Subject : Chemistry Class : IX

CONTENTS
S.NO. Topics Page No.
1. MATTER IN OUR SUROUNDINGS 1 - 15
2. IS MATTE AROUND US PURE 16- 45
3. ATOMS AND MOLECULES 46 - 71
4. STRUCTURE OF ATOM 72 - 89

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MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

INTRODUCTIONThere are a large number of things around us which we see and feel. For example, we can see a
book in front of us. A book occupies some space. The space occupied by the book is called it volume. If we pick up
the book, we can also feel its weight. So, we conclude that the book has some mass. We cannot see the air around
us, yet if we fill a balloon with air and then weight it carefully, we will find that not only does air occupy space
(bounded by the balloon), but is also has mass.
Things like a book and air are examples of matter. Other examples of matter are wood, cloth, paper, ice,
steel, water, oil etc. Further, that matter offers resistance is borne out by the fact that we cannot displace an
object from one place to another without applying some force. We have to apply force to pick up a stone
from the ground. Thus, matter can be defined as follows -

Anything that occupies space, has mass and offer resistance is called matter.
SUBSTANCE : A substance is a kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any

physical process. For example, sugar dissolved in water can be separated from water by simply

evaporating the water. Here sugar is a substance which cannot be broken into its components by any

physical process.
PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER

(a) Matter is Made up of Particles :

(i) Everything around us is made up of many tiny pieces or particles.
(ii) Particles which make up the matter are constantly moving.

(iii) Particles which make up mater are atoms or molecules.

(i) Evidences for the presence of particles is matter : Most of the evidences for the existence of particles

in matter and their motion come from the experiments of diffusion and Brownian motion.

(A) Dissolving a solid in a liquid : Potassium permanganate is a purple coloured solid substance and

water is a liquid. We will take 2 - 3 crystals of potassium permanganate and dissolve them in 100 ml of

water. Now we will take out 10 ml of this solution and put into another 90 ml of clear water. We will keep
diluting the solution like this 5 to 8 times.
(B) Conclusion : This experiments shows that just a few crystals of potassium permanganate can colour a
large volume of water. It means a crystal of KMnO 4 is made up of millions of tiny particles. They keep

dividing themselves into smaller and smaller particles. Particles of KMnO4 and particles of water spread into

each other, it means they are moving. This movement of different particles among each other, so that they
become mixed uniformly, is called diffusion.
(ii) Movement of pollen grains in water : The best evidence for the existence and movement of particles
in liquids was given by Robert Brown in 1827. Robert Brown suspended extremely small pollen grains in
water. On looking through the microscope, it was found that the pollen grains were moving rapidly
throughout water in a very irregular way (or zig - zag way).

(A) Brownian motion : Zig - zag motion (in a very irregular way) of particles is known as Brownian motion.
Brownian motion can also be observed in gases. Sometimes, when a beam of light enters a room, we can
see tiny dust particles suspended in air which are moving rapidly in a very random way. This is an example
of Brownian motion in gases. The tiny dust particles move here and there because they are constantly hit
by the fast moving particles of air.
• Matter is made up of tiny particles.
• Particles of matter are constantly moving.

Brownian motion increases on increasing the temperature.

(b) Characteristics of Particles of Matter :

The important characteristics of particles of matter are the following :
(i) The particles of matter are very, very small : It can be explained by performing the following
experiment. We will dissolve 2 or 3 drops of indigo dye in 100 ml of water. We will get a deep blue coloured
solution. Now we will keep diluting the solution and we will observe that intensity of blue colour of indigo dye
solution goes on decreasing.
(ii) The particles of matter have spaces between them :
(A) Experiment : We take about 100 ml of a water in a beaker and mark the level of water. We will also
take 50 g of sugar. Now we will dissolve the sugar by stirring and we get 3 sugar solution.
(B) Conclusion : The level of sugar solution in the beaker is at the same mark where water level was
initially in the beaker.
 It shows that particles sugar go into the spaces between various molecule of water due to which there is no
change in the volume. Thus, from this experiment it can be concluded that, the molecules in water are not

tightly packed, they have spaces between them.

(iii) The particles of matter are constantly moving : This property can be explained by diffusion.
(A) Diffusion : “Intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion.” It is

the phenomenon in which the movement of molecules or particles occur from their higher concentration

towards their lower concentration.

e.g. : When a perfume bottle is opened in one corner of a room, its fragrance spreads in the whole room

quickly. This happens because the particles of perfume move rapidly in all directions and mix with the

moving particles of air in the room.

The particles of matter possess kinetic energy and so are constantly moving. As
temperature rises, particles move faster.

(iv) Particles of matter attract each other : There are some forces of attraction between the particles of

matter which bind them together.

(A) Cohesive Force : The force of attraction between the particles of different substances is called

adhesive force.

e.g. : If we take a piece o chalk, a cube of ice and an iron nail and beat them with a hammer, chalk will

easily break into smaller pieces, but more force will be required to break a cube of ice and iron nail will not

break.
Reason : The reason for this is that force of attraction is quite weak in between the chalk particles, but force

of attraction in between the particles of ice cube is a bit stronger, while force of attraction in between the
particles of iron is very-very strong.
RIGID AND FLUID
(i) Rigid : Rigid means „unbending‟ or inflexible. A solid is a rigid form of matter so that it maintains its

shape when subjected to outside force.

(ii) Fluids : Fluids are the substances which have tendency to flow. A liquid is a fluid form of mater which

occupies the space of the container. Liquids have a well defined surface.

A gas is a fluid form of matter which fills the whole container in which it is kept.

Liquid and gases are known as fluids.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
On the basis of physical states, all matter can be classified into three groups :-
(a) Solids (b) Liquids (c) Gases
(a) Solids :
A solid is that state of matter which has definite shape, mass and volume.
e.g. : Ice, wood, coal, iron etc.
(i) Properties :
• Solids have a definite mass and definite volume.
• Solids have a definite shape.
• Solids have negligible compressibility.
• Solids have high densities.
• The intermolecular forces in solids are very strong.
• The dimensions of solid do not increase in large proportion on heating or cooling.
• Solids diffuse into one another very slowly.
(b) Liquids :
A liquid is a state of matter which has definite mass and volume but no definite shape.
e.g. : Water, alcohol, milk, mercury etc.
(i) Properties :
• Liquid have a definite mass and volume.
• Liquid do not have a definite shape.
• Liquids are slightly more compressible than that of solids.
• Density of liquids is lesser than that of solids.
• The force of attraction between the molecules of liquids is less than that of solids.
• Liquids expands far more than solids on heating.
• The particles of two different liquids can diffuse is one another easily.
(c) Gases :
A gas is a state of matter, which has definite mass, but no definite shape and no definite volume.
e.g. : O2, N2, H2 etc.

(i) Properties :
• A gas contained in a vessel has a definite mass.
• Gases do not have definite shape and volume.
• Gases are highly compressible because intermolecular spaces between them are very - very large as
compared to solids and liquids.
• Density of gases is extremely small as compared to solids and liquids.
• Intermolecular forces are negligible.
• Gases expands to large extent when heated.
• The gases diffuse in one another rapidly to form homogeneous mixture.
 Comparison of the characteristics of three states of matter.

S.No. Property Solid state Liquid state Gaseous state

1 Interparticle Very small spaces Comparatively large Very large spaces
spaces spaces
2 Interparticles Very strong Weak Very weak
forces
3 Nature Very hard and rigid Fluid Highly fluid
4 Compressibility Negligible Very small Highy
compressible.
5 Shape and volume Definite shape and Indenfinite shape, but Indefinite shape
volume definite volume as well as volume
6 Density High Les than the density in Very low density
solid state
7 Kinetic energy Low Comparatively high Very high
8 Diffusion Negligible Slow Very fast

(d) Gases are Highly Compressible therefore :

(i) LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is used in our home for cooking.
(ii) Oxygen cylinders supplied to hospitals contain liquid oxygen.
(iii) C.N.G. (Compressed Natural Gas) is used a fuel these days in vehicles.

Gaseous particles move randomly at high speed and hit each other and also walls of the
container, so exert pressure.

EXERCISE

OBJECTIVE DPP - 1.1

1. The quantity of matter present in an object is called its -

(A) weight (B) volume (C) mass (D) Density
2. Which of the following is/are rigid(s) ?
(A) Solids (B) Liquids (C) Gases (D) Both (B) and (C)
3. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?
(A) Intermolecular forces of attraction is solids are maximum.
(B) Intermolecular forces of attraction is gases are minimum.
(C) Intermolecular spaces in solids are minimum.
(D) All of the above
4. What happens to the volume of the solution when small amount of sugar is dissolved in it ?
(A) Volume will increase. (B) Volume will decrease.
(C) Volume first increases then decreases. (D) No change in volume.
5. Which of the following is not correct for gases ?
(A) Gases have definite mass. (B) Gases have definite shape.
(C) Gases have definite volume (D) Both (B) and (C)
6. Which of the following is not an example of matter ?
(A) Air (B) Feeling of cold (C) Dust (D) None of these
7. Which of the following statements is correct ?
(A) Interparticle spaces are maximum in the gaseous state of a substance.
(B) Particles which constitute the matter follow a zig-zag path.
(C) Solid state is the most compact state of substance.
(D) All are correct
8. Which out of the following does not make sense.
(A) Solids have fixed shape and fixed volume.
(B) Liquids can be compressed easily, but not gases.
(C) The particles of solids have negligible kinetic energy.
(D) Property of diffusion is maximum in the gaseous state.
9. Which of the following is/are application(s) of high compressibility of gases ?
(A) L.P.G. is used as fuel in homes for cooking food.
(B) Oxygen cylinders are supplied to hospitals.
(C) C.N.G. is used as fuel in vehicles.
(D) All of these
10. Which of the following statements does not go with the liquid state ?
(A) Particles are loosely packed in the liquid state.
(B) Fluidity is the maximum in the liquid state.
(C) Liquids can be compressed.
(D) Liquids take up the shape of any container in which these are placed.

SUBJECTIVE DPP - 1.2

1. What is Brownian motion ?

2. Why do gases diffuse very fast ?
3. Arrange the following substances in the increasing order of interparticle forces. Water, common salt,
nitrogen.
4. Out of solid, liquid and gas, which has -
(a) maximum interparticle spaces. (b) maximum particle motion.‟
(c) definite volume but no definite shape. (d) least diffusion of the particles.
5. Give four characteristics associated with the gaseous state.
6. What is common in the three states of matter ?
7. A certain substance „A‟ can be compressed to very less extent, but takes up the shape of any container in
which it is placed. What will be its physical state ?
8. Solids are generally very heavy while gases are light. Explain.
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MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

CL - 2

INTERCONVERSION OF STATES OF MATTER

The phenomenon of change of mater form one state to another state and back to original state, by altering
the conditions of temperature and pressure, is called interconversion of matter.
The various states of matter can be interchanged into one another by altering the conditions of -
(a) Temperature (b) Pressure.
(a) Altering the Temperature of Matter :
(i) Interconversion of solid into liquid and vice versa : The solids can be converted into liquids by
heating them. Similarly liquids can be cooled to form solids.
e.g. : Ice at 00C changes into water at 00C, when heat energy is supplied to it. The water at 00C changes
into ice at 00C on freezing.
(A) Melting or Fusion : The process due to which a solid changes into liquid state by absorbing heat
energy is called melting or fusion.
(B) Freezing or Solidification : The process due to which a liquid changes into solid state by giving out
heat energy is called freezing or solidification.
(C) Melting Point : The constant temperature at which a solid changes into liquid state by absorbing heat
energy is called it melting point.
(D) Freezing Point : The constant temperature at which a liquid changes into solid state by giving out heat
energy is called freezing point.

The numerical value of freezing point and melting point is same. Melting point of ice =
Freezing point of water = 0 0c (273.16 k).

Explanation : On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy (K.E.) of particles increases. Due

to increases in K.E., the particles start vibrating with greater speed. The energy supplied by heart
overcomes the force of attraction between the particles. Then, the particles leave their fixed positions

and start moving freely and thus solid melts.

Latent Heat of Fusion : The amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of solid into liquid at
atmospheric pressure and its melting point is known as the latent heat of fusion. (In Greek Latent means
Hidden)
Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 × 105 J/kg.
Particles of water at 00C (273 K) have more energy as compared to particles in ice at the same
temperature.
(ii) Interconversion of liquid into gaseous state and vice versa : Liquids can be converted into gases by
heating them. Similarly, gases can be converted into liquids by cooling them.
e.g. : Water at normal pressure changes into gas (steam) at 100 0C by absorbing heat. Steam at 1000C
changes into water by giving out energy.
(A) Boiling or Vaporisation : The process due to which a liquid changes into gaseous state by absorbing
heat energy is called boiling.
(B) Condensation or Liquefaction: The process due to which a gas changes into liquid state by giving
out heat energy is called condensation.
(C) Boiling point : The constant temperature at which a liquid rapidly changes into gaseous state by
absorbing heat energy at atmospheric pressure is called boiling point.
(D) Condensation Point : The constant temperature at which a gas changes into liquid state by giving out
heat energy at atmospheric pressure is called condensation point.

The numerical value of condensation point and boiling point is same. Condensation point of
vapour (water) = Boiling point of water = 100 0C (373 K).

Explanation : When heat is supplied to water, particles start moving faster. At a certain temperature, a
point is reached when the particles have enough energy to break the forces of attraction between the
particles. At this temperature the liquid starts changing into gas.
Latent heat of vaporisation : The amount of heat which is required to convert 1 kg of the liquid (at its
boiling point) to vapour or gas without any change in temperature. Latent heat of vaporisation of water =
22.5 × 105 J/kg.

Particles in steam, that is water vapour at 373 K have more energy than water at the same
temperature. Because steam have absorbed extra energy in the form of latent heat of
vaporisation.
 (iii) Direct interconversion of solid into gaseous state and vice versa : The changing of solid directly
into vapours on heating and of vapours directly into solid on cooling is known as sublimation.
• The solid which undergoes sublimation is called „sublime‟.
• The solid obtained by cooling the vapours of a solid is called „sublimate‟.
e.g. : Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl), iodine, camphor, naphthalene (moth balls) and anthracene.

Interconversion of states of matter

EXERCISE

OBJECTIVE DPP - 2.1

1. On changing which of the following, the states of matter can be changed ?

(A) Temperature (B) Pressure (C) (A) & (B) both (D) None of these

2. Melting & freezing point of water -

(A) are same (B) have large difference between them.

(C) have close difference between them. (D) None of these

3. The boiling point of alcohol is 780C. What will be the temperature in Kelvin scale ?

(A) 373 K (B) 351 K (C) 375 K (D) 78 K

4. Latent heat of vaporisation of water is -

(A) 2.25 × 102 J/kg (B) 22.5 × 105 J/kg (C) 3.34 × 105 J/kg (D) 33.4 × 102 J/kg

5. S.I. unit of temperature is -

(A) Kelvin (B)Celsius (C) Both (D) None

6. In sublimation process -

(A) solid changes into liquid (B) liquid changes into gas.

(C) solid changes directly into gas. (D) None of these

7. When a liquid starts boiling, the further heat energy which is supplied -

(A) is lost to the surrounding as such.

(B) increasing the temperature of the liquid.

(C) increases the kinetic energy of the liquid.

(D) is absorbed as latent heat of vaporisation by the liquid.

8. 100C temperature is equal to -

(A) 163 K (B) 10 K (C) 183 K (D) 283 K

9. Which of the following will respond to sublimation ?

(A) Common salt (B) Sugar (C) Camphor (D) Potassium nitrate

10. Solids cannot be compressed because -

(A) constituent particles are very closely packed.

(B) interparticle attractive forces are weak.

(C) movement of constituent particles is restricted.

(D) constituent particles diffuse very slowly.

SUBJECTIVE DPP - 2.2

1. Define condensation.

2. What is latent heat of fusion ?

3. Name one property which is shown by naphthalene and not by sodium chloride.

4. Are the melting point of solid and the freezing point of liquid same or different.

5. The melting point of a substance is just below the room temperature. Predict its physical state.

6. When a solid melts, its temperature remains the same, so where does the heat energy go ?

7. Discuss the significance of the boiling point of liquid.

8. Explain the interconversion of states of matter.

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MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

CL - 3

BY ALTERING PRESSURE
The difference in various states of matter is due to the different intermolecular spaces between their
particles. So when a gas is compressed the intermolecular space between its particles decreases and
ultimately it will be converted into liquid.
Pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance. So, high pressure and low temperature can
liquefy gases.
e.g. : Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a gas under normal conditions of temperature and pressure. It can be

liquefied by compression it to a pressure 70 times more than atmospheric pressure.

Solid CO2 is known as „Dry ice‟. Solid CO2 is extremely cold and used to „deep freeze‟ food and to keep ice

- cream cold.
Unit of pressure :
Atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measuring pressure exerted by a gas.
The unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa.)
1 atm = 1.01 × 10.5 Pa.

When pressure is lowered the boiling point of liquid is lowered. This helps in rapid change
of liquid into gas.

EVAPORATION
The phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called
evaporation.
Water changes into vapours below 1000C. The particles of matter are always moving and are never at rest.
At a given temperature in any gas, liquid or solid, there are particles with different K.E.
In case of liquids, a small fraction of particles at the surface, having higher K.E., is able to break the forces
of attraction of other particles and gets converted into vapour.

The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atm.

(a) Factors affecting Evaporation :
(i) Temperature : With the increase in temperature the rate of evaporation increases.
Rate of evaporation  T
Reason : On increasing temperature more number of particles get enough K.E. to go into the vapour sate.
(ii) Surface Area : Rate of evaporation  Surface area
Since evaporation is a surface phenomena, if the surface area is increased, the rate of evaporation
increases. So, while putting clothes for drying up we spread them out.
1
(iii) Humidity of Air : Rate of evaporation 
Humidity

Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. When humidity of air is low, the rate of evaporation is
high and water evaporates more readily. When humidity of air is high, the rate of evaporation is low and
water evaporates very slowly.
(iv) Wind Speed : Rate of evaporation  Wind speed
With the increase in wind speed, the particles of water vapour move away with the wind. So the amount of
water vapour decrease in the surroundings.
(v) Nature of substance : Substances with high boiling points will evaporate slowly, while substance with
low boiling points will evaporate quickly.

Difference between evaporation and boiling

S.No. Evaporation Boiling

1 It is a surface phenomenon. It is a bulk phenomenon.
2 It occurs at all temperatures below B.P. It occurs at B.P. only.
3 It leaves the cooling effect. It increases the temperature.

(b) Cooling Causes by Evaporation :

The cooling caused by evaporation is based on the fact that when a liquid evaporates, it draws (or takes)
the latent heat of vaporisation from „anything‟ which it touches.
For example :
• If we put a little of spirit (ether or petrol) on the palm of our hand then our hand feels very cold.
• Perspiration (or sweating) is our body‟s method of maintaining a constant temperature.
(c) We Wear Cotton Clothes in Summer :
During summer, we perspire more because of the mechanism of our body which keeps us cool. During
evaporation, the particles at the surface of liquid gain energy from the surroundings or body surface. The
heat energy equal to latent heat of vaporisation is absorbed from the body leaving the body cool. Cotton,
being a good absorber of water helps in absorbing the sweat.
 (d) Water droplets on the outer surface of a glass containing ice cold water :
If we take some ice cold water in a tumbler then we will observe water droplets on the outer surface of
tumbler.
Reason : The water vapour present in air on coming in contact with cold glass of water, loses energy. So
water vapour gets converted to liquid state, which we see as water droplets.

PLASMA
This state consist of super energetic and super excited particles. These particles are in the form of ionised
gases.
For e.g : neon sign bulb and fluorescent tube
Neon sign bulb - Neon gas
Fluorescent tube - Helium gas
When electrical energy flows through gas, it gets ionised and hence plasma is created. Plasma glows with a
special colour depending on nature of gas. Sun and the stars glow because of the pressure of plasma.

BOSE - EINSTIEN CONSENSATE (B.E.C.)

The B.E.C. is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density, about one-hundred - thousandth the density
of normal air, to super low temperature.

EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 3.1

1. Dry ice means -

(A) solid ammonia (B) solid carbon dioxide
(C) solid sulphur dioxide (D) normal ice
2. On a hot humid day rate of evaporation -
(A) is more (B) is less
(C) initially more, later on less (D) remains same.
3. During evaporation, particles of a liquid change into vapours only -
(A) form the surface. (B) from the bulk.
(C) from both surface and bulk. (D) neither from surface nor from bulk.
4. Rate of evaporation depends upon -
(A) temperature (B) surface area (C) humidity (D) All of these
5. Pressure of air at sea level is -

(A) one atmosphere (B) 76 cm of Hg (C) 760 mm of Hg (D) All of these

6. One atmosphere is equal to -

(A) 1.01 × 105 Pa (B) 3.46 × 104 Pa (C) 1 Pa (D) 10 Pa

7. During evaporation of liquid -

(A) the temperature of the liquid falls.

(B) the temperature of the liquid rises.

(C) the temperature of the liquid remains unchanged.

(D) all statements are wrong.

8. As temperature increases rate of evaporation -

(A) increases (B) decreases.

(C) first increases, then decreases. (D) remains same.

9. A gas can be best liquefied -

(A) by increasing the temperature.

(B) by lowering the pressure.

(C) by increasing the pressure and reducing the temperature.

(D) None of these is correct.

10. In which phenomenon water changes into water vapour below its boiling point ?

(A) Evaporation (B) Condensation

(C) Boiling (D) No such phenomena exists

SUBEJCTIVE DPP - 3.2

1. What is relation between pressure in atmospheres and pressure in pascals ?

2. Distinguish between boiling and evaporation.

3. Explain how gases can be liquefied ?

4. Clothes dry fast on a windy day. Why ?

5. Explain the factors affecting the rate of evaporation.

6. Why do we sweat more on a humid day ?

7. What is the purpose of sipping coffee from a saucer instead of sipping from a glass or cup ?

8. Why do we normally prefer cotton clothes during summer ?

 ANSWER KEY
(OBJECTIVE DPP - 1.1)

Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans. C A D D D B D B D
B

(SUBJECTIVE DPP - 1.2)

Sol.6 All of them occupy space and have mass.

Sol.7 The physical state of the substance „A‟ is a liquid.
Sol.8 In the solids, the particles are very closely packed. As a result, the number of particles per unit volume is
quite large. Therefore, the solids are normally quite heavy. In the gases, the particles are loosely packed.
The number of particles per unit volume is comparatively small, Therefore, gases are light.

(OBJECTIVE DPP - 2.1)

Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans. C A B B A C D D C
A

(SUBJECTIVE DPP - 2.2)

Sol.3 naphthalene undergoes sublimation upon heating and directly changes into vapours. Sodium chloride
(common salt) does not undergo sublimation. It melts on strong heating.
Sol.4 Same
Sol.5 Liquid
Sol.7 The boiling point of the liquids help is comparing the magnitude or strength of the interparticle or
intermolecular forces present in them. Greater these forces, more will be the boiling point of the liquid.

(OBJECTIVE DPP - 3.1)

Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans. B B A D D A A A C
A

(SUBJECTIVE DPP - 3.2)

Sol. 1 atm = 1.01 × 105 Pa