Shreyas N B Bio Investigatory Project

JAWAHAR NAVODAYA
VIDYALAYA
DODDABALLAPUR, BANGALORE RURAL

SESSION: 2022-23
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT IN
BIOLOGY
BONAFIED WORK PRESCRIBED BY CBSE FOR
AISSCE 2022-23
TOPIC : MALARIA
SUBMITTED BY :
SHREYAS N B
12th A GUIDED BY :
SMT PADMA B V
[PGT BIOLOGY]
CERTIFICATE
I Here by certify that work which is being

presented in this project entitled
"MALARIA" has been successfully
completed by SHREYAS N B of class 12th A
under the guidance of SMT PADMA B V in
particular fulfillment of the curriculum of
CBSE leading to the award of annual
examination of the year 2022-23.
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
PRINCIPAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Wish to express my gratitude and

sincere thanks to Principal MR
CHAKRAVARTHY for his
encouragement. I extend my thanks
to incharge SMT PADMA B V for her
support, motivation, and guide me to
successful completion of this project.
which helped me doing a lot of
research and I came to know about
many things so I am very thankful to
them
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. KEY FACTS
3. CAUSES
4. TRANSMISSION
5. RISK FACTOR
6. COMPLICATIONS
7. PREVENTION
8. PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
9. TREATMENT
10. CONCLUSION
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite. The parasite is spread
to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. People
who have malaria usually feel very sick with a high fever and
shaking chills.
While the disease is uncommon in temperate climates, malaria is

still common in tropical and subtropical countries. Each year
nearly 290 million people are infected with malaria, and more
than 400,000 people die of the disease.
To reduce malaria infections, world health programs distribute

preventive drugs and insecticide-treated bed nets to protect
people from mosquito bites. The World Health Organization has
recommended a malaria vaccine for use in children who live in
countries with high numbers of malaria cases.
Protective clothing, bed nets and insecticides can protect you

while traveling. You also can take preventive medicine before,
during and after a trip to a high-risk area. Many malaria parasites
have developed resistance to common drugs used to treat the
disease
KEY FACTS
Malaria is transmitted when a mosquito infected with the
plasmodium parasite bites a person. The mosquito acts as a carrier
of the plasmodium meaning when a mosquito bites a person
infected with malaria, there is a high chance that the parasite can be
spread to a healthy individual when this mosquito bites that person.
Did you know that malaria can be caused by four variants of the
same parasite?
Malaria is especially dangerous for pregnant women as the parasite
can pass into the mother’s womb and infect the foetus as well.Once
the foetus hasbeen infected with malaria, it can lead to the baby
being born with a low birth weight and may lead to death.
CAUSES
Malaria is caused by a single-celled parasite of the
genus plasmodium. The parasite is transmitted to humans
most commonly through mosquito bites.
Mosquito transmission cycle
Uninfected mosquito. A mosquito becomes infected by
feeding on a person who has malaria.
Transmission of parasite. If this mosquito bites you in the
future, it can transmit malaria parasites to you.
In the liver. Once the parasites enter your body, they travel
to your liver — where some types can lie dormant for as
long as a year.
Into the bloodstream. When the parasites mature, they
leave the liver and infect your red blood cells. This is when
people typically develop malaria symptoms.
On to the next person. If an uninfected mosquito bites you
at this point in the cycle, it will become infected with your
malaria parasites and can spread them to the other people
it bites.
TRANSMISSION
The plasmodium parasite is spread by female
Anopheles mosquitoes, which are known as
"night-biting" mosquitoes because they most commonly
bite between dusk and dawn.
If a mosquito bites a person already infected with malaria, it can
also become infected and spread the parasite on to other people.
However, malaria can't be spread directly from person to person.
Once you're bitten, the parasite enters the bloodstream and
travels to the liver. The infection develops in the liver before re-
entering the bloodstream and invading the red blood cells.
The parasites grow and multiply in the red blood cells. At regular
intervals, the infected blood cells burst, releasing more parasites
into the blood. Infected blood cells usually burst every 48-72
hours. Each time they burst, you'll have a bout of fever, chills and
sweating.Malaria can also be spread through blood transfusions
and the sharing of needles, but this is very rare.
Other modes of transmission
Because the parasites that cause malaria affect

red blood cells, people can also catch malaria from exposure
to infected blood, including:
From mother to unborn child

Through blood transfusions
By sharing needles used to inject drugs
RISK FACTOR
The greatest risk factor for developing malaria is to live in or to
visit areas where the disease is common. These include the
tropical and subtropical regions of:
Sub-Saharan Africa
South and Southeast Asia
Pacific Islands
Central America and northern South America
Risks of more-severe disease
People at increased risk of serious disease include:
Young children and infants

Older adults
Travelers coming from areas with no malaria
Pregnant women and their unborn children
In many countries with high malaria rates, the problem is

worsened by lack of access to preventive measures, medical
care and information.
Complications
Malaria can be fatal, particularly when caused by the
plasmodium species common in Africa. The World Health
Organization estimates that about 94% of all malaria deaths
occur in Africa — most commonly in children under the age of
5.
In severe or complicated malaria, the infection leads to organ
failure or abnormalities in your bloodstream or metabolism.
Many of these complications are due to infected red blood
cells sticking to the inside of small blood vessels, creating
blockages.
Malaria deaths are usually related to one or more serious

complications, including:
Anemia. Malaria may result in not having
enough red blood cells for an adequate supply of
oxygen to your body's tissues (anemia).
Low blood sugar. Severe forms of malaria can cause low
blood sugar (hypoglycemia), as can quinine — a common
medication used to combat malaria. Very low blood sugar can
result in coma or death.
Cerebral malaria. If parasite-filled blood cells block small
blood vessels to your brain (cerebral malaria), swelling of
your brain or brain damage may occur. Cerebral malaria may
cause seizures and coma.
Breathing problems. Accumulated fluid in your lungs
(pulmonary edema) can make it difficult to breathe.
Organ failure. Malaria can damage the kidneys or liver or
cause the spleen to rupture. Any of these conditions can be
life-threatening.
PREVENTION
If you live in or are traveling to an area where malaria is
common, take steps to avoid mosquito bites. Mosquitoes
are most active between dusk and dawn. To protect yourself
from mosquito bites, you should:
Cover your skin. Wear pants and long-sleeved shirts. Tuck in
your shirt, and tuck pant legs into socks.
Apply insect repellent to skin. Use an insect repellent
registered with the Environmental Protection Agency on
any exposed skin. These include repellents
that contain DEET, picaridin, IR3535,
oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), para-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD) or
2-undecanone. Do not use a spray
directly on your face. Do not use products with OLE
or PMD on children under age 3.
Apply repellent to clothing. Sprays containing permethrin are
safe to apply to clothing.
Sleep under a net. Bed nets, particularly those treated with
insecticides, such as permethrin, help prevent mosquito bites
while you are sleeping.
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
If you'll be traveling to a location where malaria is common, talk
to your doctor a few months ahead of time about whether you
should take drugs before, during and after your trip to help
protect you from malaria parasites.
In general, the drugs taken to prevent malaria are the same
drugs used to treat the disease. What drug you take depends
on where and how long you are traveling and your own health.
TREATMENT
Malaria is treated with antimalarial medications; the ones used
depends on the type and severity of the disease. While
medications against fever are commonly used, their effects on
outcomes are not clear. Simple or uncomplicated malaria may be
treated with oral medications. The most effective treatment for
P. falciparum infection is the use of artemisinins in combination
with other antimalarials (known as artemisinin-combination
therapy, or ACT), which decreases resistance to any single drug
component.These additional antimalarials include: amodiaquine,
lumefantrine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.[94]
Another recommended combination is dihydroartemisinin and
piperaquine. ACT is about 90% effective when used to treat
uncomplicated malaria. To treat malaria during pregnancy, the
WHO recommends the use of quinine plus clindamycin early in
the pregnancy (1st trimester), and ACT in later stages (2nd and
3rd trimesters). In the 2000s (decade), malaria with partial
resistance to artemisins emerged in Southeast Asia. Infection
with P. vivax, P. ovale or P. malariae usually do not require
hospitalization. Treatment of P. vivax requires both treatment of
blood stages (with chloroquine or ACT) and clearance of liver
forms with primaquine. Treatment with tafenoquine prevents
relapses after confirmed P. vivax malaria.
Severe and complicated malaria are almost always caused by
infection with P. falciparum. The other species usually cause
only febrile disease.
Severe and complicated malaria are almost
always caused by infection with P. falciparum.
The other species usually cause only febrile
disease. Severe and complicated malaria are medical
emergencies since mortality rates are high (10% to 50%).
Cerebral malaria is the form of severe and complicated malaria
with the worst neurological symptoms. Recommended
treatment for severe malaria is the intravenous use of
antimalarial drugs. For severe malaria, parenteral artesunate
was superior to quinine in both children and adults. In another
systematic review, artemisinin derivatives (artemether and
arteether) were as efficacious as quinine in the treatment of
cerebral malaria in children. Treatment of severe malaria
involves supportive measures that are best done in a critical
care unit. This includes the management of high fevers and
the seizures that may result from it. It also includes monitoring
for poor
breathing effort, low blood sugar, and low blood potassium.
Conclusion
Malaria is an enormous global disease burden, and its
eradication is an ambitious goal.
The disease, caused by mosquito-borne parasites, is present in
102 countries and is responsible for over 100 million clinical
cases and 1 to 2 million deaths each year. Over the past two
decades, efforts to control malaria have met withless and less
success.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I am able to make this project and collect the
information from the following resources:

NCERT BIOLOGY TEXTBOOK CLASS XII
OUR BIOLOGY TEACHER: SMT PADMA B V

http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/symptoms-
causes/syc-20351184

Shreyas N B Bio Investigatory Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Shreyas N B Bio Investigatory Project

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Shreyas N B Bio Investigatory Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

JAWAHAR NAVODAYA

DODDABALLAPUR, BANGALORE RURAL

I Here by certify that work which is being

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

I Wish to express my gratitude and

While the disease is uncommon in temperate climates, malaria is

To reduce malaria infections, world health programs distribute

Protective clothing, bed nets and insecticides can protect you

Other modes of transmission

Because the parasites that cause malaria affect

From mother to unborn child

Risks of more-severe disease

People at increased risk of serious disease include:

Young children and infants

In many countries with high malaria rates, the problem is

Malaria deaths are usually related to one or more serious

I am able to make this project and collect the

information from the following resources:

OUR BIOLOGY TEACHER: SMT PADMA B V

You might also like