MODULE 1

(MIDTERM)

- Introduction and historical development of lie detection

- Methods of deception
- Test Procedure and diagnostic techniques
- Different test construction and formulation of test construction
- Phraseology of relevant questions
- Proper relevant questions
- Control questions
- Irrelevant questions
- Supplementary questions

A.Y. 2020 – 2021

CRIMINOLOGY

Prepared by: RAYMUNDA RECTO MORENO

Instructor

1|Page
I.INTRODUCTION

This module aims to introduce to the students the polygraph, popularly

referred to as a lie detector test, which is a device or procedure that measures
and records several physiological indicators such as blood
pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while a person is asked and
answers a series of questions.
- In this module/unit, methods of deception, procedures & diagnostic
techniques, formulation of relevant, irrelevant and control questions will also be
discussed in relation to the belief underpinning the use of the polygraph that
deceptive answers will produce physiological responses that can be
differentiated from those associated with non-deceptive answers.

- There are, however, no specific physiological reactions associated with

lying, making it difficult to identify factors that separate liars from truth tellers. It is
also in this module where supplementary questions will be tackled to students, so
they will have deep understanding why Polygraph examiners also prefer to use
their own individual strategies & methods as they may more easily defend their
own evaluations or examinations as the case may be.

II. OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this module is to prepare criminology students for a law enforcement
working environment as Police officers or forensic practitioners in the field of Polygraph
examination. Learning this module will enable you to enhance your skills & your knowledge
pertaining to the lie detector machine and its relation to criminal confessions, and ddeceptions as
the case may be.

III. LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the semester, the students should be able to:

1. Identify the significant events & personalities in the history of lie detection

2. Illustrate the different methods of deception

3. Perform the test procedures and diagnostic techniques in Polygraphy

V. ABSTRACTIONS / DISCUSSIONS

A polygraph, popularly referred to as a lie detector test, is a device or procedure that

measures and records several physiological indicators such as blood
pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while a person is asked and answers a
series of questions.
Polygraphs are used as an interrogation tool with criminal suspects or those persons who
are candidates for sensitive public or private sector employment, moreover, polygraph
examinations are used to interrogate suspects and screen new employees.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

2|Page
History: 19TH Century.
Dr. Hans Gross (father of Criminalistics) said:
 The search for truth is the basis and goal of criminal investigation.
 A large part of criminal work is nothing more than a battle of lies.

Hogan (a famous book writer) cites:

“Investigation is a battle of lies against lies”
As time pass by, men are striving to find ways how to detect lies.

To some countries, used Ordeals/Trials in which judgment is made by a Supernatural God.

But as time pass by, some people studied that bodily responses maybe used as bases in lie detection.
Others studied that physical reactions may serve as bases of lie detection.

Development of Cardio Sphygmograph

1. Angelo Mosso(1895) – studied fear and influence to the heart. He developed the
sphymomanometer and scientific cradle, used in measuring the flow of blood while person is in
prone position.
2. Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909) – invented hydro-sphymograph (Lombroso’s Glove) that measures
changes in pulse and BP. He was the first person to employ scientific instrument for lie detection.
3. William Moulton Marston (1915) - Studied Sphygmomanometer and became the father of modern
polygraphy.

4. Dr. John Augustus Larson (1921)

o he was one among those who developed sphygmomanometer (known by press in
America as sphyggy).
o He developed the work of Marston (blood pressure), he added pulse, respiration and
skin conductivity.
o Margaret Taylor (wife of Larson). She was a victim of College Hall Case and was the first
person to be interrogated with the use of polygraph.

4.Leonarde Keeler
1. Inventor of Keeler Polygraph, which was an improved version of Larson’s apparatus.
2. Credited with introducing the “Card Test”
3. Specialized in “Peak of Tension Test”.

Keeler Polygraph records:

a. Blood pressure
b. Pulse rate
c. Respiration changes

Development of Pneumograph

Vittorio Benussi (1914) – he detected deception with the use of Pneumograph that measure Inhalation
and Exhalation (Respiration Male 10-23/min;
Female 11-25/min)

Harold Burtt (1918) – He found out that Changes in Systolic Pressure is of greater value than Changes in
Respiration. (Pulse 60-120 beat/min).

Development of Galvanograph

Luigi Galvani (1791) – he developed the Galvanometer which he called it Galvanic Skin Reflex (GSR)
which records electrical bodily resistance.
Sticker (1897) – he theorized that GSR is influenced by existing mental impressions of a person.
Veraguth (1907) – he was the first to use the term “Psychogalvanic Skin Reflex).

Development of Questioning Technique

3|Page
Leonarde Keeler (1942) – developed the “Relevant-irrelevant Test”
John E. Reid (1950) – developed the Reviewed Control Question consisting of known lie incorporated to
the relevant-irrelevant test. He also discovered the “Guilt-Complex test” administered to the overly
responsive subjects.
Cleve Backster (1960) – developed the Backster Zone Comparison Test.

=====================================================================================

ANCIENT ORDEALS

Ordeals – are primitive ways of determining the guilty and innocent. Ordeal is synonymous with Trial,
Judicium Dei and test.

Ordeal is believed to have a supernatural power to intervene and helps the innocent and condemns the
guilty.
Some ordeals were recorded in the book of Dr. Hans Gross, entitled “Criminal Investigation”

The Ayur-Veda
Is a Hindu book of health and sciences that is believed to be the earliest reference of the
ordeals or methods of detecting deception as adopted by several countries in the world specially
Europe. It is also believed to be the basis in the creation of a polygraph machine.

Combat Ordeal (India)

The accused and victim shall fight. The accused and/or victim may hire another to fight in place
of them. The loser shall be the Guilty.
In England, King Henry III abolished all ordeals except Combat Ordeal. This was put to Novel and
later, a movie entitled “Ivanhoe.”

Red Hot Iron Ordeal (Rajhamal, North Bengal, India)

The accused will be required to carry to carry hot iron while walking.
The accused shall be required to put his tongue over a hot iron 9 times. If tongue is burned –
Guilty.

Balance Ordeal (Institute of Vishnu, India)

On the ends of the balance are the accused and a counter balance.
The accused shall be required to step down and listens to the reading of the accusation, then he
shall be required again to go back to the other end of the balance.
If he was found HEAVIER – Guilty.

Water Ordeal (Modern Africa)

Kinds:

Boiling water Ordeal – the accused shall be required to deep hands in a boiling water and must get the
small stone inside. If hand is injured – guilty.

Cold water Ordeal – the accused’s feet and hands shall be tied and will be thrown in a body of water. If
his physical body knot are dry-Guilty.

Rice Chewing Ordeal (India)

Accused will be given Sathee Rice to chew/eat. The accused will be required to spit and show open
mouth. If the saliva is bloody or the mouth walls swell-Guilty.

Donkey’s Tail Ordeal

A Psychological theory with the use of a donkey (represents the accused). The donkey shall be
placed in a room alone. If the donkey cried or sounds off, the accused is Guilty.

Red Water Ordeal (Eastern Africa)

The accused shall be required NOT to eat (fasting) for 12 Hrs. After which, he will swallow small amount
of rice followed by an emetic red water which was specially extracted from “Sassy Bark Tree.”
4|Page
If the accused Vomits, accused is Guilty.

Tangena Ordeal (Madagascar – Island country in the Indian Ocean)

The accused will be given a poisonous drink called “Tangena,” a strong poison is fatal.
If the accused dies immediately – Guilty.

Corsnead Ordeal (Blessed Bread Ordeal)

A hallowed bread which is imprecated (cursed) shall be given to the accused to eat.
If the accused the accused swallowed the bread, he shall be Guilty.

Eucharist Ordeal
The accused (mostly clergy and monks), shall be given drinks (with decoction/poison).
If the accused dies – Guilty.
If innocent, Angel Gabriel will come from heaven and prevents the accused in drinking the poison.

Bier Ordeal (Ancient England)

The accused will be required to go and stand near/beside the dead person (victim).
If the wounds of the dead person (victim) oozes with blood, the person standing near the corpse is
Guilty.

Red Hot Needle Ordeal (Wanaka, Eastern Africa)

The accused’s lower lip will be pierced with hot needle.
If after piercing, the wound produces blood, the accused is Guilty.

Heat and Fire Ordeal

The accused will be mandated to walk on fire/hot charcoals.
If accused is INJURED - Guilty.

Cross Ordeal
The accused and accuser shall be placed to physical test of extending hands under a cross.
The first to move or falls, is Guilty.

Waxen Shirt Ordeal

The accused will be clothed covered with wax and will be required to walk over a Fire or Hot charcoals.
If wax on the clothing MELTS, accused is Guilty.

Hereditary Sieve Method Ordeal

Applies to Thieves. Dried bean seeds will be thrown on a Sieve.
If the thrown seed, WENT OUT from the sieve, the accused will be adjudged Guilty.

Tiger Ordeal (Siam – now Thailand)

The accused and accuser will be placed inside a Tiger’s Cage.
The person to be harmed or eaten by the tiger is the one Guilty (if accused).

Candle Ordeal (Burma – now Myanmar)

The accused and accuser will be given equally-sized candles and are simultaneously lighted.
First to fully melt the candle – Guilty.

Shellfish Ordeal (Borneo)

The accused and accuser will be represented by two live shellfishes which are put on a plate. An
irritating fluid shall be poured over the two fishes.
The first fish representative to move is Guilty

Suspended Axe Ordeal (Ancient Greece)

An elder of the community will be using axe to be spun in the center of suspects.
The person pointed by the blade of the axe is Guilty, thus, shall be put to death using the axe.

Cock’s Feather Ordeal (Ancient Nigeria)

A priest will use a cock’s feather to be pierced in the tongue of the accused. If the feather hardly
penetrates the tongue, the accuse is Guilty.

Corrosive Ordeal (Ancient Nigeria)

A priest will pour a corrosive substance over the eyes of the accused. If the accused became
blind, he is Guilty.
5|Page
Extinguishment of Ordeals
Sometime in Middle of 13th Century, countries developed their own laws and NOT practicing
ordeals.

POLYGRAPH COMPONENTS & PARTS

Kinds of Polygraph
1. Analog
2. Computerized

B & W Lie Detector

Manufactured by B & W Associates of Michigan City, Indiana.
Measures Galvanic Skin Resistance (GSR) only.

Keeler Polygraph
 Invented by Leonarde Keeler
 Manufactured by Associated Research Company at Chicago, Illinois, USA.
 Used by CIA during the Korean War.
 Used in testing Cuban Nationals if they are Spies.
 One of the first portable polygraph.
 First of the pacesetter series that integrated photo/optical pletysmograph.

Lafayette Polygraph

 Manufactured by Lafayette Instrument Company, Indiana, USA in 1972.

 Most popular instrument introduced in 1970s.
 It has double pneumographs, GSR, Electro-cardio and a top-mounted pneumatic stimulus
marker.
 Lightweight instrument enclosed in a sturdy halliburton case with case accessory storage.

Lee Polygraph

 Invented by Capt. Lee from Berkeley California Police Department.

 Capt. Lee was the first to introduce Guilt Complex Question, and First Control test which was
later known as Pre-test.
 Also known as Berkeley Psychograph, which was first introduced in Chicago, Illinois in 1938.
 Used for minors in 1930s until 1938.

Stoelting Polygraph (1950s to 1981)

 Manufactured by the Stoelting Company in Chicago, Illinois, USA.

 Designed by Cleve Backster in 1950s and gave it to the Stoelting Company.
 Started with 2 pens, it became 3 then developed to have 4 pens.

The Components of Polygraph

1. Pneumograph
- Records breathing changes of subject.
- Is composed of:
Pneumo 1 (thoracic part) – chest assembly
Pneumo 2 (abdomen) – abdominal assembly
- Tracings are located at 1st and 2nd lines of tracings.
- Note: inhalation ad expiration is one respiratory cycle.

2. Galvanograph
Records the skin resistance of subject in small amount of electricity.
Finger electrodes are attached with the index and ring finger (opposite hand where the BP Cuff is
attached)
Tracing is located 3rdfrom top on the Chart.
6|Page
 Has the longest pen of 4-7 inches.

3. Cardiosphymograph

Records heart beats, Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate.

Cuff is used attached around the subject’s arm and must be centered on the Brachial Artery about 1
inch above the elbow.
If my BP is 120/90, my 120 is the systolic and 90 is the diastolic.
Tracing on chart paper is located at bottom part.
Pen is 5 inhes long.

4. Kymograph
The component that drives the chart paper.
Pulls the chart paper at rate of 6-12 in/min.
One roll of chart paper may reach 100 feet long. It has 6 in width, ½ in margin apart.
The 4-pen Tracings in the Chart Paper

Common Parts of Polygraph

1. Pen lifter
2. Program Pacer
3. Paper tear bar
4. Foam Pen hold-down
5. Attache Compartment
6. Accessory storage and Optional Calibration Checking fixture
7. Subject connections
8. Mechanical Pneumo Module
9. Galvanic Skin Response
10. Multi-function module
11. Mechanical cardio module
12. Paper storage device
13. AC Power Receptacle
14. Power Switch and Circuit Breaker
15. Chart Drive roller Lever
16. Power analyzer
17. Stimulus marker
18. Sphysmomanometer dial
19. Pneumo 1
20. Pneumo 2
21. Cuff
22. Pump
23. Mechanical cardio switch

TEST QUESTIONS AND PROCEDURE

Phases in Conducting Polygraph Examination

Initial Interview with the Investigator

Obtaining and evaluation of facts

The Investigator must furnish the Examiner the ff:
 Sworn statements of witnesses/complainants
 Incident or spot report
 B.I of suspects, witnesses and victims
 Rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene and other facts such as: amount of money, time and
date, weapon used

Pre-test Interview

 Purpose is to condition the subject before the examination proper

 To provoke or observe indications of guilt or innocence.
 Interval time is 20-30 minutes.

7|Page
 Examiner should not tell any info to the subject about the instrument which are considered myths.
 The subject must be informed of the nature and purpose of the test.
 The subject is informed of his/her miranda rights.

In-test (Instrumentation)

 The Instrument’s parts will be attached to the subject.

 The Pneumo 1 and 2 are attached to the chest and abdomen
 The BP Cuff to the Upper arm
 Finger electrodes to the index and ring fingers.
 After the attachments, the examiner shall now settle for the beginning of asking questions.

Post-test examination

 Purpose is to let the subject confess or admit any participation to the crime.
 May be started after the instrument is turned off.
 This is conducted when the chart indicates deception by doing short interrogation.
 If the chart indicates innocence, the subject maybe released cordially.
 Confessions during Polygraph Interrogation

General Rules in Formulating Test Questions

 Simple and direct

 Answerable by YES/NO
 Legal terms are not allowed
 Short but complete question
 Clearly stated
 Language understood by the subject.
 Must not be in the form of an accusation.
 Must refer to one offense.
 Must refer one element of an offense.

Terms to Avoid

Murder/Homicide - Kill, shoot or stab

Rape - Forced to have sexual intercourse
Arson - Intentionally burn
Embezzlement - Stolen
Conspiracy - Agree with each other
Robbery - Force entry or Threat/intimidation

Types of Questions

Relevant Qs
Irrelevant Qs
Evidence Connecting Qs
Knowledge Qs
Sacrifice or DYAT Qs
Symptomatic Qs
Control Qs

General Type of Tests

Specific Test - addresses specific known events that have occurred (robbery, theft, rape, murder).
Screening test - addresses events that may have occurred (espionage, sabotage, disclosure of classified
information).

8|Page
1.Relevant Questions – address the crime under investigation.
 Strong Relevant (Primary/Crucial Questions) – tests the direct participation of the subject.Ex: Did
you steal that money?
 Weak relevant (Secondary Questions) – deals with partial involvement of subject.Ex: Were you told
to steal the money?

2. Irrelevant or Nuetral Questions – w/o relationship with the case under investigation.Ex: Is today
Sunday?

3. Evidence Connecting Questions – intended to arouse the subject in incriminating proof that would
tend to establish his guilt. Ex: Was the Cal .46 found at the crime scene yours?

4. Knowledge Questions – used to know whether the subject has knowledge on info related to the
crime. Ex: Do you know the name of the suspect?

5. Sacrifice or DYAT Questions – This is asked before asking the first relevant question. Ex: Do you
believe that I am not going to trick you in this examination?

6. Symptomatic Questions – are asked to determine OUTSIDE FACTORS which is not under investigation.
Ex: Do you expect that I will read all questions you have reviewed?

7. Control or Comparison Questions – are NOT RELATED to the crime under investigation BUT SIMILAR
in nature to the crime under investigation.
 Primary Control Questions – must be based on experience of the subject within 3-5 years and
must be based on known lie.
Ex: Before attaining the age18, have you physically hurt someone?

 Secondary Control Questions – the same with primary CQ, must NOT be related to the crime
under investigation, that covers the CURRENT situation.
Ex: Have you ever physically assaulted someone in your life?

8. Sky Questions – used to verify the previous chart and detects indirect participation of subject.
S – Suspect
K – Knowledge
Y – You
Ex:
 Do you SUSPECT anyone who committed the crime?
 Do you KNOW the suspect?
 Did YOU saw the suspect in the act of doing the crime?

Test Techniques

Test 1. General Question Test (GQT)

The questions are consisting of series of relevant and irrelevant questions ask in a plan order. In
general questions are so arrange as to make answer by Yes or No.
Purpose: To establish a standard tracing before relevant questions are asked.

Sequence of GQT
1. 1Q - Irrelevant Question
2. 2Q - irrelevant Question
3. 3Q - Weak Relevant Question
4. 4Q - Irrelevant Question
5. 5Q - Strong Relevant Question
6. 6Q - Control Question

9|Page
 7. 7Q - Irrelevant Question
8. 8Q - Evidence Control Question
9. 9Q - Knowledge Question
10. 10Q - Secondary Control Question

Sample Questions of GQT

1. 1Q – Irrelevant- Is your name John?
2. 2Q – Irrelevant- Is your family name Cruz?
3. 3Q – Weak Relevant- Did you ever steal anything before you were 18 years of age?
4. 4Q – Irrelevant- Are you married?
5. 5Q – Strong Relevant- Did you steal the computer of UST?
6. 6Q – Control Question- Aside from what you told me a while ago, such as et…, did you ever steal
anything other thing from UST?
7. 7Q – Irrelevant- Are you studying in UST?
8. 8Q – Evidence Control- Is the ball cup taken from the crime scene owned by you?
9. 9Q – Knowledge Question- Do you know who stole the computer?
10. 10 Q – Secondary Control- Do you know where the computer is being kept now?

GQT Data Collection Phase Rules:

1. No more than 13 questions per test, with no more than three relevant questions in succession.
(General Rule: Questions should be 8-12)
2. Length of the pretest is flexible.
3. Examinee is not told the order of the questions, but all are reviewed.
4. Minimum of three but no more than five relevant questions per examination
5. Different offenses may be asked in examination, however, they must be continuation of same
crime (e.g., burglary & rape).

Test 2. Card Number Test (CNT) – done with the use of 7 cards numbered accordingly (except 7, 11 and
13). The numbers 15, 8, 5, 3, 4, 14 and 12 are used. The subject shall select a card among the faced
down cards which shall be mixed among other cards. The subject shall be required to answer NO to all
questions.

Purpose: To distortion if the card selected by the subject is shown/asked.

Test 3. Spot Responder Test (SRT) – contains questions previously asked in the General Question Test
(GQT) with the same number of the same questions earlier.

Purpose: To determine the response of subject on critical questions (relevant) about the crime.

Test 4. Mixed Question Test (MQT) – contains the same questions with Spot Responder Test (SRT) BUT
mixed with questions from General Question Test (GQT).

Purpose: To compare the degree of reaction between relevant and control questions.

Test 5. Silent Answer Test (SAT) – contains the same questions from GQT, CNT, SRT and MQT. The
subject is instructed to think of his/her answer without saying it, process is called “Sub Vocalization”

Purpose: To serve as affirmative check.

Supplementary Tests

1.Yes Test (YT) - is administered when there was a distortion on the General Question Test (GQT). In this
test the subject is instructed to answer YES to all questions.

2. Guilt Complex Test (GCT) - consists of questions concerning fabricated crimes BUT one question is a
REAL QUESTION that is all about the crime committed by the subject.

10 | P a g e
3. Peak of Tension Test (PTT) - is a set of questions in which ONE of the questions is related to the crime
committed. The question selected (ONE ) should not have been reviewed by the subject.

3. Backster Zone Comparison Test (BZCT) - It is based on the principles of psychological set. Also
provides constant monitoring of subjects reactivity. Designed to disclose outside issues.

Sequence of Backster Zone Comparison Test (BZCT)

1. 1Q - Irrelevant Question
2. 2Q - Sacrifice Relevant Question
3. 3Q - Symptomatic Question
4. 4Q - Probable Lie (Control) Question
5. 5Q - Strong Relevant Question
6. 6Q - Probable lie (Control) Question
7. 7Q - Strong Relevant Question
8. 8Q - Symptomatic Question
9. 9Q - Guilt Complex Question
10. 10Q - Weak Relevant Question
11. 11Q- S – Do you SUSPECT…….
12. 12Q- K – Do you KNOW…….
13. 13Q- Y – Did YOU……

Sample Questions of Backster Zone Comparison Test (BZCT)

1Q – Irrelevant - Is your first name Jonathan?

2Q – Sacrifice Relevant - Regarding that stolen watch and gold coin collection do you intend to answer
truthfully each questions about that?
3Q – Symptomatic - Are you completely convinced that I will not ask you question on this test that has
already between reviewed?
4Q – Probable Lie (Control) - Can you remember stealing anything at all before you were 18 years old?
5Q – Strong Relevant - Did you steal the bracelet?
6Q – Probable Lie (Control) - Other than what you told me about, have you ever stolen other things?
7Q – Strong Relevant - Did you steal the watch of Mary?
8Q – Symptomatic - Is there something else you are afraid that I will ask you a question about; even
though I told you I would not?
9Q – Guilt Complex - Did you steal the computer?
10Q – Weak Relevant - Do you known the name brand of that stolen computer?
11Q – S (Suspect) - Do you SUSPECT anyone in particular of having stolen the watch of Mary?
12Q – K (Know) - Do you KNOW for sure who stole the watch of Mary?
13Q – Y (You) - Do YOU steal the watch of Mary?

Color Zones Identifying BZCT Type of Questions

a. RED zone - Strong Relevant Question
b. GREEN zone - Probable Lie (Control) Question
c. BLACK zone - Symptomatic (Outside issues) Question
d. YELLOW zone - Irrelevant and Sacrifice Relevant
e. ORANGE zone - Weak Relevant Question

Types of Responses

Internal response – refers to throbbing of heart, increase of blood pressure, changes of pulse rate,
dryness of the mouth and lump in the throat.

External response – includes sweating, dryness of lips, blushing of face, dilation of pupils.

11 | P a g e
 Terms to Understand

1. Fear – is any emotional response to danger that appear beyond a person’s defensive power.
2. Stimulus – is a force that arouses interest, enthusiasm and excitement of a person.
3. Reaction – a response to something that involves taking action.
4. Deception – an act of deceiving, misleading that usually accompanied by lying.
5. Detection – is an act of discovery
6. Lying – the uttering or conveying of falsehood.
7. Response – a reply given to a question that could be true or not.
8. Specific Response – is any deviation from the normal tracing of a subject.
9. Normal response – a tracing on the chart that is usually observed when irrelevant questions are
asked.
10. Chart/Polygrams – refers to the composite records of the pneumo, galvo and cardio tracings
recorded from series of questions.
11. Reverse Norm – An irrelevant question that is intentionally misread during the test purposely to
determine whetehr the subject is paying attention to the questions and to verify response
capability. Ex: Were you born in the month of ___(wrong month).
12. Math Question – is a simple addition and subtraction question for examinees sometimes given at
the end of R/I Test.
13. Conspecnificance – a mnemonic for CONSISTENCY, SPECIFICITY and SIGNIFICANCE.
14. Overall truth Question – a generic test question about an examinee’s truthfulness during the R/I
Test.

Ex: 1) Do you intend to lie on this test?

2) Did you lie in any of the question on this test?

Principles of Testing
1. The first question is always an irrelevant question. A different irrelevant is used in each chart.
2. The 2nd question is always an irrelevant or overall truth question.
3. No more than 3 questions should be given in a row without an irrelevant question.
4. Question spacing is 20-25 seconds.
5. There are usually 8-12 questions in a chart.

LA CARLOTA CITY COLLEGE

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
CRIMINALISTICS 15
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Lie detection & interrogation

NAME:_____________________________________________ SCORE: _______________

12 | P a g e
YR LEVEL: _______________________ DATE OF EXAMINATION: ____________________

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER BY SHADING THE SPACE PROVIDED FOR.

(Copy your answers in the Blue Book)
1.) Rice spit from a person’s mouth manifesting whether he or she was lying.
Spitting out dry rice indicated the dry mouth of a liar. This form of lie detection
originated in
     OA. India    OB. China OC. England OD. Africa
2.) The Father of Modern Criminology Cesare Lombroso, became the first person to
use science as a method of detecting deception in the year
OA. 1895 OB. 1925 OC. 1896 OD. 1926
3.) The First Polygraph school.
OA. Keeler Institute OB. Scherers Institute OC. Marston Institute OD.
Larsons Institute
4.) Polygraph literally means
OA.Many Writings OB.Different Writings OC.Various Writings
OD.Cursive Writings
5.) The First Full Time professional polygraph examiner.
OA.Leonarde Keeler OB.William Marston OC. ohn Larson OD.Ron
Decker
6.) The name of the first manufactured polygraph instrument.
OA. Keeler polygraph instrument OB. Associated Detecting
instrument
OC. Larson polygraph instrument OD. Marston polygraph
instrument
7.) If the suspect's tongue was not burned,he was judged innocent. If the suspect's
tongue was burned,he was judged guilty.This ancient deception detection is
known as
OA.The iron test OB.Bear the hot test OC.The ordeal of the hot iron
OD.both a&b
8.) . Depending on the complexity of the case and the number of issues being tested
a polygraph examination generally takes
OA. 1-2 hours OB. 3-4 hours OC. 2-3 hours OD. 4-5
hours
9.) Popularly referred to as lie detector. - measures and records several
psychological indices such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration and
skin conductivity while the subject is asked answers a series of questions.
OA. Questioned Docuement OB. Polygraphy OC.Lie Detecting OD.
b&c
10.) Represents the tactile arterial palpitation of the heartbeat by trained
fingertips. It can also be measured by listening to the heart directly using a
stethoscope.
OA.Pulse rate OB.Heart Beat OC.GSR OD.Cardio
11.) Also known as Galvanic sin response - is a method of measuring the
electrical conductance of the skin which varies with its moisture level.
OA. Skin Resistance OB.Galvanic Skin OC.Skin conductivity
OD.both a&c
12.) The transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues
and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
OA. Respiration OB.Heart beat OC. GSR OD. Pulpitation

13.) Preliminary information question.

OA.Relevant questionsOB.Irrelevant questions OC.Control facts
OD.Control questions

14.) Polygraph test is involuntary. OA.Yes OB.No

OC.Mandatory OD.a&c

15.) When a deceptive examinee is reported as truthful. OA. False negative

OB.False positive OC.False mandatory OD.b&c

13 | P a g e
 II. ENNUMERATION.

1-4 WHAT DOES A POLYGRAPH EXAM RECORDS?

5-9 CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBJECT’S SPECIFIC AGE
10-12 GIVE AT LEAST 3 SIGNS OF LIES AND DECEPTIONS
13-15 GIVE SOME HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS INVOLVED IN A
POLYGRAPH EXAM
16-18 NAME HISTORICAL PERSONALITIES INVOLVED WITH
POLYGRAPH
19-20 TYPES OF POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENTATION
21-23 TYPES OF QUESTIONS IN A POLYGRAPH EXAM
24-26 WHO USES THE POLYGRAPH
27-28 KINDS OF ERRORS IN A POLYGRAPH TEST
29-30 PRESENT DAY MANUFACTURER OF POYGRAPH MACHINES

14 | P a g e