Revolutionary School of Thoughts

Muhammad Zain Abbas 20-10098
Question 1
In the study of philosophy, such words as pragmatism, idealism, materialism, etc. they occur
frequently and it can sometimes be a challenge to keep them all correct. This is partly because
some of their meanings are separated by refined distinctions, and partly because some of them
have a technical philosophical meaning and a more common meaning that seems to conflict.
First, they are often related to one of the most basic philosophical dualisms – mind and matter.
At least since the ancient Greeks, there has been a mind and a matter, a thought and a thing, a
spiritual and a material problem. And as long as this dualism exists – and the record is
dramatically out of its grace – the fundamental question that needs to be addressed is: “What is
more real? Mind or matter?”
Idealism is the belief that the mind and ideas are the primary structure of reality and that
physical or material reality is secondary. Materialism is the opposite of idealism, and considers
matter as the primary reality, and all other things, including thoughts, as the product of the
interactions of matter.
Rationalism is the belief that the rational mind is the best way to learn something. Rationalist If
thinks his mind is more reliable than his senses. A stick can look crooked in water, but the mind
says it looked bent because it’s in the water.

Empiricism is the opposite of rationalism and it is the belief that the senses are the best way to
know something. You might think something is true, but you only know it is true if your senses
confirm it.
In consideration of the above it is good to keep in mind that you can’t be an Idealist and a
Materialist and you can’t be a Rationalist and an Empiricist. On the other hand, you can be an
Idealist and a Rationalist or an Idealist and an Empiricist. You can also be Materialist and a
Rationalist or you can be a Materialist and an Empiricist.
Empiricism is quite opposite of rationalism and is the belief that the senses are the only way to
know something. One may think something is true if his or her senses confirm that its true.
In consideration of the above, it is good to keep in mind that one cannot be an idealist and a
materialist and one cannot be a rationalist and an empiricist. On the other hand, one can be an
idealist and a rationalist or an idealist and an empiricist. One can also be a materialist and a
rationalist or can be a materialist and an empiricist.
Idealism and Materialism are statements of ontology which means they are statements about
what one believe is real. Rationalism and Empiricism are statements of epistemology which
means statements about what is the best way to know what is real.
Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes individual existence, freedom and choice. It is
the view that humans define their own meaning in life, and try to make rational decisions
despite existing in an irrational universe.
According to William James pragmatic rationality looks towards consequences rather than
causes integrate facts and values and reject the search of ultimate foundations.
Karl Marx (1818–1883) is often treated as a revolutionary, an activist rather than a philosopher
whose work inspired the founding of many communist regimes in the twentieth century. It is
certainly difficult to find many thinkers who can be said to have had a similar effect on the
creation of the modern world. However, Marx was made a philosopher, and although he is
often described as having moved away from philosophy in the mid-twenties — perhaps toward
history and the social sciences — there are many points of contact with modern philosophical
debates in his writings.
The philosophy of Marxism is how Marxism looks at past history as of its current political
conceptions and of its perspectives and programme for revolution. The essential thing is that it
is a rationalist philosophy. And, like all rationalist philosophies, the Marxist philosophy of
history provides itself, in advance, with the answers to all the problems it raises.
Marx maintained that in order to liberate humanity from economic domination, a social
revolution was needed. The envisioned result would transform the existing economic
structures, and create a society in which property, particularly the means of production would
no longer be held privately.
Not only, from the standpoint of Marxism, is the contradiction between capital and labor the
beginning as well as the end of present-day society, but the progressive development of that
society is to be seen only in the growth and sharpening of that contradiction. Capital being the
result of the exploitation of labor power, so with the growth of capital, that is, in the course of
the human progress under way in this historical period, the exploitation of the workers must of
necessity be more and more intensified. If the possibilities of the exploitation of labor power in
the present system were unlimited, there would be no reason to expect an end of capitalist
society. But with the growth of the proletariat, the class struggle also increases, since at a certain
point of development the productive forces of the workers can no longer be applied
capitalistically. At that point, the proletariat, of its own accord, develops into a revolutionary
force, which strives for and brings about an overthrow of the existing social relations.
A proletarian revolution is a social revolution in which the working class attempts to overthrow
the capitalists and change the previous political system. Proletarian revolutions are generally
advocated by socialists, communists and anarchists. Marxists believe proletarian revolutions
can and will likely happen in all capitalist countries, related to the concept of world revolution.
Marxism argues that a proletarian revolution must be led by a vanguard of "professional
revolutionaries", men and women who are fully dedicated to the communist cause and who
form the nucleus of the communist revolutionary movement. This vanguard is meant to
provide leadership and organization to the working class before and during the revolution,
which aims to prevent the government from successfully ending it.

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Muhammad Zain Abbas 20-10098

more real? Mind or matter?”

says it looked bent because it’s in the water.

Rationalist or you can be a Materialist and an Empiricist.

rationalist or can be a materialist and an empiricist.

Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes individual existence, freedom and choice. It is

despite existing in an irrational universe.

debates in his writings.

no longer be held privately.

advocated by socialists, communists and anarchists. Marxists believe proletarian revolutions

Marxism argues that a proletarian revolution must be led by a vanguard of "professional

which aims to prevent the government from successfully ending it.

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