7

Environmental
Science
Quarter II - Module 2:
Distribution of Earth’s Water and its Properties

"Designed by pch.vector / Freepik"

Environmental Science – Grade 7
Self-Learning Modules
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
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Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Regional Office VIII

Regional Director: Ramir B. Uytico EdD, CESO IV
Assistant Regional Director: Arnulfo M. Balane, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Annabel G. Gentallan, Ma Theresa D. Cabato-an
Content Editors: Jinky M. Villar, Marian M. ComilloL
Language Editor: Eric L. Abia
Illustrators: Name
Layout Artist: Name
Management Team:
Rosemarie M. Guino EdD, OIC – Chief, CLMD
Ryan R. Tiu EdD, EPS, CLMD – Science
Joy B. Bihag, EPS, CLMD – LRMS
Renato C. Cagomoc, EdD, Chief, CID
Joy B. Saldana, EPS, CID – Science
Name. Noel Sagayap, CID - LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Regional Office VIII

Office Address: Government Center, Candahug, Palo, Leyte

Telefax: 053 - 3233156

E-mail Address: [email protected].
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

At the end of each module, you need to answer the test to self-check your
learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will
be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Environmental Science Self – Learning Module 2 on

Distribution and Properties of Water!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create,
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

Explore
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module. A brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one. The
new lesson will also be introduced to you in
various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a
problem opener, an activity, or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
Learn
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

Engage This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and skills
of the topic. You may check the answers to the
exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the
module.
This includes questions or blank
Apply sentence/paragraph to be filled into process
what you learned from the lesson.

Assess This is a task which aims to evaluate your level

of mastery in achieving the learning competency.

This contains answers to all activities in the

Answer Key module.

This contains the learner’s reflection. Learners

Reflect
are encouraged to think about the lessons
particularly the parts that went well (they have
understood) and the parts that were weak (they
have difficulty) and write about it briefly.
Learners can share their thoughts and feeling
about the lessons.

iii
 At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
3. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
4. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
5. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv
 Explore

Introduction

After you answer this learning module, you will be able to achieve the following
objectives:

1. describe the hydrosphere,

2. describe the water cycle as a never-ending transfer of water between the
atmosphere and the surface of the earth,
3. discuss the distribution of world’s water,
4. enumerate and discuss the various water resources on earth,
5. describe the properties of water,
6. distinguish the properties of various forms of water on earth,
7. give the importance of water on earth.

As far as we know, the earth is divided into three layers. The lithosphere, the
atmosphere and particularly the hydrosphere.

In the previous module, you have learned something about hydrosphere. The
hydrosphere is mostly made up of water. How is water distributed here on earth?

In this lesson you will learn how water is distributed and its properties.

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 1 of 23
PRETEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following contains the greatest amount of water by volume on
earth?
a. atmosphere
b. oceans
c. glaciers and ice sheets
d. ground water
2. It is the process whereby fast- moving molecules in a liquid escape from
free surface of the liquid.
a. evaporation
b. condensation
c. precipitation
d. none of the above
3. What percentage of the Earth's total water is liquid fresh water?
a. 1%
b. 20%
c. 3%
d. 97%
4. Which of the following body of water does not belong to the group?
a. stream
b. swamp
c. rapid
d. waterfall
5. What percentage of the Earth is covered with sea water?
a. 1%
b. 3%
c. 30%
d. 97%
6. Which of following is the world’s largest ocean?
a. Pacific Ocean
b. Indian Ocean
c. Arctic Ocean
d. Atlantic Ocean
7. What property of water helps to moderate earth’s temperature?
a. adhesion
b. latent heat vaporization
c. specific heat capacity
d. cohesion
8. What elements make up water?
a. helium and carbon
b. oxygen and carbon
c. helium and oxygen
d. hydrogen and oxygen

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 2 of 23
 9. Why does ice float on water?
a. ice floats because it is less dense than liquid water.
b. ice floats because it is denser than liquid water
c. all of the above.
d. What do we call Which of the following contains the greatest amount of
water by volume on earth?
10. This bond is created by the weak attraction of a slightly positive to a hydrogen
atom, to a slightly negative portion of another molecule.
a. Chemical bond
b. hydrogen bond
c. covalent bond
d. ionic bond
11. Which of the following would most likely happen if the density of surface water
in the lake does not change?
a. There will be continuous exchange of oxygen and minerals in the lake
b. Plants and animals at the bottom of the lake cannot go to the surface.
c. There will be lowering of the level of water in the lake.
d. All of the above
12. Lakes are large bodies of standing water held in deep areas called
a. basins
b. rapid
c. crooks
d. waterfall
13. Why is water so important to living things?
a. Living things need water to live
b. We need water to waste it
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
14. It is a large natural stream of flowing water that empties into lakes,
estuaries or oceans.
a. waterfall
b. river
c. ponds
d. swamps
15. What type of water is in the ocean?
a. salt water
b. fresh water
c. ground water
d. none of the above

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 2 of 23
 Learn

The Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere is the liquid portion of planet Earth. It includes all bodies of
water found over and under the Earth’s surface. Water is one of the most abundant
substances on earth. It can be found anywhere on earth.

The Earth’s Surface

About two-thirds of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. Of this, about
97% is sea water and only about 3% is fresh water. Big portion (68.7%) of this very
small amount of fresh water is ‘’locked’’ in the form of ice mainly found in Greenland
and Antarctica. Ground water comprises 30% of fresh water while only 1% of the
fresh water is found in rivers, lakes, ponds, and in the atmosphere in the form of
water vapor.

The Earth’s Ocean

The oceans cover about 71% of the Earth’s surface. There are four great
oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic. These oceans vary in depth, area,
and volume. The largest in terms of these parameters is the Pacific Ocean followed
by the Atlantic Ocean. The ocean and seas comprise the marine or salt water
environment.

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/uwLpuBxbWm7CKD7XA

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 2 of 23
Types of the Body of Water

The Philippine archipelago has a lot of inland bodies of water. Inland bodies
of water are divided into two types: the lotic or flowing water system and the lentic or
standing water.

Different Types of Lotic Water System

Streams are small bodies of water flowing through a natural or artificial

channel that begins in an elevated area and usually ends in a sea or lake. A stream
on a steep slope where water is fast flowing is called a rapid. A stream with its water
flowing over a precipice or the vertical side of the mountain is called waterfall. A
river is a large natural stream of flowing water that empty into lakes, estuaries or
oceans. Brooks, creeks, and rivulets are small channels of running water which may
or may not be permanent.

Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/nbYPniKcYuqUQhdF7 https://images.app.goo.gl/hFGsaVovJ7wUeycX8
Figure 1.1: (A) stream (B) rapid

:https://images.app.goo.gl/Nh9iXdMTNYik7v366 https://images.app.goo.gl/BvMLkFgeacyTp45D6

(C) A waterfall (D) A river

https://images.app.goo.gl/1MLeEvYgHpRxV9sZ8 https://images.app.goo.gl/zVW93KtVPPzihver7

(E) A creek F) A brook

Different types of Lentic Water system

Lakes are large bodies of standing water held in deep areas called basins.
Ponds are shallower and smaller bodies of standing water, which support the
growth of aquatic plants throughout.
Swamps are bodies of standing water that are generally wider than ponds and

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 3 of 23
lakes but are comparatively shallower due to the thick deposits of sediments at the
bottom.

https://images.app.goo.gl/wvbs9hSJNbn72W2UA https://images.app.goo.gl/5TwWHjYze4mXUUz78

Figure 1.2 : (A) lake (B ) pond

https://images.app.goo.gl/feEGVYLXiGdVwA4Y9

(B ) swamp
Underground Water system

Rainwater that falls on the surface may runoff and eventually reach a body of
water or may infiltrate the soil and be stored there for a long period of time.

What happens to rainwater when it reaches the ground is determined by the

nature or characteristic of the ground itself. If the ground is hard and smooth, water
will likely continue to flow and will not soak into the ground. This movement is known
as a runoff.

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/Q3TxqaxRNeWs1bpm7

Figure 1.3 : Picture of a ground with puddles

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 4 of 23
 Notes to the Teacher
Provide a separate sheet or extra copy of this activity for
student’s use.

To find out the distribution of the earth’s water, look at Table 1.1 below.

Direction: Complete the third column by computing the corresponding volume of the
water at different locations.

Table 1.1 Distribution of Water by Percentage and Volume in

Different Locations
Amount of Water Volume
Location
(%) (km3)
Ocean 97.2
Lakes, streams,
subsurface water and 0.65
atmosphere
Ice sheets and glaciers 2.15
Total 100% 1.36 Billion

Activity 1.1
Using Table 1.1, answer the following questions:

1. Where is most of the water on earth found?

2. What percentage of the water on earth is found in the ocean?
3. What percentage of the water on earth is found in lakes, streams, subsurface
and atmosphere in cubic kilometers?
4. What is the volume of water found in lakes, streams, subsurface and
atmosphere in cubic kilometers?
5. What is the volume of water found in the ocean in cubic kilometers?
6. Explain why there is a need to conserve fresh water.

The earth’s water may be found in the atmosphere, on the surface, and
underground. The total amount of water on earth is estimated to be 1.36 billion cubic
kilometers. Of this total, 97.2% or 1.28 billion cubic kilometers is part of the world’s
oceans 2.15% or .03 billion cubic kilometers exist as ice sheets and glaciers, and
0.65% or .009 billion cubic kilometers is divided among lakes, streams, subsurface
water, and the atmosphere. Compared to the volume of water in the ocean, the

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 5 of 23
volume of subsurface water or ground water, which is the source of fresh water, is
very small. A greater part of this freshwater is in the form of ice and is not available
for consumption. With the growing population, demand for fresh water is increasing.
There is really a need to conserve fresh water.
If you look at the globe or world map, you will find out that the land and water
are not evenly distributed between the two hemispheres. There are more land areas
than water areas in the Northern Hemisphere while in the Southern Hemisphere
there are more water areas than land areas. For this reason, the Northern
Hemisphere is called the land hemisphere while the Southern Hemisphere is called
the water hemisphere.
You might wonder that since there is a very small amount of fresh water
available, there will not be enough for man, plants, and animals. But remember that
there is a continuous cycle of water or the hydrologic cycle as shown in Figure 1.1
because of this hydrologic sample, enough precipitation falls every year, which covers
0.85 meter of the earth’s surface. The degree of precipitation differs from one region
to another.

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/L91bCtKUgHVxCSDm6

Figure 1.1: The hydrologic cycle maintains a constant supply of water on earth

Figure 1.1 shows that more water is evaporated from the ocean than what
goes back to it and there is more water that falls on land than what was evaporated
from it. Studies shows that only two-thirds of the water that falls to the surface of
the earth is evaporated back to the atmosphere. The other one-third sinks into the
ground or flows back into rivers or oceans.

Water that exists underground in saturated zones beneath the land surface is
called ground water. The upper surface of the saturated zone is called the water
table. It fills the pores and fractures in underground materials such as sand, gravel,
and rocks.

The hydrosphere is the combined mass of water found on, under and above
the surface of a planet.

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 6 of 23
Activity 1.2 The Water Cycle
Materials Needed:

Wide- mouthed glass jar (heat resistant) with transparent cover

Hot water
Ice cubes, crushed

Procedure:

1. Pour hot water to a height of 3 cm to the wide-mouthed glass jar.

2. Cover the jar and place crushed ice cubes on the cover.
3. Observe what happens inside the jar.
4. Record your observations.

Did you notice that when the crushed ice was placed on the cover of a wide-
mouthed bottle with hot water, smoke-like material was observed inside the bottle
and after sometime moisture was formed in the sides of the bottle and the inside part
of the cover? Did you also notice that water droplets fall back to the water from the
top cover?

Water evaporates from the surface of hot water. Evaporation is the process
whereby fast-moving molecules in a liquid escape from the free surface of the liquid.
The ice on the top cover cooled the upper air inside the bottle. When rising water
vapor reached the top it also cooled because it gives off heat to the cold air on top
and changed phase from gas to liquid is called condensation. Water vapor
condensed as it is cooled to condensation temperature.

The same process happens in the environment. Fast moving molecules of

water escape from the free surface of the bodies

Properties of Water
Why water considered unique? Pure water has no color, no taste, and no
smell. It is one of the simplest chemical substances made of just three atoms- two
atoms of hydrogen (H) and one atom of oxygen (O). However, unlike other chemical
substances, it is everywhere- in clouds, oceans, ice, steam, and even underground.
Without water, there would be no oceans, no lakes, no rivers, no rain, no snow, no
clouds, no polar ice caps, no soft drinks nor juices, nothing to drink whatsoever, and
probably no you, no me, no nothing! Water has a structure that seems common yet
makes it uncommon to all other chemicals.
Water is a Polar Molecule
Water is a ‘’polar’’ molecule, meaning that there is uneven distribution of
electron density. Water has a partial negative charge( ) near the oxygen atom due
the unshared pairs of electrons, partial positive negative charges (Delta-) near the
hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen bond is created by the weak attraction of a slightly
positive to a hydrogen atom to a slightly negative portion of another molecule.

Water is an example of a chemical compound having a chemical formula H2O.

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 7 of 23
Water Has High Surface tension
The ability of water molecules to break and reform hydrogen bonds explains
why it has high surface tension. The hydrogen bonds enable water to exhibit high
amount of cohesion making it ‘’sticky’’ and set up a sort of ‘’ water barrier’’ that allows
things like needle, toothpick, and blade to float on the surface of the water and
causes water to form droplets.
Adhesion and cohesion are water properties that affect every water molecule on
Earth and also the interaction of water molecules with molecules of other substances.
Essentially, cohesion and adhesion are the "stickiness" that water molecules have for
each other and for other substances

Water Dissolves almost anything

You have seen that most of the solutes dissolved in water. Solids like table
salt, food coloring, and baking soda dissolved in water.
Water Has High Density
Have you ever wondered why ice floats on water? Have you ever thought how
different the world would be if ice cream didn’t float? Ice float because it is less dense
than water. This is true about any two substances: if one is less dense than the
water, then it will float. Examples are oil floating on water and logs floating in rivers.
It is this high heat capacity which modifies the temperature of a region near a large
body of water and keeps it from changing suddenly and widely.

Water Has High Boiling and Melting Points

` Water freezes (and melts) at 0 °C, 32 °F, 273.25 K, boils (and condense) at 100
°C, 211.97°F, 373.13 K. Despite having a small molecular weight, it has an incredibly
big boiling point (100°C). This is because water requires more energy to break its
hydrogen bonds before it can then begin to boil. The same concept is applied to the
freezing point as well. The boiling and freezing points of water enable the molecules
to be very slow to boil or freeze, this is important to the ecosystems living in water.
If water was very easy to freeze or boil, drastic changes in the environment would
affect bodies of water such as oceans or lakes, and cause all the organisms living in
water to die. This is also why sweat is able to cool our bodies.
Water Has High Heat Capacity
The heat capacity of any substance is the quantity of heat that must flow into
or out of system to change 0 degree to 1 degree Celsius. The vast amount of water
on the surface of the earth thus acts as a “giant thermostat” to moderate daily
temperature variation.

Importance of Water
Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and
animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on
earth.
Apart from drinking it to survive, people have many other uses for water.
These include:
Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 8 of 23
 • Cooking
• washing their bodies
• washing clothes
• washing cooking and eating utensils; such as billies, saucepans,
crockery and cutlery
• keeping houses and communities clean
• recreation; such as swimming pools
• keeping plants alive in gardens and parks. Water is also essential for
the healthy growth of farm crops and farm stock and is used in the
manufacture of many products.

Fig. 6.2: Some domestic uses of water.

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 9 of 23
 Engage

ACTIVITY 1. WHAT AM I?
Direction: Identify the following items by rearranging the jumbled letters. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is the liquid portion of planet Earth

(RHEPYRESDOH)

2. When rising water vapor reached the top it also cooled because it gives
off heat to the cold air on top and changed phase from gas to liquid is
called
(INSEDONCNATA)
-

3. The smallest world ocean

(ACTRNOACEI)
-

4. Water is a chemical compound with the chemical formula ____

(2OH)

5. There are many uses of _____ from drinking and cleaning to irrigating
crops and landscapes.
(TEWAR)

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 10 of 23
 Apply

Direction: Answer the following on a separate sheet of paper.

A. 1. Draw a pie chart how much water is present on Earth?
2. Make a model of a water cycle using teachers made rubrics.

Rubrics
Layout Content
Organization Originality Neatness Total
& design Knowledge
(15%) (15%) (20%) (35%) (15%) (100%)

B. From the words listed in the box choose which of these words would describe
the properties of water.

density rapid melting point

viscosity evaporation
cohesion adhesion
condensation boiling point
polarity

C. Make a graphic organizer on why water is very essential. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your answer.

Importance
of Water

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 11 of 23
 Assess

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper of paper.

1. It is the liquid portion of planet Earth. It includes all bodies of water

found over and under the Earth’s surface.
a. lithosphere
b. biosphere
c. atmosphere
d. hydrosphere
2. Lakes are large bodies of standing water held in deep areas called
a. basins
b. rapid
c. crooks
d. waterfall
3. What elements makes up water?
a. helium and carbon
b. oxygen and carbon
c. helium and oxygen
d. hydrogen and oxygen
4. The upper surface of the ground water is called______
a. water table
b. salt water
c. ground water
d. water currents
5. What percentage of the Earth's total water is liquid fresh water?
a. 1%
b. 20%
c. 3%
d. 97%
6. Why does ice float on water?
a. ice floats because it is less dense than liquid water.
b. ice floats because it is denser than liquid water
c. all of the above.
d. What do we call Which of the following contains the greatest
amount of water by volume on earth?
7. What property of water helps to moderate earth’s temperature?
a. adhesion
b. latent heat vaporization
c. specific heat capacity
d. cohesion

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 12 of 23
 8. Which of following is the world’s largest ocean?
a. Pacific Ocean
b. Indian Ocean
c. Arctic Ocean
d. Atlantic Ocean
9. Why is water so important to living thing?
a. Living things need water to live
b. We need water to waste it
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
10. What is the process whereby fast-moving molecules in a liquid escape
from the free surface of the liquid?
a. cohesion
b. evaporation
c. condensation
d. precipitation
11. This bond is created by the weak attraction of a slightly positive to a hydrogen
atom, to a slightly negative portion of another molecule.
a. chemical bond
b. hydrogen bond
c. covalent bond
d. ionic bond
12. Which of the following contains the greatest amount of water by volume on
earth?
a. oceans
b. groundwater
c. glaciers and ice sheets
d. atmosphere
13. It is a property of water wherein it measures the quantity of heat that
must flow into or out of system to change 0 degree to 1 degree Celsius.
a. heat capacity
b. heat flow
c. hydrogen bond
d. ionic bond
14. Which of the following process are arranged properly?
a. condensation → evaporation → precipitation
b. evaporation →precipitation → condensation
c. evaporation → condensation → precipitation
d. precipitation → condensation → evaporation
15. Water, more than any other substance is capable of dissolving more
substances is called __________________ .
a. universal solute
b. universal solvent
c. universal quantity
d. standard solvent

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 13 of 23
 Reflect

Complete the statements on the following:

I have learned about …

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

I find it difficult to understand on …

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

After answering the activities, I felt …

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 1 of 23
References
Book
Estrelita A. Madriaga et.al, Science Links Integrated Science I
Lee, S. & Añes, M., Environmental Science 2nd Edition
Integrated science I, Revised Edition
Project EASE (Effective and Alternative secondary Education) Integrated Science BUREAU OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION Deped Complex, Meralco avenue Pasig City
Relfect Icon.

https://images.app.goo.gl/uwLpuBxbWm7CKD7XA

https://images.app.goo.gl/nbYPniKcYuqUQhdF7
https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-

Q3_STE_Environmental_Science_Module 1 Page 2 of 23
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Regional Office VIII – Curriculum and Learning

Management Division (CLMD) - Learning Resources Management Section (LRMS)

Government Center, Candahug, Palo, Leyte, 6501

Telefax: (053) 323-3156; 323-3854; 824-4627

Email Address: *[email protected]

*[email protected] *[email protected]