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2018-19
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO-2,
CRPFCAMPUS, BHUBANESWAR

TOPIC- MALARIA

SUBMITTED BY-

CLASS-

ROLL NO-

PROJECT ADVISOR-
 of 14  
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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this biology investigatory

 project on the topic ‘Malaria’ successfully
completed by S. Manoj Prabakaran of class 12th
for practical examination of the central board of
education in year 2021-2022. It is further
certified that this project is the individual work
of the candidate.

SUBJECT TEACHER EXTERNAL EXAMINER 

 
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ACKNOWLEDGEME
 NT
I wish to express my deep gratude and sincere thanks to my subject teacher MRS/MR
(PGT BIO.) for her encouragement and for all the facilies that she provided for this project work. I
sincerely appreciate this magnanimity by taking me into her fold for which I shall remain indebted to
her. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratude for her invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement, construcve comments, sympathec atude and immense movaon, which has
sustained my eorts at all stages of this project work. I can’t forget to oer my sincere thanks to my
classmates who helped me to carry out this project work successfully and for their valuable advice and
support, which I received from them me to me.
 
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  CONTENTS
  INTRODUCTION
  KEY FACTS
  CAUSES
  TRANSMISSION
  PREVENTION
  TREATMENT
  WHO responses..
  CASE STUDY
  BIBLIOGRAPHY
 
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  INTRODUCTION
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infecous disease aecng humans and other animals caused
by parasic single-celled microorganisms belonging to the Plasmodium group. Malaria
causes symptoms that typically include fever, redness, voming, and headaches. In severe cases it can
cause yellow skin, seizures, coma, or death. Symptoms usually begin ten to een days aer being
bien by an infected mosquito. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease
months later. In those who have recently survived an infecon, reinfecon usually causes milder
symptoms. This paral resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no connuing
exposure to malaria.
The disease is most commonly transmied by an infected female  Anopheles mosquito. The mosquito
bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito's saliva into a person's blood. The parasites travel to
the liver where they mature and reproduce. Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread by
humans. Most deaths are caused by P. falciparum because P. vivax , P. ovale, and P. malariae generally
cause a milder form of malaria. The species P. knowlesi  rarely causes disease in humans. Malaria is
typically diagnosed by the microscopic examinaon of blood using blood lms, or with angen-
based rapid diagnosc tests. Methods that use the polymerase chain reacon to detect the
parasite's DNA have been developed, but are not widely used in areas where malaria is common due to
their cost and complexity.
The risk of disease can be reduced by prevenng mosquito bites through the use of mosquito
nets and insect repellents, or with mosquito control measures such as spraying inseccides and
draining standing water. Several medicaons are available to prevent malaria in travelers to areas where
the disease is common. Occasional doses of the combinaon medicaon sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine are
recommended in infants and aer the rst trimester of pregnancy in areas with high rates of
malaria. Despite a need, no eecve vaccine exists, although eorts to develop one are ongoing.   The
recommended treatment for malaria is a combinaon of anmalarial medicaons that includes
an artemisinin. The second medicaon may be either meoquine, lumefantrine, or
sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Quinine along with doxycycline may be used if an artemisinin is not
available. It is recommended that in areas where the disease is common, malaria is conrmed if possible
before treatment is started due to concerns of increasing drug resistance. Resistance among the
parasites has developed to several anmalarial medicaons; for example, chloroquine-
resistant P. falciparum  has spread to most malarial areas, and resistance to artemisinin has become a
problem in some parts of Southeast Asia.  
The disease is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions that exist in a broad band around
the equator. This includes much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Lan America. In 2016, there were 216
million cases of malaria worldwide resulng in an esmated 445,000 to 731,000 deaths. Approximately
90% of both cases and deaths occurred in Africa. Rates of disease have decreased from 2000 to 2015 by
37%, but increased from 2014 during which there were 198 million cases. Malaria is commonly
associated with poverty and has a major negave eect on economic development. In Africa, it is
esmated to result in losses of US$12 billion a year due to increased healthcare costs, lost ability to
work, and negave eects on tourism.
 
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  KEY FACTS
 Malaria is transmied when a mosquito infected with the plasmodium parasite bites a
person. The mosquito acts as a carrier of the plasmodium meaning when a mosquito
bites a person infected with malaria, there is a high chance that the parasite can be
spread to a healthy individual when this mosquito bites that person.
 Did you know that malaria can be caused by four variants of the same parasite?
 Malaria is especially dangerous for pregnant women as the parasite can pass into the
mother’s womb and infect the foetus as well. Once the foetus has been infected with
malaria, it can lead to the baby being born with a low birth weight and may lead to
death.

 
 
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  CAUSES
Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. The parasite can be spread to humans through
the bites of infected mosquitoes.

There are many dierent types of plasmodium parasite, but only 5 types cause malaria in
humans.

These are:
 Plasmodium falciparum – mainly found in Africa, it's the most common type of malaria parasite
and is responsible for most malaria deaths worldwide
 Plasmodium vivax – mainly found in Asia and South America, this parasite causes milder
symptoms than Plasmodium falciparum, but it can stay in the liver for up to 3 years, which can
result in relapses
 Plasmodium ovale  – fairly uncommon and usually found in West Africa, it can remain in your
liver for several years without producing symptoms
 Plasmodium malariae – this is quite rare and usually only found in Africa.
 Plasmodium knowlesi – this is very rare and found in parts of southeast Asia.
 
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TRANSMISSON
The plasmodium parasite is spread by female Anopheles mosquitoes, which are known as
"night-bing" mosquitoes because they most commonly bite between dusk and dawn.

If a mosquito bites a person already infected with malaria, it can also become infected and
spread the parasite on to other people. However, malaria can't be spread directly from person
to person.

Once you're bien, the parasite enters the bloodstream and travels to the liver. The infecon
develops in the liver before re-entering the bloodstream and invading the red blood cells.

The parasites grow and mulply in the red blood cells. At regular intervals, the infected blood
cells burst, releasing more parasites into the blood. Infected blood cells usually burst every 48-
72 hours. Each me they burst, you'll have a bout of fever, chills and sweang.

Malaria can also be spread through blood transfusions and the sharing of needles, but this is
very rare.
 
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PREVENTION
There's a signicant risk of geng malaria if you travel to an aected area. It's very important
you take precauons to prevent the disease.

Malaria can oen be avoided using the ABCD approach to prevenon, which stands for:
 Awareness of risk – nd out whether you're at risk of geng malaria.
 Bite prevenon  – avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent, covering your arms and legs,
and using a mosquito net.
 Check whether you need to take malaria prevenon tablets  – if you do, make sure you take
the right anmalarial tablets at the right dose, and nish the course.
 Diagnosis – seek immediate medical advice if you have malaria symptoms, including up to a
year aer you return from travelling.

These are outlined in more detail below.

Being aware of the risks

To check whether you need to take preventave malaria treatment for the countries you're
vising, see the Fit for Travel website.

It's also important to visit your GP or local travel clinic for malaria advice as soon as you know
where you're going to be travelling.

Even if you grew up in a country where malaria is common, you sll need to take precauons to
protect yourself from infecon if you're travelling to a risk area.

Nobody has complete immunity to malaria, and any level of natural protecon you may have
had is quickly lost when you move out of a risk area.

Prevenng bites

It's not possible to avoid mosquito bites completely, but the less you're bien, the less likely
you are to get malaria.

To avoid being bien:

 Stay somewhere that has eecve air condioning and screening on doors and windows. If this
isn't possible, make sure doors and windows close properly.
 If you're not sleeping in an air-condioned room, sleep under an intact mosquito net that's
been treated with inseccide.
 

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 Use insect repellent on your skin and in sleeping environments. Remember to reapply it
frequently. The most eecve repellents contain diethyltoluamide (DEET) and are available in
sprays, roll-ons, scks and creams.
 Wear light, loose-ng trousers rather than shorts, and wear shirts with long sleeves. This is
parcularly important during early evening and at night, when mosquitoes prefer to feed.

There's no evidence to suggest homeopathic remedies, electronic buzzers, vitamins B1 or B12,

garlic, yeast extract spread (such as Marmite), tea tree oils or bath oils oer any protecon
against mosquito bites.

Anmalarial tablets

There's currently no vaccine available that oers protecon against malaria, so it's very
important to take anmalarial medicaon to reduce your chances of geng the disease.

However, anmalarials only reduce your risk of infecon by about 90%, so taking steps to avoid
bites is also important.

When taking anmalarial medicaon:

 make sure you get the right anmalarial tablets before you go – check with your GP or
pharmacist if you're unsure
 follow the instrucons included with your tablets carefully
 depending on the type you're taking, connue to take your tablets for up to 4 weeks aer
returning from your trip to cover the incubaon period of the disease

Check with your GP to make sure you're prescribed a medicaon you can tolerate. You may be
more at risk from side eects if you:
 have HIV or AIDS
 have epilepsy or any type of seizure condion
 are depressed or have another mental health condion
 have heart, liver or kidney problems
 take medicine, such as warfarin, to prevent blood clots
 use combined hormonal contracepon, such as the contracepve pillor contracepve patches

If you've taken anmalarial medicaon in the past, don't assume it's suitable for future trips.
The anmalarial you need to take depends on which strain of malaria is carried by the
mosquitoes and whether they're resistant to certain types of anmalarial medicaon.

In the UK, chloroquine and proguanil can be bought over-the-counter from local pharmacies.
However, you should seek medical advice before buying it as it's rarely recommended
nowadays. For all other anmalarial tablets, you'll need a prescripon from your GP.

Read more about anmalarial medicaon, including the main types and when to take them.

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of 14  

Get immediate medical advice

You must seek medical help straight away if you become ill while travelling in an area where
malaria is found, or aer returning from travelling, even if you've been taking anmalarial
tablets.

Malaria can get worse very quickly, so it's important that it's diagnosed and treated as soon as
possible.

If you develop symptoms of malaria while sll taking anmalarial tablets, either while you're
travelling or in the days and weeks aer you return, remember to tell the doctor which type
you have been taking. The same type of anmalarial shouldn't be used to treat you as well.

If you develop symptoms aer returning home, visit your GP or a hospital doctor and tell them
which countries you've travelled to in the last 12 months, including any brief stopovers.

DEET insect repellents

The chemical DEET is oen used in insect repellents. It's not recommended for babies who are
less than 2 months old.

DEET is safe for older children, adults and pregnant women if you follow the manufacturer's
instrucons:
 use on exposed skin
 don't spray directly on to your face – spray into your hands and pat on to your face
 avoid contact with lips and eyes
 wash your hands aer applying
 don't apply to broken or irritated skin
 make sure you apply DEET aer applying sunscreen, not before.
 
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  TREATMENT
Malaria is treated with anmalarial medicaons; the ones used depends on the type and
severity of the disease. While medicaons against fever are commonly used, their eects on
outcomes are not clear.
Simple or uncomplicated malaria may be treated with oral medicaons. The most eecve
treatment for P. falciparum infecon is the use of artemisinins in combinaon with other
anmalarials (known as artemisinin-combinaon therapy, or ACT), which decreases resistance
to any single drug component. These addional anmalarials
include: amodiaquine, lumefantrine, meoquine or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.[94] Another
recommended combinaon is dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine. ACT is about 90% eecve
when used to treat uncomplicated malaria. To treat malaria during pregnancy, the WHO
recommends the use of quinine plus clindamycin early in the pregnancy (1st trimester), and
ACT in later stages (2nd and 3rd trimesters). In the 2000s (decade), malaria with paral
resistance to artemisins emerged in Southeast Asia. Infecon
with P. vivax , P. ovale or P. malariae usually do not require hospitalizaon. Treatment
of P. vivax requires both treatment of blood stages (with chloroquine or ACT) and clearance of
liver forms with primaquine. Treatment with tafenoquine prevents relapses aer conrmed P.
vivax  malaria.
Severe and complicated malaria are almost always caused by infecon with P. falciparum. The
other species usually cause only febrile disease. Severe and complicated malaria are medical
emergencies since mortality rates are high (10% to 50%). Cerebral malaria is the form of severe
and complicated malaria with the worst neurological symptoms. Recommended treatment for
severe malaria is the intravenous use of anmalarial drugs. For severe
malaria, parenteral artesunate was superior to quinine in both children and adults. In another
systemac review, artemisinin derivaves (artemether and arteether) were as ecacious as
quinine in the treatment of cerebral malaria in children. Treatment of severe malaria involves
supporve measures that are best done in a crical care unit. This includes the management
of high fevers and the seizures that may result from it. It also includes monitoring for poor
breathing eort, low blood sugar, and low blood potassium.
 
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  WHO response…
The WHO Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030 – adopted by the World Health
Assembly in May 2015 – provides a technical framework for all malaria-endemic countries. It is
intended to guide and support regional and country programmes as they work towards malaria
control and eliminaon.

The Strategy sets ambious but achievable global targets, including:

 Reducing malaria case incidence by at least 90% by 2030.

 Reducing malaria mortality rates by at least 90% by 2030.
 Eliminang malaria in at least 35 countries by 2030.
 Prevenng a resurgence of malaria in all countries that are malaria-free.

This Strategy was the result of an extensive consultave process that spanned 2 years and
involved the parcipaon of more than 400 technical experts from 70 Member States. It is
based on 3 key pillars:

 ensuring universal access to malaria prevenon, diagnosis and treatment;

 accelerang eorts towards eliminaon and aainment of malaria-free status; and
 Transforming malaria surveillance into a core intervenon.

The WHO Global Malaria Programme (GMP) coordinates WHO's global eorts to control and
eliminate malaria by:

 seng, communicang and promong the adopon of evidence-based norms,

standards, policies, technical strategies, and guidelines;
 keeping independent score of global progress;
 developing approaches for capacity building, systems strengthening, and surveillance;
and
 Idenfying threats to malaria control and eliminaon as well as new areas for acon.

GMP is supported and advised by the Malaria Policy Advisory Commiee (MPAC), a group of 15
global malaria experts appointed following an open nominaon process. The MPAC, which
meets twice yearly, provides independent advice to WHO to develop policy recommendaons
for the control and eliminaon of malaria. The mandate of MPAC is to provide strategic advice
and technical input, and extends to all aspects of malaria control and eliminaon, as part of a
transparent, responsive and credible policy seng process.
  
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  BIBLIOGRAPHY
I am able to make this project and collect the informaon from the following resources:

 NCERT BIOLOGY TEXTBOOK CLASS XII

 OUR BIOLOGY TEACHER: MRS. ANUPAMA MISHRA
  hp://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria
  KIMS BHUBANESWAR

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