce,orshowofcr
imi
nalf
orce,
toanyper
sontotakeorobtain
possessi
onofanypr opert
y ,
ortodepr i
veanyper
sonoft
heenjoy
mentofari
ghtofway ,
oroft he
useofwaterorotherincorporealri
ghtofwhi
chheisi
npossessi
onorenj
oyment,ort
oenf or
ce
anyri
ghtorsupposedr i
ght;or

Fi
ft
h:Bymeansofcr
iminalf
orce,
orshowofcr
imi
nalf
orce,t
ocompelanyper
sont
odowhathe
i
snotlegal
l
yboundtodo,ortoomitt
odowhatheisl
egall
yent
it
ledt
odo.

Expl
anat
ion:
Anassemblywhi
chwasnotunl
awf
ulwheni
tassembl
ed,
maysubsequent
ly
becomeanunlawf
ulassembl
y.

142.Bei
ngmemberofunl
awf
ulassembl
y:

Whoeverbei
ngawareoffact
swhichrenderanyassembl
yanunl
awfulassembly
,int
ent
ional
l
y
j
oinst
hatassembl
y,orconti
nuesi
nit
,issaidtobeamemberofanyunlawful
assembly.

378.Thef
t:

Whoever
,int
endi
ngtotakedi
shonest
lyanymovabl
epropert
youtofthepossessionofany
per
sonwithoutt
hatper
son'
sconsent
,mov est
hatpr
opert
yinordert
osucht aki
ng,issai
dto
committ
heft.

Explanati
on1: Athi
ngsolongasiti
sattachedtot
heear
th,
notbeingmovabl
eproper
ty,
isnot
thesubjectoftheft
;buti
tbecomescapableofbei
ngt
hesubjectoft
hef
tassoonasiti
sserved
from theeart
h.

Expl
anat
ion2:
Amov
ingef
fect
edbyt
hesameactwhi
chef
fect
sthesev
erancemaybeat
hef
t.

Expl
anat
ion3:
Aper
soni
ssai
dtocauseat
hingt
omov
ebyr
emov
inganobst
acl
e,whi
ch
pr
event
edi
tfr
om mov
ing,
orbysepar
ati
ngi
tfr
om anyot
hert
hing,
aswel
lasbyact
ual
l
ymov
ing
i
t.

Explanati
on4:Aperson,whobyanymeanscausesananimal
tomove,
issaidtomov
et hat
animal,andtomoveev er
ythi
ngwhi
ch,
inconsequenceoft
hemot
ionsocaused,i
smovedby
thatanimal.

Expl
anation5:Theconsentment
ionedinthedef
ini
ti
onmaybeexpressorimpli
ed,
andmaybe
gi
veneitherbytheper
soninpossessi
on,orbyanypersonhav
ingf
orthatpur
poseaut
hor
it
y
ei
therexpressori
mplied.

379.Puni
shmentf
ort
hef
t:

Whoev
ercommit
stheftshal
lbepuni
shedwit
himpri
sonmentofei
therdescr
ipt
ionf
orat
erm
whi
chmayext
endtothreeyear
s,orwi
thfi
ne,orwi
thbot
h.

390.Robber
y:

I
nal
lrobber
yther
eisei
thert
hef
torext
ort
ion.

Whent
hef
tisr
obber
y:

Theftis"robbery"i
f,i
nordertothecommi tt
ingoft het
heft
,orincommi t
tingthetheft
,orin
carr
yingawayorat t
emptingtocarryawaypr opert
yobtai
nedbyt hethef
t,theoff
ence,fort
hat
end,voluntari
lycausesoratt
empt stocauset oanypersondeathorhurt,orwrongfulr
estr
aint
,
orfearofi nst
antdeathorofinstanthur
torofi nst
antwrongf
ulrestr
aint
.

Whenext
ort
ioni
srobber
y:

Extort
ioni
s"robbery
"iftheof fender,att
het i
meofcommi tt
ingt
heextorti
on,i
sinthepr esence
ofthepersonputinfear,andcommi tstheextor
ti
onbyput t
ingt
hatpersoninfearofinstant
death,ofi
nstanthur
t,orofi nstantwrongfulr
est
rai
nttothatper
son,ortosomeot herper son,
andbysoput ti
nginfear,inducest hepersonsoputi
nfearthenandtheretodeli
verupt het hi
ng
extort
ed.

Explanat
ion:Theoff
enderi
ssai
dtobepr esenti
fheissuff
ici
entl
yneartoputt
heot
herper
son
i
nf earofinst
antdeat
h,ofi
nst
anthur
t,orofinst
antwrongf
ulrest
rai
nt.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

(a)AholdsZdown, andfr
audulentl
ytakesZ'
smoneyandj ewel
sfrom Z'
sclot
hes,wit
houtZ'
s
consent.HereAhascommi t
tedtheft,andi
nordertothecommit
ti
ngofthatthef
t,has
volunt
aril
ycausedwrongf
ulrestr
aintt
oZ.Ahast heref
orecommit
tedrobbery
.

(b)AmeetsZonthehighr
oad,showsapistol
,anddemandsZ'spur se.2,
inconsequence,
surr
enderhi
spur
se.HereAhasextor
tedt
hepur sefr
om Zbyput t
inghiminfearofinst
anthur
t
andbeingatt
heti
meofcommi tt
ingt
heextort
ioninhi
spresence.
"Ahast heref
orecommi t
ted
r
obber
y.

(c)Ameet sZandZ'schil
dont hehighroad.Atakesthechi
ld,andt
hreat
enstofli
ngi
tdowna
preci
pice,unl
essZdel
iver
shi spurse.Z,
inconsequence,
deli
vershi
spurse.HereAhasext
ort
ed
thepursefrom Z,
bycausingZt obeinfearofi
nstanthur
ttothechi
ldwhoi st
herepr
esent
.A
has,t
her ef
ore,
committ
edr obberyonZ.

(d)Aobtainsproper
tyfr
om Zbysay i
ngYourchil
disinthehandsofmygang, andwi
ll
beputt o
deathunlessyousendustenthousandrupees"
.Thisisext
orti
on,puni
shabl
eassuch;buti
tis
notrobbery,
unlessZisputi
nfearoftheinst
antdeathofhischil
d.

391.Dacoi
ty:

Whenf iv
eormor epersonsconj
ointl
ycommi toratt
empttocommi tar
obbery,orwheret
he
wholenumberofper sonsconjoint
lycommi t
ti
ngorat t
emptingtocommitarobber
yandpersons
presentandaidingsuchcommi ssionoratt
empt,amounttof i
veormore,ev
erypersonso
commi tt
ing,
attemptingoraidi
ngissaidtocommi t"dacoi
ty"
.

405.Cr
imi
nal
breachoft
rust
:

Whoev er,
beingi nanymannerent r
ustedwithpr opert
y,orwit
hanydomi nionov erpr
opert
y,
dishonest
lymi sappropri
atesorconvert
stohisownuset hatproperty ,ordishonestl
yusesor
disposesofthatpr opert
y,inv
iol
ati
onofanydi recti
onofl awprescribingthemodei nwhichsuch
trusti
stobedi scharged,orofanylegalcontr
act ,
expressorimplied, whichhehasmade
touchingthedischargeofsucht r
ust,orwil
ful
lysuffersanyotherper sonsot odo,commi t
s
"cri
minalbreachoft rust
.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

(a)A,
bei
ngexecutortothewil
tofadeceasedper
son,di
shonestl
ydisobeysthelawwhich
dir
ect
shi
mt odivi
det heef
fect
saccordi
ngtothewil
l
,andappropri
atesthem tohisownuse.A
hascommit
tedcri
mi nalbr
eachoft
rust.

(b)Aisawarehouse-keeper
,Zgoingonaj
ourneyentr
ustshisf
urni
tur
etoA,underacontr
act
thati
tshal
lberetur
nedonpay mentofast
ipul
atedsum forwar
ehouse-
room.Adishonest
ly
sell
sthegoods.Ahascommi t
tedcr
imi
nal
breachoftrust.

(c)A,resi
dinginDacca,isagentforZ,residingatLahore.Ther
eisanexpressorimpli
ed
contractbetweenAandZ, t
hatallsumsr emi t
tedbyZt oAshallbei
nvestedbyA,accordi
ngt
o
Z'sdirect
ion.Zremit
sal akhofrupeestoA, withdir
ecti
onstoAtoinvestthesamein
Company 'spaper.Adishonest
lydisobeyst hedirect
ionsandemploysthemoneyinhisown
business.Ahascommi t
tedcri
mi nalbr
eachoft rust
.

(
d)Buti
fA,i
nthel
asti
ll
ust
rat
ion,
notdi
shonest
lybuti
ngoodfait
h,bel
ievi
ngthati
twil
lbemore
f
orZ'
sadvant
age,
tohol
dsharesi
ntheBankofBengaldi
sobey
sZ' sdi
rect
ionsandbuysshar
es
i
ntheBankofBengalforZ,inst
eadofbuyi
ngCompany'spaper
,here,
thoughZshouldsuf
fer
l
oss,andshoul
dbeentit
ledtobringaci
vi
lact
ionagai
nstA,onaccountofthatl
oss,
yetA,not
hav
ingacteddi
shonestl
y,hasnotcommitt
edcri
minal
breachoftr
ust.

(e)A,arevenue-of
fi
cer,i
sentr
ustedwit
hpubl
icmoneyandiseit
herdi
rect
edbylaw,orboundby
acont r
act
,expressorimpli
ed,wi
ththeGover
nment,topayi
ntoacert
aint
reasur
yal
lthepublic
moneywhi chhehol ds.Adi
shonestl
yappr
opri
atest
hemoney.Ahascommi tt
edcri
minalbreach
oftrust
.

(
f)A,acarr
ier
,isentr
ustedbyZwithproper
tytobecar
ri
edbylandorbywat
er.Adi
shonest
ly
misappr
opri
atestheproper
ty.Ahascommittedcr
imi
nalbr
eachoftr
ust.

406.Puni
shmentf
orcr
imi
nal
breachoft
rust
:

Whoev er
,commit
scri
minalbr
eachoftr
ustsnai
lbepunishedwithi
mprisonmentofei
ther
descr
ipti
onforat
erm whi
chmayextendto[sev
en]year
s, orwi
thfi
ne,
orwi t
hboth.

359.Ki
dnappi
ng:

Ki
dnappi
ngi
soft
woki
nds:
Kidnappi
ngf
rom Paki
stanandki
dnappi
ngf
rom l
awf
ulguar
dianshi
p.

360.Ki
dnappi
ngf
rom Paki
stan,
etc.
:

Whoeverconveysanypersonbeyondthel
i
mitsofPaki
stanwi
thoutt
heconsentofthatper
son,
orofsomepersonlegal
lyauthor
isedt
oconsentonbehal
foft
hatpersoni
ssaidtokidnapthat
per
sonfrom Paki
stan.

361.Ki
dnappi
ngf
rom l
awf
ulguar
dianshi
p:

Whoevertakesorenti
cesanymi norunderfour
teeny earsofageifamal e,
orundersixteen
year
sofagei fafemale,oranypersonofunsoundmi nd, outoft
hekeepingofthelawful
guar
dianofsuchmi nororpersonofunsoundmi nd,withouttheconsentofsuchguardian,
sai
d
toki
dnapsuchmi nororpersonfrom l
awfulguardi
anshi p.

Expl
anat
ion:Thewords"
lawf
ulguar
dian"i
nt hi
ssecti
oni
ncl
udeanyper
sonl
awf
ull
yent
rust
ed
wit
hthecareorcust
odyofsuchminororotherper
son.

Exception:Thi
ssecti
ondoesnotextendtotheactofanyper
sonwhoingoodfai
thbeli
eves
hi
msel ftobet hef
atherofanil
l
egit
imatechil
dorwhoingoodfai
thbel
i
eveshimsel
ftobe
entit
ledtothelawfulcust
odyofsuchchil
d,unl
esssuchacti
scommitt
edforanimmoralor
unlawfulpurpose.

362.Abduct
ion:

Whoeverbyfor
cecompels,
orbyanydecei
tf
ulmeansi
nduces,
anyper
sont
ogof
rom anypl
ace,
i
ssaidtoabductt
hatper
son.
363.Puni
shmentf
orki
dnappi
ng:

Whoeverki
dnapsanypersonfrom Paki
stanorf
rom l
awful
guardi
anshi
p,shal
lbepuni
shedwit
h
i
mprisonmentofei
therdescr
ipti
onforater
m whichmayextendt
osevenyears,
andshal
lal
so
bel
iablet
ofine.

383.Ext
ort
ion:

Whoev eri
ntent
ional
lyputsanypersoninf
earofanyi
njur
ytothatperson,
ortoanyother,
and
therebydi
shonestl
yinducesthepersonsoputi
nfeart
odeli
vertoanypersonanypropert
yor
valuabl
esecuri
tyoranythi
ngsignedorseal
edwhichmaybeconv er
tedintoaval
uablesecur
it
y,
commi ts"
extor
tion"
.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

(
a)At hr
eat
enstopubl
ishadefamat
oryl
i
belconcerni
ngZunl
essZgi
veshi
m money
.Het
hus
i
nducesZtogiv
ehim money.Ahascommit
tedextort
ion.

(b)Athr
eatensZthathewi l
lkeepZ'
schi
ldi
nwrongfulconf
inement
,unl
essZwil
lsi
gnand
deli
vert
oAapr omissor
y-notebindi
ngZ,
topaycer
tainmoneytoA.Zsignsanddel
i
ver
sthe
note.Ahascommi t
tedextort
ion.

(c)Athr
eat
enstosendclub-
ment oploughupZ'sfiel
dunlessAwill
signanddel
i
verto6abond
bindi
ngZunderapenal
tytodel
ivercert
ainproducetoB,andther
ebyinducesZt
osignand
deli
vert
hebond.Ahascommi t
tedextort
ion.

(d)A,byputt
ingZinfearofgri
evoushurt
,dishonest
lyi
nducesZtosignoraf
fi
xhissealt
oa
blankpaperanddeli
veri
ttoA.Zsignsanddel i
verst
hepapertoA.Here,
asthepapersosigned
maybeconv ert
edintoavaluabl
esecuri
ty,
Ahascommi tt
edextor
ti
on.

384.Puni
shmentf
orext
ort
ion:

Whoever
,commi
tsext
ort
ionshal
lbepuni
shedwi
thimpr
isonmentofei
therdescr
ipt
ionf
ora
t
erm whi
chmayext
endtothr
eeyears,
orwit
hfi
ne,orwi
thboth.

400.Puni
shmentf
orbel
ongi
ngt
ogangofdacoi
ts:

Whoev er
,atanyti
meaf tert
hepassingoft
hisAct
,shal
lbel
ongt oagangofpersonsassociated
f
orthepur poseofhabi
tuall
ycommi t
ti
ngdacoi
ty,
shall
bepunishedwi t
himpri
sonmentforli
fe,or
wit
hrigorousimpri
sonmentf orat
erm whi
chmayextendtoteny ear
s,andshal
lal
sobel i
ableto
f
ine.

441.Cr
imi
nal
trespass:

Whoeverentersint
ooruponproper
tyi
nthepossessionofanot
herwit
hint
enttocommi tan
of
fenceortoi nt
imi
dat
e,i
nsul
torannoyanypersoninpossessi
onofsuchproper
ty,
or,havi
ng
l
awfull
yenteredint
ooruponsuchproper
ty,
unl
awf ul
l
yr emai
nsther
ewithi
ntentt
herebyto
i
nti
midat
e,i
nsul
torannoyanysuchper
son,
orwi
thi
ntentt
ocommi
tanof
fence,
issai
dto
commit"
cri
minalt
respass"
.

442.House-
tr
espass:

Whoevercommitscri
minalt
respassbyenter
ingintoorremaini
nginanybuil
ding,t
entorvessel
usedasahumandwel l
ingoranybuil
dingusedasapl aceforworshi
p,orasaplaceforthe
cust
odyofproper
ty,
issaidt
ocommi t"house-t
respass"
.

Expl
anati
on:Theint
roducti
onofanypar
toft
hecr
imi
nal
trespasser
'sbodyi
sent
eri
ngsuf
fi
cient
toconst
it
utehousetrespass.

443.Lur
kinghouse-
tr
espass:

Whoevercommitshouse-t
respasshavi
ngtakenpr
ecauti
onstoconcealsuchhouse-tr
espass
f
rom somepersonwhohasar i
ghttoexcl
udeorej
ectthetr
espasserf
rom thebuil
ding,t
entor
vessel
whichi
sthesubjectofthetr
espass,i
ssai
dtocommi t"
lurki
nghouse-t
respass".

444.Lur
kinghouse-
tr
espassbyni
ght
:

Whoevercommit
slur
kinghouse-t
respassaf
tersunsetandbef
oresunr
ise,
issai
dtocommi
t
'
l
urki
nghouse-
tr
espassbynight"
.

445.House-
breaki
ng:

Apersonissaidtocommi t"house-br
eaking"whocommi t
shousetr
espassifheeff
ectshi
s
ent
ranceint
othehouseor -anypartofiti
nanyofthesixwaysherei
naft
erdescri
bed;ori
f,bei
ng
i
nthehouseoranypar tofitforthepurposeofcommi t
ti
nganoffence,
or,havi
ngcommi t
tedan
off
encether
ein,hequi
tsthehouseoranypar tofi
tinanyofsuchsixways,t
hatist
osay :

Fi
rst:
Ifheent er
sorquit
sthr
oughapassagemadebyhimsel
f,orbyanyabet
toroft
he
housetrespass,i
nordert
othecommit
tingoft
hehouse-
tr
espass.

Secondl
y:I
fheenter
sorquit
st hr
oughanypassagenotintendedbyanyperson,ot
hert
han
hi
mselforanabett
oroftheoff
ence,forhumanentr
ance;orthroughanypassaget
owhichhe
hasobtai
nedaccessbyscal
ingorcli
mbingoveranywallorbuildi
ng.

Thir
dly:
Ifheent
ersorqui
tst
hroughanypassagewhichheoranyabettoroft
hehouset
respass
hasopened,i
nordertot
hecommi t
ti
ngofthehouse-t
respassbyanymeansbywhichthat
passagewasnotint
endedbytheoccupi
erofthehousetobe-opened.

Fourt
hly:I
fheenter
sorqui
tsbyopeni
nganylocki
nordert
othecommitt
ingofthe
housetr
espass,
orinor
dertothequi
tt
ingoft
hehouseaft
erahouse-
tr
espass.

Fi
fthl
y:
ifheeff
ect
shisentranceordepar
tur
ebyusi
ngcr
imi
nal
for
ceofcommi
tt
inganassaul
t,
orbythreat
eni
nganypersonwi t
hassaul
t.
Sixt
hly
:I
fheenter
sorquit
sanypassagewhichheknowstohav
ebeenfast
enedagai
nstsuch
entr
anceordepart
ure,
andto.hav
ebeenfastenedbyhi
msel
forbyanabet
toroft
hehouse-
tr
espass.

Expl
anati
on:Anyout
-houseorbui
ldi
ngoccupi
edwithahouse,
andbetween,
whichand.such
housether
eisanimmediatei
nter
nalcommunicat
ion,
ispar
tofthehousewi
thi
nthemeaningof
thi
ssecti
on.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

(a)Acommitshouse-
tr
espassbymakingaholethr
ought
hewal
lofZ'
shouse,
andput
ti
nghi
s
handthr
oughtheaper
ture.Thi
sishousebr
eaki
ng.

(b)Acommitshouse-
tr
espassbycr
eepi
ngi
ntoashi
patapor
thol
ebet
weendecks.Thi
sis
housebr
eaki
ng.

(
c)Acommi
tshouse-
tr
espassbyent
eri
ngZ'
shouset
hroughawi
ndow.Thi
sishouse-
breaki
ng.

(
d)Acommit
shouse-trespassbyenteri
ngZ'
shouset
hrought
hedoor
,hav
ingopenedadoor
,
whi
chwasf
astened.Thisishouse-
breaki
ng.

(e)Acommit
shouse-
tr
espassbyent
eri
ngZ'
shousethroughthedoorhav
ingl
i
ftedal
atchby
putt
ingawi
rethr
oughaholei
nthedoor
.Thi
sishouse-
breaki
ng.

(f
)Afi
ndsthekeyofZ'
shousedoor,
whichZhadlost
,andcommi t
shouse-
tr
espassbyent
eri
ng
Z'
shouse,
havi
ngopenedthedoorwit
hthatkey
.Thi
sishouse-
breaki
ng.

(g)Zisstandi
ngi
nhisdoor
way.Af or
cesapassagebyknowingZdown,
andcommi
ts
housetr
espassbyent
eri
ngthehouse.Thi
sishouse-
breaki
ng.

(h)Z,t
hedoor -
keeperofYi
sst
andingi
nY'sdoorway
.Acommi t
shouse-t
respassbyent
eri
ng
thehouse,havi
ngdeterr
edZfr
om opposi
nghim byt
hreat
eni
ngtobeathi
m.Thi si
s
housebreaki
ng.

446.House-
breaki
ngbyni
ght
:

Whoevercommitshouse-br
eaki
ngaf
tersunsetandbef
oresunr
ise,
issai
dtocommi
t
"
housebreaki
ngbynight
."

447.Puni
shmentf
orcr
imi
nal
trespass:

Whoevercommitscri
minaltr
espassshal
lbepuni
shedwit
himpri
sonmentofei
therdescr
ipt
ion
f
oraterm whi
chmayext endtothreemonths,
orwi
thfi
newhichmayextendt
o[onethousand
f
ivehundredr
upees],orwit
hboth.

448.Puni
shmentf
orhouse-
tr
espass:
Whoevercommit
shouse-
tr
espassshal
lbepunishedwit
himpr
isonmentofei
therdescr
ipt
ionfor
ater
m whichmayext
endtooneyear,
orwit
hfinewhichmayextendt
o1[thr
eethousandrupees]
,orwit
hboth.

OFFALSEEVI
DENCEANDOFFENCESAGAI
NSTPUBLI
CJUSTI
CE

191.Gi
vi
ngf
alseev
idence:

Whoeverbei
nglegal
lyboundbyanoathorbyanexpresspr
ovi
sionofl
awtost at
ethetr
uth,
or
bei
ngboundbylawt omakeadeclarat
ionuponanysubj
ect
,makesanyst
atementwhichisfal
se,
andwhichheei
therknowsorbeli
evestobefal
seordoesnotbeli
evet
obetrue,i
ssaidtogi
ve
fal
seevi
dence.

Explanati
on1:
Ast
atementi
swi
thi
nthemeani
ngoft
hissect
ion,
whet
heri
tismadev
erbal
l
yor
otherwise.

Expl
anat
ion2:Afal
sestat
ementastothebeli
efofthepersonattest
ingiswit
hinthemeani
ngof
thi
ssect
ion,
andapersonmaybeguilt
yofgivi
ngfalseevidencebystati
ngthathebel
iev
esa
thi
ngwhichhedoesnotbel
iev
e,aswellasbystat
ingthatheknowsat hingwhichhedoesnot
know.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

(
a)A,insuppor
tofaj
ustcl
aim whichBhasagainstZf
oronethousandrupees,
fal
sel
yswearon
atr
ial
thathehear
dZadmitthejusti
ceofB'
sclaim-Ahasgi
venfalseev
idence.

(
b)A,bei
ngboundbyanoathtostat
ethetr
uth,statest
hathebeli
evesacert
ainsi
gnaturet
obe
t
hehandwri
ti
ngofZ,whenhedoesnotbeli
eveittobethehandwrit
ingofZ.HereAstatest
hat
whi
chheknowstobefalse,
andther
efor
egivesfalseevi
dence.

(c)A,knowingthegeneralcharacterofZ'
shandwrit
ing,
statesthathebeli
evesacertain
signat
uretobet hehandwrit
ingofZ.Ai ngoodfait
hbeli
evingittobeso.Her eA'
sstatementi
s
mer el
yastohisbeli
eve,andi str
ueast ohisbel
i
ef,andtheref
orealthoughthesi
gnaturemay
notbehandwr i
ti
ngofZ, Ahasnotgi v
enfal
seevidence.

(d)A,bei
ngboundbyanoathtostatet
hetruth,
stat
esthatheknowsthatZwasatapart
icul
ar
placeonaparti
cul
arday,
notknowingany
thinguponthesubj
ect,Agi
vesfal
seevi
dencewhether
Zwasatt hatpl
aceonthedaynamedornot.

(e)A,ani
nter
pret
erortr
ansl
ator
,giv
esorcer t
if
ies,asatrueint
erpretati
onortr
ansl
ati
onofa
stat
ement,whi
chheisboundbyoathtoi nt
erpr
etortranslat
etrul
y,thatwhichi
snotandwhi
ch
hedoesnotbeli
evetobeatruei
nterpr
etati
onort r
anslat
ion.Ahasgi venfal
seevi
dence.

192.Fabr
icat
ingf
alseev
idence:

Whoev
ercausesanyci
rcumst
ancet
oexi
stormakesanyf
alseent
ryi
nanybookorr
ecor
d,or
makesanydocumentcont ainingaf alsest
atement,i
ntendingthatsuchcircumstance,fal
se
entryorfalsestatementmayappeari nev i
denceinajudici
al pr
oceeding,
ori naproceeding
takenbyl awbef oreapubli
cser v
antassuch, orbef
oreanar bit
rat
or,andthatsuch
cir
cumst ance,falseent
ryorf alsestatement,soappeari
ngi nevi
dence,maycauseanyper son
whoi nsuchpr oceedingistof orm anopini
onupont heev i
dence,toenter
tainanerroneous
opiniontouchi
nganypoi ntmat eri
altotheresul
tofsuchpr oceedi
ng,issai
dt ofabri
catefalse
evidence.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

(a)Aputsjewel
sint
oaboxbelongi
ngtoZ,wi
tht
heintent
iont
hattheymaybefoundi
nthatbox,
andthatthi
scir
cumstancemaycauseZt
obeconvi
ctedofthef
t.Ahasfabr
icat
ed.

(
b)Amakesafal
seentr
yinhi
sshop-bookfort
hepurposeofusi
ngi
tascor
robor
ati
veev
idence
i
naCour
tofJust
ice.Ahasf
abri
cat
edf al
seevi
dence.

(c)A,witht
hei nt
entionofcausi ngZt obeconvi
ctedofacri
minalconspi
racy
,wri
tesalett
eri
n
i
mi t
ati
onofZ' shandwr i
ti
ng,purpor
ti
ngt obeaddressedt
oanaccompl i
ceinsuchcri
minal
conspir
acy,andput st helet
terinaplacewhichheknowsthattheoff
icer
softhePoli
ceareli
kel
y
tosearch.Ahasf abricatedfalseevi
dence.

193.Puni
shmentf
orf
alseev
idence:

Whoev eri
ntenti
onall
ygiv esfal
seev idenceinanyst ageofaj udicialproceedi ng,orfabri
cates
fal
seev i
denceforthepur poseofbei ngusedi nanyst ageofaj udicialpr oceeding,shall
be
punishedwi t
himpri
sonmentofei therdescripti
onforat er
m, whi chmayext endtosev enyears,
andshal lalsobeli
ablet ofine;andwhoev er
,int
enti
onallygi
vesorf abricatesf al
seev i
dencein
anyot hercase,shall
,bepuni shedwi thimprisonmentofei t
herdescr iption"f oraterm whichmay
ext
endt othreeyears,andshal lal
sobel iabl
et ofi
ne.

Expl
anat
ion1:
Atr
ial
bef
oreaCour
t-
mar
ti
ali
saj
udi
cial
proceedi
ng.

Expl
anati
on2:Aninvest
igati
ondir
ectedbylawprel
i
minar
ytoaproceedi
ngbef
oreaCour
tof
Just
ice,
isastageofajudici
alpr
oceeding,
thought
hati
nvest
igat
ionmaynott
akepl
acebef
ore
aCourtofJust
ice.

Expl
anati
on3:Aninv
esti
gati
ondi
rectedbyaCourtofJusticeaccordi
ngtol
aw,andconduct
ed
undert
heauthor
it
yofaCourtofJusti
ce,i
sastageofaj udici
alpr
oceedi
ng/
thought
hat
i
nvesti
gat
ionmaynottakepl
acebeforeaCour
tofJustice.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

A,inanenquir
ybef oreanoffi
cerdeput
edbyaCourtofJusti
cet
oascer
tainonthespotthe
boundari
esofland, makesonoathastatementwhi
chheknowstobefalse.Asthi
senquir
yisa
stageofajudi
cialproceedi
ng,Ahasgivenfal
seevi
dence.