Water Quality and Irrigation Water Standards
Water Quality and Irrigation Water Standards
Water Quality and Irrigation Water Standards
Irrigation Water
Standards
Prepared By: Samnan Kadri ( M.E.- W.R.E.)
(210280733002)
L.D. College Of Engineering,
Ahmedabad
FUNCTIONS OF IRRIGATION WATER:
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QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER
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CLASSIFICATION OF IRRIGATION WATER:
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Literature review 1: INDEX-BASED ASSESSMENT OF SUITABILITY OF WATER QUALITY FOR
IRRIGATION PURPOSE UNDER INDIAN CONDITIONS
• In the present paper, an indices-based approach is presented for categorization of irrigation water quality.
• These indices are mathematical equations that transform water quality data into a numeric value, which describes
the quality of irrigation water. The proposed irrigation water quality index (IWQI), which is based on 12
parameters, classifies the water into five categories, viz. excellent, good, medium, bad, and very bad in the
same manner as given by the CPCB and CGWB. In order to give proper rating to various parameters of the
index, weights are computed using Saaty’s analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-based multiple criteria decision
analysis (MCDA) approach.
• This approach minimizes the subjectivity in assessment of weights and improves understanding of water quality
issues by generating an overall index to describe the status of water quality. The proposed index will be
beneficial for the water management authorities in ensuring safe water to the stakeholders.
• Sub-indices functions are the mathematical relations that transform the values of various parameters into indices
score.
• These scores are then converted to a common scale based on their relative importance to affect the irrigation
water quality.
• The sub-indices functions are then developed based on the irrigation quality standards given by CPCB and
CGWB (2000) and FAO (1985) and their concentrations to meet in a particular range. For this purpose,
mathematical expressions are fitted for each parameter to obtain the sub-index equations as given in Table 2
such that the corresponding variation between the ranges of parameters and indices is uniform to produce
reliable estimate of indices.
• The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a multicriteria decision-making approach that constructs a matrix of
pair-wise comparisons between the factors responsible for any process. These factors are scaled from 1 to 9, 1
indicates that the two factors are equally important and 9 indicate that the one factor is more important than
the other. Reciprocal of 1 to 9 (1/1 and 1/9) shows that one is less important than the other is.
• Table describes Saaty’s rating scale and the allocation of the weights for the identical parameters depend on
their relative importance and participatory group of decision makers. In order to fill the comparison matrix, a
comparison of each parameter with all other parameters is done.
• Thediagonal elements of the matrix are always unity. If the judgment value in the comparison matrix is to the
left side of the diagonal element, then actual judgment value is used to fill the upper triangular matrix. If the
judgment value is to the right side of the diagonal element, then reciprocal is used. The lower triangular matrix
is filled by taking reciprocal of the upper triangular matrix. The comparison matrix is constructed by deciding
the relative importance of each parameter by an expert group of five members from the related research
area. In this manner, the whole comparison matrix is prepared.
• Making use of this comparison matrix, priority vector is computed which is the normalized Eigen vector of the
matrix. The priority vectors help to compute the weight for different parameters. In the present work, 12
parameters that govern the irrigation water quality are selected for construction of AHP matrix.
• The indices developed above are on individual parameter based. One particular index is developed for each parameter.
To compute an overall quality index, the influence of each individual parameter needs to bring on a common single scale.
For this purpose, irrigation water quality index (IWQI) can be developed using a weighing scheme. In the present paper,
the following weighted average aggregation equation is proposed:
• where W is the sum of all the weights of water quality parameters (Σwi), wi is the weight of the ith water quality
parameter, and Yi is the sub-index value of the ith water quality parameter.
INTRODUCTION:
• Irrigation is the controlled use of multiple water sources in a timely manner for increased or sustained crop production.
• Irrigation comprises of the water that is applied by an irrigation system during the growing season and also includes
water applied during field preparation, pre-irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and for leaching salts from the root
zone.
• Agricultural production of food needs to increase by an estimated 60% by 2050 to ensure global food security.
• Therefore, it is of utmost importance to access our current state of knowledge and explore the effects of irrigation
water quality on crops.
• Groundwater exploitation (withdrawal for irrigation) can release naturally occurring geogenic contaminants, such as
arsenic, from the solid phase to groundwater, while wastewater reuse can concentrate pesticides, pharmaceuticals and
other emerging contaminants in irrigation water.
• Taylor et al. reported that irrigation water pH was one of the main factors for wheat growth in Punjab, India.
• A subsequent work reiterated that alkaline elements such as sodium play a crucial role in continued use of
water for irrigation of cropland and quantified the maximum amount that may be tolerated.
• The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) conducted further studies and reported that sodium, boron
and electrical conductivity are the best general measures for judging the suitability of water for irrigation.
• In 1967, the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) developed a quantitative assessment of irrigation
water quality, including new formulas for maximum permissible quantity of chloride and electrical conductivity
based on infiltration rate, evapotranspiration rate, irrigation frequency and duration.
• Color, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, specific conductance, odor and foam characterized the quality
of water.
• Colorless, odorless, foamless water with minimum turbidity, TDS below 1000 mg/L at circumneutral pH and
specific conductance below 1.5 mmhos/m is generally considered to be of good quality for irrigation purposes.
• A higher TDS is not recommended for most crops as it can impact the salinity of soil and pore water will
become highly concentrated when taken up by roots via osmosis.
• Excessive dissolved solids content, or salinity of irrigation water, has historically been the primary characteristic
determining water suitability for irrigation.
3.1.1. Pharmaceuticals:
• Plant uptake of a wide variety of pharmaceutical groups like NSAIDs, antihistamine, -blockers, calcium channel
blockers, antiepileptics, steroid hormones, antidepressants, antineoplastic agents, anti-itch compounds, x-ray
contrast agents, lipid-lowering agents, benzodiazepines, tranquilizers and veterinary drugs from soil and
contaminated water has been observed and studied.
3.1.2. Antibiotics:
• Recent studies have demonstrated that plants can take up antibiotics (like amoxicillin, ketoconazole, lincomycin,
oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines).
• The implications to human health due to the presence of antibiotics in food crops is not clear, but other potential
adverse impacts include allergic reactions, disruption of digestive function and chronic toxic eects as a result of
prolonged low-level exposure.
3.1.4. Agrochemicals:
• Leaching of nitrate from fertilizer over application to groundwater below is well reported, and accumulation of
reactive nitrogen is also thought to initiate mobilization of other geogenic contaminants.