1.

Check Nametag
2. Mute your microphone while LISTENING to the
teacher, then unmute if you are about to talk or
recite.
3. Raise hand and use the chat box if you want to
communicate with the teacher
4. If you are about to recite, talk audibly and wait
for your turn.
5. Prepare yourself for “Cold Calls”
6. Report to the teachers if you suddenly
experience technical problems.
 The universe as we currently know it
comprises all space and time, and all
matter, and energy on it.
 The universe is at least 4.5 – 4.6 billion
years old.

- IT’S 13.8 BILLION YRS

OLD, WHILE THE SOLAR
SYSTEM IS AT LEAST 4.5 –
4.6 BILLION YRS OLD
 The solar system as a part of the Milky
Way is located at the outer limb of the
galaxy.
 The age of the observable universe is about 13.8 billion
years with the solar system relatively younger at about 4.6
billion years old. Earth is the third planet from the sun in
the solar system where we live. The oldest fossil skeleton
of a human ancestor (Ardipithecus Ramidus) is about 4.4
million years old. The age of the universe cannot be
measured because no one was around during its creation.
Much like how we count our ages, the age of the universe
is also inferred.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
 Compare the different hypotheses explaining the origin of
the solar system.
 Describe the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to
support life
 What are the major theories pertaining
to the nature of expanding galaxy?
Explain each.
 Why do some scientists believe that the
universe is expanding?
 What are the major theories about the
origin of the solar system? Explain each.
 How is space exploration benefits
mankind?
 A model is a representation of an idea,
an object, or even a process that is used
to describe and explain phenomena
that cannot be experienced directly.
Scientists use models to predict what
happens in a particular event such as
the origin of the solar system.
 by CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY (90-168 CE),
which states that the Earth was the
center of the solar system

During the time of Claudius Ptolemy, the geocentric

model was the accepted explanation of the
different motions in the universe. The Sun, Moon, Stars
and five planets, namely, Mercury Venus, Mars,
Jupiter and Saturn move around Earth.
 by NICHOLAS COPERNICUS (1473-1543),
which states that the Sun is rather the
center of the solar system.

In sixteenth century, Nicholas Copernicus proposed

an opposing idea to the geocentric model by
developing another model that explained the
structure of the solar system. This proposal was all
stated in what we call as the foundations of the
Copernican revolution.
 Universe is an all space-time, matter and
energy including the solar system, all
stars and galaxies and content of
intergalactic space, regarded as a
whole. There are three various theories
explaining the origin of the universe;
 The big bang theory remains to be the prevailing
cosmological model for the early development of the
universe. It provides the best explanation of the origin of
the universe and is implicitly accepted. According to the
Big Bang Theory, the universe was once very small and
very hot, and then it expanded over time until it reached
its peak (which may be perceived as a massive explosion
for some) around 13.8 billion years ago (considered the
age of the universe). The Big Bang model also asserts that
second after the explosion, the surroundings were at a
high temperature of about 10 billion degrees Fahrenheit
(5.5 billion Celsius) with aggregates of fundamental
particles such as neutrons, electrons, and protons. As the
universe cooled in later phases, these particles either
combined with each other or decayed. The universe was
also said to continue to expand over the next 13 billion
years until the present.
 This theory states that the universe is always
expanding in a constant average density.
Because of this state, matter is continuously
created to form cosmic or celestial bodies
such as stars and galaxies. The older bodies
that were formed are no longer easily
observable as a consequence of their huge
distances and rate of recession. This theory
further claims that the universe has no
beginning or end in time, and even though
it is expanding, its appearance remains the
same over time.
 The steady state theory was first proposed by Sir
James Jeans (1877-1946) in 1920. It gained popularity
after it was revised by Fred Hoyle (1915-2001),
Herman Bondi (1919-2005), and Thomas Gold (1920-
2004) in 1948 as an alternative to the big bang
theory. However, toward the 1960s, much evidence
was produced that would contradict the steadiness
or the unchanging state of the universe. When
certain galactic bodies such as quasars and radio
galaxies were found only at far distance in space, it
just disproved the idea that similar bodies are
created and found only at far distances in space, it
just disproved the idea that similar bodies are
created and found everywhere. This implies that the
universe is actually evolving (and not steady).
 The most recent inflation theory was proposed
by physicists Alan Guth (1947-present) and
Andrei Linde (1948-present) in the 1980s. The
term inflation refers to the rapid expansion of
space-time. According to this theory, the early
universe was a rapidly expanding bubble of
pure vacuum energy. It did not have any
matter or radiation. After the expansion and
cooling arising from this inflation, the potential
energy converted into kinetic energy of matter
and radiation. Then, a big bang occurred
because of the extremely hot, dense condition
of matter.
SOLAR SYSTEM
 Just a part of the vast universe is our
solar system. It is located somewhere
in Milky Way Galaxy. It consists of the
sun being at the center, minor and
major planets and other celestial
bodies like satellites, comets, asteroids
and meteoroids.
 The nebular hypothesis was developed by Immanuel
Kant (1724-1804) and Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749-
1827) in the 18th century. It was the model used to
explain the formation and evolution of the solar
system.
 According to this theory, the Sun and all the planets
of our Solar System began as a giant cloud of
molecular gas and dust. Then, about 4.57 billion years
ago, something happened that caused the cloud to
collapse. This could have been the result of a passing
star, or shock waves from a supernova, but the end
result was a gravitational collapse at the center of
the cloud.
 The Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal
hypothesis was proposed in 1905 by
geologist Thomas Chrowder
Chamberlin and astronomer Forest Ray
Moulton to describe the formation of
the Solar System. It was proposed as a
replacement for the Laplacian version of
the nebular hypothesis that had
prevailed since the 19th century.
 The hypothesis was based on the idea that a star passed close
enough to the sun early in its life to cause tidal bulges to form
on its surface, which along with the internal process that leads
to solar prominences, caused material to be ejected repeatedly
from the sun. Due to the gravitational effects of the passing
star, two spiral-like arms would have extended from the sun,
and while most of the material would have fallen back, part of it
would remain in orbit.
 Their theory proposed that as these objects collided over time,
the planets and their moons were built up,
with comets and asteroids being the leftover debris. The "spiral
nebulae" photographed at Lick Observatory were thought to
possibly be views of other suns undergoing this process. These
nebulae are now known to be galaxies rather than developing
solar systems.
 In 1917, James Hopwood Jeans argued that only a very close
approach of a second star was necessary to eject material,
instead of requiring solar prominences.

 In 1939, Lyman Spitzer showed that a column of material drawn

out from the sun would dissipate rather than condense. By this
time the theory had mostly fallen out of favor, and in the 1940s,
the work of Henry Norris Russell showed that if the solar material
had been pulled away from the sun with the force necessary to
account for the angular momentum of Jupiter, the material
would have continued out of the solar system entirely.

 Though the Chamberlin–Moulton hypothesis is no longer

accepted, the idea of planetesimals remains in modern theory.
 proposed by James Hopwood Jeans (1877
– 1946) and Harold Jeffreys (1891 – 1989) is a
variation of the planetesimal concept. It
suggests that a huge tidal wave was
praised on our sun by a passing star a long
filament was drawn out and detached from
the principal mass of our sun. as the stream
of gaseous material condensed, it
separated into masses of various sizes and
condensed to form the planets.
 Protoplanet, in astronomical theory,
a hypothetical eddy in a whirling cloud
of gas or dust that becomes a planet by
condensation during formation of a solar
system. As the central body, or protostar,
of the system contracts and heats up,
the increasing pressure of its radiation is
believed to drive off much of the thinner
material of the protoplanets, particularly
those closer to the nascent star.
A terrestrial planet, telluric planet, or rocky
planet is a planet that is composed
primarily of silicate rocks or metals. Within
the Solar System, the terrestrial planets are
the inner planets closest to the Sun,
i.e. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. These
planets are located between the Sun and
the asteroid belt. All terrestrial planets in the
Solar System have the same basic type of
structure, such as a central metallic core,
mostly iron, with a surrounding
silicate mantle. The Moon is similar, but has
a much smaller iron core.
 It is the smallest terrestrial planet in the
solar system, about a third the size of
Earth. It has a thin atmosphere, which
causes it to swing between burning and
freezing temperatures.
 Which is about the same size as Earth, has a
thick, toxic carbon-monoxide-dominated
atmosphere that traps heat, making it the
hottest planet in the solar system. Venus has
no known moons. Much of the planet's
surface is marked with volcanoes and deep
canyons. The biggest canyon on Venus
stretches across the surface for 4,000 miles
(nearly 6,500 kilometers). And it's possible
that at least some of the planet's volcanoes
are still active.
 is the largest among the four terrestrial planets,
and the only one with extensive regions of
liquid water. Water is necessary for life as we
know it, and life is abundant on Earth — from
the deepest oceans to the highest mountains.
Like the other terrestrial planets, Earth has a
rocky surface with mountains and canyons,
and a heavy-metal core. Earth's atmosphere
contains water vapor, which helps to
moderate daily temperatures. The planet has
regular seasons for much of its surface; regions
closer to the equator tend to stay warm, while
spots closer to the poles are cooler and, in the
winter, icy.
 has the largest mountain in the solar system,
rising 78,000 feet (nearly 24 km) above the
surface. Much of the surface is very old and
filled with craters, but there are geologically
newer areas of the planet as well. At the
Martian poles are polar ice caps that shrink
in size during the Martian spring and
summer. Mars is less dense than Earth and
has a smaller magnetic field, which is
indicative of a solid core, rather than a
liquid one.
 The Jovian planet or gas giants of our Solar
System are composed primarily of
hydrogen and helium with the remainder
being taken up by heavier elements. These
elements correspond to a structure that is
differentiated between an outer layer of
molecular hydrogen and helium that
surrounds a layer of liquid (or metallic)
hydrogen or volatile elements, and a
probable molten core with a rocky
composition.
 It is the fifth in line from the Sun, by far,
the largest planet in the solar system –
more than twice as massive as all the
other planets combined. Jupiter's familiar
stripes and swirls are actually cold, windy
clouds of ammonia and water, floating
in an atmosphere of hydrogen and
helium. Jupiter’s iconic Great Red Spot is
a giant storm bigger than Earth that has
raged for hundreds of years.
 It is the sixth planet from the Sun and the
second largest planet in our solar system.
Adorned with thousands of beautiful
ringlets, Saturn is unique among the
planets. It is not the only planet to have
rings that is made of chunks of ice and
rock but none are as spectacular or as
complicated as Saturn's. Like fellow gas
giant Jupiter, Saturn is a massive ball
made mostly of hydrogen and helium.
Interesting Facts About Uranus

 Uranus is known as the “sideways planet” because

it rotates on its side.
 Uranus was discovered in 1781 by William Herschel.
 Uranus was the first planet found using a telescope.
 Uranus is an Ice Giant planet and nearly four times
larger than Earth.
 Uranus has 27 known moons, most of which are
named after literary characters.
 Like Saturn, Jupiter and Neptune, Uranus is a ringed
planet.
 It is the eighth and farthest-known planet from the
Sun in the Solar System. In the Solar System, it is the
fourth-largest planet by diameter, the third-most-
massive planet, and the densest giant
planet. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth, slightly
more massive than its near-twin Uranus. Dark, cold
and whipped by supersonic winds, ice giant Neptune
is the eighth and most distant planet in our solar
system. More than 30 times as far from the Sun as
Earth, Neptune is the only planet in our solar system
not visible to the naked eye and the first predicted by
mathematics before its discovery. In 2011 Neptune
completed its first 165-year orbit since its discovery in
1846.