CHAPTER 2

SUMMARY;

The Three Core Areas of Philosophy are METAPHYSIC is about what actually
exists at the most basic level, EPISTEMOLOGY Is about how we know what
there is (how we know the world, AXIOLOGY Dealing with the nature of value
and the types of value, as in morals, aesthetics, religion, and metaphysics
The Fields of Philosophy are Philosophy of Mind, Political Philosophy, Philosophy
of Religion, Philosophy of Science, Social Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
The History of Philosophy Philosophy has been around since the dawn of western
civilization. The golden age of Greek philosophy took place in Athens in the 5th
century BC. By the late 1800’s, questions of language, logic, and meaning took
center stage, and the 20th century played host to one of the largest bursts of
philosophical work ever seen.
The Reasons to Study Philosophy is to Prepare for success in a wide variety of
careers, Outscore other majors on standardized exams, Gain higher earning
potential, Be a valuable discussion partner, Prepare for a career law, Bring
perspective to your career, Understand ethical principles and their applications,
Be a more informed citizen, Discover your own definition of success, and lastly
Don't be a "yes" person.

Here are some of the famous philosophers that contributed to Philosophy.

Cosmologists philosopher: Solon, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. In religious
mystics: Pythagoras, Heraditus, Parmenides, Empedocles, Democritus, and
Anaxagoras And the medical philosopher is Hippocrates.
Philosophical Theories are the following: Idealism, Naturalism, Realism,
Materialism, Conceptualism, Deconstructionism, Empiricism/ Sensationalism,
Environmentalism, Existentialism, Determinism, Formalism

The Value is define as a principle or belief that a person and publicly affirms with
conviction, acts on consistently, and chooses from among alternatives. Values
may be classified in terms of: Personal Values, Family Values, Spiritual Values,
Work Values, Career Values, Social Values, Cultural Values.
Metaphysics is derived from the Greek meta ta physika ("after the things of
nature"); referring to an idea, doctrine, or posited reality outside of human sense
perception. Metaphysics is a type of philosophy or study that uses broad
concepts to help define reality and our understanding of it. Metaphysical studies
generally seek to explain inherent or universal elements of reality which are not
 easily discovered or experienced in our everyday life. Philosophy, (from Greek,
by way of Latin, philosophia, “love of wisdom”) the rational, abstract, and
methodical consideration of reality as a whole or of fundamental dimensions of
human existence and experience.
The 7 Personal Philosophies in Order to Success in Life: (1) Always act fron
personal power; (2) Take responsibility for your word; (3) Always stretch and
challenge yourself?; (4) Commit to unconcious competence rather than cognitive
understanding ;(5) Always act from personal integrity; (6) The meaning of
education is the response you get; (7) Commit to do whatever it takes to
succeed.
Western Philosophy refers to philosophical thinking in the Western or Occidental
world, as opposed to Eastern or Oriental philosophies and the varieties of
indigenous philosophies. It is important because many Western philosophers are
responsible for the intellectual development of mathematics, science, politics and
even art. The characteristics of the modern western philosophy has not only
critical about orthodox religion but also came with ideals of secularism,
humanism, scientific temperament, progress and development. The western
philosophy of self is western philosophy acknowledges the existence of a human
self (with some exceptions). Eastern philosophy firmly denies the existence of a
human self (with some exceptions).

SUMMARY
Chapter 1

● Social Science is a generic term covering the scientific study of man. Concerned
with the study of social relationships and the functioning of society and usually
made up of courses in history, government, economics, civics, sociology,
geography, and anthropology. It is a discipline or branch of science that deals
with the socio-cultural aspects of human behavior. The difference between Social
Science and Social Studies is the Social Sciences are branches of study that
analyze society and the social interactions of people within a society. Social
studies is a subject most frequently taught to K-12 students to help them
understand how to be effective citizens of society.
● The development and progress of human knowledge can be tracked back to
Greek Civilization. Before the birth of modern social sciences in the West, it is
first based on social philosophy. In the early development their are some
philosophers that contributed to the development of Social Science, Herodotus,
Thucydides, Plato, and Polybius. Medieval period where it is influenced by
 religion, universities relied mainly on religious tradition and the bible to explain
the nature of the universe and the place of human being the grand scheme of the
things, the modern universities started rely on science and its method to interpret
the world. The Colonial Origin of the Social Sciences where; The Clamor for
Decolonization of Social Science which is around 18th century which spread from
the center to the peripheries of the world. Indigenization of Social Sciences in the
PhilippInes, social science after World War II simply perpetuated colonial
knowledge production from American social sciences.
● The Naturebof Social Cience includes; A unique combination of various
disciplines, A study of human relationship, A realistic course of study, It includes
commitment to action.
● It forms an important part of the co- curriculum knowledge enables the students
to understand how the world and different societies have evolved, and Aims at
preparing the learners for wholesome social living.
● Concepts of Social Science are, urbanization, family, marriage, culture, social
class, race, gender identity, and identity.
● Theories of Social Science are; Action Theory subfield of philosophy of mind that
is specifically important for ethics. System Theory is the interdependent part that
can be natural or human made. Psychoanalytic Theory is the personality
organization and the dynamics of personality development. Symbolic
Interactionism emphasizes linguistic or gestural communication and its subjective
understanding. Rational Choice Theory, understanding and often formally
modeling social and economic behavior. And lastly, Phenomenology, is the
philosophical study of the structure of experience and consciousness.
● Branches of Social Science are: Anthropology, Economics, Psychology, Social
Work, Archaeology, Law, and Geography.
● Importance are, Better reading and learning, Citizen responsibilities and values,
Culture understanding, Economic education, Critical thinking, Real-world
understanding, Political skills, and Respect history.
● Interrelationship between Individual and Society, individual is interdependent and
interrelated to the affairs of his/her society. Man is a social animal, society has
become an essential condition for human life to arise and to continue. Society not
only controls our movements but shapes our identity, and man depends on
society.
● Individualization is the process of in which man comes to know himself and
acquire the sense of inner responsibility.Aspects of individualization according to
Karl Manheim has distinguished four main aspects of individualization; (1)
Individualization as a process of learning different from other people; (2)
Individualization on the level of new forms self regarding attitudes; (3)
Individualization through objects; (4) Individualization as a kind of depending into
ourselves.
 ● Holism is the idea that all the properties of a given system cannot be determined
or explained by its component parts alone, but the system as a whole determines
in an important way how the parts behave. In philosophy, the principle of Holism
(which comes from the Greek "holos" meaning "all" or "total") was concisely
summarized by Aristotle in his "Metaphysics": "The whole is more than the sum
of its parts". Types of Holism; (1) Epistemological Holism or Confirmation Holism
states that no individual statement can be proved or disproved by an empirical
test; (2) Semantic Holism Is a doctrine in the Philosophy of Language to the
effect that a certain part of language (e.g. a term or a complete sentence) can
only be understood through its relations to a (previously understood) larger
segment of language, possibly the entire language?
● Reductionism argues that all psychological phenomenon can be reduced a
simple parts. Support deterministic views and claims that behaviour is predictable
as it is determined by one factor. "Any explanation of behaviour at it simplest
level can be deemed reductionist. Types of Reductionism (1) Biological
Reductionism, animals are made up of atoms so it should be possible to explain
human behaviour at the level of neurons, neurotransmitters, hormones, etc. (2)
Environmental Reductionism the behaviourist believes that behaviour can be
explained in terms of stimulus- response links. A machine is the sum of its parts.
Individual parts summing up the whole is ‘Reductionism’. Gestalt psychology
which looks at the human mind and behaviour as a whole is an example of
‘Holism’.
● Social Constitution, every human being needs guidance and direction to carry out
his or her daily duties. The same goes for humans living in a large group.
Therefore, there is necessity for certain laws to be followed by the community in
order to ensure the stability of a nation and the protection of the rights of the
citizens. The Constitution is the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or
social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and
guarantee certain rights to the people in it. A traditional classification includes: (1)
Written Constitution; (2) Unwritten Constitution; (3) Flexible Constitution; (4) Rigid
Constitution; (5) Evolved Constitution; (6)Enacted Constitution.

SUMMARY
CHAPTER 2

● Core areas of philosophy are: (1) Metaphysics is about what actually exists at the
most basic level; (2) Epistemology is about how we know what there is; (3)
Anxiology is dealing with the nature of value and the types of value, as in morals,
aesthetics, religion, and metaphysics.
● Fields of Philosophy: (1) Philosophy of Mind; (2) Political Philosophy; (3)
Philosophy of Religion; (4) Philosophy of Science; and (5) Philosophy of
Language.
● History of Philosophy, Philosophy has been around since the dawn of western
civilization. The golden age of Greek philosophy took place in Athens in the 5th
century BC. In the 18th century, questions of how we come to know what we
believe we know (epistemology), and new ethical schools began to form. By the
late 1800’s, questions of language, logic, and meaning took center stage, and the
20th century played host to one of the largest bursts of philosophical work ever
seen.
● Some reasons why we study Philosophy: Prepare for success in a wide variety of
careers, Outscore other majors on standardized exams, Gain higher earning
potential, Be a valuable discussion partner, Prepare for a career law, Bring
perspective to your career, Understand ethical principles and their applications,
Be a more informed citizen, Discover your own definition of success, and lastly
Don't be a "yes" person.
● Here are some of the famous philosophers that contributed to Philosophy.
Cosmologists philosopher: Solon, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. In religious
mystics: Pythagoras, Heraditus, Parmenides, Empedocles, Democritus, and
Anaxagoras And the medical philosopher is Hippocrates.
● Philosophical Theories are the following: Idealism was inferred from the Greek
word “idein” which means to see. Idea is a philosophical term denoting sense,
meaning “essence” and closely connected with the categories of thinking and
being. Naturalism is a philosophical view that all objects and events are capable
of being accounted for by the scientific explanation. Realism is a philosophy
based on what is real as they are, something that exists independently of all
other things and from which all other things are derived. Materialism asserts that
material is primary while the spiritual or ideal is secondary. Conceptualism is the
doctrine that the application of a general term to various objects indicates the
existence of a mental entity that mediates the application. Deconstructionism is a
philosophical theory of criticism that seeks to expose deep-seated contradictions
in a work by delving below its surface meaning. Empiricism/ Sensationalism is
the doctrine that knowledge derives from experience. Environmentalism the
philosophical doctrine that the environment is more important than heredity in
developing intellectual growth. Existentialism philosophy which assumes that
people are entirely free and thus, responsible for what they make of themselves.
Determinism is a philosophical theory holding that all events are inevitable
consequences of antecedent sufficient causes; often understood as denying the
possibility of free will. Formalism this philosophical theory that formal statements
have no meaning but that its symbols exhibit a form that has useful application.
● Value is define as a principle or belief that a person and publicly affirms with
conviction, acts on consistently, and chooses from among alternatives. Values
may be classified in terms of: Personal Values, Family Values, Spiritual Values,
Work Values, Career Values, Social Values, Cultural Values.
● Metaphysics is derived from the Greek meta ta physika ("after the things of
nature"); referring to an idea, doctrine, or posited reality outside of human sense
perception. Metaphysics is a type of philosophy or study that uses broad
concepts to help define reality and our understanding of it. Metaphysical studies
generally seek to explain inherent or universal elements of reality which are not
easily discovered or experienced in our everyday life. Philosophy, (from Greek,
by way of Latin, philosophia, “love of wisdom”) the rational, abstract, and
methodical consideration of reality as a whole or of fundamental dimensions of
human existence and experience.
● A philosophy of life is an overall vision or attitude toward life and the purpose of
it. All philosophies on the meaning of life seem to fall into one of the four groups:
(1) Life has an objective meaning; (2) Life has a subjective meaning; (3) Life has
no meaning; (4) Life has a supernatural/unexplainable meaning. Hedonism offers
us a life based on seeking pleasure and avoiding suffering. Simple pleasures like
eating, dancing, and playing music are meaningful in themselves. Platonism is
the idea that there exist such things as “pure forms” which are abstractions. The
Liberalists trust that a person is naturally free to choose what to do without
permission from any other person. Anyone attempting to limit freedoms must first
prove that it is necessary. Kantianism proposes that every human action should
be judged according to a universal maxim, or principle according to John Locke.
● A personal philosophy is a set of guiding principles that we live by. It influences
everything from the words you say, to the steps you take, to the items that you
will and will not purchase at the store. And individuals conceptualize philosophies
in many ways. The philosophy of life would include things like how you decide
what is “good” and “bad”, what “success” means, what your “purpose” in life is
(including if you don't think there is a purpose), whether there is a God, how we
should treat each other, etc. The philosophy of self is the study of the many
conditions of identity that make one subject of experience distinct from other
experiences. The self is sometimes understood as a unified being essentially
connected to consciousness, awareness, and agency.
● 7 Personal Philosophies in Order to Success in Life: (1) Always act fron personal
power; (2) Take responsibility for your word; (3) Always stretch and challenge
yourself?; (4) Commit to unconcious competence rather than cognitive
understanding ;(5) Always act from personal integrity; (6) The meaning of
education is the response you get; (7) Commit to do whatever it takes to
succeed.
 ● Western Philosophy refers to philosophical thinking in the Western or Occidental
world, as opposed to Eastern or Oriental philosophies and the varieties of
indigenous philosophies. It is important because many Western philosophers are
responsible for the intellectual development of mathematics, science, politics and
even art. The characteristics of the modern western philosophy has not only
critical about orthodox religion but also came with ideals of secularism,
humanism, scientific temperament, progress and development. The western
philosophy of self is western philosophy acknowledges the existence of a human
self (with some exceptions). Eastern philosophy firmly denies the existence of a
human self (with some exceptions).

WEEKS TIME UNIT HOURS

1
Tuesday 9:00-10:00 Unit I: Introduction to the Study of Urban 1
Geography
Thursday Unit II: Origins: The Emergence, Evolution, 1
and Growth of Cities
2
Tuesday Unit III: The City Economy 1
Thursday Unit IV: City Culture 1
3
Tuesday Unit V: Downtown: A Special Area, A Special 1
Problems
Thursday Unit VI: The Residential Function of Cities: 1
Housing a Residential Mobility
4
Tuesday Unit VII: Transportation and 1
 Telecommunication
Thursday Unit VIII: Power, Politics, and Urban 1
Governance
5
Tuesday Unit IX: “Liveability” Planning, Urban Physical 1
Environment and Living Conditions
Thursday Unit X: The Urban/ Non-Urban Interface 1

COURSE OUTLINE (URBAN GEOGRAPHY)

Submitted by: LYNVYLOU GRACE J. HILAIRON BSED 2A Social Science

Submitted to: Prof. Amalia Dohina

COURSE OUTLINE
SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
Time 9:00-10:00
WEEK UNIT/TOPIC HOUR

1 CHAPTER 1

Monday Definition of Social Science 1

● Social Studies vs. Social Science
Wednesda History of Social Science 1
y ● The Historical Background of the Growth of
Social Science
● Early Development in Social Science
● The Colonial Origin of the Social Science
Friday Nature of Social Science 1
2
Monday Concept in Social Science 1
 ● Urbanization
● Family
● Marriage
● Culture
● Social Class
● Race
● Gender Identity
● Identity
Wednesda Theories of Social Science 1
y Importance of Social Science
Friday Branches of Social Science 1
3
Monday Individual and “The Social” 1
● Interrelationship between individual and
society
● Individualization
● Aspects of individualization
Wednesda Holism 1
y ● Types of Holism
Reductionism
● Types of Reductionism
Social Constitution
● Classification
CHAPTER 2

Friday Core Areas of Philosophy 1

● Three core areas
Fields of Philosophy
4
Monday History of Philosophy 1
Reasons to Study Philosophy
Wednesda Famous Philosopher 1
y ● Cosmologists
● Religious Mystics
● The Medical Philosopher
Friday Philosophical Theories 1
● Idealism
 ● Naturalism
● Realism
● Materialism
● Conceptualism
● Deconstructionism
● Empiricism
● Environmentalism
● Existentialism
● Determinism
● Formalism
● Other Theories
Values
5
Monday Metaphysical and Philosophy 1
● Metaphysics
● Philosophy
Philosophy of Life
Wednesda Personal Life Philosophy 1
y ● Your Philosophy of Life
● Philosophy of self
● Western Philosophy
CHAPTER 3

Friday Social Science and Philosophy 1

● Philosophy of social Science
● Difference between Philosophy and Social
Science
Nature of philosophy
Distinction between Social and Natural Fact
● What is Social Fact?
● What is Natural Fact?
Values and the World Fragility and Residence
of Values
● Values
● Fragility
● Residence of Values
 Urban Geography

Course outline

Week Unit Hours

Week 1

Tuesday UNIT I: Introduction to the 1

study of Urban Geography

Thursday UNIT II: Origins: The 1

Emergence, Evolution, and
Growth of Cities

Week 2

Tuesday UNIT III: The City 1

Economy
 Thursday UNIT IV: City Culture 1

Week 3

Tuesday UNIT V: Downtown: A 1

Special Area, A Special
Problems

Thursday UNIT VI: The Residential 1

Function of Cities: Housing
and Residential Mobility

Week 4

Tuesday UNIT VII: Transportation 1

and Telecommunication

Thursday UNIT VIII: Power, 1

Politics, and Urban
Governance

Week 5

Tuesday UNIT IX: "Liveability" 1

Planning, Urban Physical
Environment and Living
Conditions

Thursday UNIT X: The Urban/ Non- 1

Urban Interface

Submitted by: RICLYN JOY B. PAGMANOJA BSED 2A Social Science

Submitted to: Prof. Amalia Dohina
 COURSE OUTLINE
SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY

WEEK CHAPTER UNIT/TOPIC HOUR

WEEK 1 CHAPTER 1

Monday Definition of Social Science 1

● Social Studies vs. Social Science

Wednesda History of Social Science 1

y ● The Historical Background of the Growth
of Social Science
● Early Development in Social Science
● The Colonial Origin of the Social Science

Friday Nature of Social Science 1

WEEK 2
Monday Concept in Social Science 1
● Urbanization
 ● Family
● Marriage
● Culture
● Social Class
● Race
● Gender Identity
● Identity

Wednesda Theories of Social Science 1

y Importance of Social Science
Friday Branches of Social Science 1
WEEK 3
Monday Individual and “The Social” 1
● Interrelationship between individual and
society
● Individualization
● Aspects of individualization

Wednesda Holism 1
y ● Types of Holism
Reductionism
● Types of Reductionism
Social Constitution
● Classification
CHAPTER 2

Friday Core Areas of Philosophy 1

● Three core areas
Fields of Philosophy
WEEK 4
Monday History of Philosophy 1
Reasons to Study Philosophy
Wednesda Famous Philosopher 1
y ● Cosmologists
● Religious Mystics
● The Medical Philosopher

Friday Philosophical Theories 1

● Idealism
 ● Naturalism
● Realism
● Materialism
● Conceptualism
● Deconstructionism
● Empiricism
● Environmentalism
● Existentialism
● Determinism
● Formalism
● Other Theories
Values
WEEK 5
Monday Metaphysical and Philosophy 1
● Metaphysics
● Philosophy
Philosophy of Life
Wednesda Personal Life Philosophy 1
y ● Your Philosophy of Life
● Philosophy of self
● Western Philosophy
CHAPTER 3

Friday Social Science and Philosophy 1

● Philosophy of social Science
● Difference between Philosophy and
Social Science
Nature of philosophy
Distinction between Social and Natural Fact
● What is Social Fact?
● What is Natural Fact?
Values and the World Fragility and Residence
of Values
● Values
● Fragility
● Residence of Values