CLMD4AEARTHLIFESCIENCESHS Printed-1-79

Earth and
Life
Science
Earth and Life

Science Origin and
Structure Of the Earth (Planet
Earth)
Earth and Life Science
Origin and Structure of the Earth – Planet Earth
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines.
However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of
such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are
owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials
from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module
Writers: Rochelle M. Mercado

Editors: Melanie I. Samudio , Jocelyn M. Manset
Reviewer: Jason Ricaforte, Angelica Beriña, Princess Paolah L. De Guzman, Marissa C. Betchaida , Elaine T. Balaogan, Louie L.
Alvarez, Gregorio M. De Chavez, Jr., Jocelyn M. Manset, Mario B. Maramot,, Job S. Zape Jr.
Illustrator: Ednelinda Robles, Lovely Joy La Rosa, Charles Erick A. Jusay, Sandro Carlo B. Tablizo
Layout Artist: Elizalde L. Piol, Anselma M. Ebero, Jocelyn M. Manset
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan,

Merthel M. Evardome, Nadine C. Celindro, Nicolas M. Burgos, Fe M. Ong-ongowan , Rosalinda A. Mendoza
Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON
Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Earth and Life Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed by educators both from public and private
institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator, in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own
pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module, encourage and assist them as
they do the tasks, and track their progress while allowing to manage their learnings.
For the learner:
Welcome to the Earth and Life Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.
The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action, and
purpose. Through our hands, we may learn, create, and accomplish many things. Hence, the hand in this learning
resource signifies that you, as a learner, are capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent
learning. You will be enable to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to
take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module.
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a
poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation.
What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the
topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of
the module.
What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you
learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into
real life situations or concerns.
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency.
Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
References This is the list of all sources in developing this module.
1
Week
1
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Earth and Life Science. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module focuses on the lesson:

∙ Lesson 1 – Planet Earth
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the characteristics of the Earth that supports life; and
2. expound how the characteristics of the Earth sustain the needs of living
organism.
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Why is Earth called “the living planet?”
A. It sustains life. C. It has water at the surface
B. It has atmosphere D. All of the above
2. Which among the set of planets are called terrestrial?
A. Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus
B. Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth
C. Earth, Venus, Mars, Jupiter
D. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
3. What makes planet Earth uniquely different from other planets?
A. It has soil. C. It has people.
B. It has tress. D. It has liquid water.
4. What makes planet Earth habitable?
A. It has comfortable distance from the sun.
B. It has atmosphere that protects from radiation.
C. The atmosphere holds carbon dioxide and other gases.
D. All of the above
5. Why is Earth called a terrestrial planet?
A. It has life C. It is farther from the sun
B. It is closest to the sun D. It is placed at almost the middle planets 6.
Which of the following best describes the surface of the planet Earth? A. a thick
layer of hydrogen gas
B. cloudy and hot with lots of volcano
C. cold, rocky, and covered with red dust
D. mostly water surface with some areas of land
2
7. What makes Earth different from other planets in the solar system?
A. It supports life.
B. It is mostly covered in water.
C. Its atmosphere is mostly nitrogen and oxygen.
D. All of the above
8. Earth is the only planet that can support ___
A. life C. a rocky core
B. a moon D. an atmosphere
9. How many percent of water comprises the Earth?
A. 15% C. 50%
B. 30% D. 70%
10.What are the factors that make Earth habitable?
A. temperature and nutrient C. only A
B. atmosphere and energy D. both A and B
11.What nutrients does the Earth have to maintain an organism’s body to
survive?
A. Earth has a water cycle and atmosphere
B. Earth has volcanic activities to circulate nutrients.
C. Earth has sub-surface water or molten rock that can circulate and
replenish nutrients for organisms.
D. All of the above
12. What makes Earth similar to Venus?
A. Earth and Venus are the right sizes to hold a sufficient atmosphere.
B. Venus’ atmosphere is 100 times thicker than Earth.
C. Among all the solid planets and moons, only Earth, Venus, and Titan
have significant atmospheres.
D. Both A and C
13.Why are humans and other living organisms capable to live on
earth? A. Earth has no protective equipment like ozone.
B. Earth has layer water only for favorable climate.
C. Earth has man-made natural cycles
D. Earth’s temperature is neither the hottest nor the coldest among other
planets.
14.What makes Earth different from any other planets in the Solar System?
A. It is the only rocky planet.
B. It is the only planet that turns around in space.
C. It is the only planet that has a large amount of liquid water.
D. It is the only planet that changes its structure
15.What does Earth offer to human for survival?
A. Earth has abundant plant life.
B. Earth has sufficient nutrients from ocean to land.
C. Only A
D. Both A and B.
3
Lesson 1 Origin and Structure of the Earth Planet Earth
Earth is the only planet in the solar system known to harbour life. Our planet’s has molten nickel-iron core
give rise to an extensive magnetic field, which, along with the atmosphere, shields us from harmful radiation
coming from the Sun. In this module, you will understand why this planet is called the “living planet.”
What’s In
Just a part of the vast universe is the solar system. From the previous concepts learned, identify the planets
in the solar system in the given illustration.
Question: What do you think are the characteristics of the planet Earth that make it different from all the
other planets?
4
What’s New
Earth: A Habitable Planet

Read the document carefully and answer the questions that follow
Table 1. Factors that make a planet habitable

Factors that
make a Planet
Habitable Factor Just Right Too Much of the Factor Situation in the Solar System
Not Enough of the
Temperature influences how reactions necessary for life. It to 115oC. In this range, molecules, and the genetic Surface: only the Earth’s
quickly atoms and molecules can also cause the freezing of liquid water can still exist material (e.g., DNA and RNA) surface is in this temperature
move. water, making liquid water under certain start to break apart. Also, range. Sub-surface: the
Low temperatures cause unavailable. conditions. high temperatures cause the interior of the solid planets
chemicals to react slowly, Life seems to be limited to a At about 125oC, protein and quick and moons may be in this
which interferes with the temperature range of -15oC carbohydrate evaporation of water. temperature range.
Atmosphere Small planets and escape to space, protective shield. the chemicals that
moons have leaving the planet or provide energy to cells,
insufficient gravity to moon without an such as iron or sulfur,
hold an atmosphere. insulating blanket or a Energy When there is too little organisms die.
The gas molecules sunlight or too few of Earth and Venus are the right size
to hold a sufficient Venus’s atmosphere is 100 times Light energy is a problem if it makes insulation or shielding.
atmosphere. Earth’s atmosphere is thicker than Earth’s. It is made a planet too hot or if there are too
about 100 miles thick. It keeps the almost entirely of greenhouse many harmful rays, such as
surface warm and protects it from gasses, making the ultraviolet. Too many energy-rich
radiation and small- to medium surface too hot for life. The four chemicals is not a problem
sized meteorites. giant planets are completely made of Of the solid planets and moons, only Surface: The inner planets get too
gas. Earth, Venus, and Titan have much sunlight for life. The outer
With a steady input of either light or significant atmospheres. Mars’ planets get too little.
chemical energy, cells can run the atmosphere is about 1/100th that of
chemical reactions necessary for life. Earth’s, too small for significant Sub-surface: Most solid planets and
moons have energy-rich chemicals.
Nutrients used to build and (e.g., a water cycle or volcanic makeup, so nutrients are the constant volcanism on Io, and Mars have nutrients and
maintain an activity) cannot support life. Also, present. Those with a water cycle Jupiter’s moon, Io, or the ways to circulate them to
organism’s body. when nutrients are spread so or volcanic activity can transport churning atmospheres of the gas organisms.
Without chemicals to make thin that they are hard to obtain, and replenish the planets, interferes with an
proteins and such as on a gas planet, life chemicals required by living organism’s ability to get enough Sub-surface: Any planet or moon
carbohydrates, organisms cannot cannot exist. organisms. nutrients. with sub-surface water or molten
grow. Planets without systems to All solid planets and moons have Too many nutrients are not a Surface: Earth has a water cycle, rock can circulate and replenish
deliver nutrients to its organisms the same general chemical problem. However, too active a an atmosphere, and volcanoes to nutrients for organisms
circulation system, such as circulate nutrients. Venus, Titan,
Factors that make a planet habitable. National Science Foundation, n,d.http://www.lpi.usara.edu/education/explore/our_place/hab_ref_table.pdf

Question:
1. What are the factors that make the planet habitable?
2. What are the characteristics of planet Earth that makes it habitable?
5
What is It
Earth is the only place in the known universe confirmed to host life and is the only
one known for sure to have liquid water in the surface. These are reasons why
planet earth is a unique one: (1) It has liquid water; (2) Plate Tectonics; and (3) It
has atmosphere that shelters it from the worst of the sun’s rays.
Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has a large amount of liquid water.
About 70% of the surface of the Earth is covered by liquid or frozen water. Because
of this, Earth is sometimes called “blue planet.” Planet Earth is habitable because it
has the right distance from the sun. It is kept warm by an insulating atmosphere,
and it has the right chemical ingredients for life including water and carbon. It can
provide water, oxygen, useful biological products for human, and has suitable
weather and climate.
Earth, Venus, and Mars may have similarities: (1) They all are terrestrial planets,
made of solid rocks and silicates; (2) They all have an atmosphere; (3) They all
almost have the same time to rotate on their axes; (4) Earth and Mars both have
water; (5) They all have carbon dioxide; and (6 All have landforms. Earth, Venus,
and Mars have differences: (1) Venus has no water; (2) Venus and Mars don’t have
oxygen; and (3) Earth has life forms.
What’s More
Activity 1.1 Understanding Planet Earth
Compare and Contrast
How is planet Earth similar and different from Venus and Mars? Provide possible
explanations for your observations using the information in the table. VENUS EARTH
MARS
Mass (1024kg) 4.87 5.97 0.642 Diameter (km) 12,104 12,756 6792 Density (kg/m3) 5243 5514 3933 Gravity (m/s2)
8.9 9.8 3.7
Escape Velocity (km/s) 10.4 11.2 5 Surface pressure (bars) 92 1 0.01 Composition of atmosphere 96% CO2, 3.5% N 77%N, 21%
O2, 1%Ar 95%CO2, 2.7%N, 1.6%Ar Major Greenhouse Gases(GHG) CO2 CO2 H2O CO2 Mean Temperature (0C) 464 15 -65
Temperature if no greenhouse gases are present Changes in Temperature (0C) due to greenhouse gases
-46 -18 -57 +523 +33 +10
Distance from the Sun (106km) 108.2 149.6 227.9 Orbital Period (days) 224.7 365.2 687 Orbital Velocity (km/s) 35
29.8 24.1 Length of day (hours) 2802 24 24.7
Global Magnetic Field No Yes No Comparison of the features of Venus, Earth, and Mars
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2015)
6
What I Have Learned
1. Planet Earth is considered habitable because of the following reasons: (1) it

has the right distance from the sun; (2) it is protected from harmful solar
radiation by its magnetic field; (3) it is kept warm by an insulating
atmosphere; and (4) it has the right amount of ingredients for life, including
water and carbon.
2. Earth is different from other planet in a way that it is the only planet with
liquid water on the surface.
a. Earth, Venus, and Mars may have similarities: (1) They all are terrestrial
planets, made of solid rocks and silicates; (2) They all have an
atmosphere; (3) They all almost have the same time to rotate on their
axes; (4) Earth and Mars both have water; (5) They all have carbon
dioxide; and (6) All have landforms.
a. Earth, Venus, and Mars have differences: (1) Venus has no water; (2)
Venus and Mars don’t have oxygen; and (3) Earth has life forms. What I
Can Do
Earth Day generally falls in the third week of April. There are a lot of great lessons
about how our behavior and activity affect others and our planet.
List down ten (10) activities that you can do to save planet Earth and identify those
activities as a form of recycling, reducing, or reusing.
RECYCLE REDUCE REUSE
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What makes planet earth different from the other planets in the solar
system? A. It supports life. C. The atmosphere holds gases. B. It is
mostly covered in water. D. All of the above
2. Planet Earth is uniquely different from other planets because __________.
A. It has people that live in it.
B. It has soil where trees grow.
C. It has trees that provide oxygen.
D. It has liquid water in the surface.
7
3. What makes planet Earth habitable?
A. It has comfortable distance from the sun.
B. The atmosphere serves as shields from the sun.
C. Only A
D. Both A and B
4. Why is Earth called the “living planet?”
A. It has life mechanism.
B. It has water and atmosphere.
C. It has carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
D. It has atmosphere that supports oxygen.
5. Which must be provided for an organism to survive in planet Earth?
A. right amount of sunlight and atmosphere
B. right amount of water and carbon
C. Only A
D. Both A and B
6. Planet Earth is considered as “blue planet.” Which of the following best
describes the surface of planet Earth?
A. Earth has atmosphere.
B. Earth has lots of volcano.
C. Earth is covered with red dust.
D. Earth has mostly water on the surface.
7. What is the reason why Earth is different from other planets in the solar
system?
A. Earth is mostly covered in water.
B. Earth has comfortable distance from the sun.
C. Earth has carbon dioxide on its atmosphere.
D. It has approximately same size as that of Venus.
8. Which of the following best describes planet Earth?
A. It has gases. C. It has rocky core.
B. It supports life. D. It supports other planet.
9. It was found out that Earth’s surface is covered with water. Approximately,
how many percent of water comprises the Earth?
A. 45% water C. 60% water
B. 50% water D. 70% water
10.Earth can support the survival of organisms. What is/are the factor/s that
make/s Earth habitable?
I. atmosphere III. temperature
II. energy IV. nutrient
A. I C. I, II, III
B. I, II D. I, II, III, IV
11. In order for an organism to survive, nutrients are needed. What are
the nutrients that planet Earth can offer for an organism to exist? A.
Earth has an atmosphere and ozone layer.
B. Earth has both water cycle and nitrogen cycle.
C. Earth has natural activities to circulate nutrients.
D. All of the above
8
12.Many studies have shown similarities of Earth and Venus. What makes
Earth similar with Venus?
A. Earth and Venus have the same orbit.
B. Earth and Venus have the same diameter.
C. Earth and Venus have the same atmosphere.
D. Earth and Venus are of the right size to hold a sufficient atmosphere.
13.What makes human and other living organisms capable to live on Earth? A.
Earth can provide food for the organism.
B. Earth can protect the organism from any possible threat.
C. Earth’s temperature is mostly hot compared to other planets. D. Earth
has the right amount of temperature, water, good atmosphere, and
favorable climate.
14.Planet Earth is considered uniquely different from any other planets in the
Solar system. Which among the given choices correctly answers the
statement?
A. Earth is the only planet that changes structure.
B. Earth is the only planet that turns around in space.
C. Earth is the only planet that is mostly covered with water.
D. Earth is the only planet that is mostly made from rocks.
15.What is the reason why every living thing on Earth has the chance of
survival? A. Earth is covered with 65% water.
B. Earth thick atmosphere consisted mainly of carbon dioxide.
C. Earth has active volcanoes similar with those that are found in Venus.
D. Earth has ozone layer to protect living organisms from harmful
radiation.
Additional Activities
Creating a Planet: Fill up the data needed in your created planet. My Planet is
called _____________________. It is located in the ___________________. The weather
is _____________________It would have __________ kinds of organisms. The
individual who live there are called _________________________. The individual look
like this. The planet looks like this.
9
Answer Key D 10.
D 9.
D 2.
D 1.
B 8.
D 15. A 7. Assessment
C 14. D 6.
D 13. D 5.
D 12. B 4.
D 11. D 3.
than Earth. What's More D 9.
. Mars is colder Earth A 8.
Venus is hotter than D 7.
D 6.
thin atmosphere. Earth, while B 5.
D 15.
Mars has almost dense as D 4.
A 14.
atmosphere which is Venus has B 3.
D 13.
very thick B 2.
D 12.
D 1.
D 11.
D 10. ow What I Kn
10
References
Astronomy, accessed May 29,2020, https://www.astronomy.com:solarsys

Comparison and Contrast of the Earth, Venus ,and Mars, Prezi, accessed May 31,
2020, https://prezi.com/fdx8b8igze26/comparison-and-contrast-of-the
earth-venus-and-mars?
Earth: Our Living Planet, NASA Science, accessed May 30, 2020,
https://solarsysytem.nasa.gov
Lunar and Planetary Institute, accessed May 29,2020,

https://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/explore/our_place_/
hab_ref_table.pgf?
fbclid=IwAR0PF_PjxWEDwp5hASOZaZY18EG9RKlzgDOeaIb4Xwjey4h2tqJkc
ecH5CE
What Are the Similarities of Venus, Earth, and Mars?,Quora, accessed May 30,
2020, https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-similarities-of-Venus-Earth
and-Mars?
Why Is the Earth Habitable?,American Museum of Natural History, accessed May
26, 2020, https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/planet
earth/why-is-the-earth-habitable?
11

Origin and Structure of the
Earth (Subsystem)
Origin and Structure of the Earth – The Subsystem
First Edition, 2020

Writers: Rochelle M. Mercado

Editors: Melanie I. Samudio, Jocelyn M. Manset
Reviewer: Jason Ricaforte, Angelica Beriña, Princess Paolah L. De Guzman, Marissa C. Betchaida, Elaine T. Balaogan Louie L.
Alvarez, Gregorio M. De Chavez, Jr, Jocelyn M. Manset, Mario B. Maramot, Job S. Zape Jr
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Fe M. Ong-ongowan
Merthel M. Evardome, Nadine C. Celindro, Nicolas M. Burgos, Mario B. Maramot, Rosalinda A. Mendoza

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
12
What I Need to Know Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is NOT one of the four
This module was designed and written with you in subsystems of the Earth? A. biosphere C. water
mind. It is here to help you master the nature of
sphere
Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be
B. hydrosphere D. geosphere
used in many different learning situations. The
2. All of the waters, including subsurface and
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level
atmospheric water comprise the Earth. Which
of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
geological subsystem best label the statement?
standard sequence of the course. But the order in
A. the geosphere C. the biosphere
which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using. B. the hydrosphere D. the atmosphere
3. Earth contains all living organisms including those
The module is composed of: on the land, in the water and air. Which subsystem
best describes the statement? A. biosphere C.
∙ Lesson 1 – The Subsystems of the Earth atmosphere
B. hydrosphere D. geosphere
4. Which subsystem suits the statement, “All living
1. determine the four subsystems of the Earth; things, including humans, are part of the immense
2. describe the characteristics of each subsystem; Earth”?
3. trace the flow of matter and energy in the A. biosphere C. hydrosphere
Earth’s subsystems; and 4. express one’s B. geosphere D. atmosphere
internalized role as steward of the four 5. What subsystem will network with biosphere for
photosynthesis to take place?
subsystems concerning the flow of matter and
A. atmosphere C. hydrosphere
energy.
Week 1
What I Know
13
B. geosphere D. biosphere
6. Oxygen, water vapor, nitrogen, and other gases help organism to survive .
Which Earth sphere contain these materials?
A. biosphere C. hydrosphere
B. atmosphere D. geosphere
7. Which term is used to describe the thin layer of solid rock that makes up
the outermost part of the Earth?
A. core C. mantle
B. crust D. biosphere
8. Among the subsystems, which is composed of a mixture of gases that
surrounds the Earth?
A. nitrogen C. biosphere
B. atmosphere D. kingdoms
9. The atmosphere of the Earth is composed of ___ nitrogen and _____ oxygen
and other gases.
A. 0% and 100% C. 78% and 21%
B. 21% and 78% D. 505 and 505
10. In what subsystem of the Earth are the rocks and mineral
found? A. atmosphere C. hydrosphere
B. biosphere D. geosphere
11.What part of the Earth’s sphere make up hydrosphere?
A. glaciers C. seawater and inland water B. groundwater D. all of
the above
12. Among all the gases, which gas composed the Earth’s atmosphere?
A. CO2 C. N2
B. He D. O2
13. Ozone plays an important part for organisms to stay alive. To what sphere
does ozone belong?
A. atmosphere C. geosphere
B. biosphere D. hydrosphere
14.Which answer best describes the role of the ozone layer?
A. It traps heat from the sun to heat the planet.
B. It protects the plants and animals on earth from receiving too much
ultraviolet radiation.
C. It cools the earth through the evaporation of water vapor
D. It keeps the oxygen in the atmosphere closest to Earth and the
nitrogen separated in the atmosphere.
15.Which of the following is an example of a human impact of the
biosphere? A. littering C. water pollution
B. air pollution D. littering, air and water pollution
14
Lesson 1 Origin and Structure of the Earth –
The Subsystem
Earth is sometimes called the “water planet” or the “blue planet” because seas
cover more than two-thirds of its surface. Earth is the only planet or moon in the
solar system with rain that falls from clouds, runs over the land, and collects in
extensive oceans. It is also the only body we know that supports life. This self-
learning module will help you understand the subsystem of the planet where you
stand right now.
What’s In
Read the statement below and answer the question that follows.
Imagine walking along a rocky coast as a storm blows in from the sea. The wind
whips the ocean into whitecaps, and waves crash onto the shore. Before you have
time to escape, blowing spray has soaked your clothes. A hard rain begins as you
scrambled over the rocks to your car. During the adventure, you have observed the
spheres of the Earth.
List down the terms that are used in the statement that reflects to what made up
the Earth. Categorized them based on the following:
Air Water Land With Life
15
What’s New
Subsystems of the Earth

Analyze and label the given picture. From the picture, create a general concept on
each picture and identify the physical characteristics of the subsystem of the
Earth. Differentiate one with the other.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
What is It
The four subsystems of the Earth are:
1. Atmosphere – the gaseous layer above the Earth’s surface primarily

composed of different gases such as nitrogen and oxygen.
2. Biosphere – the zone of the Earth where all forms of life exist. This serves
as the ecosystem of all living and non- living organisms.
3. Geosphere – the solid part of the Earth that consists the entire planet from
the center of the core to the outer crust. It includes core, mantle, and crust
of the Earth.
4. Hydrosphere – the water part of the Earth that includes oceans and
glaciers.
What’s More
Activity 1.1 We are Connected!
According to John Muir, “When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it
attached to the rest of the world.” How is the given diagram related to the said
quote? How does the four subsystem of the Earth
connect with each other?
Geosphere
16
What I Have Learned
The four subsystems of the Earth are:
1. Atmosphere – it is the gaseous layer above the Earth’s surface, primarily

composed of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. Other gases like argon, carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and other inert gases made the remaining
1%. The atmosphere supports life because animals and oxygen, and plants
need both carbon dioxide and oxygen. In addition, the atmosphere supports life
indirectly by regulating climate. Air acts as both a blanket and a filter,
retaining heat at night and shielding from direct solar radiation during the day.
2. Biosphere – the zone of Earth where all forms of life exist: in the sea, on land,
and in water. It is sometimes called as the large ecosystem. This is the zone
that life inhabits. Biosphere is a very thin layer of the earth’s surface.
3. Geosphere – the solid Earth, consisting of the entire planet from the center of
the core to the outer crust. It includes the core, mantle, and crust of the Earth.
4. Hydrosphere – the water part of the Earth which circulates among oceans,
continents, glaciers, and atmosphere. Oceans cover 71% of the Earth and
contain 97.5% of its water.
Earth is a complex system made up of many smaller systems through which

matter and energy are continuously cycled. Energy and matter flow through
Earth’s spheres: geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Energy
flows through the atmosphere mostly by convection. How does matter and energy
flow across the four subsystems of the Earth? The Earth consists of four
subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flows, the atmosphere
(air), biosphere (living things), hydrosphere (water), and geosphere (land). The
atmosphere provides the geosphere with heat and energy needed for rock
breakdown and erosion. The biosphere receives gases, heat, and sunlight (energy)
from the atmosphere. It receives water from the hydrosphere and a living medium
from the geosphere.
What I Can Do
The human population has increased rapidly since the 1700’s. For most of human
history, there were fewer than half-billion people on Earth. In mid- 2009, 6.7
billion people inhabited our planet. Because of these, extensive pollution is
everywhere. As a student, what can you do to save not only a particular system,
but the Earth itself? Write your answer in the table.
MY ENVIRONMENTAL “TO DO” LIST

1.
17
Assessment
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. Earth includes beach grasses, forms of life in the sea, on land, and even in
the air. Which term best describes the statement?
2. Which system of the Earth is considered as the largest component of the

Earth?
3. Life is supported by oxygen and carbon dioxide. Which subsystem will best
describe the statement?
4. Relationship between the complex communities of individual organism is

seen in the different systems of the Earth. What do you call the unit in
nature?
A. ecosystem C. ground
B. complexity D. system
5. All of earth’s cycles and spheres are interconnected. Why is this so?
A. because they are interconnected
B. because Earth is where we live in
C. because Earth is the only living planet
D. because every organism has its own function in the Earth
6. What is an example of a connection between atmosphere and geosphere?
A. water C. mountains
B. nitrogen D. volcanic eruption release gas
18
7. An example of a connection between atmosphere and hydrosphere is ______.
A. lakes C. rivers
B. rain D. rocks
8. From the given choices, which is an example of a connection between

biosphere connecting to atmosphere?
A. Animals eat plants. C. Animals lie in caves.
B. Animals drink water. D. Plants produce oxygen.
9. Which among the choices clearly gives an example of connection between

hydrosphere and geosphere?
A. boats transporting goods C. water evaporating to make clouds B. fish

swimming in water D. waves eroding rocks on beach
10. All living things, including land and sea made up the Earth. Which term best
described the statement?
A. geosphere C. atmosphere
B. ozone layer D. biosphere
11. Which interaction will take place if nitrogen is returned to the soil when dead
plants decompose?
A. biosphere and atmosphere C. biosphere and geosphere B.
geosphere and atmosphere D. atmosphere and geosphere
12. Which interaction best describes carbon dioxide dissolving from the air into
the ocean?
A. atmosphere and hydrosphere C. atmosphere and geosphere B.
atmosphere and atmosphere D. atmosphere and biosphere
13. The atmosphere of the Earth is composed of ___ oxygen and _____ nitrogen
and other gases.
A. 0% and 100% C. 78% and 21%
B. 21% and 78% D. 50% and 50%
14. What part of geosphere is a thin layer of solid rock that makes up the
outermost part of the Earth?
A. core C. mantle
B. crust D. biosphere
15. Ozone plays an important function in every single organism on Earth. To

what sphere does ozone layer belong?
19
“Connect Me Spheres”
Procedure: Analyze the interactions of the spheres after the onslaught of Taal
Volcano.
Geo
1. What sphere caused the event?
2. What are the effects of the event on one or more spheres?
3. What is the global implication of the event?
20
Answer Key A 30.
B 29.
provides the
atmosphere
B 28. (land). The
A 27. geosphere
C 26. water), and (
D 25. hydrosphere
D 24. hings), t (living
D 23. ir), biosphere (a
B 22. the atmosphere
D 21. s, energy flow
D 20. matter and
A 19. boundaries
A 18. across whose
C 17. subsystems,
B 16. consists of four
The Earth 1.
Assessment
What's More
the geosphere.
medium from
A 30. and a living
C 29. hydrosphere
A 28. from the
C 27. receives water
D 26. atmosphere. It
D 25. the
C 24. (energy) from
B 23. sunlight
B 22. heat, and
B 21. receives gases,
A 20. biosphere
A 19. erosion. The
D 18. breakdown and
B 17. needed for rock
C 16. heat and energy
geosphere with
What I Know
21
References
Earth’s Four Subsystems, Seattle Pi, accessed May 29, 2020,
https://education.seattlepi.com/earth-four-subsystems-work-together
4634.html
Earth System, Science Learning Hub, accessed May 30, 2020,
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/720-earth-system
Major Geological Subsystem of Earth, Study.Com, accessed May 30, 2020,

https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-4-major-geological-subsystem-of
earth.html?
Thompson, Graham R. et al. 2012. Introduction to Earth Science. Pasig City:

Cengage Learning Asia.
22
Earth and Life

Science Minerals
Minerals
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines.
owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these
materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Writers: Josephine P. Jacinto

Editors: Melanie I. Samudio , Jocelyn M. Manset
Reviewer: Jason Ricaforte, Angelica Beriña, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Gregorio M. De Chavez, Jr, Jocelyn M. Manset, Princess
Paolah L. De Guzman, Marissa C. Betchaida, Louie L. Alvarez, Mario B. Maramot,
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr. , Elaine T. Balaogan, Merthel M. Evardome
Nadine C. Celindro , Nicolas M. Burgos, Mario B. Maramot, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Rosalinda A. Mendoza

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail Address:

[email protected]
23
Week 1 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in
mind. It is here to help you master the properties of
minerals. The scope of this module permits it to be
which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

∙ Lesson 1 – Minerals and their Characteristics
– Different Properties of Minerals

1. identify the examples of minerals;
2. explain the different characteristics of
minerals; B. Hardness D. Streak
3. differentiate minerals based on their properties;
and 2. Quartz can break other than along planes of
4. develop awareness on the importance of cleavage. What is the property of mineral that show
minerals around us. this characteristic?
A. Cleavage C. Hardness
B. Fracture D. Tenacity
What I Know 3. Some minerals like mica has surfaces with planes
of weak bonds in the crystals. Thus, its crystals can
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen be peeled like layers of onion. Which is the property
exhibited by mica?
1. Pyrite is a yellowish mineral that looks like gold and A. Cleavage C. Hardness
is commonly called fool’s gold. What is the property of B. Fracture D. Tenacity
mineral exhibited by pyrite wherein it reflects light
and with metallic look? 4. Which property refers to the resistance of mineral
A. Color C. Luster to scratching? A. Cleavage C. Hardness
24
B. Fracture D. Luster
3. What are the building blocks of rocks and it is mostly found in the
geosphere?
A. minerals C. ore
B. soil D. elements
4. In its powdered form, the mineral hematite is reddish. Which mineral

property is described?
A. color C. Streak
B. luster D. hardness
7. Which is not a property that can be used to identify a

mineral? A. luster C. hardness
B. streak D. opaque
8. What is the property of mineral that reflects light on its

surface? A. Crystal structure C. streak
B. color D. luster
9. What is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a definite
crystalline structure and chemical composition?
A. compound C. mineral
B. crystal D. rocks
10. During the 1800’s, miners can identify real gold from pyrite through biting
the surface of the mineral. If a bite mark is exhibited, then the said mineral is
considered real gold. What property is tested in this scenario? A. cleavage C.
hardness
B. luster D. streak color
11. What is a carbonate mineral that occurs in a different crystal form and
is less common than either calcite or dolomite?
A. aragonite C. calcite
B. gypsum D. silica
12. What constitutes the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains in
a rock?
A. permeable origin C. cement
B. porosity D. texture
13. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a mineral?

A. naturally occurring C. Organic
B. solid D. crystal structure
14. What do you call to the tendency for a mineral to break along flat
surfaces? A. cleavage C. ductility
B. hardness D. tenacity
25
15. What is the solid form of a mineral produced by a repeating pattern
of atoms?
A. crystal C. element
B. density D. fracture
Lesson 1 Minerals
Minerals make up the rocks beneath your feet, the soil that supports plants, and
the deep rock of Earth’s mantle. Any thorough study of Earth must include an
understanding of minerals. But it is not sufficient to study minerals isolated from
the rest of the planet. Rather we can learn more by observing the ways that
minerals interact with other Earth systems.
What’s In
This module contains activities that will enhance the teaching -learning process
among learners about the minerals. It deals with the characteristics of minerals
and the properties exhibited by the minerals. As the learners answer the questions
they will be able to explore and understand the concepts about minerals.
Moreover, they will develop awareness on the importance of minerals.
What’s New
Name the following pictures below. List down the usage of these object in our daily
activities. What do the objects presented below imply?
1.
2.
26
3.
4.
5.
We are using these products made from minerals daily. Graphite is the mineral used
in wooden pencil. Halite is the mineral found in salt. Your cellphone is made up of
different minerals. The cars that we drive, the roads that we travel, the building that
we live in, are some examples of products derived from minerals.
Characteristics of Minerals
Arrange the jumbled letters to find the appropriate criteria to determine whether a
material is classified as a mineral or not.
1. N L T L A U R Y N G O I R U C C
___________________________- It is a product of Earth’s natural processes.
2. C A I I R O G N
___________________________- It must be product of Earth’s physical

processes.
3. S O U E N E G O M O H D I L O S
___________________________- have definite shape and volume.
4. E N I L L A T S Y R C E S R T R U C U T
__________________________- atoms are arranged in order of

increasing pattern.
27
5. L M C E H A I N O I T O C M O P S I
__________________________- represented by chemical formula
What is It
What are Minerals?
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. Mineralogists use the criteria to
determine whether a material is classified as a mineral or not.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. naturally occurring- a product of Earth’s natural processes
2. inorganic- it must be product of Earth’s physical processes. 3.
homogeneous solid- minerals should have definite volume and rigid shape
4. definite chemical composition—represented by a chemical formula 5.
orderly crystalline structure- atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly
and repeating pattern
Properties of Minerals
To identify minerals, mineralogists observe the following properties: a.
Color - mineral’s color may change depending on the surface.
b. Streak - color of mineral in powdered form.
c. Hardness - minerals resistance to scratching
Mohs Scale of Hardness (Diamond is the Hardest with a scale of

10) Diamond
Corundum
Topaz
Quartz
Orthoclase
Apatite
Fluorite
Calcite
Gypsum
Talc
d. Cleavage - mineral’s resistance to being broken and

fracture e. Crystalline structure or habit
f. Diaphaneity/amount of transparency - ability to allow light to pass
through it. This is affected by chemical makeup of the mineral sample.
g. Luster - how light is reflected off a surface
h. Tenacity - describes the minerals reaction to stress.
Brittleness- a mineral turns into powder
28
Malleability a mineral can be flattened by pounding with a hammer.
Ductility- A mineral can be stretched into wire.
Flexible but inelastic-Minerals are bent but they remain in the new
position.
Flexible and elastic- Minerals are bent, and they bring back to their original
position.
Sectility- ability of minerals to be sliced by a knife.
Prepare a list of minerals based on the Mohs Scale of Hardness and identify some
products that make use of these minerals.
Minerals Products that contain the Mineral. 1. Diamond
2.Corundum
3.Topaz
4.Quartz
5.Orthoclase
6 Apatite
7.Fluorite
8.Calcite
9. Gypsum
10. Talc
29
What’s More
Understanding Science Words

The pictures below show the common minerals and their properties or uses.
Identify other properties exhibited by the minerals. Choose your answer from the
given choices.
BRITTLENESS MALLEABILITY DUCTILITY LUSTER SECTILITY
1. All true minerals can be drawn into wires _________________________
2. Overall sheen of mineral ___________________________________________

3. A mineral can be hammered /flattened _____________________________
4. A mineral can be cut by a knife ___________________________________
30
5. A mineral can be turned into powder________________________________
What I Have Learned

Fill in the Blanks
Identify the prominent properties exhibited by the following minerals. Fill in the
blanks to form the appropriate term that best fits the described mineral property.
1. L __ __ T __ R - a manner by which mineral reflects light.
Pyrite - a. k a. fool’s gold
2. S __ R __ __ K - color of mineral in powdered form.
Hematite- both types leave the same powder

3. __ L __ __V __ G __ - tendency of mineral to break along flat
surfaces
Mica crystal can be peel like layers of onion
31
4. __ R __ C __U __ __- the manner breaks other than along planes of
cleavage.
Quartz creates smooth, curved surfaces
5. H __R __ __ __S__ - resistance of mineral to scratching and it is the

most commonly used property for identifying minerals.
Diamond has a scale of 10
HARDNESS FARCATURE CLEAVAGE
STREAK LUSTER
Matching Type
Match the properties of minerals in column A with the description of mineral

properties in column B.
Column A Column B
_____1. Mohs hardness scale A. describes the mineral reaction to stress
_____2. Sectility B. true color of mineral
_____3. Streak C. a ranking of mineral from softest hardest _____4. Crystal
D. ability of mineral to be cut by knife _____5. Tenacity E. repeating pattern
in minerals in solid
32
What I Can Do
List some of the uses of minerals around us.
Minerals Uses
1.Halite Mineral found in table salt;as preservatives
2
3
4
Reflect Upon
Upon knowing the value of minerals in our everyday life, as a student how can you
help in conserving and preserving the natural sources of these minerals? (For
example, graphite is a mineral found in pencil).
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
33
Assessment
1. Pyrite is a yellowish mineral that looks like gold and is commonly called
fool’s gold. What is the property of mineral exhibited by pyrite wherein it
reflects light and with metallic look?
A. Color C. Luster
B. Hardness D. Streak
2. Quartz can break other than along planes of cleavage. What is the
property of mineral that show this characteristic?
3. Some minerals like mica has surfaces with planes of weak bonds in the
crystals. Thus, its crystals can be peeled like layers of onion. What is the
property exhibited by mica?
4. Which property refers to the resistance of mineral to

scratching? A. Cleavage C. Hardness
B. Fracture D. Luster
5.What are the building blocks of rocks and it is mostly found in

the geosphere?
A. minerals C. ore
B. soil D. elements
6.In its powdered form, the mineral hematite is reddish. Which

mineral property is best described?
A. color C. Streak
B. luster D. hardness
7. Which is not a property that can be used to identify a

mineral? A. luster C. hardness
B. streak D. opaque
8. What is the property of mineral that reflects light on its

surface? A. Crystal structure C. streak
B. color D. luster
34
9. What is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a definite
crystalline structure and chemical composition?
A. compound C. mineral
B. crystal D. rocks
10. During the 1800’s, miners can identify real gold from pyrite through biting
the surface of the mineral. If a bite mark is exhibited, then the said mineral is
considered real gold. What property is tested in this scenario? A. cleavage C.
hardness
B. luster D. streak color
11. What is a carbonate mineral that occurs in a different crystal form and
is less common than either calcite or dolomite?
A. aragonite C. calcite
B. gypsum D. silica
12. What constitutes the size, shape and arrangement of mineral grains in
a rock?
A. permeable origin C. cement
B. porosity D. texture
13. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a

mineral? A. naturally occurring C. Organic
B. solid D. crystal structure
14. What do you call tendency for a mineral to break along flat
surfaces? A. cleavage C. ductility
B. hardness D. tenacity
15. What is the solid form of a mineral produced by a repeating pattern

of atoms?
A. crystal C. element
B. density D. fracture
35
Additional Activities 4. Show how light is reflected on the surface 5.
Putting together Can be drawn into wires

Directions: Complete the concept map below.
Brainstorming
PROPERTIES
1. Shows the true color
2. Resistance to scratching
MINERALS
3. Can be flatten into thin sheets

Assume you are a mineralogist that discovered a new type of mineral. To inform
not only the academe but also the common people, you are then tasked to make
an infographic that will state its characteristics, properties, and significance
(whether economic, health and scientific). Present these important data through a
concept map.
36
Finding the Perfect Match
Take at least 5 photos of minerals that are found in our day to day living. Identify
the said minerals and state their unique characteristics and significance.
Name: ______________________________ Name: ____________________________

Characteristics: ______________________ Characteristics: ___________________
Significance: _________________________ Significance: ______________________
Name: ______________________________ Name: ____________________________
Characteristics: _____________________ Characteristics: ___________________
37
Name: _______________________________ Name: ____________________________
Characteristics: ______________________ Characteristics: ___________________
38
Answer Key composition
5,chemical
2.Table salt
A.1. Pencil
structure What’s New
e 4.crystallin
solid A 10.C 15 A 5.
3.Homogeneous C 9. C 14.A 4.
2.Inorganic A 8. D 13.C 3.
B 1 Naturally B 7. D 12. D 2.
occuring 5.Bridge C 6. C 11.A 1.
4.Car
3.Cellphone Pre Test/Post test
A 5.
E 4.
B 3.
D 2.
C 1.
Matching Type
Hardness 5.
Fracture 4.
Cleavage 3.
Streak 2.
Luster 1.
Have Learned What I
Sectility
4.
Malleability 3. Luster 2.
Ductility 1.
What's More
39
Answer may vary. 1. Additional activities
What I can do
15. A
Answer Key A 14.
C 13.
D 12.
A 11.
C 10.
C 9.
D 8.
D 7.
C 6.
A 5.
B 4.
Ductility 5. A 3.
Luster 4. B 2.
Malleability 3. C 1.
Hardness 2.
Streak 1. Post Test
40
References
Thompson G.R. and Turk J. (2012).Introduction to Earth Science. Cengage

Learning Asia PTE Ltd.(Philippine Branch)
Religioso, T. F. and Vengco, L. G.(2016) You and the Natural World: Earth
and Life Science. Phoenix Publishing House
Olivar II, J.S., Rodolfo, R.S. and Cabria, H.B. (2016) Exploring Life Through
Science Series: Earth Sence. Phoenix Publishing House
41
Earth and Life

Science Rocks
Rocks
First Edition, 2020

Writers: Josephine P. Jacinto

Reviewer: Jason Ricaforte, Angelica Beriña, Job S. Zape Jr. , Elaine T. Balaogan, Gregorio M. De Chavez, Jr Princess Paolah L. De
Guzman, Marissa C. Betchaida, Louie L. Alvarez, Jocelyn M. Manset , Mario B. Maramot
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral , Job S. Zape Jr , Elaine T. Balaogan, Rosemarie D. Torres, Ernesto D. Lindo , Dolorosa S. De Castro
Cristeta M. Arcos , Fe M. Ong-ongowan

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
42
What I Need to Know of rocks in our daily life.
This module was designed and written with you in What I Know
mind. It is here to help you master the properties of
minerals. The scope of this module permits it to be
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen
1. Rocks vary in color, size, texture and shape. They
are classified based on how they were formed. Which
which you read them can be changed to correspond of the following deals with the study of rocks?
with the textbook you are now using. A. Biology B. Geology C. Paleontology D. Petrology
The module covers: 2. Halite is made when a body of seawater becomes

closed off and evaporates and salt precipitates out
∙ Lesson 1 – Types of Rocks and their Properties and is deposited as crystallized halite. What type of
sedimentary rock is formed?
A. Clastic B. Chemical C. Organic D. Pyroclastic
1. identify the three types of rocks; 3. Igneous rock is divided into two groups, extrusive
2. classify rocks as to igneous, sedimentary and and intrusive Extrusive igneous rocks form when
metamorphic rocks; and 3. appreciate the importance magma makes its way to its surface as lava and the
cools forming rocks. Which will be the characteristics pressure and temperature over a large region of the
of the crystals? A. Crystals are coarse grained. crust. It may happen when rock is buried deep below
B. Crystals are fine grained. the surface or where pieces of the Earth’s crust
C. Crystals are very large. collide. Which is a metamorphic rock?
D. Crystals are phaneritic A. Breccia B. Conglomerate C. Marble D. Sandstone
4. Regional metamorphism occurs due to changes in Week 2

43
5. Igneous and metamorphic rock can be buried and undergo tremendous
heating and stress. What is the process of transformation of one rock type
into another?
A. Compaction B. Lithification C. Metamorphism D. weathering
6. What type of rocks are formed from sediments over long period of time?
A. Igneous Rocks C. Metamorphic Rocks B. Sedimentary Rocks D. Minerals
7. This refers to type of rock that was heated and compressed over time. A.
Igneous C. Metamorphic
B. Sedimentary D. All are correct
8. What is the natural process that causes one kind of rock to change into
another kind?
A. weathering B. rock cycle C. Sediments D. Metamorphism
9. A rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface is termed as:
A. Intrusive metamorphic rock
B. Extrusive sedimentary rock
C. Intrusive igneous rock
D. Extrusive igneous rock
10. Which of the following is an example of an igneous rock?

A. Limestone B. Coal C. Sandstone D. Granite
11. Which of the following represents the correct order of the processes
responsible for the formation of sedimentary rocks?
A. Erosion, weathering, compaction, cementation, deposition
B. Compaction, cementation, deposition, weathering, erosion
C. Deposition, cementation, compaction, erosion, weathering
D. Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation
12. A student obtained a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is
poured into the sand and allowed to evaporate. The mineral residue from salt
water solution cements the sand grains together, forming a material that is most
likely an:
A. extrusive igneous rock
B. intrusive igneous rock
C. metamorphic rock
D. sedimentary rock
44
13. Which of the following is true about rocks?
A. Rocks are composed of only one mineral.
B. Most rocks are a mixture of minerals.
C. Rocks do not contain minerals.
D. Coal is not considered a rock.
14. What is the type of rock formed from lava that cools quickly that results to
finer grain and smaller size of crystals?
A. Extrusive igneous rock
B Intrusive igneous rock
C. Sedimentary rock
D. Metamorphic rock
15. Fossils are found on this type of rocks.

A. Extrusive igneous rock C. Sedimentary rock B. Intrusive igneous
rock D. Metamorphic rock
Lesson 2 Rocks
Petrology is the scientific study of rocks. Rocks are combined aggregation of

minerals. Petrologist classified rocks based on how they were formed. In general,
rocks are classified as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.
What’s In
This module contains activities that will enhance the teaching-learning process
among learners about the minerals. It deals with the characteristics of rocks and
the properties exhibited by the rock. As the learner answers the questions, they will
able to classify and understand the concepts about three types of rocks. They will
understand the process of their formation. Moreover, they will develop awareness on
the importance of rocks to our daily life.
45
What’s New
Word Cryptogram
Directions: To come up with the correct answer for each number, unscramble the
letters by placing the correct letter sequence in the shaded box. Use number boxes
to complete the answer to the riddle below.
EMNISTDAYER
EMAIHTPCMER
4
GENOSUCORIK
VACNIOL
CASILTC
15
123456
Riddle: the layers of sediments that accumulated and carry the records of the
Earth’s history.
46
What is It
Earth is a solid rock to a depth of 2,900 kilometers, where mantle meets the liquid
outer core. A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals.
The aggregate minerals forming the rocks are held together by chemical bonds.
Grains can be different in color, texture, and sizes. Geologists then group rocks into
three categories based on how the rocks form: igneous sedimentary and
metamorphic rock. Petrology is the scientific study of rocks. Petrologists classify
rocks based on how they were formed.
Three types of Rocks
Igneous- formed from hardening and crystallization of magma or molten material

that originates deep within the earth.
Two types of igneous rock:
A. Extrusive/Volcanic rock - forms when magma makes its way to Earth’s
surface as lava and then cools. The crystals are very small (fine grained) since
the cooling process is fast.
B. Intrusive/Plutonic - It cools slowly beneath the Earth surface and are created
by magma. The intrusive igneous rocks have very large crystals (coarse grained).
Igneous rocks are classified based on
1. Composition
FELSIC - light in color; feldspar and silicates
MAFIC - dark in color; made up of magnesium and iron
INTERMEDIATE – between mafic and felsic
ULTRAMAFIC - very dark color
2. Texture- overall appearance of rock
Aphanistic - fine grained
Phaneritic- coarse grained
Porphyritic- large crystals with small crystals
Glassy- non-ordered solid from rapid quenching
Pyroclastic- composite of ejected fragments
Examples:
Obsidian, pumice, basalt, granite, diorite, gabbro
47
Metamorphic - forms from pre-existing rocks: either metamorphic, igneous,
sedimentary
Examples: Quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite

Metamorphism - transformation of one rock type into another.
2 types of metamorphism
1. Regional-due to changes in pressure and temperature over large region of
the crust
2. Contact-mainly by heat due to contact with magma
Classification:
a. Texture - refers to the size arrangement ad grains within the rock. b.
Foliation - any planar arrangement of mineral grains or structural features
within the rock.
*foliated - appeared banded or layered, contains crystals Example:
mica Non-foliated - made up of only few minerals
Sedimentary rocks provide information about surface conditions that existed in
the Earth’s past.
● Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of materials called
sediments, accumulate in layers and over long period of time harden into rocks. ●
Compaction-due to increase of pressure of layered sediments it bind together to
form the sedimentary rocks.
Three types of sedimentary rocks

a. Clastic Sedimentary rock - formed from accumulation of clasts: little pieces of
broken rocks and shells. Examples: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale b.
Chemical - formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution.
48
Example: Halite - formed when a body of seawater becomes closed off and
evaporates.
c. Organic - rocks formed from the accumulation of animal debris
Example: Coal - composed of organic matter in the form of plants fragments.
Identify and classify the types of rocks below as to igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic rock.
___________________
3. ___________________ 4. ___________________ 5.
1. ___________________ 2.
___________________
Collect at least five rock samples in your place and take a photo of the samples.
Describe the characteristics of each rock depending on their appearance, texture,
49
color, and layers (or bands). Then classify them as to igneous, sedimentary, or
metamorphic rock.
Type of Rock: _________________________________________
Description: ___________________________________________
Importance: ___________________________________________
Type of Rock: __________________________________________
Description: ___________________________________________
Importance: ___________________________________________
Type of Rock: __________________________________________
Description: ___________________________________________
Importance: ___________________________________________
Type of Rock: __________________________________________

Description: ___________________________________________
Importance: ___________________________________________
Type of Rock: __________________________________________
Description: ___________________________________________
Importance: ___________________________________________
50
What’s More
Understanding Science Words

Crossword Puzzle
Answer the questions below that refer to the terms about the characteristics and
different types of rocks.
10
O
9
P
1 7 6
C
A E
8
C
M
I
4
ACROSS
R
C
2
C 5
P
1.rocks formed from accumulation of clasts little pieces 2.
formation of igneous rocks due to hardening of magma 3.
transformation of one rock type into another 4. combined
aggregation of minerals
5. composed of ejected fragments
6. a.k.a. volcanic rock
7. fine grained rock
DOWNWARD
8. sediments bind together due to increase in pressure
9. coarse grained
10. sedimentary rocks formed from plants and animals.
51
What I Have Learned
Fill in the table below by providing basic information about the types of rocks. You
may refer to the words in the box below.
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
Types
Examples
Process of
formation
WORD LISTS
Lithification pumice clastic
Metamorphism sandstone intrusive

Cooling andesite extrusive
Cementation slate non- clastic
Deposition marble contact

metamorphism
Compaction obsidian regional

metamorphism
Fill in the Venn Diagram to determine the similarities and differences of the three
types of rocks.
Basalt limestone
52
What I Can Do
Reflect upon:
Rocks are all around us. It is used for building materials, cars, roads, and
appliances. As a senior high school student, how can you promote the
sustainable development in utilizing these resources? Give some suggestions.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________.________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________.________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________.________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Using the Internet, research three rocks of different types (igneous,

sedimentary, and metamorphic) and state their respective economic and
medical significance in our present society.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________.________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________.________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________.________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
53
Assessment
1. Petrologist classifies rocks based on how they were formed. What is the
branch that deals with the study of rocks?
A. Biology B. Geology C. Paleontology D. Petrology
2. Halite is made when a body of seawater becomes closed off and evaporates
and salt precipitates out and is deposited as crystallized halite. What type of
sedimentary rock is formed?
A. Clastic B. Chemical C. Organic D. Pyroclastic
3. Igneous rock is divided into two groups, extrusive and intrusive Extrusive
igneous rocks form when magma makes its way to its surface as lava and the
cools forming rocks. Which of the following will be the characteristics of the
crystals?
A. Crystals are coarse grained.
B. Crystals are fine grained.
C. Crystals are very large.
D. Crystals are phaneritic
4. Regional metamorphism occurs due to changes in pressure and temperature

over a large region of the crust. It may happen when rock is buried deep below the
surface or where pieces of the Earth’s crust collide. Which is a metamorphic rock?
A. Breccia B. Conglomerate C. Marble D. Sandstone
5. Igneous and metamorphic rock can be buried and undergo tremendous

heating and stress. What is the process of transformation of one rock type into
another?
A. Compaction B. Lithification C. Metamorphism D. weathering
6. What type of rocks are formed from sediments over long period of time?
A. Igneous Rocks C. Metamorphic Rocks B. Sedimentary Rocks D.
Minerals
7. This refers to a type of rock that was heated and compressed over time.
Which best fits the description?
A. Igneous B. Metamorphic C Sedimentary D. All are correct
8. What is the natural process that causes one kind of rock to change into
another kind?
A. weathering B. rock cycle C. Sediments D. Metamorphism
54
9. A rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface is called
an: A. Intrusive metamorphic rock
B. Extrusive sedimentary rock
C. Intrusive igneous rock
D. Extrusive igneous rock
10. Which of the following is an example of an igneous rock?

A. Limestone B. Coal C. Sandstone D. Granite
11. Which of the following represents the correct order of the processes
responsible for the formation of sedimentary rocks?
A. Erosion, weathering, compaction, cementation, deposition
B. Compaction, cementation, deposition, weathering, erosion
C. Deposition, cementation, compaction, erosion, weathering
D. Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation
12. A student obtain a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is
poured into the sand and allowed to evaporate. The mineral residue from salt
water solution cements the sand grains together, forming a material that is most
likely an:
A. Extrusive igneous rock C. sedimentary rock B. intrusive igneous
rock D. metamorphic rock
13. Which of the following is true about rocks?

A. Rocks are composed of only one mineral.
B. Most rocks are a mixture of minerals.
C. Rocks do not contain minerals.
D. Coal is not considered a rock.
14. What is the type of rock formed from lava that cools quickly that results to
finer grain and smaller size of crystals?
B Intrusive igneous rock
C. Sedimentary rock
D. Metamorphic rock
15. Fossils are found on this type of rocks.

B. Intrusive igneous rock
C. Metamorphic rock
D. Sedimentary rock
55
A. Complete the concept map using the words below. Rocks can
be classified on how they were formed
________________ ________________ Lava Compacted sediments

classified by size
Forms from cooling and cools quickly
solidification of magma
________________
Formed from
compaction and
cementation
________________
________________ Magma
Evaporates,
cools slowly
precipitate, biological matter
________________
________________ Rocks change due to
temperature and pressure
change ________________ Heat ________________
Pressure
Metamorphic Clastic Contact metamorphism Sedimentary

Extrusive Regional Metamorphism Non- Clastic Igneous
Intrusive
56
B. Fill in the missing word/term to complete the rock cycle. You may refer to the
box below.
ROCK CYCLE
3.
Weathering,
erosion, MAGMA
4.
transport and
deposition
2. 5.
Burial and extreme heat

1.
Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Heat and/or pressure Minerals
Metamorphism Thermal Expansion Intrusion/eruption
57
Answer Key B 8.
C 7.
B 6.
C 5.
C 4.
B 3.
B 2.
D 1.
C 15.
A 14. Pre Test
B 13.
D 12.
D 11.
D 10.
N
O
KCORSUOENGIKIROCUSONEG4
51
CITSALCCTLISAC6
O N A C L O V L O I N C A V What’s
CIHPROMATEMREMCPTHIAME
New
3 2
C 9. Y R A T N E M I D E S R E Y A D T S I N M E Word Cryptogram 1,2
What's New
C O R Y P5 C I T
SAL
T
C
A K C O R4 C P I I T E M3 M S I H P R O M A T O I E C 8 R N
E V I S U R T X E6 A N H
N O I T A Z I L L A T S Y R C 2 P L S A7 H C I T
P2 N
A
G
R
O1
58
sandstone cooling 5. Gabro,

metamorphism Crystallization Sedimentary
cementation
Lithification
Compaction
pumice
Basalt
granite
involved Process Sedimentary

conglomerate 4.Limestone,
Limestone
Metamorphism Regional
Contact
Breccia,
Clastic - Non Clastic

Obsidian, Examples
extrusive
Intrusive es Typ
3.Schist, Metamorphic
Sedimentary
Sandstone, 2.
Chalk/Sedimentary 1.
Metamorphic Sedimentary Intrusion/eruption 1.
Igneous
B.
What I have Learned? Regional Clastic - Non Extrusive Contact c Clasti Intrusive Metamorphic
Sedimentary Igneous
A.
C 15.
A 14.
B 13.
C 12.
D 11.
D 10.
C 9.
B 8.
C 7.
B 6.
C 5.
C 4.
B 3.
B 2.
D 1.
Assessment /Post Test
hat I can do? W
Metamorphic 5.
Heat and/or Pressure 4.
Sedimentary 3.
Igneous 2.
59
References
Olivar II, J.S., Rodolfo, R.S. and Cabria, H.B. (2016) Exploring Life Through
Science Series: Earth Sence. Phoenix Publishing House
Religioso, T. F. and Vengco, L. G.(2016) You and the Natural World: Earth and Life
Science. Phoenix Publishing House
Thompson G.R. and Turk J. (2012).Introduction to Earth Science. Cengage

Learning Asia PTE Ltd.(Philippine Branch)
60
Earth and Life

Science Exogenic Processes
Exogenic Processes
First Edition, 2020


Writers: Rhodora G. Bautista, Josephine P. Jacinto
Reviewer: Jason Ricaforte, Angelica Beriña, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Princess
Paolah L. De Guzman, Marissa C. Betchaida, Louie L. Alvarez
Jocelyn M. Manset, Mario B. Maramot,
Illustrator: Ednelinda Robles, Lovely Joy La Rosa, Charles Erick A. Jusay, Sandro Carlo
B. Tablizo
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan

Merthel M. Evardome, Nadine C. Celindro, Nicolas M. Burgos
Mario B. Maramot, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Rosalinda A. Mendoza

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
61
2
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
Week course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now
using.
What I Need to Know
The module covers:
This module was designed and written with you in ∙ Lesson 5 – Exogenic Processes
mind. It is here to help you master interaction and
interdependence in the ecosystem. The scope of this After going through this module, you are expected to:
module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the 1. describe how rocks undergo weathering;
2. identify the agents of erosion; and 2. Some minerals dissolve rapidly in water while
3. explain how the products of weathering are others do not. If you put crystals of halite or rock salt
carried away by erosion and deposited elsewhere. in water, the crystals rapidly dissolve to form a
solution. What is the type of chemical weathering
What I Know exhibited by the mineral halite? A. abrasion
B. oxidation
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen C. dissolution
letter on a separate sheet of paper. D. hydrolysis
1. A plant is growing into the base of a stone
monument and creating a crack on it? This is an 3. Stalactites and stalagmites on caves are a popular
example of _____________. attraction. These were formed through deposition of
A. thawing calcium carbonate and other minerals. What type of
B. freezing weathering occurred during the process?
C. chemical weathering A. freezing and thawing
D. mechanical weathering B. chemical weathering
C. mechanical weathering
D. thermal and pressure change
62
4. Water reacts with one mineral to form a new mineral that has water part of
crystal structure. A mineral feldspar, the most abundant on the Earth’s crust
weathers by the process of chemical weathering. What is the process that is
exhibited by the feldspar?
A. oxidation
B. hydrolysis
C. dissolution
D. pressure-release fracturing
5. Rusting is an example of chemical weathering. What is the process involved?

A. pressure-release fracturing
B. dissolution
C. hydrolysis
D. oxidation
6. Rocks and sand collide with one another when currents or waves carry them
along a stream or beach. During these collisions, their sharp edges and corners
wear away and the particles become rounded. What is the mechanical
weathering of rocks by friction and impact?
A. abrasion
B. oxidation
C. hydrolysis
D. dissolution
7. Which of the following human activities result in moving the sediments from one
place to another?
A. cultivating soil and gardening
B. developing new athletic field
C. building a highway
D. all of the above
8. Which of the following is NOT an agent of erosion?

A. glacier C. wind
B. gravity D. rocks
9. All of the following are the advantages of wind barrier such as row of trees along
the edge of field EXCEPT:
A. conserve moisture
B. trap the blowing wind
C. protect crops from the effects of wind
D. increase the effects of wind erosion.
10. The process by which rocks on the earth’s surface breaks down or changes its
composition is called _____________.
A. erosion C. weathering
B. deposition D. mass wasting
63
11. Which of the following processes does NOT cause physical weathering?
A. oxidation
B. freezing and thawing
C. burrowing of animals
D. temperature and pressure
12. Which of the following processes does NOT cause chemical weathering?
A. oxidation C. dissolution
B. hydrolysis D. temperature
13. Which of the following processes of chemical weathering occur in the formation
of stalactites and stalagmites?
A. oxidation
B. hydrolysis
C. dissolution
D. all of the above
14. What statement is NOT correct about dissolution?

A. It happens when elements react with atmospheric oxygen.
B. Rocks and minerals dissolve rapidly when water is either acidic or basic.
C. Limestone composed of calcite is weathered and develops caves through
time.
D. The crystal of halite dissolves rapidly and completely in water to form a
solution.
15. Soil is an essential component of the earth’s crust. What is the composition of
the soil?
A. a mixture of clay, dust, and sand
B. a mixture of silt, dust, sand, and water
C. a mixture of rock, dust, sand, water, and gas
D. a mixture of grains, organic matter, H2O, and gas
Lesson 5 Exogenic Process
The earth’s surface is composed of water and landmasses. The solid portion is
made out of rocks and minerals that could experience changes either physically or
chemically. The weathered materials are transported by different agents from one
place to another and will settle down in a particular area. These progressions that
happen is achieved by forms called exogenic processes. It includes weathering,
erosion, and deposition.
64
What’s In
Activity 1
Organize the disordered letters. Describe each term briefly.
SKORC
EIGNOSU
EIMNDSETS
NAIOTGDISINTER
POICMONIOTSDE
What’s New
Activity 2
Weathering is the process of disintegration (physical) and decomposition (chemical)
of rocks. Weathering is a process of breaking down rocks into small particles such
as sand, clay, gravel and other fragments. There are two types of weathering:
mechanical weathering and chemical weathering. This activity will allow learners to
differentiate physical changes from chemical changes.
Learners will follow the following instructions:
1. Prepare the needed materials: two pieces of paper and match.
2. Tear one paper, observe, and record your answer.
3. Burn the other paper (with teacher supervision), observe, and record your
answer.
4. Based on your observation, differentiate the changes after tearing and
burning.
65
Tearing of paper Burning of paper
Before Before
After After
Activity 3
Spot the difference/s.
What can you say about the image? Do you see any difference?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_
What is It
Mechanical weathering or physical weathering is the breakdown of rocks into
pieces without any change in its composition. In this process, the size and shape
of rocks changes and this occurs because of the following factors shown in the
table below.
Factors Description
Due to tectonic forces, granite may rise to form mountain range.
Pressure the pressure diminishes, the rock expands, cools,
and became brittle and fractured.
Rocks expand and are fractured when expose to high
temperature. However, if the temperature drops to
Temperature 0°C (freezing point of water), it also expands and
After the granite ascends and cools, the overlying causes fracture.
rocks and sediments may erode. At the point when
66
Frost Generally, rocks have fracture in its surface and when
Wedging water accumulates in the crack and at that point
freezes, the ice expands and breaks the rock apart.
The breakdown of rocks is caused by impact and
Abrasion friction. This primarily occurs during collision of
rocks, sand, and silt due to current or waves along a
stream or seashore causing sharp edges and corners
to wear off and become rounded.
Organic
Activity The roots grow causing penetration into the crack,
expand, and in the long run, break the rock.
Human
Activities Activities such as digging, quarrying, denuding forests
and cultivating land contribute to physical
Burrowing Animals
weathering.
Activity 4 Animals like rats, rabbits and squirrels excavate into

the ground to create a space for habitation.
I. Identify the factors of physical weathering shown in each picture.
1. ____________________________________
2. ____________________________________
3. ____________________________________
In chemical weathering, there are changes in the composition of rocks due to the
chemical reactions presented below.
67
Chemical Reactions It occurs in specific minerals which are dissolved in
water. Examples of these minerals are Halite (NaCl)
and Calcite (CaCO3). The formation of stalactites and
Dissolution stalagmites in caves are brought about by this
Description chemical reaction.
Hydrolysis Rock-forming minerals like amphibole, pyroxene, and feldspar react

with water and form different kinds of clay minerals.
OxidationIt is the response of oxygen with minerals. If the iron oxidizes, the
mineral in rocks decomposes. Rusting is an example of this
chemical reaction.
II. Analyze each picture. Identify the chemical reaction that causes chemical
weathering.
4. ____________________________________
5. ____________________________________ What’s More
Weathering is an important process in the formation of soil. Soil is a mixture of

grains, organic matter, H2O, and gas.
Plants, animals, and humans play an important role in the erosional process.
Erosion is the separation and removal of weathered rocks due to different agents
like water, wind, and glacier that causes transportation of the material to where
they are deposited.
Activity 5
Answer the following questions:
1. How do animals cause erosion?

_____________________________________________________________________________
68
2. How do human activities affect the rate of erosion?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Activity 6
Illustrate the agents of erosion and explain how each of them causes erosion.
C. __________________ B. __________________ A. __________________

__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
The movement of sediments downslope under the influence of gravity is called

mass wasting. The example of this are fall, slide, avalanche, and flow. On the
other hand, deposition is the process in which the weathered materials carried out
by erosion settle down in a particular location.
Activity 7
Define the type of mass movement.
1. Fall
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Slide
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Flow
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
69
4. Spread
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Topple
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Activity 8
Crossword puzzle: Identify the terms being described across and down that refer
to the agents of exogenic processes.
178
10
ACROSS
1. It refers to the aggregation or accumulation of weathered sediments to create
different landforms.
2. It is associated with many agents because it pulls the materials downslope.
70
3. It is a major erosional agent on areas on Earth’s surface that experience both limited precipitation and
high temperature.
4. It is one of the components of lithosphere.
5. It has the power to move large particles of weathered material than wind does. 6. It has the capacity to
carry huge rocks and piles of debris over great distances.
DOWNWARD
7. It is the process that transports Earth’s materials from one place to another. 8. It is the process wherein
materials are carried away.
9. It refers to the downslope movement of weathered materials along a well defined surface.
10. It refers to the movement of saturated materials downslope like liquid. What I Have
Learned
Activity 9
Complete the concept map using the words below.
71
Water Organic Activity Chemical Frost wedging Hydrolysis

Deposition Wind Exogenic
Process
Burrowing Dissolution Abrasion Pressure Physical Weathering
Erosion Oxidation Glacier Human Activities Temperature
Activity 10
Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.
1. The process of breaking down rocks either physically or chemically is called

__________________.
2. ___________________ is the breakdown of rocks into pieces without any change

in its composition.
3. ___________________is the response of oxygen with minerals. 4.
___________________ is a mixture of grains, organic matter, H2O, and gas. 5.
____________________is the breakdown of rocks that is caused by impact and
friction.
6. The change in the composition of rocks is called ______________________. 7. The
separation and removal of weathered rocks due to different agents like water,
wind, and glacier is called ____________________.
8. The movement of sediments downslope under the influence of gravity is
____________________.
9. The process in which the weathered materials carried out by erosion and gravity
settle down in a particular location is called ________________.
10. ____________________ is a chemical reaction wherein rock forming minerals
react with water and form different kinds of clay minerals.
What I Can Do
Activity 11
Soil is an essential component of the earth’s crust. It enabled life to exist
and provides the services necessary for human survival. What is the effect of soil
erosion? What will you do to protect the community?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
72
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Assessment
1. It is a process that does NOT alter the composition of material.

A. abrasion
B. organic activity
C. chemical weathering
D. mechanical weathering
2. The rocks are fractured, cracked, and broken down into small pieces. What is
the type of weathering?
A. oxidation
B. pressure change
C. physical weathering
D. chemical weathering
3. Which of the following is an example of oxidation?

A. rusting
B. halite dissolves in water
C. feldspar decomposes to form clay
D. stalactites and stalagmites formation
4. Which activity does NOT facilitate erosion?

A. Kaingin
B. planting
C. loss of plant cover
D. steepening of slope
5. Which of the following diagram is TRUE about exogenic processes?

A. weathering – erosion – transport-deposition
B. sediments – erosion – weathering – transport
C. sediments – transport – erosion – weathering
D. erosion – sediments – weathering – transport- deposition
6. The removal and transport of weathered material from one place to another is
called __________.
A. erosion
B. deposition
C. weathering
D. sublimation
73
7. Which of the following is not an agent of erosion?
A. wind
B. water
C. rocks
D. glacier
8. Which of the following is NOT a role of gravity in erosion?

A. It moves glaciers down slope.
B. It loosens the land materials.
C. In mountains, it moves down large slabs of rocks.
D. It acts as agents of mass wasting like landslides, fall, mudflows, and
avalanches.
9. What is the term that refers to the process wherein rocks break down into
pieces?
A. erosion
B. deposition
C. weathering
D. mass wasting
10.Water reacts with one mineral to form a new mineral. Feldspar when weathered
forms clay. What process of chemical weathering is involved?
A. oxidation
B. hydrolysis
C. dissolution
D. all of the above
11.The repeated thawing and freezing of water in the cracks of rocks is known
as A. solution
B. abrasion
C. oxidation
D. frost wedging
12.Which of the following does NOT cause chemical changes in the composition of
rocks?
A. abrasion
B. oxidation
C. dissolution
D. hydrolysis
13.When rusting of iron takes place, weathering is manifested

by_______________. A. abrasion
B. oxidation
C. hydrolysis
D. dissolution
74
14.The following are exogenic processes occurring on the earth surface
EXCEPT: A. erosion
B. eruption
C. deposition
D. weathering
15.Which of the following is the process by which sediments settle down in a

particular area?
A. transport
B. deposition
C. weathering
D. deformation
Draw and explain how the products of weathering are carried away by erosion and
deposited elsewhere.
Explanation:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
75
Answer Key
burrowing of animals 2. human students’ perceptions. B 30.B 29.

activity
1. organic activity
Acti
Physical weathering -I y 4 Activit
5. hydrolysis
vity 9 What I Have Learned
4. dissolution
What is It
Chemical weathering - II 3.
Answer may vary among Activity 3 DECOMPOSITION
B 28. A 27. D 26. B 25. C 24. B 23. C 22. A 21. A 20. B 19. A 18.
students’ C 17.
Answer may
What's New
perceptions.
students’
vary among
Answer may
DISINTEGRATION students’ perceptions.
SEDIMENTS
IGNEOUS
ROCKS
ty 1 Activi
What's in
D 20.
A 19.
C 18.
D 17.
A 16.
C 15.
D 14.
D 13.
D 12.
A 11. among Answer may vary Activity
D 10. 5
B 9.
B 8. What's More
C 7. D 16.
D 6.
Assessment
What I Know
students’ perceptions. Answer
may vary among Activity 11
What I Can Do
Activity 8
What's More hydrolysis 10.

Deposition 9.
Mass wasting 8.
Erosion 7.
students. Chemical weathering 6. Abrasion
Answer may vary 5.
among Activity 7 Soil 4.
Oxidation 3.
students. cal weathering Mechani 2.
Weathering 1.
Answer may vary
Activity 10
among Activity 6
What I Have Learned
76
References
Books
Albarico, Joni. 2016. Earth and Life Science. Lipa City, Batangas: Scolaire
Publishing
Bayo-ang et al. 2016. Earth and Life Science for Senior High School. Quezon City:
Educational Resources Corporation
Olivar II, J S., Rodolfo, R. and Hillel Cabria. 2016. Exploring Life through Science
Earth Science. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Salandanan, G.G., Faltado, R.E., and Lopez, M.B. 2016. Earth and Life Sciences
for Senior High School. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
Sia, SR D. and Leah Amor S. Cortez. 2016. SCIENCE in Today’s World for Senior
High School Earth and Life Science. Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House,
Inc.
Thompson, G.R. and Jonathan Turk. 2012. Introduction to Earth Science. Pasay
City: Cengage learning Asia Pte Ltd.
77
Earth and Life

Science The Earth’s
Internal Heat
Earth and Life Science – Senior High School
The Earth’s Internal Heat
First Edition, 2020

Writers: Christian Jay D. Salazar

Editors: Erwin R. Abrencillo, Jocelyn M. Manset
Reviewers: Dominic P. Almirez, Franz Kevin Manalo, Princess Paolah L. De Guzman, Marissa C. Betchaida, Job S. Zape Jr. Louie L.
Alvarez , Gregorio M. De Chavez, Jr., Jocelyn M. Manset, Mario B. Maramot, Elaine T. Balaogan,
Illustrator: Ednelinda Robles, Cherry Amor Laroza, Lovely Joy La Rosa, Charles Erick A. Jusay, Sandro Carlo B. Tablizo
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Merthel M. Evardome
Nadine C. Celindro, , Nicolas M. Burgos, Mario B. Maramot, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Rosalinda A. Mendoza
,

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
78

CLMD4AEARTHLIFESCIENCESHS Printed-1-79

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CLMD4AEARTHLIFESCIENCESHS Printed-1-79

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CLMD4AEARTHLIFESCIENCESHS Printed-1-79

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Earth and

Earth and Life

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Rochelle M. Mercado

Layout Artist: Elizalde L. Piol, Anselma M. Ebero, Jocelyn M. Manset

Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan,

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

For the learner:

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

References This is the list of all sources in developing this module.

The module focuses on the lesson:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Earth: A Habitable Planet

Table 1. Factors that make a planet habitable

Factors that make a planet habitable. National Science Foundation, n,d.http://www.lpi.usara.edu/education/explore/our_place/hab_ref_table.pdf

1. Planet Earth is considered habitable because of the following reasons: (1) it

RECYCLE REDUCE REUSE

Astronomy, accessed May 29,2020, https://www.astronomy.com:solarsys

Lunar and Planetary Institute, accessed May 29,2020,

Earth and Life Science

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Rochelle M. Mercado

Layout Artist: Elizalde L. Piol, Anselma M. Ebero, Jocelyn M. Manset

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

E-mail Address: [email protected]

Air Water Land With Life

Subsystems of the Earth

The four subsystems of the Earth are:

1. Atmosphere – the gaseous layer above the Earth’s surface primarily

Subsystems of the Earth

The four subsystems of the Earth are:

1. Atmosphere – it is the gaseous layer above the Earth’s surface, primarily

Earth is a complex system made up of many smaller systems through which

MY ENVIRONMENTAL “TO DO” LIST

2. Which system of the Earth is considered as the largest component of the

4. Relationship between the complex communities of individual organism is

8. From the given choices, which is an example of a connection between

9. Which among the choices clearly gives an example of connection between

A. boats transporting goods C. water evaporating to make clouds B. fish

15. Ozone plays an important function in every single organism on Earth. To

Major Geological Subsystem of Earth, Study.Com, accessed May 30, 2020,

Thompson, Graham R. et al. 2012. Introduction to Earth Science. Pasig City:

Earth and Life

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Josephine P. Jacinto

Layout Artist: Elizalde L. Piol, Anselma M. Ebero, Jocelyn M. Manset

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail Address:

Week 1 What I Need to Know

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

4. In its powdered form, the mineral hematite is reddish. Which mineral

7. Which is not a property that can be used to identify a

1. L T __ R - a manner by which mineral reflects light.

2. S R __ K - color of mineral in powdered form.

5. H R S__ - resistance of mineral to scratching and it is the

Name: __ Name: