India is an agriculturally important country.

through natural processes; land productivity

Two-thirds of its population is engaged in in this type of agriculture is low as the farmer
agricultural activities. Agriculture is a primary does not use fertilisers or other modern
activity, which produces most of the food that inputs. It is known by different names in
we consume. Besides food grains, it also different parts of the country.
produces raw material for various industries.
Can you name some such types of farmings?
Can you name some industries based on
It is jhumming in north-eastern states like
agricultural raw material?
Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland;
Moreover, some agricultural products like Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in Bastar district
tea, coffee, spices, etc. are also exported. of Chhattishgarh, and in A ndaman and
Nicobar Islands.
TYPES OF FARMING
Jhumming: The ‘slash and burn’ agriculture
Agriculture is an age-old economic activity in is known as ‘Milpa’ in Mexico and Central
our country. Over these years, cultivation America, ‘Conuco’ in Venzuela, ‘Roca’ in
methods have changed significantly depending Brazil, ‘Masole’ in Central Africa, ‘Ladang’
upon the characteristics of physical in Indonesia, ‘Ray’ in Vietnam.
environment, technological know-how and In India, this primitive form of cultivation
socio-cultural practices. Farming varies from is called ‘Bewar’ or ‘Dahiya’ in Madhya
subsistence to commercial type. At present, Pradesh, ‘Podu’ or ‘Penda’ in Andhra Pradesh,
in different parts of India, the following ‘Pama Dabi’ or ‘Koman’ or Bringa’ in Odisha,
farming systems are practised. ‘Kumari’ in Western Ghats, ‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’
in South-eastern Rajasthan, ‘Khil’ in the
Primitive Subsistence Farming Himalayan belt, ‘Kuruwa’ in Jharkhand, and
This type of farming is still practised in few ‘Jhumming’ in the North-eastern region.
pockets of India. Primitive subsistence
agriculture is practised on small patches of
land with the help of primitive tools like hoe,
dao and digging sticks, and family/
community labour. This type of farming
depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of
the soil and suitability of other environmental
conditions to the crops grown.
It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.
Farmers clear a patch of land and produce
cereals and other food crops to sustain their
family. When the soil fertility decreases, the
farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land
for cultivation. This type of shifting allows
Nature to replenish the fertility of the soil Fig. 4.1

2022-23
 Rinjha lived with her family in a small village Plantation is also a type of commercial
at the outskirts of Diphu in Assam. She enjoys farming. In this type of farming, a single crop
watching her family members clearing, is grown on a large area. The plantation has
slashing and burning a patch of land for an interface of agriculture and industry.
cultivation. She often helps them in irrigating Plantations cover large tracts of land, using
the fields with water running through a capital intensive inputs, with the help of
bamboo canal from the nearby spring. She migrant labourers. All the produce is used
loves the surroundings and wants to stay as raw material in respective industries.
here as long as she can, but this little girl
In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane,
has no idea about the declining fertility of
banana, etc., are important plantation crops.
the soil and her family’s search for fresh a
Tea in Assam and North Bengal coffee in
patch of land in the next season.
K arnataka are some of the important
plantation crops grown in these states. Since
Can you name the type of farming Rinjha’s the production is mainly for market, a well-
family is engaged in? developed network of transport and
Can you enlist some crops which are grown communication connecting the plantation
in such farming? areas, processing industries and markets
plays an important role in the development
Intensive Subsistence Farming of plantations.
This type of farming is practised in areas of
high population pressure on land. It is labour-
intensive farming, where high doses of
biochemical inputs and irrigation are used
for obtaining higher production.
Can you name some of the states of India
where such farming is practised?
Though the ‘right of inheritance’ leading
to the division of land among successive
generations has rendered land-holding size
uneconomical, the farmers continue to take
maximum output from the limited land in Fig. 4.2: Banana plantation in Southern
the absence of alternative source of livelihood. part of India
Thus, there is enormous pressure on
agricultural land.

Commercial Farming
The main characteristic of this type of farming
is the use of higher doses of modern inputs,
e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical
fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order
to obtain higher productivity. The degree of
commercialisation of agriculture varies from
one region to another. For example, rice is a
commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but
in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.
Can you give some more examples of crops
which may be commercial in one region and
may provide subsistence in another region? Fig. 4.3: Bamboo plantation in North-east

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C ROPPING PATTERN watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber,
vegetables and fodder crops. Sugarcane takes
You have studied the physical diversities and
almost a year to grow.
plurality of cultures in India. These are also
reflected in agricultural practices and Major Crops
cropping patterns in the country. Various
A variety of food and non food crops are
types of food and fibre crops, vegetables and
grown in dif ferent parts of the country
fruits, spices and condiments, etc. constitute depending upon the variations in soil, climate
some of the important crops grown in the and cultivation practices. Major crops grown
country. India has three cropping seasons in India are rice, wheat, millets, pulses, tea,
— rabi, kharif and zaid. coffee, sugarcane, oil seeds, cotton and jute,
Rabi crops are sown in winter from October etc.
to December and harvested in summer from
April to June. Some of the important rabi Rice: It is the staple food crop of a majority of
crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and the people in India. Our country is the second
mustard. Though, these crops are grown in largest producer of rice in the world after
large parts of India, states from the north China. It is a kharif crop which requires high
and north-western parts such as Punjab, temperature, (above 25°C) and high humidity
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and with annual rainfall above 100 cm. In the areas
Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are of less rainfall, it grows with the help of
important for the production of wheat and irrigation.
other rabi crops. Availability of precipitation
during winter months due to the western
temperate cyclones helps in the success of
these crops. However, the success of the green
revolution in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar
Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan has also been
an important factor in the growth of the above-
mentioned rabi crops.
K harif crops are grown with the onset of
monsoon in different parts of the country and
these are harvested in September-October.
Important crops grown during this season
are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar),
moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and
soyabean. Some of the most important rice- Fig. 4.4 (a): Rice Cultivation
growing regions are Assam, West Bengal,
coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and
Maharashtra, particularly the (Konkan coast)
along with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Recently,
paddy has also become an important crop of
Punjab and Haryana. In states like Assam,
West Bengal and Odisha, three crops of paddy
are grown in a year. These are Aus, Aman
and Boro.
In between the rabi and the kharif seasons,
there is a short season during the summer
months known as the Zaid season. Some of
Fig. 4.4 (b): Rice is ready to be harvested in the
the crops produced during ‘zaid’ are
field
36 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

2022-23
India: Distribution of Rice

AGRICULTURE 37

2022-23
 Rice is grown in the plains of north and
north-eastern India, coastal areas and the
deltaic regions. Development of dense network
of canal irrigation and tubewells have made
it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall
such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar
Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.
Wheat: This is the second most important
cereal crop. It is the main food crop, in north
and north-western part of the country. This
rabi crop requires a cool growing season and
a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. It
Fig. 4.6: Bajra Cultivation
requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly-
distributed over the growing season. There
Bajra grows well on sandy soils and
are two important wheat-growing zones in the
shallow black soil. Major Bajra producing
country – the Ganga-Satluj plains in the
States are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,
north-west and black soil region of the Deccan.
Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana. Ragi is
The major wheat-producing states are
a crop of dry regions and grows well on red,
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils.
Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan.
Major ragi producing states are: Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh.
Maize: It is a crop which is used both as
food and fodder. It is a kharif crop which
requires temperature between 21°C to 27°C
and grows well in old alluvial soil. In some
states like Bihar maize is grown in rabi season
also. Use of modern inputs such as HYV
seeds, fertilisers and irrigation have
contributed to the increasing production of
maize. Major maize-producing states are
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

Fig. 4.5: Wheat Cultivation

Millets: Jowar, bajra and ragi are the

important millets grown in India. Though,
these are known as coarse grains, they have
very high nutritional value. For example, ragi
is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro
nutrients and roughage. Jowar is the third
most important food crop with respect to area
and production. It is a rain-fed crop mostly
grown in the moist areas which hardly needs
irrigation. Major Jowar producing States are
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
Fig. 4.7: Maize Cultivation
and Madhya Pradesh.

38 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

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India: Distribution of Wheat

AGRICULTURE 39

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Pulses: India is the largest producer as well sowing to harvesting. India is the second
as the consumer of pulses in the world. These largest producer of sugarcane only after
are the major source of protein in a vegetarian Brazil. It is the main source of sugar, gur
diet. Major pulses that are grown in India are (jaggary), khandsari and molasses. The major
tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and sugarcane-producing states are Uttar
gram. Can you distinguish which of these Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil
pulses are grown in the kharif season and Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar,
which are grown in the rabi season? Pulses Punjab and Haryana.
need less moisture and survive even in dry
Oil Seeds: In 2018 India was the second
conditions. Being leguminous crops, all these
largest producer of groundnut in the world
crops except arhar help in restoring soil
after China. In rapeseed production India was
fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air.
Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation third largest producer in the world after
with other crops. Major pulse producing states Canada and China in 2018. Different oil seeds
in India are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, are grown covering approximately 12 per cent
Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka. of the total cropped area of the country. Main
oil-seeds produced in India are groundnut,
Food Crops other than Grains mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean,
Sugarcane: It is a tropical as well as a castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and
subtropical crop. It grows well in hot and sunflower. Most of these are edible and used
humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to as cooking mediums. However, some of these
27°C and an annual rainfall between 75cm. are also used as raw material in the
and 100cm. Irrigation is required in the production of soap, cosmetics and ointments.
regions of low rainfall. It can be grown on a Groundnut is a kharif crop and accounts
variety of soils and needs manual labour from for about half of the major oilseeds produced in
the country. Gujarat was the largest producer
of groundnut followed by Rajasthan and Tamil
Nadu in 2019–20. Linseed and mustard are rabi
crops. Sesamum is a kharif crop in north and
rabi crop in south India. Castor seed is grown
both as rabi and kharif crop.
Tea: Tea cultivation is an example of
plantation agriculture. It is also an important
beverage crop introduced in India initially by
the British. Today, most of the tea plantations
are owned by Indians. The tea plant grows
well in tropical and sub-tropical climates
endowed with deep and fertile well-drained
soil, rich in humus and organic matter. Tea
Fig. 4.8: Sugarcane Cultivation bushes require warm and moist frost-free

Fig. 4.9: Groundnut, sunflower and mustard are ready to be harvested in the field

40 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

2022-23
climate all through the
year. Frequent showers
evenly distributed over the
year ensure continuous
growth of tender leaves.
Tea is a labour-intensive
industry. It requires
abundant, cheap and
skilled labour. Tea is
processed within
the tea garden to restore Fig. 4.10: Tea Cultivation Fig. 4.11: Tea-leaves Harvesting
its freshness. Major tea-
producing states are Assam, hills of Darjeeling Horticulture Crops: In 2018, India was the
and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal, Tamil second largest producer of fruits and
Nadu and Kerala. Apart from these, Himachal vegetables in the world after China. India is a
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits.
Pradesh and Tripura are also tea-producing Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
states in the country. In 2018 India was the Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal,
second largest producer of tea after China. oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee
Coffee: Indian coffee is known in the world for (Meghalaya), bananas of Kerala, Mizoram,
its good quality. The Arabica variety initially Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, lichi and guava
brought from Yemen is produced in the of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, pineapples of
country. This variety is in great demand all over Meghalaya, grapes of Andhra Pradesh,
the world. Initially its cultivation was Telangana and Maharashtra, apples, pears,
introduced on the Baba Budan Hills and even apricots and walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir
today its cultivation is confined to the Nilgiri in and Himachal Pradesh are in great demand
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. the world over.

Fig. 4.12: Apricots, apple and pomegranate

Fig. 4.13: Cultivation of vegetables – peas, cauliflower, tomato and brinjal

Source: Pocket book of agricultural statistics, 2020, Govt. of India. Directorate of Economics and Statistics.

A GRICULTURE 41

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 India is an important producer of pea, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil
cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
and potato.
Jute: It is known as the golden fibre. Jute grows
Non-Food Crops well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood
Rubber: It is an equatorial crop, but under plains where soils are renewed every year. High
special conditions, it is also grown in tropical temperature is required during the time of
and sub-tropical areas. It requires moist and growth. West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha and
humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 Meghalaya are the major jute producing states.
cm. and temperature above 25°C. It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes,
Rubber is an important industrial raw yarn, carpets and other artefacts. Due to its
material. It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil high cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibres
Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar and packing materials, particularly the nylon.
islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya. Technological and Institutional Reforms
It was mentioned in the previous pages that
List the items which are made of rubber and agriculture has been practised in India for
are used by us. thousands of years. Sustained uses of land
without compatible techno-institutional
Fibre Crops: Cotton, jute, hemp and natural changes have hindered the pace of agricultural
silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India. development. Inspite of development of sources
The first three are derived from the crops grown of irrigation most of the farmers in large parts
in the soil, the latter is obtained from cocoons of of the country still depend upon monsoon and
the silkworms fed on green leaves specially natural fertility in order to carry on their
mulberry. Rearing of silk worms for the agriculture. For a growing population, this
production of silk fibre is known as sericulture. poses a serious challenge. Agriculture which
provides livelihood for more than 60 per cent
Cotton: India is believed to be the original home
of its population, needs some serious technical
of the cotton plant. Cotton is one of the main
and institutional reforms. Thus, collectivisation,
raw materials for cotton textile industry. In
consolidation of holdings, cooperation and
2017, India was second largest producer of
abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority
cotton after China. Cotton grows well in drier
to bring about institutional reforms in the
parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan
country after Independence. ‘Land reform’ was
plateau. It requires high temperature, light
the main focus of our First Five Year Plan. The
rainfall or irrigation, 210 frost-free days and
right of inheritance had already lead to
bright sun-shine for its growth. It is a kharif
fragmentation of land holdings necessitating
crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature.
consolidation of holdings.
Major cotton-producing states are–
The laws of land reforms were enacted but
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
the implementation was lacking or lukewarm.
The Government of India embarked upon
introducing agricultural reforms to improve
Indian agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s.
The Green Revolution based on the use of
package technology and the White Revolution
(Operation Flood) were some of the strategies
initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture.
But, this too led to the concentration of
development in few selected areas. Therefore,
in the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land
development programme was initiated, which
Fig. 4.14: Cotton Cultivation
included both institutional and technical
42 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

2022-23
 Fig. 4.15: Modern technological equipments used in agriculture

reforms. Provision for crop insurance against Once, when he was delivering a lecture at
drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, Pochampalli in Andhra Pradesh, some poor
establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative landless villagers demanded some land for
societies and banks for providing loan facilities their economic well-being. Vinoba Bhave
to the farmers at lower rates of interest were could not promise it to them immediately but
some important steps in this direction. assured them to talk to the Government of
Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident India regarding provision of land for them if
Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other they undertook cooperative farming.
schemes introduced by the Government of India Suddenly, Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stood
for the benefit of the farmers. Moreover, special up and offered 80 acres of land to be
weather bulletins and agricultural programmes distributed among 80 land-less villagers.
for farmers were introduced on the radio and This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’. Later he
television. The government also announces travelled and introduced his ideas widely all
minimum support price, remunerative and over India. Some zamindars, owners of
procurement prices for important crops to check many villages offered to distribute some
the exploitation of farmers by speculators and villages among the landless. It was known
middlemen. as Gramdan. However, many land-owners
chose to provide some part of their land to
the poor farmers due to the fear of land
Collect information about agriculture,
ceiling act. This Bhoodan- Gramdan
horticulture, agricultural schemes, etc. from
movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave is also
Farmers’ Portal website https://farmer.
known as the Blood-less Revolution.
gov.in/FarmerHome.aspx. Discuss about the
benefits of the information available on
the portal. Contribution of agriculture to the national
economy, employment and output
Bhoodan – Gramdan Agriculture has been the backbone of the
Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave as Indian economy though its share in the Gross
his spiritual heir. He also participated in Domestic Product (GDP) has registered a
Satyagraha as one of the foremost declining trend from 1951 onwards; According
satyagrahis. He was one of the votaries of to census of India 2011 about 54.6 per cent of
Gandhi’s concept of gram swarajya. After the total work force was engaged in agriculture
Gandhiji’s martyrdom, Vinoba Bhave and allied sector activities which makes more
undertook padyatra to spread Gandhiji’s than half of the Indian Population dependent
message covered almost the entire country. on agriculture for sustenance.
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 The declining share of agriculture in the agriculture sector. Subsidy on fertilisers is
GDP is a matter of serious concern because decreased leading to increase in the cost of
any decline and stagnation in agriculture will production. Moreover, reduction in import
lead to a decline in other spheres of the duties on agricultural products have proved
economy having wider implications for society. detrimental to agriculture in the country.
Considering the importance of agriculture Farmers are withdrawing their investment from
in India, the Government of India made agriculture causing a downfall in the
concerted efforts to modernise agriculture. employment in agriculture.
Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR), agricultural universities,
veterinary services and animal breeding centres, When farmers have been facing so many
horticulture development, research and problems and land under agriculture is
development in the field of meteorology and decreasing, can we think of alternative
weather forecast, etc. were given priority for employment opportunities in the agriculture
improving Indian agriculture. Apart from this, sector?
improving the rural infrastructure was also
considered essential for the same. In order to
Why are farmers committing suicides in
strenghten and support agricultural sector, several states of the country?
several intiatives have been taken by
Government of India under The Atma Nirbhar Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture
Bharat Abhiyan. (Source: Economic Survey Globalisation is not a new phenomenon. It
2020–21, II Vol., p.231). Collect information was there at the time of colonisation. In the
about these and discuss in the classroom. nineteenth century when European traders
came to India, at that time too, Indian spices
Find out why an Indian farmer does not want were exported to different countries of the
his son to become a farmer. world and farmers of south India were
encouraged to grow these crops. Till today
From the Table 4.1, it is clear that though it is one of the important items of export from
the GDP growth rate is increasing over the India.
years, it is not generating sufficient During the British period cotton belts of
employment opportunities in the country. The India attracted the British and ultimately
growth rate in agriculture has been cotton was exported to Britain as a raw material
decelerating which is an alarming situation. for their textile industries. Cotton textile
Today, Indian farmers are facing a big industry in Manchester and Liverpool
challenge from international competition and flourished due to the availability of good
reduction in the public investment in quality cotton from India. You have read about
the Champaran movement which started in
Table 4.1: India: Growth Rate of GDP and
1917 in Bihar. This was started because
Major Sectors (in %)
farmers of that region were forced to grow
Sector 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 indigo on their land because it was necessary
Agriculture 1.5 4.2 -0.2* for the textile industries which were located in
Britain. They were unable to grow foodgrains
Industry 3.6 5.0 7.0* to sustain their families.
Services 8.1 7.8 9.8* Under globalisation, particularly after
1990, the farmers in India have been exposed
Total 5.6 6.6 7.4
to new challenges. Despite being an important
Source: Economic Survey of various years, producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee,
Ministry of Finance, Government of India jute and spices our agricultural products are
Note: *Data pertaining to Gross Value Added (GVA). not able to compete with the developed

44 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

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 Organise a debate on food security of India, its need and efforts.

countries because of the highly subsidised controversies. It is being alleged that it has
agriculture in those countries. caused land degradation due to overuse of
chemicals, drying aquifers and vanishing
biodiversity. The keyword today is “gene
revolution”, which includes genetic
engineering.

Genetic engineering is recognised as a

powerful supplement in inventing new
hybrid varieties of seeds.

Fig. 4.16: Tissue culture of teak clones

Can you name any gene modified seed used
Today, Indian agriculture finds itself at the vastly in India?
crossroads. To make agriculture successful and Infact organic farming is much in vogue
profitable, proper thrust should be given to today because it is practised without factory
the improvement of the condition of marginal made chemicals such as fertilisers and
and small farmers. The green revolution pesticides. Hence, it does not af fect
promised much. But today it’s under environment in a negative manner.

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 and smaller as the population rises. India’s
rural population is about 833 million (2011)
which depends upon 250 million
(approximate) hectares of agricultural land,
an average of less than half a hectare per
person.
Indian farmers should diversify their
cropping pattern from cereals to high-value
crops. This will increase incomes and
reduce environmental degradation
simultaneously. Because fruits, medicinal
Fig. 4.17 Problems associated with heavy pesticide herbs, flowers, vegetables, bio-diesel crops
use are widely recognised in developed and like jatropha and jojoba need much less
developing countries
irrigation than rice or sugarcane. India’s
A few economists think that Indian farmers diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a
have a bleak future if they continue growing wide range of high-value crops.
foodgrains on the holdings that grow smaller

Change in cropping pattern for example from cereals to high-value crops will mean that India
will have to import food. During 1960’s this would have been seen as a disaster. But if India
imports cereals while exporting high-value commodities, it will be following successful economies
like Italy, Israel and Chile. These countries exports farm products (fruits, olives, speciality seeds
and wine) and import cereals. Are we ready to take this risk? Debate the issue.

EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES

1 . Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single
crop is grown on a large area?
(a) Shifting Agriculture
(b) Plantation Agriculture
(c) Horticulture
(d) Intensive Agriculture
(ii) Which one of the following is a rabi crop?
(a) Rice (c) Millets
(b) Gram (d) Cotton
(iii) Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?
(a) Pulses (c) Millets
(b) Jawar (d) Sesamum

2 . A nswer the following questions in 30 words.

(i) Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions
required for its growth.
(ii) Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.

46 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

2022-23
 (iii) Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the
interest of farmers.
(iv) The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences?

3. A nswer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural
production.
(ii) Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.
(iii) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.

PROJECT WORK
1 . Group discussion on the necessity of literacy among farmers.
2 . On an outline map of India show wheat producing areas.

ACTIVITY
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the
hidden answers.

A Z M X N C B V N X A H D Q
S D E W S R J D Q J Z V R E
D K H A R I F G W F M R F W
F N L R G C H H R S B S V T
G B C W H E A T Y A C H B R
H R T K A S S E P H X A N W
J I E S J O W A R J Z H D T
K C L A E G A C O F F E E Y
L T E F Y M T A T S S R G I
P D E J O U Y V E J G F A U
O U M H Q S U D I T S W S P
U O A C O T T O N E A H F O
Y O L F L U S R Q Q D T W I
T M U A H R G Y K T R A B F
E A K D G D Q H S U O I W H
W Q Z C X V B N M K J A S L

1 . The two staple food crops of India.

2 . This is the summer cropping season of India.
3 . Pulses like arhar, moong, gram, urad contain…
4 . It is a coarse grain.
5 . The two important beverages in India are…
6 . One of the four major fibers grown on black soils.
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