FILM

INTRODUCTION:-

The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photo-play and flick. A common name for film in the United States is movie, while in Europe the term cinema is preferred. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema and the movies. Film site also known as a greatest film, it has descriptive review, commentary & historical background, hundreds of colour, vintage film posters, for some of the best Hollywood & American classic films in last century, they initiated the recent trend to select 100 landmark movies in the history of the American, Hollywood cinema, that serve as signpost to map the milestone of our cinematic past.If talking about Indian film industry, India has a rich & varied heritage, has had an appealing history in the past, apart from the history & culture India has been acknowledged as a talented country with its highest applaud & given to is art.Indian art has been classified into various forms & one of the most popular forms in Indian drama & theatre is perhaps as old as its music & dance, its origin was during the vedic perion. IMPORTANT FACTORS OF FILM: Sound and music Dialogues and lyrics Cast and crew Editor and choreographer Director and producer (Finances) As we know these five factors playing an important role for making of film, because dialogues, cast actually make more effective to the films.

Charlie Chaplin: Sir Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin, (16 April 1889 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor and film director of the silent film era, and became one of the best known film stars in the world. Chaplin used mime, slapstick and other visual comedy routines, and continued well into the era of the talkies. His most famous role was that of The Tramp, which he first played in the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice in 1914. FILM HISORY:THE BEGINNING: Three ways to look at the film, 1).Art 2).Business 3).Technology.

First film developed as innovation & people use this innovation as Art. But later on as the innovation further proceeded people use this technology as business trend & earned lots of moneys. Again day by day people innovated lots of techniques which makes film more effective & more realistics. PERSISTENCE OF VISION: The ability of the brain to retain an image a split second longer than the eye actually sees it. If we see 16 individual images in rapid succession the brain connects them to make a fluid sequence of movement. th Actually image of film stored in the eye only for the 1/7 second & because of rapid succession that all 16 image make on full motionpicture & these idea use further for making motion pictures. Toy makers used this theory to create hand held machines that were the basis of film development. ZOETROPE:The concept of Zoetrope was developed by William Horner in the late 1834.In this he used one circular drum having Slits in it. Then he allow the movement of darkness & creates illusion of movement. Experimentation was going on in many countries at the same time & FRANCE, GERMANY, ENGLAND & U.S. they all claim they have invented the movies. PHOTOGRAPHY: 1816 - Nicephore Niepce made first photographic images. 1839 - Louis Daguerre created clear, sharp images on silver copperplate. Required 15 minutes exposure time.

1841 - Only 3 minutes needed for exposure. Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film produced using a motion picture camera, by Louis Le Prince, 1888. 1884 GEORGE EASTMAN developed celluloid film. Originally created for the still camera, it made motion pictures possible. Flexible and allows light to pass through.

Motion Picture Photography Solved:Filmmakers now had to find a way to show their images. KINETOSCOPE: October 1889 Dickson shows Edison projection with sound. Quality is poor. Edison opts for silent, individual showings of films. Invents Kinetoscope. THOMAS EDISON: Despite Edisons shortsightedness in mass projection he did leave his mark on motion pictures. He contributed sprocket holes on film. Black Maria. First movie studio. PROJECTION:Projection was a difficult problem to solve. its roots go back as far as 1646. 18th century: Showmen travel across Europe showing magic lantern shows. Used drawn images in the beginning. Eventually used photographs.

19th century: Photo plays drew viewers to a story just as film does today. Combination of magic lantern shows, live actors, and photography. Some lasted up to 2 hours and told melodramatic stories. Proved the potential of projected film. PROJECTION PROBLEM:-

Projector needs a powerful light source to make images clear. Film has to run smoothly past this light source without tearing.

LUMIERE BROTHERS: 1894 Tinker with Edisons Kinetoscope. Designed their own machine within a year. CINEMATOGRAPH:-

 Machine shot the pictures, printed them, and projected them. The camera was portable. A hand crank provided the power. FEATURES OF FILM: Mise-en-scene includes setting, props, staging, costume and make-up, figure expression and movement and offscren space. Performance includes physical expression, vocal delivery and interaction between performers (with reference to issues of staging/choreography where relevant). Cinematography includes photographic elements (e.g. camera position, colour, lens, depth of focus), lighting, framing and composition and special effects. Editing includes the organisation of time, both within a sequence and across sections of the narrative and the organisation of space, especially in creating coherence for the spectator. The principal conventions of continuity editing, such as shot/reverse shot and the 180 degree rule, will be studied. The uses of montage editing will also be considered. Sound includes diegetic sounds, non-diegetic sound and the variety of ways in which aural elements (e.g. speech, music and noise) are used in relation to visuals. TYPES OF FILMS:1).CARTOONS:-Fun, entertaining, interesting & hilarious. 2).COMEDY:-Amusing, hilarious, fun, humorous. 3).WESTERN(cowboy):-Heroic, exciting.

4).SCIENCE FICTION:-Thrilling(very exciting). 5).MUSICAL:-Relaxing, entertaining. 6).HORROR:-Scary, terrifying, frightening, spooky. 7).ROMANCE:-Romantic, heart warming,depressing,heartbreaking. 8).CLASSIC:-Classical, traditional.

BOOLYWOOD:Bollywood is actually a representative of the Indian films.the name Bollywood came half from BOMBAY city & half from the name Hollywood. Popularly termed used for Mumbai based hindi language film industry in India. Bollywood is the one of the largest film producers in the world. On an average 1000 films are produced, from that 600 films are released in hindi & tamil languages & remaining 400 fims in other languages.Basically hindi, urdu & English languages used in film industries. HISTORY OF BOLLYWOOD:Raja Harishchandra, the 1st film produced by Dadasaheb Falke in 1913. By the 30s 200 films produced per year, mostly the romantics & Actions film produced.

Raja Harishchandra (1913) - The first full-length motion picture.(above image from Raja Harishchandra.)

Ardeshir Irani released Alam Ara, the first Indian talking film, on 14 March 1931. The result of his efforts was the color film Kisan Kanya made with the Cinecolor process whose process rights Irani had obtained from an American company.

FACTS: Fourteen million Indians go to the movies on a daily basis (about 1.4% of the population of 1 billion) and pay the equivalent to the average Indian's day's wages (US $1-3) to see any of the over 800 films churned out by Bollywood each year. That's more than double the number of feature films produced in the United States. Since India is a country of sixteen official languages and a total of twenty-four languages spoken by over a million people each, some portions of the film industry are fragmented. While Mumbai (Bollywood) leads India in film production, its specialty lies with Hindi movies. Chennai (formerly Madras) produces films in Tamil and

Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) is the Bengali movie capital. Neighboring Pakistan's Lahore calls itself Lollywood. GENRE CONVENTION:Bollywood film known as masala film because it contains songs,romance,suspence,actions.In Bollywood we have great writers like Salim khan, Javed akthar then actors like Amitabh bacchan, Dharmendra, Dev Anand,Amir khan, Nana patekar, Hrithik roshan. Actresses like Rekha, Hema malini,Nutan, Rani mukhrrjee, Katrina kaif etc. Also we have latest directors like Madhur bhandarkar, Rajkumar hirani, David dhavan, Vishal bharadwage etc. Bollywood films are famous in Australia,Berlin,Dubai, London an in many more foreign cities.

Devika Rani and Ashok Kumar in Achhut Kanya (1936).

(OSCAR NOMINATED Film :- LAGAAN.) SIZE OF BOLLYWOOD: Size of industry next to Hollywood, indian film industry is set to be largest in the world & it is largest in term of films, & produced & ticket sold. Current size: Rs 6800cr Projected size by 2012 : Rs 15300cr CAGR:- 18% FILM MARKTING DEFINITION: The process of creating and raising audience awareness of a new film. It is part of the responsibility of the distributor, along with circulation, after they have acquired a film. The objective of film marketing is to stand out in an environment that is competing very fiercely for the audiences money.

 This does not simply mean against other film campaigns, but the marketing of any other product too. THE MARKETING PROCESS:6-8 months before the release date the distributor view the film followed by a brainstorming session in which the following points are discussed: personal opinions how they think the public will react, based on audience research which audience might most appreciate the film what the film might take at the box office when to release the film, taking into account competition from other films and holiday times how much money will be spent on advertising WAYS OF MARKETING:A marketing campaign for a film is divided into three areas: Advertising = paid for space (TV, Internet, cinema, billboard) Publicity = free marketing organised events/acts to promote the film (premieres, interviews, reviews, festivals) Promotion = generally licensed (distributor is paid to use an element from their film)

 promoting your film through other products/institutions (synergy, merchandising) Which of these marketing strategies would Film 4 be most likely to use? FILM DISTRIBUTION: Is the process of launching a film into the market place and sustaining public interest in the film. World-wide distribution is dominated by US Companies such as Paramount, Warner, and Universal. Distributors may be involved in a film in any or all of the following three ways: It may invest in the films production. The distributor might buy the rights to the film once it is made. If the distributor is part of a larger organisation that has made the film, then it will automatically distribute films made by the parent company. FILM DISTRIBUTION -:KEY ELEMENTS: Positioning: Involves how and when the film should be released. Elements to be considered are the time of year, other film releases and the target audience. Circulation: how many copies of the film should be circulated to cinemas. Each print costs around RS 1000000/ The distributor should decide whether the film requires a saturation release (700-1000 prints) or an art-house release (around 20 prints)

 Release: Timing is crucial. School holidays are a prime time within the year for the release of blockbusters. If the film is a potential award winner, then it will be released during the traditional season of awards competition: January to March. Competition must also be considered. Marketing: Can often cost as much as making the film!!! Main aim is to create a must see feeling about the film. Word-of-mouth is a powerful marketing aid for a film. FILM DISTRIBUTION :MARKETINGS:KEY ELEMENTS: Several elements can be used in marketing to generate interest in a film. Posters: Contain standard elements that are used to sell the idea of a film to the potential viewer. The main image will often echo a key moment in the film. Any stars or possible key personnel, will have their names featured. Posters usually have a Unique Selling Point. This is the element that offers something special or different about the film. Some blockbusters use a teaser poster campaign. The teaser posters offer a few key elements of a film to generate interest. Trailers:

 Need to present a number of key elements to the audience. The genre through key scenes, iconography, dialogue, or other sound elements. Narrative elements have to be introduced, being careful not to ruin the film though. Is there is a star, then they will likely be featured. Again a USP will be created this could be: Images of an actor playing a different role to what the audience expects A location that differs from that which is conventional within a particular genre The presentation of a story not told before. As with posters, there may also be a teaser campaign. Media Advertising: Using other media texts to promote the film. Posters in magazines and newspapers, and on billboards and bus stops. Trailers on TV and radio (depending on the budget) Stars and director appear as guests to be interviewed about the film. The Internet: A buzz about a film can be generated in an internet chat room, for example. If positive word of mouth spreads this is good promotion, however, there is the other side of the coin too.

 Individual films have their own website, which feature clips, images, interviews and so on. This helps create public awareness. E.G. The Blair Witch Project. The films website provoked great debate about whether the film was based on a real incident or not. This created a large amount of publicity for a low budget film. Promotions: Big films often have tie-in promotion campaigns. E.G. toys given away in fast food outlets, displays in shop windows. Merchandising: A large potential for profit lies in this area. The distributor will oversee the sale of licenses to approved companies to allow them to use film images and logos. Star Wars was perhaps the first film to profit through merchandising. Premieres: Are a carefully organised promotion tool. They generate articles in newspapers, magazine articles about those who attended, and T.V. interviews with stars. Press Junkets: The endless short interviews given to the members of the press. It is an official element of the publicity campaign. Preview Screenings: Free tickets might be given away or won in competitions. Distributors are careful to attract to the preview the intended target audience for the film, in order to try and generate a positive word of mouth.

 Festivals: Film festivals have a dual function. They are competitions in which if a film wins an award or receives critical acclaim, it will provide positive publicity for the film. Secondly they are a promotional tool where reviews are created and interviews conducted.

(Pie chart ).

ADVANTAGES OF FILM INDUSTRY: Generating huge employment Generate foreign currency Different cultures get exposed Now people opt for different roles It helps to expose ideas , innovation & thougths. DISADVANTAGES OF FILM INDUSTRY:-

 People get influence in a wrong way. It means by watching films sometimes peoples get it in wrong way by various scenes. But, The main Disadvantage is Piracy. PIRACY HURT EVERYONE: Today piracy is hurting everyone Films, Music, Software, Pharmaceuticals, Print, Merchandising any area involving branding and IPR The Indian Film Industry with USD 1.75 Billion in revenues loses up to 50% of its revenues to pirates i.e. roughly USD 875 million to piracy. INDIAN CINEMA:THE PRESENT SCENARIO: Cinema distribution and exhibition business in India carried out almost entirely on celluloid format which leaves it vulnerable to piracy. Advancement in duplication technology has made piracy easy, cost effective, speedy and difficult to prevent. The only present safeguard against piracy is to physically guard the prints and stringent legal enforcement. Both measures, due to logistical reasons, are difficult to implement. However, piracy is essentially a technology problem which has to be combated with technology. HOW DO WE ACHIEVE THIS?

 The only answer is Digital Cinema Digital Cinema means the transmission and delivery of films to theatres electronically where the image is stored in a computer server and beamed onto the theatre screens. It uses Digital Media (fibre optics, satellite transmission, hard disks) instead of analogue media (Prints ). Digital Cinema uses digital projectors instead of analogue projectors. Hence Digital Cinema by eliminating all physical formats checks Piracy at its roots.

CONCLUSION:When first film developed, that time it was look like invention but later on it become Art then technology but now a days it developed only for business purpose & not as Entertainmennt programme.