9 Unit5

Unit
GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

Unit Outcomes:
After completing this unit, you should be able to:
know basic concepts about regular polygons.
apply postulates and theorems in order to prove congruence and similarity
of triangles.
construct similar figures.
apply the concept of trigonometric ratios to solve problems in practical
situations;
know specific facts about circles.
solve problems on areas of triangles and parallelograms.
Main Contents
5.1 Regular polygons
5.2 Further on congruency and similarity
5.3 Further on trigonometry
5.4 Circles
5.5 Measurement
Key Terms
Summary
Review Exercises
Mathematics Grade 9
INTRODUCTION
You have learnt several concepts, principles and theorems of geometry and
measurement in your lower grades. In the present unit, you will learn more about
geometry and measurement. Regular
Regular polygons and their properties, congruency and
similarity of triangles, radian measure of an angle, trigonometrical ratios, properties of
circles, perimeter and area of a segment and a sector of a circle, areas of plane figures,
and volumes of solid figures are the major topics covered in this unit.
5.1 REGULAR POLYGONS

A Revision on polygons
The following Activity might help you recall important facts about polygons that you
studied in previous grades.
ACTIVITY 5.1
1 What is a polygon?
2 Discuss the difference between a convex polygon and a concave
polygon.
3 Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of:
a a triangle. b a quadrilateral. c a pentagon.
4 Which of the following figures are polygons?
a b c d e
Figure 5.1
Definition 5.1
A polygon is a simple closed curve, formed by the union of three or more
line segments, no two of which in succession are collinear. The line
segments are called the sides of the polygon and the end points of the
sides are called the vertices.
In other words, a polygon is a simple closed plane shape consisting of straight-line

segments such that no two successive line segments are collinear.
176
Unit 5 Geometry and Measurement
B Interior and exterior angles of a polygon

When reference is made to the angles of a polygon, we usually mean the interior angles. As
the name indicates, an interior angle is an angle in the interior of a polygon at a vertex.
ACTIVITY 5.2
1 Draw a diagram to show what is meant by an interior angle of a
polygon.
2 a How many interior angles does an n-sided polygon have?
b How many diagonals from a vertex can an n-sided polygon have?
c Into how many triangles can an n-sided polygon be partitioned by drawing
diagonals from one vertex?
3 What relationships are there between the number of sides, the number of vertices
and the number of interior angles of a given n-sided polygon?
Note that the number of vertices, angles and sides of a polygon are the same.
Number of Number of interior
Name of polygon
sides angles
3 3 Triangle
4 4 Quadrilateral
5 5 Pentagon
6 6 Hexagon
7 7 Heptagon
8 8 Octagon
9 9 Nonagon
10 10 Decagon
Definition 5.2
An angle at a vertex of a polygon that is supplementary to the interior
angle at that vertex is called an exterior angle. It is formed between one
side of the polygon and the extended adjacent side.
Example 1 In the polygon ABCD in Figure 5.2, A B
∠DCB is an interior angle; ∠BCE and

∠DCF are exterior angles of the polygon
at the vertex C. D C E
(There are two possible exterior angles at any vertex, F
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.2
which are equal.)
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Mathematics Grade 9
C The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a

polygon
Let us first consider the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle.
ACTIVITY 5.3
Draw a fairly large triangle on a sheet of thin cardboard.
B
n
m o n
A C m o
Figure 5.3 Figure 5.4
Now tear the triangle into three pieces, making sure each piece contains one
corner (angle).
Fit these three pieces together along a straight line as shown in Figure 5.4.
1 Observe that the sum of the three angles is a straight angle.
2 What is the sum of the measures of the interior angles of ∆ABC?
3 Given below are the measures of ∠A, ∠B and ∠C. Can a triangle ABC be made
with the given angles? Explain.
a m (∠A) = 36o; m (∠B) = 78o; m (∠C) = 66o.

b m (∠A) = 124o ; m (∠B) = 56o; m (∠C) = 20o.
c m (∠A) = 90o; m (∠B) = 74o; m (∠C) = 18o.
Based on observations from the above Activity, we state the following theorem.
Theorem 5.1 Angle sum theorem

The sum of the measures of the three interior angles of any triangle is 180o.
ACTIVITY 5.4
Partitioning a polygon into triangles as shown in Figure 5.5 can help
you to determine the sum of the interior angles of a polygon.
178
Complete the following table.

Number of sides of Number of Sum of interior P
the polygon triangles angles
3 1 1 × 180o a c
b
4 2 2 × 180o
T Q
5 3 3 × 180o
6 __ × 180o
7
g d
8
f e
n __ × 180o
S Figure 5.5 R
From the above Activity, you can generalize the sum of interior angles of a polygon as
follows:
Theorem 5.2
If the number of sides of a polygon is n, then the sum of the measures
of all its interior angles is equal to (n – 2) × 180o.
From Activity 5.4 and Theorem 5.2, you can also observe that an n-sided polygon can be
divided into (n – 2) triangles. Since the sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180o, the
sum of the angles of the (n – 2) triangles is given by:
S = (n − 2 ) × 180o.
ACTIVITY 5.5
1 Using Figure 5.6, verify the formula S = (n – 2) × 180o given
above.
B
A C
G D
F E
Figure 5.6
Hint: Angles at a point add up to 360o.
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Mathematics Grade 9
2 By dividing each of the following figures into triangles, show that the formula
S = (n – 2) × 180o for the sum of the measures of all interior angles of an n-sided
polygon is valid for each of the following polygons:
a b c d
Figure 5.7
3 In a quadrilateral ABCD, if m(∠A) = 80o, m(∠B) = 100o and m(∠D) = 110o, find
m(∠C).
4 If the measures of the interior angles of a hexagon are
xo, 2xo, 60o, (x + 30)o, (x – 10)o and (x + 40)o, find the value of x.
5 a Let i1, i2, i3 be the measures of the interior angles of the given triangle, and
let e1, e2 and e3 be the measures of the exterior angles, as indicated
in Figure 5.8.
Explain each step in the following:
i1 + e1 = 180o e2
i2 + e2 = 180o i2
i3 + e3 = 180o
(i1 + e1) + (i2 + e2) + (i3 + e3) = 180o + 180o + 180o i3 i1 e1
e3
(i1 + i2 + i3) + (e1 + e2 + e3) = 3 × 180o Figure 5.8
e2
o o
180 + e1 + e2 + e3 = 3 × 180
e3
e1 + e2 + e3 = 3 × 180o – 180o = 2 × 180o
e1 + e2 + e3 = 360o e1
That is, the sum of the measures of the exterior

angles of a triangle, taking one angle at each e4
vertex, is 360o. Figure 5.9
b Repeat this for the quadrilateral given in Figure 5.9. Find the sum of the
measures of the exterior angles of the quadrilateral. i.e., find e1 + e2 + e3 + e4
c If e1, e2, e3 . . . en are the measures of the exterior angles of an n-sided
polygon, then e1 + e2 + e3 + . . . + en = ______.
6 Show that the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
measures of the two opposite interior angles.
180
5.1.1 Measures of Angles of a Regular Polygon

Suppose we consider a circle with centre O and radius r, and divide the circle into n equal
arcs. (The figure given on the right shows this when n = 8.) P2 P1
For each little arc, we draw the corresponding chord.
This gives a polygon with vertices P1, P2,…,Pn. Since
P3 P8 = Pn
the arcs have equal lengths, the chords (which are the r
sides of the polygon) are equal. If we draw line O
•
segments from O to each vertex of the polygon, we
get n isosceles triangles. In each triangle, the degree P7
P4
measure of the central angle O is given by:
360o P5
m ( ∠O ) = . P6
n Figure 5.10
Since the vertex angles at O of each isosceles triangle have equal measures, namely
360o
, it follows that all the base angles of all the isosceles triangles are also equal.
n
From this, it follows that the measures of all the angles of the polygon are equal; the
measure of an angle of the polygon is twice the measure of any base angle of any one of
the isosceles triangles. So, the polygon has all of its sides equal and all of its angles
equal. A polygon of this type is called a regular polygon.
Definition 5.3
A regular polygon is a convex polygon in which the lengths of all of its
sides are equal and the measures of all of its angles are equal.
Note that the measure of an interior angle of an n-sided regular polygon is S , where
n
o
S = (n – 2) × 180 is the sum of the measures of all of its interior angles. Hence, we have the
following:
The measure of each interior angle of a regular n-sided polygon is

( n − 2 )180o .
n
A polygon is said to be inscribed in a circle if all of its vertices lie on the circle.
For example, the quadrilateral shown in Figure 5.11 is A B
• •
inscribed in the circle.
Any regular polygon can be inscribed in a circle.
Because of this, the centre and the radius of a circle can
be taken as the centre and radius of an inscribed regular
polygon. • •
D C
Figure 5.11
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Mathematics Grade 9
Example 1
i Find the measure of each interior angle and each central angle of a regular
polygon with:
a 3 sides b 5 sides
ii Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular n-sided polygon.
Solution:
i a Since the sum of interior angles of a triangle is
180o
180o, each interior angle is = 60o.
3
Recall that a 3-sided regular polygon is an equilateral triangle.
To find the measure of a central angle in a regular n-sided polygon, recall that the
sum of the measures of angles at a point is 360o. Hence, the sum of the
measures of the central angles is 360o. (Figure 5.10 illustrates this for n = 8.). So,
360o
the measure of each central angle in an n-sided regular polygon is . From
n
this, we conclude that the measure of each central angle of an equilateral triangle
360o
is = 120o .
3
b Recall that the sum of all interior angles of a 5-sided
polygon is (5 – 2)×180o = 3 × 180o = 540o. So, the
measure of each interior angle of a regular 72o
pentagon is 540o ÷ 5 = 108o.
Also, the measure of each central angle of a
360o 108o
regular pentagon is = 72o. Figure 5.12
5
ii To find the measure of each exterior angle
in a regular n-sided polygon, notice that at
each vertex, the sum of an interior angle
and an exterior angle is 180o
Interior Exterior
(See Figure 5.13). angle angle
Hence each exterior angle will measure
Figure 5.13
o  (n − 2)  n180o − ( n − 2)180 o 360 o
180 −  180 o  = = ,
 n  n n
which is the same as the measure of a central angle.
182
We can summarize our results about angle measures in regular polygons as follows.
For any regular n-sided polygon:
( n − 2)180o .
i Measure of each interior angle =
n
o
360
ii Measure of each central angle = .
n
360o
iii Measure of each exterior angle = .
n
Exercise 5.1
1 In Figure 5.14a, no two line segments that are in succession are collinear, and no
two segments intersect except at their end points. Yet the figure is not a polygon.
Why not?
a b
Figure 5.14
2 Is Figure 5.14b a polygon? How many sides does it have? How many vertices
does it have? What is the sum of the measures of all of its interior angles?
3 ABCD is a quadrilateral such that the measures of three of its interior angles are
given as m(∠D) = 112o, m(∠C) = 75o and m(∠B) = 51o. Find m(∠A).
4 Find the measure of an interior angle of a regular polygon with:
a 10 sides b 20 sides c 12 sides
5 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon, if the measure of each of its
interior angles is:
o
a 150o b 160o c 147.27
6 If the measure of a central angle of a regular polygon is 18o, find the measure of
each of its interior angles.
7 i Can a regular polygon be drawn such that the measure of each exterior angle is:
a 20o? b 16o? c 15o?
In each case, if your answer is no, justify it; if yes, find the number of sides.
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Mathematics Grade 9
ii Can a regular polygon be drawn such that the measure of each interior angle is:
a 144o? b 140o? c 130o?
In each case if your answer is yes, find the number of sides; if no, justify it.
8 ABCDEFGH is a regular octagon; the sides AB and DC are produced to meet at N.
Find m(∠AND).
9 Figure 5.15 represents part of a regular polygon of which AB and BC are sides,
and R is the centre of the circle in which the polygon is inscribed. Copy and
complete the following table.
Number m(∠ ∠ARB) m(∠
∠ABR)
A of sides or or m (∠
∠ABC)
m(∠
∠BRC) m(∠
∠CBR)
3
4
R• B 5
6
45o
C 9 40o 70o 140o
144o
Figure 5.15 12
15
18
20
5.1.2 Properties of Regular Polygons

ACTIVITY 5.6
1 Which of the following plane figures can be divided exactly into
two identical parts by drawing a line through them? (In other
words, which of the following plane figures have a line of
symmetry?) Discuss.
a b c d e
Figure 5.16
2 Which of the above figures have more than one line of symmetry?
3 How many lines of symmetry does a regular n-sided polygon have?
184
A figure has a line of symmetry, if it can be folded so

that one half of the figure coincides with the other half.
The Ethiopian flag has a line of symmetry along the black
broken line shown. The right half is a reflection of the left
half, and the centre line is the line of reflection.
The line of reflection is also called the line of symmetry. Line of
Line of Symmetry
A figure that has at least one line of symmetry is called a Symmetry

symmetrical figure. Figure 5.17
Some figures have more than one line of symmetry. In such cases, the lines of
symmetry always intersect at one point.
Note that equilateral triangles, squares and regular pentagons have as many lines of
symmetry as their sides.
Equilateral Triangle Square Regular Pentagon

Figure 5.18
To generalize, a regular n-sided polygon always has n lines of symmetry.
Circumscribed regular polygons N K

A polygon whose sides are tangent to a circle is said to
circumscribe the circle. For example, the
quadrilateral KLMN circumscribes the circle. The
circle is inscribed in the quadrilateral.
It is possible to circumscribe any n-sided regular
polygon about a circle. The method is shown by M L
Figure 5.19
circumscribing a 5-sided polygon, in Figure 5.20.
E S A
The idea is that the radii to the points of tangency make 5
congruent angles at the centre whose measures add up to 360o.
Using a protractor, we construct five radii, making adjacent Y R
360o O B
central angles of = 72o . The radii end at S, R, W, X, Y. D
5
Line segments perpendicular to the radii at their endpoints are X W
tangent to the circle and form the circumscribed pentagon as C
desired. Figure 5.20
Can you see how the vertices A, B, C, D, E are determined?

185
Mathematics Grade 9
Regular polygons have a special relation to circles. A regular polygon can always be
inscribed in or circumscribed about a circle.
This leads us to state the following property about regular polygons:
A circle can always be inscribed in or circumscribed about any given regular polygon.
In Figure 5.20 above, the radius OX of the inscribed circle is the distance from the
centre to the side (CD) of the regular polygon. This distance from the centre to any side
of the polygon, denoted by a, is the same. This distance a is called the apothem of the
regular polygon.
Definition 5.4
The distance a from the centre of a regular
polygon to a side of the polygon is called the apothem
apothem of the polygon. That is, the apothem a a
of a regular polygon is the length of the line
segment drawn from the centre of the polygon Figure 5.21
perpendicular to the side of the polygon. Regular Pentagon
The following example illustrates how to find perimeter, area and apothem.
X
Example 1 In Figure 5.22, the regular pentagon ABCDE is A B
s
inscribed in a circle with centre O and radius r.
Write formulae for the side s, perimeter P, a
r
apothem a and area A of the regular pentagon. O
Solution: To solve the problem, join O to the vertices A and E C
B as shown so that ∆OAB is formed.
∆OAB is an isosceles triangle (why?). Draw the D
Figure 5.22
perpendicular from O to AB . It meets AB at X. ∠AOB is
a central angle of the regular pentagon.
360o
So, m (∠AOB) = = 72o .
5
Now, ∆AOX ≅ ∆BOX (verify this).
Therefore, ∠AOX ≅ ∠BOX.
Therefore, m(∠AOX) = m(∠BOX) = 1 m(∠AOB) = 1 (72o) = 36o.

2 2
Let s = AB, the length of the side of the regular pentagon.
Since ∆ AOX ≅ ∆BOX, we have AX ≅ XB . So, AX = 1 AB = 1 s.

2 2
186
Now in the right angled triangle AOX you see that

1
s
 1 
sin(∠AOX) = AX . i.e., sin  ( ∠AOB )  = 2
AO 2  r
1
s
o
sin 36 = 2 . So 1 s = r sin 36o
r 2
Therefore, s = 2r sin 36o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
Perimeter P of the polygon is
P = AB + BC + CD + DE + EA
But since AB = BC = CD = DE = EA = s, we have P = s + s + s + s + s = 5s.
Since from (1) we have s = 2r sin 36o, the perimeter of the regular pentagon is
P = 5 × 2r sin 36o
∴ P = 10r sin 36o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
To find a formula for the apothem, a, consider ∆AOX
cos(∠AOX) = XO
AO
Since m (∠AOX) = 36o , XO = a, and AO = r.
a
cos(36o) =
r
So, a = r cos 36o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3)
To find the area of the regular pentagon, first we find the area of ∆AOB. Taking
the height and the base of ∆AOB as OX and AB, respectively, we have,
Area of ∆ AOB = 1 AB × OX = 1 × s × a = 1 as
2 2 2
Now the area of the regular pentagon ABCDE = area of ∆AOB + area of ∆BOC + area
of ∆COD + area of ∆ DOE + area of ∆EOA.
1
Since all these triangles are congruent, the area of each triangle is as .
2
1 
So, the area of the regular pentagon ABCDE = 5 ×  as  = 1 a (5s) = 1 aP . . . (4)
2  2 2
o
180
Since 36o = , where 5 is the number of sides, we can generalize the above
5
o 180o
formulae for any n-sided regular polygon by replacing 36 by , as follows.
n
187
Mathematics Grade 9
Theorem 5.3
Formulae for the length of side s, apothem a, perimeter P and area A of
a regular polygon with n sides and radius r are
180o 180o
1 s = 2r sin 3 P = 2nr sin
n n
o
180 1
2 a = r cos 4 A = aP
n 2
Example 2
a Find the length of the side of an equilateral triangle if its radius is 12 cm.
b Find the area of a regular hexagon whose radius is 5 cm.
c Find the apothem of a square whose radius is 8 cm.
Solution:
180o
a By the formula, the length of the side is s = 2r sin .
n
So, replacing r by 12 and n by 3, we have,
180o
s = 2 × 12 × sin = 2× 12 × sin 60o
3
3  o 3
= 2 × 12 ×  sin 60 =
= 12 × 3 = 36 = 6;  .
2  2 
Therefore, the length of the side of the equilateral triangle is 6 cm.
b To find the area of the regular hexagon, we use the formula
A = 1 aP, where a is the apothem and P is the perimeter of the regular hexagon.
2
Therefore,
1 1 180o  180o 
A = aP =  r cos  2 nr sin  (Substituting formulae for a and P)
2 2 n  n 
1  180o   180o 
= ×  5 × cos  
× 2 × 6 × 5sin 
2  6   6 
1 3 1 3
= ×5× × 2 × 6 × 5 × ; (cos 30o = , sin 30o = 1 )
2 2 2 2 2
75 3 2
= cm
2
188
180o
c To find the apothem of the square, we use the formula a = r cos ..
n
Replacing r by 8 and n by 4, we have
180o 2
a= 8 cos = 8 cos 45o (cos 45o = )
4 2
2 16
= 8× = = 2 cm.
2 2
Exercise 5.2
1 Which of the capital letters of the English alphabet are symmetrical?
2 Draw all the lines of symmetry on a diagram of a regular:
a hexagon b heptagon c octagon
How many lines of symmetry does each one have?
3 If a regular polygon of n sides has every line of symmetry passing through a
vertex, what can you say about n?
4 State which of the following statements are true and which are false:
a A parallelogram which has a line of symmetry is a rectangle.
b A rhombus which has a line of symmetry must be a square.
c An isosceles triangle with more than one line of symmetry is an equilateral
triangle.
d A pentagon that has more than one line of symmetry must be regular.
5 Show that the length of each side of a regular hexagon is equal to the length of the
radius of the hexagon.
6 Show that the area A of a square inscribed in a circle with radius r is A = 2r2.
7 Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false:
a The area of an equilateral triangle with apothem 3 cm and side 6 cm is
9 3 cm2.
b The area of a square with apothem 2 cm and side 2 2 cm is 8 2 cm2.

8 Find the length of a side and the perimeter of a regular nine-sided polygon with radius
5 units.
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Mathematics Grade 9
9 Find the length of a side and the perimeter of a regular twelve-sided polygon with
radius 3 cm.
10 Find the ratio of the perimeter of a regular hexagon to its radius and show that the
ratio does not depend on the radius.
11 Find the radius of an equilateral triangle with perimeter 24 units.
12 Find the radius of a square with perimeter 32 units.
13 Find the radius of a regular hexagon with perimeter 48 units.
14 The radius of a circle is 12 units. Find the perimeter of a regular inscribed:
a triangle b heptagon c decagon
5.2 FURTHER ON CONGRUENCY AND

SIMILARITY
Congruency
Today, modern industries produce large numbers of products; often many of these are
the same size and/or shape. To determine these shapes and sizes, the idea of congruency
is very important.
Two plane figures are congruent if they are exact copies of each other.
Group Work 5.1

1 Look carefully at the figures given below. Make a list of
pairs that appear to be congruent.
a d f g h
a b c d e f g h
j k l m n o p
i j k l m n o p
Figure 5.23
2 Test whether each pair is, in fact, congruent by tracing one on a thin transparent
paper and placing the tracing on the other.
190
5.2.1 Congruency of Triangles

Triangles that have the same size and shape are called congruent triangles. That is,
the six parts of the triangles (three sides and three angles) are correspondingly
congruent. If two triangles, ∆ABC and ∆DEF are congruent like those given below, then
we denote this as
∆ ABC ≅ ∆DEF.
The notation “≅” means “is congruent to”.
B D
C F
A E
Figure 5.24
Congruent angles Congruent sides

∠A ≅ ∠D; ∠B ≅ ∠E; ∠C ≅ ∠F AB ≅ DE; BC ≅ EF; AC ≅ DF.
Parts of congruent triangles that "match" are called corresponding parts. For example, in
the triangles above, ∠B corresponds to ∠E and AC corresponds to DF .
Two triangles are congruent when all of the corresponding parts are congruent.
However, you do not need to know all of the six corresponding parts to conclude that
the triangles are congruent. Each of the following Theorems states that three
corresponding parts determine the congruence of two triangles.
Two triangles are congruent if the following corresponding parts of
the triangles are congruent.
three sides two angles and the two sides and a right angle,
(SSS) included side (ASA) the included hypotenuse and
Congruent
angle (SAS) a side (RHS)

triangles
a b c d
Figure 5.25
191
Mathematics Grade 9
Example1 Determine whether each pair of triangles is congruent. If so, write a

congruence statement and state why the triangles are congruent.
G P U X
I H Q R V Y
W Z
Solution:
For the first two triangles: For the last two triangles:
(Figure 5.26) (Figure 5.27)
Since m(∠H) = 90o and
U V ≅ X Y (given)
m(∠Q) = 90o, ∠H ≅ ∠Q
Also IH ≅ RQ (given) ∠VUW ≅ ∠YXZ (given)
∠I ≅ ∠R (given) VW ≅ Y Z (given)
∴ ∆ GHI ≅ ∆ PQR (by ASA) So two sides and an angle are congruent. But
the angle is not included between the sides. So
we cannot conclude that the triangles are
congruent.
Example 2 In Figure 5.28, PQRS is a square. A and B are
P Q
points on QR and SR, such that QA ≅ SB .
Prove that: ∠ PAQ ≅ ∠PBS A
Solution: PQ ≅ PS (sides of a square)
QA ≅ SB (given) S B R
Figure 5.28
∠Q ≅ ∠S (right angles)
Therefore, ∆PQA ≅ ∆PSB (by SAS).
Therefore, ∠PAQ ≅ ∠PBS (corresponding angles of congruent triangles).
Example 3 Given ∆ABC ≅ ∆RST.
Find the value of y, if m(∠A) = 40o and m(∠R) = (2y + 10)o.
Solution: Since ∆ABC≅ ∆RST, the corresponding angles are congruent.
So, ∠A ≅ ∠R.
Therefore, m (∠A) = m(∠R).
i.e., 40o = (2y + 10)o. So, y = 15o.
192
Exercise 5.3
1 Check whether the following four triangles are congruent:
A M
P
110o
N 40o
B
40o
6 cm 6 cm 40o
6 cm
C 30o
110o
Q X 6 cm L
Z
R 30o
110o
Y
Figure 5.29
2 Which of the triangles are congruent to the blue-shaded triangle? Give reasons for
your answer.
A 7.1 cm B
L
58o 7 cm
N
8.2 cm 7 cm
X P
8.2 cm
58o
8.2 cm 7.1 cm C 7 cm
8.2 cm
M
R
58o
Z Y
7.1 cm
Q
Figure 5.30
3 Which of the following pairs of triangles are congruent? For those that are
congruent, state whether the reason is SSS, ASA, SAS or RHS.
A K
1.7 cm 71o
2.4 cm 1.7 cm
2.3 cm
a 42o 71o P
B 2.3 cm C
Figure 5.31
193
Mathematics Grade 9
R
A
64o
2.5 cm
b 6 cm 2.5 cm 4.5 cm
C
30o
B 4.5 cm
N 6 cm T
Figure 5.32
K H
57o 57o
c 8.4 cm
56o 67o
M 8.4 cm X N Y
Figure 5.33
4 a ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB ≅ AC , and M is the midpoint of B C .

Prove that ∠ABC ≅ ∠ACB.
b In Figure 5.34 below, prove that ∆BDF is equilateral.
S T
Q R
c In Figure 5.35, prove: If RS ≅ QT then, PQ ≅ PR.
d ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB ≅ AC. AX is the bisector of ∠BAC

meeting BC at X. Prove that X is the midpoint of BC.
e ABCD is a parallelogram. Prove that ∠ABC ≅ ∠ADC.
Hint: First join AC and use alternate angles.
194
5.2.2 Definition of Similar Figures

After an architect finishes the plan of a building, it is usual to prepare a model of the
building. In different areas of engineering, it is usual to produce models of industrial
products before moving to the actual production. What relationships do you see between
the model and the actual product?
Figures that have the same shape but that might have different sizes are called similar.
Each of the following pairs of figures are similar, with one shape being an enlargement
of the other.
a b c d
Figure 5.36
From your Grade 8 mathematics, recall that:

An enlargement is a transformation of a plane figure in which each of the points such as
A, B, C is mapped onto A', B', C' by the same scale factor, k, from a fixed point O. The
distances of A', B', C' from the point O are found by multiplying each of the distances of
A, B, C from O by the scale factor k.
OA' = k × OA OB' = k × OB OC' = k × OC
A′
Centre of
enlargement A B′
C′
B
C
O•
Figure 5.37
195
Mathematics Grade 9
Group Work 5.2

1 Answer the following questions based on Figure 5.38.
G K
F J
C
B
O
N
A D E H I L M P
Figure 5.38
i If a figure is enlarged, do you always get a similar figure?
ii Which of the figures above are similar figures? Discuss.
iii What can you say about the angles B and J?
iv Which of the angles are equal to angle C? Which of the angles are equal to
angle D?
v What other equal angles can you find? Discuss.
vi What can you say about the angles of two similar polygons? Discuss.
2 Figures ABCDE and FGHIJ are similar and
BC 8
= = 2.
GH 4
Find the ratio of other corresponding sides of ABCDE and FGHIJ.
A B
F G
D I
E J
H
C
Figure 5.39
196
1.5 m
1m
0.9 m 0.6 m
2m
3m
0.6 m
0.9 m 3m
4.5 m
Figure 5.40
3 Two solid figures have the dimensions as shown in Figure 5.40 above. Are the
figures similar? How can you make sure? Discuss.
4 a Is a rectangle of length 6 cm and width 4 cm similar to a rectangle of length
12 cm and width 18 cm?
b Is a triangle, two of whose angles are 85o and 72o similar to a triangle two of
whose angles are 23o and 85o?
How could you have answered parts a and b of this question without drawing?
Discuss.
From the above Group Work, we may conclude the following.
In similar figures:
i One is an enlargement of the other.
ii Angles in corresponding positions are congruent.
iii Corresponding sides have the same ratio.
In the case of a polygon, the above fact can be stated as:
Similar Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if their
corresponding angles are congruent and their corresponding sides
polygons
have the same ratio.
Example 1 X
B
1.2 m
0.8 m
1.5 m 2.25 m
A
W
1.2 m C
0.6 m 1.8 m
D Y
0.9 m
Figure 5.41 Z
197
Mathematics Grade 9
If quadrilateral ABCD is similar to quadrilateral WXYZ, we write ABCD ∼ WXYZ.

(the symbol ∼ means "is similar to").
Corresponding angles of similar polygons are Using corresponding angles as a
congruent. You can use a protractor to make guide, you can easily identify
sure the angles have the same measure. the corresponding sides.
∠A ≅ ∠ W ∠B ≅ ∠X AB ↔ WX, BC ↔ XY
∠C ≅ ∠ Y ∠D ≅ ∠Z CD ↔ YZ, DA ↔ ZW
A special relationship also exists (the symbol ↔ means
between the corresponding sides of the "corresponds to ").
polygons. Compare the ratios of lengths
of the corresponding sides:
AB 0.8 2 BC 1.5 2 CD 0.6 2 DA 1.2 2
= = , = = , = = , = = .
WX 1.2 3 XY 2.25 3 YZ 0.9 3 ZW 1.8 3
You can see the ratios of the lengths of the corresponding sides are all equal to 2 .
3
Example 2 Referring to Figure 5.42, if ABCDE ∼ HIJKL, then find the lengths of:
a IJ b CD c HL
Solution: Since ABCDE ∼ HIJKL, we have, B
I
AB BC CD DE AE 5m 7m
= = = = 4m xm
HI IJ JK KL HL A C H J
a To find the length of IJ, we use
am ym 8m
12 m
AB BC
=
HI IJ L 7m K
E bm D
5 7
= (AB = 5, HI = 4, BC = 7, IJ = x) Figure 5.42
4 x
4×7
So, x= = 5.6
5
Therefore, the length of side IJ is 5.6 m.
b In the same way, c
AB CD AB AE 5 12
= = . i.e., =
HI JK HI HL 4 y
5 a So, y = 9.6.
= . So, a = 10.
4 8 Therefore, HL = 9.6 m.
Therefore, CD = 10 m.
198
Exercise 5.4
1 a All of the following polygons are regular. Identify the similar ones.
C F
D E
A B
K L
G H J
I
Figure 5.43
b Explain why regular polygons with the same number of sides are always
similar.
2 Explain why all circles are similar.
3 Decide whether or not each pair of polygons is similar. Explain your reasoning.
D 15 m E
8m
12 m
B
a 36 m 24 m
A C
45 m
Figure 5.44
Q
M
3 in 3 in
2 in 2 in
P R L N
b 2 in 2 in
3 in 3 in
O
S
Figure 5.45
G 7 ft H
X 5 ft Y
4 ft 5 ft
c 4 ft 5 ft
W 5 ft Z J I
7 ft
Figure 5.46
199
Mathematics Grade 9
5.2.3 Theorems on Similarity of Triangles

You may start this section by recalling the following facts about similarity of triangles.
Definition 5.5 B
Two triangles are said to be similar, if
1 their corresponding sides are proportional
(have equal ratio), and A C
2 their corresponding angles are congruent. E
That is, ∆ABC ∼ ∆DEF if and only if
AB AC BC
= = and
DE DF EF
∠A ≅ ∠D, ∠B ≅ ∠E, ∠C ≅ ∠F
F
D
Figure 5.47
The following theorems on similarity of triangles will serve as tests to check whether or
not two triangles are similar.
Theorem 5.4 SSS similarity theorem
If the three sides of one triangle are proportional to the three corresponding
sides of another triangle, then the two triangles are similar.
Restatement: E
B
Given ∆ABC and ∆DEF. If AB = BC = AC ,

DE EF DF C
F
then ∆ABC ∼ ∆DEF.
A
Figure 5.48 D
Example 1 Are the two triangles in Figure 5.49 similar?

5
R P
S
Solution: Since PQ = QR = PR = 1 ,
ST TU SU 2 7 3
6 10
∆ PQR ∼ ∆STU (by SSS similarity theorem). Q
T 14 U
Figure 5.49
200
Group Work 5.3

1 Investigate if Theorem 5.5 works for two polygons whose
number of sides is greater than 3.
2 Consider a square ABCD and a rhombus PQRS.
AB BC CD
Are the ratios: , and equal?
PQ QR RS
We now state the second theorem on similarity of triangles, which is called the
side-angle-side (SAS) similarity theorem.
Theorem 5.5 SAS similarity theorem

Two triangles are similar, if two pairs of corresponding sides of the
two triangles are proportional and if the included angles between
these sides are congruent.
Restatement:
Q
Given two triangles ∆ABC and ∆PQR, if B
AB AC
= and ∠ A ≅ ∠P, then,
PQ PR A C P R
∆ABC ∼ ∆PQR. Figure 5.50
Example 2 Use the SAS similarity theorem to check whether the given two triangles
are similar.
Q
N
LN 12
Solution: Since = =2, and also P
PR 6 50o
16
MN 16 12
8
= = 2, the corresponding sides 6
QR 8 50 o
L M
have equal ratios (i.e., they are
R
proportional). Figure 5.51
Also, since m(∠N) = m(∠R), it follows that the included angles of these
proportional sides are congruent.
Therefore, ∆LMN ∼ ∆PQR by the SAS similarity theorem.
Finally, we state the third theorem on similarity of triangles, which is called the
Angle-Angle (AA) similarity theorem.
201
Mathematics Grade 9
Theorem 5.6 AA similarity theorem
If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two corresponding angles

of another triangle, then the two triangles are similar.
A C D F
Restatement:
Given two triangles, namely ∆ABC and
∆DEF. If ∠A ≅ ∠D and ∠C ≅ ∠F, then B
E
∆ABC ∼ ∆DEF.
Figure 5.52
Example 3 In Figure 5.53, determine whether the two
B D
given triangles are similar.
Solution: In ∆ABC and ∆DEC, m(∠B) = m(∠E) = 40o. 40o
C
So, i ∠ B ≅ ∠E.
A
ii ∠ACB ≅ ∠DCE (since they are 40o
vertically opposite angles). E
Figure 5.53
Therefore, ∆ABC ∼ ∆DEC by the AA similarity theorem.
Exercise 5.5
1 State whether each of the following statements is true or false.
a If two triangles are similar, then they are congruent.
b If two triangles are congruent, then they are similar.
c All equilateral triangles are congruent.
d All equilateral triangles are similar.
2 Which of the following pairs of triangles are similar? If they are similar, explain why.
I
F
2 4 3
1.5
a
H K J
G 2.5 5
Figure 5.54
N
500
6 8 O
P
b
3 50
0
4
L M Q
Figure 5.55
202
3 The pairs of triangles given below are similar. Find the measures of the blank sides.
B E
3 4
6
a A C
D 10 F
Figure 5.56
E
G
5
6
b 3
I
F H
Figure 5.57
C
4 In Figure 5.58, prove that:
a ∆ ADC ~ ∆ BEC
E D
b ∆ AFE ~ ∆ BFD F
C A B
5 In Figure 5.59, quadrilateral DEFG is a square Figure 5.58
and, ∠C is a right angle. Prove that: G F
AD DG
a =
EF EB
A E B
AD DG D
b =
CG CF Figure 5.59
5.2.4 Theorems on Similar Plane Figures

Ratio of perimeters and ratio of areas of similar plane
figures
ACTIVITY 5.7
Consider Figure 5.60 given below and answer the following questions:
a Show that the two rectangles are similar.
b What is the ratio of the corresponding sides?
c Find the perimeter and the area of each rectangle.
d What is the ratio of the two perimeters?
e What is the ratio of the two areas?
203
Mathematics Grade 9
f What is the relationship between the ratio of the corresponding sides and the
ratio of the perimeters?
P Q
A B
8 cm
6 cm
S R
D 9 cm C 12 cm
Figure 5.60
g What is the relationship between the ratio of the corresponding sides and
ratio of the areas?
The results of the Activity lead you to the following theorem.
Theorem 5.7
If the ratio of the lengths of the corresponding sides of two similar
triangles is k, then
i the ratio of their perimeters is k
ii the ratio of their areas is k2.
Proof:- Q
n ℓ
i Given ∆ABC ∼ ∆PQR.
AB BC AC P m R
Then, = = .
PQ QR PR B
c a b
i.e., = = .
n l m c a
Since the common value of these ratios is k, we have
c a b A C
b
= = = k. Figure 5.61
n l m
So, c = kn, a = kl, b = km.
Now the perimeter of ∆ABC = AB + BC + CA = c + a + b = kn + kl + km.
From this, we obtain c + a + b = kn + kl + km = k (n + l + m)
c+a+b
Therefore, = k.
n+l +m
Perimeter of ∆ ABC
That is, = k.
Perimeter of ∆ PQR
This shows that the ratio of their perimeters = the ratio of their corresponding sides.
204
ii To prove that the ratio of their areas is the square of the ratio of any two
corresponding sides: E
Let ∆DEF ∼ ∆XYZ. Then, a
c h
DE EF DF
= = =k. Y D F
XY YZ XZ G b
That is. c = a = b = k . c' h'

a'
c' a' b'
Let EG be the altitude from E to DF and
X Z
YW be the altitude from Y to XZ. W b'
Figure 5.62
Since ∆DEG and ∆ XYW are right triangles and ∠D ≅ ∠X, we have
∆DEG ∼ ∆XYW (AA similarity)
h c
Therefore, = = k.
h' c'
Now, area of ∆ DEF = 1 bh, and area of ∆ XYZ = 1 b'h'.
2 2
1
bh
area of ∆ DEF b h
Therefore, = 2 = × = k ×k = k2 .
area of ∆ XYZ 1 b ' h ' b ' h '
2
So, the ratio of their areas is the square of the ratio of their corresponding sides.
Now we state the same fact for any two polygons.
Theorem 5.8
If the ratio of the lengths of any two corresponding sides of two similar
polygons is k, then
i the ratio of their perimeters is k.
ii the ratio of their areas is k2.
Exercise 5.6
1 Let ABCD and EFGH be two quadrilaterals such that ABCD ∼ EFGH.
If AB = 15 cm, EF = 18 cm and the perimeter of ABCD is 40 cm, find the
perimeter of EFGH.
2 Two triangles are similar. A side of one is 2 units long. The corresponding side of
the other is 5 units long. What is the ratio of:
a their perimeters? b their areas?
3 Two triangles are similar. The sides of one are three times as long as the sides of
the other. What is the ratio of the areas of the smaller to the larger?
205
Mathematics Grade 9
4 The areas of two similar triangles are 144 unit2 and 81 unit2.
a What is the ratio of their perimeters?
b If a side of the first is 6 units long, what is the length of the corresponding
side of the second?
5 The sides of a polygon have lengths 5, 7, 8, 11, and 19 units. The perimeter of a
similar polygon is 75 units. Find the lengths of the sides of the larger polygon.
5.2.5 Construction of Similar Figures

Enlargement
Group Work 5.4

Work with a partner
1 Draw a triangle ABC on squared paper as shown below.

2 Take a point O and draw rays OA, OB and O C ; on these rays mark points A′ ,B′
and C′ such that OA′ = 2 OA; OB′ = 2 OB; OC′ = 2 OC
3 What can you say about ∆ ABC and ∆ A′ B′ C′?
OA′ A′ B′
4 Is = ?
OA AB
5 What properties have not changed?
A′ B′
A
B
O•
C C′
Figure 5.63
Figure 5.63 shows triangle ABC and its image triangle A′B′C′ under the transformation
enlargement. In the equation OA′ = 2OA, the factor 2 is called the scale factor and the
point O is called the centre of enlargement.
In general,
An enlargement with centre O and scale factor k (where k is a real number) is the
transformation that maps each point P to point P′ such that

i P′ is on the ray O P and ii O P′ = k OP
If an object is enlarged, the result is an image that is mathematically similar to the object
but of different size. The image can be either larger, if k > 1, or smaller if 0 < k <1.
206
Example 1 In Figure 5.64 below, ∆ABC is enlarged to form ∆A′B′C′. Find the centre
of enlargement.
A′ A′
A A
O•
B C B C
B′ C′ B′ C′
a b
Figure 5.64
Solution: The centre of enlargement is found by joining corresponding points on the
object and image with straight lines. These lines are then extended until they
meet. The point at which they meet is the centre of enlargement O (See
Figure 5.64b above).
Example 2 In Figure 5.65 below, the rectangle ABCD undergoes a transformation to
form rectangle A′ B′C ′D′.
i Find the centre of enlargement.
ii Calculate the scale factor of enlargement.
A D
A′ D′
B′ C′
B C
Figure 5.65
Solution:
i By joining corresponding points on both the object and the image, the centre
of enlargement is found at O, as shown in Figure 5.66 below.
A D
A′ D′
•O
B′ C′
B C
Figure 5.66
A′ B′ 4 1
ii The scale factor of enlargement = = =
AB 8 2
207
Mathematics Grade 9
If the scale factor of enlargement is greater than 1, then the image is larger than the
object. If the scale factor lies between 0 and 1 then the resulting image is smaller than
the object. In these latter cases, although the image is smaller than the object, the
transformation is still known as an enlargement.
Exercise 5.7
1 Copy the following figures and find:
i the centre of enlargement. ii the scale factor of the enlargement.
A′
A′ C′
A
A C
C C′
B
B D
B′ B′ D′
a b
A′ B′
A B
D C
D′ C′
c
Figure 5.67
2 Copy and enlarge each of the following figures by a scale factor of:
1
i 3 ii
2
(O is the centre of enlargement).
O
•
O O
• •
a b c
Figure 5.68
208
5.2.6 Real-Life Problems Using Congruency

and Similarity
The properties of congruency and similarity of triangles can be applied to solve some
real-life problems and also to prove certain geometric properties. For example, see the
following examples. A B
Example 1 Show that the diagonals of a rectangle are
congruent (Figure 5.69).
Solution: Suppose ABCD is a rectangle (Figure 5.69b).
D a C
Then, ABCD is a parallelogram (why?) so that the
opposite sides of ABCD are congruent. In particular, A B
AB ≅ DC . Consider ∆ABC and ∆DCB.
Clearly, ∠ ABC ≅ ∠ DCB (both are right angles),
Hence,
Hence ∆ABC ≅ ∆DCB by the SAS congruence D b C
property. Consequently, AC ≅ DB as desired. Figure 5.69
Carpenters use the result of Example 1 when framing rectangular shapes. That is, to
determine whether a quadrilateral is a rectangle, a carpenter can measure opposite sides
to see if they are congruent (if so, the shape is a parallelogram). Then the carpenter can
measure the diagonals to see if they are congruent (if so, the shape is a rectangle).
Example 2 When Ali planted a tree 5 m away from point A, the tree just blocked the
view of a building 50 m away. If the building was 20 m tall, how tall was
the tree?
Solution: Label the figure as shown. Let x be the height of the tree.
BE AE
We have = Building
CD AD C
x 5
= B
20 50 20m
Tree
5 x
x = 20 × =2m
50 D
A
∴ The height of the tree was 2 m. 5m E 45m
Figure 5.70
Exercise 5.8
1 Aweke took 1 hour to cut the grass in a square field of side 30 m. How long will it
take him to cut the grass in a square field of side 120 m?
2 A line from the top of a cliff to the ground just passes over the top of a pole 20 m
high. The line meets the ground at a point 15 m from the base of the pole. If it is
120 m away from this point to the base of the cliff, how high is the cliff?
3 A tree casts a shadow of 30 m. At the same time, a 10 m pole casts a shadow of
12 m. Find the height of the tree.
209
Mathematics Grade 9
5.3 FURTHER ON TRIGONOMETRY

5.3.1 Radian Measure of an Angle
An angle is the union of two rays with a common end point.
A
B
O
Figure 5.71
In general, we associate each angle with a real number called the measure of the
angle. The two measures that are most frequently used are degree and radian.
i Measuring angles in degrees

We know that a right angle contains 90o, and that a complete rotation can be thought of
as an angle of 360o. In view of this latter fact, we can define a degree as follows.
Definition 5.6
A degree, denoted by (o), is defined as the measure of the central angle
1
subtended by an arc of a circle equal in length to of the
360
circumference of the circle.
A minute which is denoted by ( ' ), is 1 of a degree.

60
A second which is denoted by ( '' ), is 1 of a minute.

60
So, we have the following relationship.
 1 ′
o o
 1 
'  1 
1 =   , 1" =   that is 1" =   or 1o = 60' and 1' = 60''
 60   60   3600 
Calculator Tip
Use your calculator to convert 20o 41'16'', which
is read as 20 degrees, 41 minutes and 16
seconds, into degrees, (as a decimal).
210
ii Measuring angles in radians

Another unit used to measure angles is the radian. To understand what is meant by a
radian, we again start with a circle. We measure a length equal to the radius r of the

circle along the circumference of the circle, so that arc A B is equal to the radius r.
∠AOB is then an angle of 1 radian. We define this as follows.
A
Definition 5.7
r r
A radian (rad) is defined as the measure of the rad
O• 1 rad
central angle subtended by an arc of a circle r B
equal in length to the radius of the circle.
Figure 5.72
You know that the circumference of a circle is equal to 2πr. Since an arc of length r
along the circle gives 1 rad, a complete rotation of length 2πr generates an angle of 2π
radians. On the other hand, we know that a complete revolution represents an angle of
360o. This gives us the following relationship:
1 revolution = 360o = 2π radians
i.e., 180o = π radians, from which we obtain,
o
 180  π
1 radian =  o
 ≈ 57.3 . 1o = radian ≈ 0.0175 radian.
 π  180
Therefore, we have the following conversion rules for degrees and radians.
180 o
To convert radians to degrees, multiply by .
π
π
To convert degrees to radians multiply by .
180 o
Example 1
i Convert each of the following to radians:
a 30o b 90o
ii Convert each of the following to degrees:
π π
a rad b rad
4 3
Solution:
π π π
i a 30o = 30o × o
= rad . b 90o = 90 o × o
= π rad.
180 6 180 2
o o
π π 180 π π 180
ii a rad = × = 45o . b rad = × = 60 o .
4 4 π 3 3 π
211
Mathematics Grade 9
5.3.2 Trigonometrical Ratios to Solve Right-

angled Triangles
ACTIVITY 5.8
1 What is the meaning of a trigonometric ratio?
2 Given right-angled triangles, ∆ABC and ∆A'B'C',
if m(∠A) = m(∠A'), what can you say about the two triangles?
B
B
B′
c
a c′ a′
A A′
b C b′ C
C′
Figure 5.73
The answers to these questions should have lead you to recall the relationships that exist
between an angle and the sides of a right-angled triangle, which enable you to solve
problems that involve right-angled triangles.
Consider the two triangles in Figure 5.73 above.
Given m (∠A) = m (∠A')
i ∠A ≅ ∠A'
ii ∠C ≅ ∠C'
Therefore, ∆ABC ∼ ∆A'B'C' (by AA similarity)
This means AB = BC = AC
A 'B' B'C' A'C'
From this we get,
BC B'C' AC A'C' BC B'C'
1 = 2 = 3 =
AB A'B' AB A'B' AC A'C'
a a' b b'
OR = , = and a = a '
c c' c c' b b'
The fractions or ratios in each of these proportions are called trigonometric ratios.
Sine:- The fractions in proportion 1 above are formed by dividing the opposite side
of ∠A (or ∠A') by the hypotenuse of each triangle. This ratio is called the
sine of ∠A. It is abbreviated to sin A.
212
Cosine:- The fractions in proportion 2 are formed by dividing the adjacent side to
∠A (or ∠A') by the hypotenuse of each triangle. This ratio is called the
cosine of ∠A. It is abbreviated to cos A.
Tangent:-The fractions in proportion 3 are formed by dividing the opposite side of
∠A (or ∠A') by the adjacent side. This ratio is called the tangent of ∠ A.
It is abbreviated to tan A.
The following abbreviations are commonly used.
adj = adjacent side hyp = hypotenuse opp = opposite side.
The above discussion can be summarized and expressed as follows.
opp BC adj AC B
sin A = = ; cos A = =
hyp AB hyp AB hyp
opp
opp BC
tan A = =
adj AC A
adj C
Figure 5.74
Example 1 In the following right triangle, find the values B
of sine, cosine and tangent of the acute angles. 5
3
A
4 C
Solution: Figure 5.75
opp BC 3 adj AC 4 opp BC 3
sin A = = = ; cos A = = = ; tan A = = =
hyp AB 5 hyp AB 5 adj AC 4
opp AC 4 adj BC 3
Similarly, sin B = = = ; cos B = = =
hyp AB 5 hyp AB 5
opp AC 4
tan B = = =
adj BC 3
ACTIVITY 5.9
1 Using ruler and compasses, draw an equilateral triangle ABC in
which each side is 4 cm long. Draw the altitude AD
perpendicular to B C .
a What is m(∠ABD)? m(∠BAD) ? Give reasons.
b Find the lengths BD and AD (write the answers in simplified radical form).
c Use these to find sin 30o, tan 30o, cos 30o, sin 60o, tan 60o, cos 60o. What do
you notice?
213
Mathematics Grade 9
2 Draw an isosceles triangle ABC in which ∠C is a right angle and AC = 2 cm.

a What is m(∠A)?
b Calculate the lengths AB and BC (leave your answer in radical form).
c Calculate sin 45o, cos 45o, tan 45o.
From the above Activity, you have probably discovered that the values of sine, cosine
and tangent of the angles 30o, 45o and 60o are as summarized in the following table.
∠A 30o 45o 60o
1 2 3
sin A
2 2 2
3 2 1
cos A
2 2 2
3
tan A 1 3
3
The angles 30o, 45o and 60o are called special angles, because they have these exact
trigonometric ratios.
Example 2 A ladder 6 m long leans against a wall and makes an angle of 60o with
the ground. Find the height of the wall. How far from the wall is the foot
of the ladder?
B
Solution: Consider ∆ABC in the figure. ladder
m(∠A) = 60o, m(∠C) = 90o, m(∠B) = 30o and AB = 6 m.
We want to find BC and AC. 6m
wall
BC 3
To find BC, we use sin 60 = o
. But, sin 60o =
AB 2
3 BC
So, = 60o
2 6
A C
Therefore, BC = 3 3 m, which is the height of the wall.
Figure 5.76
To find the distance between the foot of the ladder and the wall, we use
1
cos 60o = AC . cos 60o = and AB = 6.
AB 2
1 AC
So, = which implies AC = 3 m.
2 6
In the above example, if the angle that the ladder made with the ground were
50o, how would you solve the problem?
To solve this problem, you would need trigonometric tables, which give you the
values of sin 50o and cos 50o.
214
5.3.3 Trigonometrical Values of Angles from

Tables
(sin θ, cos θ and tan θ, for 0o ≤ θ < 180o)
In the previous section, we created a table of trigonometric ratios for the special angles
(namely 30o, 45o and 60o). Theoretically, by following the same method, a table of
trigonometric ratios can be constructed for any angle. There are tables of approximate
values of trigonometric ratios of acute angles that have already been constructed by
advanced arithmetical processes. One such table is included at the end of this book.
ACTIVITY 5.10
Using the trigonometric table, find the value of each of the following:
a cos 50o b sin 20o c tan 10o d sin 80o
If you know the value of one of the trigonometric ratios of an angle, you can use a table
of trigonometric ratios to find the angle. The procedure is illustrated in the following
example.
Example 1 Find the measure of the acute angle A, correct to the nearest degree, if
sin A o = 0.521.
Solution: Referring to the "sine" column of the table, we find that 0.521 does not
appear there. The two values in the table closest to 0.521 (one smaller and
one larger) are 0.515 and 0.530. These values correspond to 31o and 32o,
respectively.
Note that 0.521 is closer to 0.515, whose value corresponds to 31o.
Therefore, m(∠A)= 31o (to the nearest degree)
ACTIVITY 5.11
1 Use your trigonometric table to find the value of the acute angle A,
correct to the nearest degree,.
a sin (A)= 0.92 d sin (A) = 0.981
b cos (A) = 0.984 e cos (A) = 0.422
c tan (A) = 0.3802 f tan (A) = 2.410
2 Use your calculator to find the values.(check your calculator is in degrees
mode)
215
Mathematics Grade 9
Using trigonometric ratios, you can now solve right-angled triangles and related
problems. To solve a right-angled triangle means to find the missing parts of the triangle
when some parts are given. For example, if you are given the length of one side and the
measure of an angle (other than the right angle), you can use the appropriate
trigonometric ratios to find the required parts.
In short, in solving a right-angled triangle, we need to use
a the trigonometric ratios of acute angles.
2 2 2
b Pythagoras theorem which is a + b = c , where a is the length of the side
opposite to ∠A, b is the length of the side opposite to ∠B and c is the length
of the hypotenuse.
Example 2 Find the lengths of the sides indicated by the small letters.
m n
52mm
o
2.7cm 62
o
51
a b
Figure 5.77
Solution:
m
a sin 51o = .
2.7
So, m = 2.7 sin 51o = 2.7 × 0.777 ≈2.1 cm (1 decimal place)
n
b tan 62o = .
52
So, n = 52 tan 62o = 52 × 1.881 ≈ 98 mm (to the nearest mm)
ACTIVITY 5.12
Using Figure 5.78, write each of the following B
in terms of the lengths a, b, c.
1 a sin (∠A) b cos (∠A)
sin(∠A) c a
c tan (∠A) d
cos(∠A)
e sin (∠B) f cos (∠B)
sin(∠B) A C
g tan (∠B) h b
cos(∠B) Figure 5.78
216
2 a (sin (∠A))2
b (cos (∠A))2
c Write the value of sin2 (∠A) + cos2 (∠A).
Notation: We abbreviate (sin(∠A))2 as sin2(∠A). Similarly, we write cos2(∠A) and
tan2 (∠ A) instead of (cos(∠A))2 and (tan(∠A))2, respectively.
Do you notice any interesting results from the above Activity? State them.
You might have discovered that
1 If m(∠A) + m(∠B) = 90o, i.e., A and B are complementary angles, then
i sin (∠A) = cos (∠B) ii cos (∠A) = sin (∠B)
sin(∠A)
2 tan(∠A) =
cos(∠A)
3 sin2 (∠A) + cos2 (∠A) = 1
How can you use the trigonometric table to find the sine, cosine and tangent of
obtuse angles such as 95o, 129o, and 175o?
Such angles are not listed in the table.
Before we consider how to find the trigonometric ratio of obtuse angles, we first
redefine the trigonometric ratios by using directed distance. To do this, we consider the
right angle triangle POA as drawn in Figure 5.79. Angle POA is the anticlockwise angle
from the positive x-axis.
Note that the lengths of the sides can be expressed in terms of the coordinates of point P.
i.e., OA = x, AP = y, and using Pythagoras theorem, we have,
y
OP = x2 + y 2
As a result, the trigonometric ratios of ∠POA can be P (x, y)
expressed in terms of x, y and x 2 + y 2 , as follows: y
opp.side
opp AP y x
sin(∠POA) = = = x A
hyphyp OP O
x2 + y2
adj.side
adj OA x
cos(∠POA) = = =
hyp.
hyp OP x2 + y 2
opp AP y
tan(∠POA) = = = Figure 5.79
adj OA x
y x
i.e., sin(∠POA) = ; cos(∠POA) = ; tan(∠POA) = y
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 x
217
Mathematics Grade 9
From the above discussion, it is possible to compute the values of trigonometric ratios
using any point on the terminal side of the angle.
Let us now find the sine and cosine of 129o using the y
table. To do this, we first put 129o on the xy-plane,
P(–a, b)
so that its vertex is at the origin and its initial side on Q(a', b')
the positive x-axis.
129o
51o 51o
i o
To find sin 129 , we first express sin 129 in o x
terms of the coordinates of the point P(–a, b). B O C
So, we have,
b Figure 5.80
sin 129o = .
a 2 + b2
What acute angle put in the xy-plane has the same y value (that is b)?
If we draw the 51o ∠COQ so that OP = OQ, then we see that
∆BOP ≅ ∆COQ. So we have

BP = CQ and OB = OC
It follows that sin 129o = sin 51o. From the table sin 51o = 0.777.
Hence, sin 129o = 0.777
Notice that sin 129o = sin (180o – 129o)
This can be generalized as follows.
If θ is an obtuse angle, i.e.,90o < θ < 180o, then
sin θ = sin (180 – θ) l
ii To find cos 129o.

Here also we first express cos 129o in terms of the coordinates of P (–a, b). So,
−a
cos 129 o = .
a 2 + b2
By taking 180o – 129o, we find the acute angle 51o.
Since ∆BOP ≅ ∆COQ, we see that OC = OB, but in the opposite direction. So, the
x value of P is the opposite of the x value of Q. That is a = –a'
218
a′
Therefore, cos 129 o = = − cos 51o
2 2
a +b
From the trigonometric table, you have cos 51o = 0.629

Therefore, cos 129o = – 0.629.
This discussion leads you to the following generalization.
If θ is an obtuse angle, then
cos θ = – cos (180o – θ) II
Example 3 With the help of the trigonometric table, find the approximate values of:
a cos 100o b sin 163o c tan 160o
Solution: a Using the rule cos θ = – cos (180º – θ), we obtain;
cos 100o = – cos (180o – 100o) = – cos 80o
From the trigonometric table, we have cos 80o = 0.174.
Therefore, cos 100o = – 0.174.

b From the relation sin θ = sin (180 – θ), we have
sin 163o = sin (180o – 163o) = sin 17o
From the table sin 17o = 0.292
Therefore, sin 163o = 0.292
c To find tan 160o,
o sin160o sin 20o  sin 20o 

tan 160 = o
= o
= −  o 
= −tan 20o
cos160 − cos 20  cos 20 
From the table, we have tan 20o = 0.364.
Therefore, tan 160o = –0.364.
To summarize, for a positive obtuse angle θ,
sin θ = sin (180o − θ)
cos θ = − cos (180o − θ)
tan θ = − tan (180o − θ)
219
Mathematics Grade 9
Exercise 5.9
1 i Express each of the following radian measures in degrees:
π π 3
a b π c , d 2 e π f 5
6 3 4
ii Express each of the following in radian measure:
a 270o b 150o c 225o d 15o
2 Without using a table, find the value of each of the following. (Answers may be
left in radical form.)
a sin π b tan 3 π c cos 150o d tan 2 π

6 4 3
3 In ∆ABC, if m (∠A) = 53o, AC = 8.3 cm and m (∠C) = 90o, find BC, correct to
the nearest whole number.
4 A ladder 20 ft long leans against a building, making an angle of 65o with the
ground. Determine, correct to the nearest ft, how far up the building the ladder
reaches.
5 Express each of the following in terms of the sine or cosine of an acute angle:
a cos 165o b sin 126o c cos 3 π d sin 139o

5
6 In each of the following, find the length of the hypotenuse (a):
54 mm
6.7 cm 34
o
a a
o
8m 51 1.46 km
a
a o
o
47
64
a b c d
Figure 5.81
7 Find the sine, cosine and tangent of each of the following angles from the table.
a 25o b 63o c 89o
d 135o e 142o f 173o
8 Use the trigonometric table included at the end of the book to find the degree
measure of ∠P if:
a sin P = 0.83 b cos P = 0.462 c tan P = 0.945
d sin P = 1 e cos P = 0.824
4
220
5.4 CIRCLES
5.4.1 Symmetrical Properties of Circles
ACTIVITY 5.13
1 What is a circle?
2 What is a line of symmetry?
3 Which of the following figures have a line of symmetry?
O•
a b c d e f
Figure 5.82
Recall that a circle is defined as the set of points in a given plane, each of which is at the
same distance from a fixed point of the plane. The fixed point is called the centre, and
the distance is the radius of the circle.
A line segment through the centre of a circle with end points on the circle is called a
diameter. A chord of a circle is a line segment whose end points lie on the circle.
In Section 5.1.2, you learned that if one part of a figure can be made to coincide with

the rest of the figure by folding it about a straight line, A B , the figure is said to be

symmetrical about A B , and the straight line A B is called the line of symmetry. For

example, each of the following figures is symmetrical about the line A B .
A A
A B
B B
Figure 5.83
221
Mathematics Grade 9
Observe that in a symmetrical figure the length of any line segment or the size of any
angle in one half of the figure is equal to the length of the corresponding line segment or
the size of the corresponding angle in the other half of the figure. A
If in the figure on the right, P coincides with Q when the
P Q
figure is folded about AB and if PQ intersects AB at N N
then, ∠PNA coincides with ∠QNA and therefore each is a
right angle and PN = QN.
B
Therefore, Figure 5.84

If P and Q are corresponding points for a line of symmetry AB , the perpendicular

bisector of PQ is AB . Conversely, if AB is the perpendicular bisector of PQ , then P

and Q are corresponding points for the line of symmetry AB and we say that Q is the

image of P in AB and P is the image of Q in AB.
A
In the adjacent figure, O is the centre and A B is a
diameter of the circle. Note that a circle is
symmetrical about its diameter. Therefore, a circle H• •O
has an infinite number of lines of symmetry. •K
We now discuss some properties of a circle, stating them as theorems. B
Figure 5.85
Theorem 5.9
The line segment joining the centre of a circle to the mid-point of a
chord is perpendicular to the chord.
Proof:-
Given: A circle with centre O and a chord PQ whose S
midpoint is M.
We want to prove that ∠OMP is a right angle.
•O
Construction: Draw the diameter ST through M. Then the M
P Q
circle is symmetrical about the line ST. But PM = QM.
So, ST is the perpendicular bisector of PQ. T
Figure 5.86
This completes the proof.
222
Theorem 5.10
The line segment drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a
chord bisects the chord.
P
Proof:-
Given: A circle with centre O, and the line segment
ON drawn from O perpendicular to the chord AB as •O
shown in the adjacent figure. N
A B
We want to prove that AN = NB
Q
Construction: Draw the diameter PQ through N.
Figure 5.87
Then the circle is symmetrical about PQ. But PQ ⊥ AB and A and B are on the circle.
Therefore, PQ is the perpendicular bisector of AB.
ACTIVITY 5.14
1 Prove Theorem 5.10 and 5.11 using congruency of triangles.
2 A chord of length 10 cm is at a distance of 12 cm from the
centre of a circle. Find the radius of the circle.
3 A chord of a circle of radius 6 cm is 8 cm long. Find the distance of the chord
from the centre.
4 AB and CD are equal chords in a circle of radius 5 cm. If each chord is 3 cm,
find their distance from the centre of the circle.
5 Define what you mean by ‘a line tangent to a circle’.
6 How many tangents are there from an external point to a circle? Discuss how to
compare their lengths.
Some other properties of a circle can also be proved by using the fact that a circle is
symmetrical about any diameter.
Theorem 5.11
i If two chords of a circle are equal, then they are equidistant from
the centre.
ii If two chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre, then their
lengths are equal.
223
Mathematics Grade 9
Theorem 5.12
If two tangent segments are drawn to a circle from an external point,
then,
i the tangents are equal in length, and
ii the line segment joining the centre to the external point bisects
the angle between the tangents.
Restatement: If TP is a tangent to a circle at P whose centre is O and TQ is another

tangent to this circle at Q, then,
i TP = TQ ii m(∠OTP) = m(∠OTQ)
Proof:-
i ∆OTP and ∆OTQ are right angled triangles with right angles at P and Q
(A radius is perpendicular to a tangent at the point of tangency).
ii Obviously OT = OT
P
and OP = OQ (why?)
iii ∴ ∆OTP ≅ ∆OTQ (why?) O•
T
So, TP = TQ and m(∠OTP) = (∠OTQ), as required.
Q
Figure 5.88
5.4.2 Angle Properties of Circles

We start this subsection by a review and discussion of some important terms. Referring
to the diagrams in Figure 5.89 will help you to understand some of these terminologies.
(In each circle, O is the centre.)
•C C •
C •
C
•
A•
O •B
•O A• • •B •O •O
•B • •B
A• A
• •
• •
X X X X
a b c d
Figure 5.89
224
A part of a circle (part of its circumference) between any two points on the circle,
say between A and B, is called an arc and is denoted by AB . However, this
notation can be ambiguous since there are two arcs of the circle with A and B as
end points. Therefore, we either use the terms minor arc and major arc or we pick
. For
another point, say X, on the desired arc and then use the notation AXB
is the part of the circle with A and B as its end
example, in Figure 5.89a, AXB
points and containing the point X. The remaining part of the circle, i.e., the part

whose end points are A and B but containing C is the arc ACB.
or AXB
If AB is a diameter of a circle (see Figure 5.89b), then the arc ACB (
is
)
called a semicircle. Notice that a semicircle is half of the circumference of the
circle. An arc is said to be a minor arc, if it is less than a semicircle and a major
is minor
arc, if it is greater than a semicircle. For example, in Figure 5.89c, AXB
arc whilst AC B is a major arc.
A central angle of a circle is an angle whose vertex is at the centre of the circle and
whose sides are radii of the circle. For example, in Figure 5.89c, the angle ∠AOB is a
(or by the
central angle. In this case, we say that ∠AOB is subtended by the arc AXB

chord AB). Here, we may also say that the angle ∠AOB intercepts the arc AXB.
Recall that the measure of a central angle equals the angle measure of the arc it intercepts.
Thus, in Figure 5.89c,
.
m (∠AOB) = m AXB ( )
An inscribed angle in a circle is an angle whose vertex is on the circle and whose sides
are chords of the circle. For example, in Figure 5.89c, ∠ACB is an inscribed angle. Here
(or by the
also, the inscribed angle ∠ACB is said to be subtended by the arc AXB
chord AB ).
This arc,
Observe that the vertex of an inscribed angle ∠ACB is on the arc ACB.
can be a semicircle, a major arc or a minor arc. In such cases, we may say
ACB,
that the angle ∠ACB is inscribed in a semicircle, major arc or minor arc,
respectively. For example, in Figure 5.89b, ∠ACB is inscribed in a semicircle, in
Figure 5.89c ∠ACB is inscribed in the major arc, and in Figure 5.89d ∠ACB is
inscribed in the minor arc.
225
Mathematics Grade 9
Theorem 5.13
The measure of a central angle subtended by an arc is twice the
measure of an inscribed angle in the circle subtended by the same arc.
Both drawings in Figure 5.90 illustrate this theorem.

xo
xo
O O
• 2xo
•
2xo
i ii
Figure 5.90
Exercise 5.10
In each of the following figures, O is the centre of the circle. Calculate the measure of
the angles marked x.
xo 130
o
xo
xo O xo
O• • •o •O
o O 180
80
o
140
a b c d
o
100 36
o
O •O
•o xo •
x 40
o
O yo
xo
e f g
Figure 5.91
Corollary 5.13.1
Angles inscribed in the same arc of a circle (i.e., subtended by the same arc)
are equal.
Proof:-
By the above theorem, each of the angles on the circle subtended by the arc is equal
to half of the central angle subtended by the arc. Hence, they are equal to each other.
226
Corollary 5.13.2 Angle in a semicircle B

The angle inscribed in a semi-circle is a right angle.
•
O
Figure 5.92
P A
Proof:-
The given angle, ∠APB, is subtended by a semicircle. The corresponding central
angle subtended by AB is straight angle. i.e., the central angle is 180o. Hence, by
1 1
Theorem 5.14 m(∠APB) = m(∠AOB) = × 180o = 90o .
2 2
This completes the proof.
Exercise 5.11
1 Calculate the marked angles in each of the following figures:
o
o xo po 48
72
o
•
33 O yo 32
o
xo
qo
a b c
Figure 5.93
2 In each of the following figures, O is the centre and AB is the diameter of the
circle. Calculate the value of x in each case.
O xo
O A o • B
A • o B 45
xo 30
C C
a b
D
B B xo
110
o O o O
• xo
110 •
A A
C C
c d
Figure 5.94
227
Mathematics Grade 9
Corollary 5.13.3 P
Points P, Q, R and S all lie on a circle. They are called Q
concyclic points.
S
Joining the points P, Q, R and S produces a cyclic
quadrilateral.
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are R
supplementary. i.e., Figure 5.95
m(∠P) + m(∠R) = 180o and m(∠S) + m(∠Q) = 180o.
ACTIVITY 5.15
Calculate the lettered angles in each of the following:
o
115o ko
p
Jo ho
ao xo
qo
o bo 82o o
115 o 82
100o ro y 105o
110o
a b c d
Figure 5.96
5.4.3 Arc Lengths, Perimeters and Areas of

Segments and Sectors
Remember that:
Circumference of a circle = 2πr or πd.
Area of a circle = πr2.
Part of the circumference of a circle is called an arc.
A segment of a circle is a region bounded by a chord and an arc.
A sector of a circle is bounded by two radii and an arc.
A
O O•
• • B
O
An arc A segment A sector

Figure 5.97
228
Group Work 5.5

What fraction of a complete circle is the shaded 2 cm
•O
region in Figure 5.98?
What is the area of the shaded region in this
figure? Figure 5.98 O
o1 cm
What is the area if the shaded region is a quadrant (Figure 5.99)? 90
What is the area if the shaded region is part of a quadrant Figure 5.99
bounded by a chord and an arc as shown in Figure 5.100? O 1 cm
• o
Discuss how to find the area of each of the shaded sectors 90
shown below. Is the area of each sector proportional to the angle

between the radii bounding the sector? Figure 5.100
o
o 80 200o
O 60 O• 3 cm O• •
• 44 mm 1.5 cmO
10 mm o
45
a b c d
Figure 5.101
Discuss how to find the area of each of the shaded segments shown below:
o
O• 3 cm 120
o 150
• • 4 cm
o
90 O 2 cm O
a b c
Figure 5.102
Arc length
The length ℓ of an arc of a circle of radius r that subtends
ℓ
an angle of θ at the centre is given by θ
O•
r
θ π rθ
ℓ= o
× 2π r =
360 180o
Figure 5.103
The area and perimeter of a sector
The area A of a sector of radius r and central angle θ is given by
θ π r 2θ
A= o
×π r2 =
360 360o
229
Mathematics Grade 9
The perimeter P of the sector is the sum of the radii and

the arc that bound it. O• θ
r
π rθ
P = 2r +
180o
Figure 5.104
The area and perimeter of a segment
The area A and perimeter P of a segment of a circle of
radius r, cut off by a chord subtending an angle θ at the O• r
θ
centre of a circle are given by
πθ r 2 1 2 Segment
A= − r sin θ (sector area − triangle area)
360 o 2 Figure 5.105
Note: The area formula for a triangle:

1
A= ab sin θ where a and b are the lengths of any two sides of the triangle
2
and θ is the measure of the angle included between the given sides is discussed in
the next section (Section 5.5 of this textbook).
θ π rθ
P = 2r sin + (chord length + arc length)
2 180o
A
Example 1 A segment of a circle of radius 12 cm is cut off by 12 o
a chord subtending an angle 60o at the centre of the O• 60 B

12
circle. Find:
a the area of the segment. b the perimeter of the sector.
Figure 5.106
Solution:
a From the figure, area of the segment (the shaded part)
= area of the sector OAB – area of triangle OAB;
π × 122 × 60
Area of the sector OAB = = 24π cm2.
360
1
Area of triangle OAB = ×122 × sin 60o =36 3 cm2.
2
Therefore, segment area = (24 π − 36 3 ) cm2.
b Perimeter of the sector = 2 × radius + length of arc AB

π×12 × 60
= 2 × 12 + = (24 + 4π) cm
180
230
Exercise 5.12
1 Calculate the perimeter and area of each of the following figures. All curves are
semicircles or quadrants.
2.8 m
68 cm
1.6 m 5m 5m
50 cm
a b c
10 cm
4.6 cm 10 cm 10 cm
2.3 cm
d e
Figure 5.107
2 In each of the following sectors OPQ find:
i the length of arc PQ.
ii area of the sector OPQ.
P
P
90o 60
o
O 6 cm Q O
7 2 cm Q
a b
Figure 5.108
3 In Figure 5.109, O is the centre of the circle. If the radius of the circle is 4 cm and
m(∠AKB) = 30o, find the area of the segment bounded by the chord AB and arc
AKB.
K
•
O
A B
Figure 5.109
4 A square ABCD is inscribed in a circle of radius 4 cm. Find the area of the minor
segment cut off by the chord AB .
231
Mathematics Grade 9
5 Calculate the perimeter and area of each of the following figures, where the
curves are arcs of a circle with common centre at O.
12 cm
5 cm
o
50 •
O
12 cm
•
O
36 cm
a b
Figure 5.110
5.5 MEASUREMENT
5.5.1 Areas of Triangles and Parallelograms
A Areas of triangles
ACTIVITY 5.16
Given the right angle triangle shown below, verify that each of the
following expressions give the area of ∆ABC. In each case, discuss
and state the formula used. B
1 c = 6 3 cm
i Area of ∆ABC = ac
2 o
a = 6 cm
1 A 30 h = 3 3 cm
ii Area of ∆ABC = bh
2
1 b = 12 cm
iii Area of ∆ABC = bc sin (∠A)
2 Figure 5.111 C
The above Activity should have reminded you what you studied in your lower grades
except for case iii, which you have used in the preceding section and are going to learn
about now.
Case i uses the following fact.
The area A of a right angle triangle with perpendicular sides of
b
length a and b is given by
1
A= ab a
2
Figure 5.112
232
Case ii uses the following formula.

The area A of any triangle with base b and the corresponding height h is given by
1
A= bh
2
The base and corresponding height of a triangle may appear in any one of the following
forms.
h h
h
b b
b
a b c
Figure 5.113
From the verification of Case iii, we come to the following formula.
The area A of any triangle with sides a and b units long and angle C (∠C) included
between these sides is
1
A= ab sin (∠C)
2
Proof:-
Let ∆ ABC be given such that BC = a and AC = b.
Case i Let ∠C be an acute angle.
B
Consider the height h drawn from B to AC. It
meets AC at D (see Figure 5.114).
a
1 h
Now, area of ∆ABC = bh (1)
2
A C
Since ∆ BCD is right-angled with hypotenuse a, bD
h Figure 5.114
sin (∠C) =
a
∴ h = a sin (∠C)
Replacing h by a sin (∠C) in 1 we obtain
1
Area of ∆ABC = ab sin(∠C) as required.
2
233
Mathematics Grade 9
Case ii Let ∠C be an obtuse angle.

Draw the height from B to the extended base AC. It meets the extended base AC
at D. Now,
area of ∆ABC = Area of ∆ABD – Area of ∆BDC
1 1 1 B
= AD.h – CD.h = h(AD – CD)
2 2 2
1 1
= h.AC = hb (2)
2 2 a h
h
In the right-angled triangle BCD, sin (180º – C) = A
a b D
C
∴ h = a sin (180º – C) Figure 5.115
Since sin (180º – C) = sin C, we have h = a sin (∠ C) For any two angles A and B if
m (∠A) + m (∠B) = 180o, then,
∴ Replacing h by a sin (∠C) in 2 we obtain; sin A = sin B.
1
Area of ∆ABC = ab sin (∠C) as required.
2
Case iii Let ∠C be a right angle. B
1 1
A= ab = ab(sin 90o ) (sin 90o = 1)
2 2 a
1
= ab sin ( ∠C ) (as required)
2 A
b C
This completes the proof. Figure 5.116
Group Work 5.6

1 Using this formula, show that the area A of a regular
n-sided polygon with radius r is given by
1 2 360o
A = nr sin
2 n
2 Show that the area A of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle of radius r is
3 3 2
A= r
4
234
Now we state another formula called Heron's formula, which is often used to find the
area of a triangle when its three sides are given.
Theorem 5.14 Heron’s formula

A The area A of a triangle with sides a, b and c units long and
b 1
semi- perimeter s = ( a + b + c ) is given by
c 2
C A = s(s − a)( s − b)(s − c) .
B
a Figure 5.117
Example 1 Given ∆ABC. If AB = 15 units, BC = 14 units and AC = 13 units, find

a the area of ∆ABC. A
b the length of the altitude from the vertex A.

c = 15 b = 13
c the measure of ∠B.
Solution: B C
a = 14
a a = 14 s–a=7 Figure 5.118
b = 13 s–b=8
c = 15 s–c=6
a + b + c = 42 (s – a) + (s – b) + (s – c) = 21 Why is the sum of s – a,
a + b + c 42 s – b, s – c equal to s?
∴ s= = = 21 This provides a useful
2 2
check.
∴ area of ∆ABC = s ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c )
= 21(7)(8)(6) = 84 unit2.
b Let the altitude from the vertex A to the corresponding base BC be h,
meeting BC at D as shown.
1 A
Then, area of ∆ABC = BC × h
2 c = 15 h b = 13
1
∴ 84 = ×14 × h = 7h B C
2 a = 14 D
Figure 5.119
84
∴ h= = 12 units.
7
Therefore, the altitude of ∆ABC from the vertex A is 12 units long.
235
Mathematics Grade 9
c In the right angle triangle ABD shown above in Figure 5.119, we see that
AD h 12
sin(∠B)= = = = 0.8
AB c 15
Then, from trigonometric tables, we find that the corresponding angle is 53o.
i.e., m(∠B) = 53o.
B Area of parallelograms
ACTIVITY 5.17
1 What is a parallelogram?
2 Show that a diagonal of a parallelogram divides the parallelogram
into two congruent triangles.
Theorem 5.15
The area A of a parallelogram with base b and perpendicular height h is
A = bh
Proof:-
Let ABCD be a parallelogram with base BC = b. A b D
Draw diagonal AC. You know that AC divides the
parallelogram into two congruent triangles. h
Moreover, note that any two congruent triangles
1 B b C
have equal areas. Now, the area of ∆ABC = bh. Figure 5.120
2
1 
Therefore, the area of parallelogram ABCD = 2  bh  = bh.
2 
Example 2 If one pair of opposite sides of a D C
40 cm
parallelogram have length 40 cm and the
distance between them is 15 cm, find the 15 cm
area of the parallelogram.
A B
Solution: Area = 40 cm × 15 cm = 600 cm2.
Figure 5.121
Exercise 5.13
1 In ∆ ABC, BE and CF are altitudes of the triangle. If AB = 6 units, AC = 5 units
and CF = 4 units find the length of BE.
2 In ∆DEF, if DE = 20 units, EF = 21 units and DF = 13 units find:
a the area of ∆ DEF
236
b the length of the altitude from the vertex D P 6D 12 C

c sin (∠D)
10
3 In the given figure, PD = 6 units, DC = 12 units, 8
PQ = 8 units and BC = 10 units. Find:
Q A B
a the area of the parallelogram ABCD. Figure 5.122
b the height of the parallelogram that corresponds to the base AD.

4 PQRS is a parallelogram of area 18 cm2. If PQ = 5 cm and QR = 4 cm, calculate
the lengths of the corresponding heights.
5 In ∆ MNO if MN = 5 cm, NO = 6 cm and MO = 7 cm, find:
a the area of ∆ MNO. b the length of the shortest altitude.
(leave your answers in radical form.)
6 In the parallelogram ABCD (shown in Figure 5.123 below), AB = 2 cm,
AD = 3 cm and m (∠B) = 60o. Find the length of the altitude from A to DC .
A 3 D
60o
B C
Figure 5.123
7 The lengths of three sides of a triangle are 6x, 4x and 3x inches and the perimeter
of the triangle is 26 inches. Find:
a the lengths of the sides of the triangle.
b the area of the triangle
8 Find the area of a rhombus whose diagonals are 5 inches and 6 inches long.
5.5.2 Further on Surface Areas and Volumes of

Cylinders and Prisms
ACTIVITY 5.18
1 What is a solid figure?
2 Which of the following solids are prisms and which are cylinders?
Which of them are neither prisms nor cylinders?
237
Mathematics Grade 9
a b c d
r
e f g h
Figure 5.124
3 The radius of the base of a right circular cylinder is 2 cm and its altitude is 3 cm.
Find its:
a curved surface area b total surface area c volume
4 Find a formula for the surface area of a right prism by constructing a model from
simple materials.
5 Roll a rectangular piece in to a cylinder. Discuss how to obtain the surface area of
a right circular cylinder.
A Prism
A prism is a solid figure formed by two congruent polygonal regions in parallel
planes, along with three or more parallelograms, joining the two polygons. The
polygons in parallel planes are called bases.
A prism is named by its base. Thus, a prism is called triangular, rectangular,
pentagonal, etc., if its base is a triangle, a rectangle, a pentagon, etc., respectively.
In a prism,
the lateral edges are equal and parallel.
the lateral faces are parallelograms.
A right prism is a prism in which the base is perpendicular to a lateral edge.
Otherwise it is an oblique prism.
In a right prism
All the lateral edges are perpendicular to both bases.
The lateral faces are rectangles.
The altitude is equal to the length of each lateral edge.
A regular prism is a right prism whose base is a regular polygon.
238
Surface area and volume of prisms

The lateral surface area of a prism is the sum of the areas of its lateral faces.
The total surface area of a prism is the sum of the lateral areas and the area of the
bases.
The volume of any prism is equal to the product of its base area and its altitude.
If we denote the lateral surface area of a prism by AL, the total surface area
by AT, the area of the base by AB and its volume by V, then
i AL = Ph
where P is the perimeter of the base and h the altitude or height of the prism.
ii AT = 2AB + AL iii V = AB h.
Example 1 The altitude of a rectangular prism is 4 units and the width and length of
its base are 3 and 2 units respectively. Find:
a the total surface area of the prism. b the volume of the prism.
Solution:
a To find AT, first we have to find the base area and the lateral surface area.
AB = 2 × 3 = 6 unit2.
and AL = Ph = (3 + 2 + 3 + 2) × 4 = 40 unit2.
∴ AT = 2AB + AL = 2 × 6 + 40 = 52 unit2.
So, the total surface area is 52 unit2.
b V = AB h = 6 × 4 = 24 unit3
Example 2 Through the centre of a regular hexagonal prism
whose base edge is 6 cm and height 8 cm, a hole
whose form is a regular triangular prism with
base edge 3 cm is drilled as shown in Figure
5.125. Find:
C
a the total surface area of the remaining solid.
b the volume of the remaining solid. Figure 5.125
Solution: Recall that the area A of a regular n-sided polygon with radius r is
1 360o
A = nr2 sin .
2 n
Also, the radius and the length of a side of a regular hexagon are equal.
1
So, Area of the given regular hexagon = × 6 × 62 × sin 60o = 54 3 cm2.
2
1 1 9 3
Area of the equilateral triangle = ab sin C = × 3 × 3 × sin 60o = cm2
2 2 4
239
Mathematics Grade 9
a i Area of the bases of the remaining solid = 2 × (area of hexagon – area of ∆)

 9 3 9 3 207
= 2 ×  54 3 −  = 108 3 − = 3 cm2
 4  2 2
ii Lateral surface area of the remaining solid = lateral area of hexagonal
prism + lateral area of triangular prism (inner)
= perimeter of hexagon × 8 + perimeter of triangle × 8
= 36 × 8 + 9 × 8 = 360 cm2.
∴ total surface area of the remaining solid =  

207 2
3 + 360  cm .
 2 
b Volume of the remaining solid
= volume of hexagonal prism – volume of triangular prism
 9 3 
=  54 3 × 8 − × 8  cm3 = 414 3 cm3
 4 
B Cylinder
Recall from your lower grades that:
A circular cylinder is a simple closed surface bounded on two ends by circular
bases. (See Figure 5.126). A more general definition of a cylinder replaces the
circle with any simple closed curve. For example, the cylinder shown in Figure
5.127 is not a circular cylinder.
r r r
a b c
Figure 5.126 (circular cylinders)
Figure 5.127
In our present discussion, we shall consider only cylinders whose bases are circles (i.e.,
circular cylinders).
240
A circular cylinder resembles a prism except that its bases are circular regions. In
Figure 5.126a the cylinder is called a right circular cylinder. In such a cylinder the
line segment joining the centres of the bases is perpendicular to the bases. The
cylinders in Figures 5.126b and c above are not right circular cylinders; they are
oblique cylinders.
Surface area and volume of circular cylinders
1 The lateral surface area (i.e., area of the curved surface) of a
h
right circular cylinder denoted by AL is the product of its height
h and the circumference C of its base. r
i.e. AL = hC OR AL = 2πrh Figure 5.128
2 The total surface area (or simply surface area) of a right circular cylinder denoted
by AT is two times the area of the circular base plus the area of the curved surface
(lateral surface area). So, if the height of the cylinder is h and the radius of the
base circle is r, we have
2
AT = 2πrh + 2πr = 2πr (h + r)
3 The volume V of the right circular cylinder is equal to the product of its base area
and height.
So, if the height of the cylinder is h and its base radius is r then
V = πr2 h
Example 3 If the height of a right circular cylinder is 8 cm and the radius of its base
is 5 cm find the following giving your answers in terms of π.
a its lateral surface area b its total surface area c its volume
Solution:
a The lateral surface area of the right circular cylinder is given by
AL = 2πrh
= 2π × 5 × 8 = 80π cm2
b AT = 2πrh + 2πr2
= 2π × 5 × 8 + 2π × 52 = 80π + 50π = 130π cm2
c The volume of the cylinder is
V = πr2h
= π × 52 × 8 = 200π cm3
Example 4 A circular hole of radius 2 units is drilled through the
centre of a right circular cylinder whose base has radius
3 units and whose altitude is 4 units. Find the total
surface area of the resulting figure.
Figure 5.129
241
Mathematics Grade 9
Solution: Let R be the radius of the bigger cylinder and r be the radius of the
smaller cylinder then
i Area of the resulting base = 2 (πR2 – πr2)
= 2 (π × 32 – π × 22) unit2 = 10π unit2
ii Lateral surface area of the resulting figure
= lateral surface area of the bigger cylinder
+ lateral surface area of inner (smaller) cylinder
= (2πRh + 2πrh) unit2 = [ 2π (3) 4 + 2π (2) 4] unit2
= 40 π unit2
Therefore, total surface area of the resulting figure = (10π + 40π) = 50π unit2.
Exercise 5.14
1 Using the measurements indicated in each of the following figures, find:
a the total surface area of each figure. b the volume of each figure.
5 3
9
8
4 4
i ii
i ii
6
13 4
4
7 15
iii iv
Figure 5.130
2 The base of a right prism is an isosceles triangle with equal sides 5 inches each,
and third side 4 inches. The altitude of the prism is 6 inches. Find:
a the total surface area of the prism. b the volume of the prism.
3 Find the lateral surface area and total surface area of a right circular cylinder in
which:
a r = 4 ft, h = 12 ft b r = 6.5 cm, h = 10 cm
242
4 Through a regular hexagonal prism whose base edge is

8 cm and whose height is 12 cm, a hole in the shape of
a right prism, with its end being a rhombus with
diagonals 6 cm and 8 cm is drilled (see Figure 5.131).
Find:
a the total surface area of the remaining solid.
b the volume of the remaining solid.
Figure 5.131
5 A manufacturer makes a closed right cylindrical container whose base has radius
7 inches and whose height measures 14 inches. He also makes another cylindrical
container whose base has radius 14 inches and whose height measures 7 inches.
a Which container requires more metal?
b How much more metal does it require? Give your answer in terms of π.
Key Terms
apothem lateral surface area sector
arc parallelogram segment
area polygon similarity
circle prism total surface area
congruency regular polygon triangle
cylinder rhombus volume
Summary
1 A polygon is a simple closed curve formed by the union of three or more line
segments no two of which in succession are collinear. The line segments are
called the sides of the polygon and the end points are called its vertices.
2 a A polygon is said to be convex if each interior angle is less than 180o.
b A polygon is said to be concave (non convex), if at least one of its interior
angles is greater than 180o.
3 A diagonal of a polygon is a line segment that joins any two of its non-
consecutive vertices.
4 a The sum S of all the interior angles of an n-sided polygon is given by the
formula
S = (n−2) ×180o
b The sum of all the exterior angles of an n-sided polygon is given by
S = 360o
243
Mathematics Grade 9
5 A regular polygon is a convex polygon with all sides equal and all angles equal.
6 a Each interior angle of a regular n-sided polygon is
( n − 2 ) × 180o
n
360 o
b Each exterior angle of a regular n-sided polygon is
n
360 o
c Each central angle of a regular n-sided polygon is
n
7 A figure has a line of symmetry, if it can be folded so that one half of the figure
coincides with the other half.
A figure that has at least one line of symmetry is called a symmetrical figure.
8 An n-sided regular polygon has n lines of symmetry.
9 A circle can be always inscribed in or circumscribed about any given regular
polygon.
10 The apothem is the distance from the centre of regular polygon to a side of the
polygon.
11 Formulae for the length of a side s, apothem a, perimeter P and area A of a regular
polygon with n sides and radius r are given by
180 o 180 o
i s = 2r sin ii a = r cos
n n
180 o 1 1 360 o
iii P = 2nr sin iv A= aP or A = nr2 sin
n 2 2 n
12 Congruency
Two triangles are congruent, if the following corresponding parts of the triangles
are congruent.
i Three sides (SSS)
ii Two angles and the

included side
(ASA)
iii Two sides and the
included angle
(SAS)
iv A right angle,
hypotenuse and a
side (RHS)
244
13 Similarity
i Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if their corresponding
angles are congruent and their corresponding sides have the same ratio.
ii Similarity of triangles
a SSS-similarity theorem: If three sides of one triangle are proportional
to the three sides of another triangle, then the two triangles are similar.
b SAS-similarity theorem: Two triangles are similar, if two pairs of
corresponding sides of the triangles are proportional and the included
angles between the sides are congruent.
c AA–similarity theorem: If two angles of one triangle are
correspondingly congruent to two angles of another triangle, then the two
triangles are similar.
14 If the ratio of the lengths of any two corresponding sides of two similar polygons
is k then
i the ratio of their perimeters is k. ii the ratio of their areas is k 2.
15 i Heron’s formula
The area A of a triangle with sides a, b and c units long and semi-perimeter
1
s = (a + b + c) is given by
2
A = s ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c )
ii If h is the height of the triangle perpendicular to base b, then the area A of
1
the triangle is A = bh
2
iii If the angle between the sides a and b is θ then the area A of the triangle is
1
A = ab sinθ
2
16 Radians measure angles in terms of the lengths of the arc swept out by the angle.
A radian (rad) is defined as the measure of the central angle subtended by an arc
of a circle equal to the radius of the circle.
o
1 radian = 
180  o
 ≈ 57.3
 π 
π
1o = radian ≈ 0.0175 radian.
180
180o
To convert radians to degree, multiply by
π
π
To convert degrees to radians, multiply by
180o
245
Mathematics Grade 9
17 i for any acute angle θ ii for any angle θ between 90o and 180o
sin θ = cos ( 90o – θ ) sin θ = sin (180o – θ)
cos θ = sin ( 90o – θ ) cos θ = –cos (180o – θ)
tan θ = –tan (180o – θ )
18 a A circle is symmetrical about every diameter.
b A diameter perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord.
c The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of the circle.
d In the same circle, equal chords are equidistant from the centre.
e A tangent is perpendicular to the radius drawn at the point of contact.
f Line segments that are tangents to a circle from an outside point are equal.
19 Angle properties of a circle
a The measure of an angle at the centre of a circle is twice the measure of an
angle at the circumference subtended by the same arc.
b Every angle at the circumference subtended by the diameter of a circle is a
right angle.
c Inscribed angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
20 a The length l of an arc that subtends an angle θ at the centre of a circle with
radius r is
π rθ
ℓ=
180o
b The area A of a sector with central angle θ and radius r is given by
π r 2θ
A=
360 o
c The area A of a segment associated with a central angle θ and radius r is
given by
π r 2θ 1 2
A= 0
− r sinθ
360 2
21 If AL is the lateral surface area of a prism, AT is the total surface area of the prism,
AB is base area of the prism and V is the volume of the prism, then
i AL = Ph, where P is the perimeter of the base and h the altitude or height of
the prism.
ii AT = 2AB + AL
iii V = AB h
246
Review Exercises on Unit 5

1 ABCDE is a pentagon. If m(∠A) = m(∠B) = m(∠C) = m(∠D) = 115o, find m(∠E).
2 Given a regular convex polygon with 20 sides, find the measure of:
i each interior angle. ii each exterior angle. iii each central angle.
3 The measure of each interior angle of a regular convex polygon is 150o. How
many sides does it have?
4 The angles of a quadrilateral, taken in order, are yo, 3yo 5yo, 7yo. Verify that two of
its sides are parallel.
5 Find the area of a regular hexagon if each side is 8 cm long. (leave the answer in
radical form).
6 The area of a regular hexagon is given as 384 3 cm2
a How long is each side of the hexagon?
b Find the radius of the hexagon. c Find the apothem of the hexagon.
7 Find the value of x in the following pair of congruent triangles:
B Q P
o
(3x)o
30
C A R
Figure 5.132
8 In Figure 5.133 below, BA = BC and KA = KC. Show that m(∠BAK) = m(∠BCK).
K
A C
Figure 5.133
9 Two triangles are similar. The sides of one are 4, 6 and 7 cm. The shortest side of
the other is 10 cm. Calculate the lengths of the other two sides of this triangle.
10 In the figure below, ∠ABC and ∠BDC are right angles; if AB = 5 cm, AD = 3 cm
and BD = 4 cm, find BC and DC.
B
A C
D
Figure 5.134
247
Mathematics Grade 9
11 The areas of two similar triangles are 144 cm2 and 81 cm2. If one side of the first
triangle is 6 cm, what is the length of the corresponding side of the second?
12 A chord of a circle of radius 6 cm is 8 cm long. Find the distance of the chord
from the centre.
13 Two chords, AB and CD, of a circle intersect at right angles at a point inside the
circle. If m(∠BAC) = 35o, find m(∠ABD).
14 In each of the following figures, O is centre of the circle. In each figure, identify
which angles are:
i supplementary angles. ii right angles. iii congruent angles.
A A R
Q
S
•O B O• B •O
D P
C C T
a b c
Figure 5.135
15 Find the perimeter and area of a segment of a circle of radius 8 cm, cut off by a
chord that subtends a central angle of:
3
a 120o b π radians.
4
16 Calculate the volume and total surface area of a right circular cylinder of height 1 m
and radius 70 cm.
1
17 A 40 m deep well with radius 3 m is dug and the earth taken out is evenly
2
spread to form a platform of dimensions 28 m by 22 m. Find the height of the
platform.
18 A glass cylinder with a radius of 7 cm has water up to a height of 9 cm. A metal
1
cube of 5 cm edge is immersed in it completely. Calculate the height by which
2
the water rises in the cylinder.
19 An agriculture field is rectangular, with dimensions 100 m by 42 m. A 20 m deep
well of diameter 14 m is dug in a corner of the field and the earth taken out is
spread evenly over the remaining part of the field. Find the increase in the level of
the field.
248

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Unit

GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

5.1 REGULAR POLYGONS

In other words, a polygon is a simple closed plane shape consisting of straight-line

B Interior and exterior angles of a polygon

∠DCB is an interior angle; ∠BCE and

C The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a

Figure 5.3 Figure 5.4

2 What is the sum of the measures of the interior angles of ∆ABC?

a m (∠A) = 36o; m (∠B) = 78o; m (∠C) = 66o.

Theorem 5.1 Angle sum theorem

Complete the following table.

Hint: Angles at a point add up to 360o.

That is, the sum of the measures of the exterior

5.1.1 Measures of Angles of a Regular Polygon

The measure of each interior angle of a regular n-sided polygon is

which is the same as the measure of a central angle.

5.1.2 Properties of Regular Polygons

A figure has a line of symmetry, if it can be folded so

A figure that has at least one line of symmetry is called a Symmetry

Equilateral Triangle Square Regular Pentagon

Circumscribed regular polygons N K

Can you see how the vertices A, B, C, D, E are determined?

Therefore, m(∠AOX) = m(∠BOX) = 1 m(∠AOB) = 1 (72o) = 36o.

Since ∆ AOX ≅ ∆BOX, we have AX ≅ XB . So, AX = 1 AB = 1 s.

Now in the right angled triangle AOX you see that

b The area of a square with apothem 2 cm and side 2 2 cm is 8 2 cm2.

5.2 FURTHER ON CONGRUENCY AND

Group Work 5.1

5.2.1 Congruency of Triangles

Congruent angles Congruent sides

angle (SAS) a side (RHS)

Example1 Determine whether each pair of triangles is congruent. If so, write a

4 a ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB ≅ AC , and M is the midpoint of B C .

Figure 5.34 Figure 5.35

c In Figure 5.35, prove: If RS ≅ QT then, PQ ≅ PR.

d ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB ≅ AC. AX is the bisector of ∠BAC

5.2.2 Definition of Similar Figures

From your Grade 8 mathematics, recall that:

OA' = k × OA OB' = k × OB OC' = k × OC

Group Work 5.2

If quadrilateral ABCD is similar to quadrilateral WXYZ, we write ABCD ∼ WXYZ.

5.2.3 Theorems on Similarity of Triangles

Theorem 5.4 SSS similarity theorem

Given ∆ABC and ∆DEF. If AB = BC = AC ,

Example 1 Are the two triangles in Figure 5.49 similar?

Group Work 5.3

Theorem 5.5 SAS similarity theorem

Theorem 5.6 AA similarity theorem

If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two corresponding angles

5.2.4 Theorems on Similar Plane Figures

That is. c = a = b = k . c' h'

5.2.5 Construction of Similar Figures

Group Work 5.4

5.2.6 Real-Life Problems Using Congruency

5.3 FURTHER ON TRIGONOMETRY

i Measuring angles in degrees

A minute which is denoted by ( ' ), is 1 of a degree.

A second which is denoted by ( '' ), is 1 of a minute.