4 - Elementary - Signals Slides - U

Elementary Signals
Dr. J. Aravinth (Mentor)

Ms. Devi Vijayan
Unit Step Function (Discrete-Time)
The discrete-time unit step function is de ned as
1 𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑢[𝑛] = .
{0 𝑛 < 0
Unit Step Function (Continuous-Time)
The continuous-time unit step function is de ned as
1 𝑡 > 0
𝑢(𝑡) = .
{0 𝑡 < 0
The continuous-time unit step function 𝑢(𝑡) has a discontinuity at

time 𝑡 = 0.
Unit Impulse Function (Discrete-Time)
The unit impulse function is also called the Dirac delta function.
The discrete-time unit impulse function is de ned as
1 𝑛 = 0
𝛿[𝑛] = .
{0 𝑛 ≠ 0
Unit Impulse Function (Continuous-Time)
The continuous-time unit impulse function is de ned by the pair of

relations:
𝛿(𝑡) = 0, for 𝑡 ≠ 0 , and 𝛿(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 1 .

∫
−∞
Unit Impulse Function (Continuous-Time)
De ne the function 𝑔𝜖 (𝑡) as
𝜖 𝜖
1/𝜖 − < 𝑡 <
2 2
𝑔𝜖 (𝑡) = .
{
0 otherwise
Then, we have 𝛿(𝑡) = .
lim 𝑔𝜖 (𝑡)
→
𝜖 0
Sinusoidal Signals (Continuous-Time)
The continuous-time sinusoidal signal is de ned as
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) = 𝐴 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + 𝜙), −∞ < 𝑡 < ∞ ,
where 𝐴 is the amplitude, 𝜔 is the angular frequency (in radians

per second), 𝜙 is the phase (in radians) and 𝑓 is the frequency (in
cycles per second or hertz).
Sinusoidal Signals (Discrete-Time)
The discrete-time sinusoidal signal is de ned as
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(Ω𝑛 + 𝜙), −∞ < 𝑛 < ∞ ,
where 𝐴 is the amplitude, Ω is the angular frequency (in radians

per sample) and 𝜙 is the phase (in radians).
Real Exponential Signal (Continuous-Time)
The continuous-time (real) exponential signal is de ned as
𝜆𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 , −∞ < 𝑡 < ∞ ,
where both 𝐴 and 𝜆 are real numbers.

Real Exponential Signal (Discrete-Time)
The discrete-time (real) exponential signal is de ned as
𝑛
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑐𝑎 , −∞ < 𝑛 < ∞ ,
where both 𝑐 and 𝑎 are real numbers.
The exponential characteristic of this signal can be veri ed by

substituting 𝑎 = 𝑒
𝜆
, leading to 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑐𝑒
𝜆𝑛
.
Complex Exponential Signal (Continuous-Time)
A continuous-time complex exponential signal 𝑥(𝑡) has the same

form as that of the continuous-time (real) exponential signal, that is
𝜆𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 , −∞ < 𝑡 < ∞ ,
but here both 𝐴 and 𝜆 are, in general, complex numbers.
Substitute 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝑒
𝑗𝜙
and 𝜆 = 𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔 in the above
equation, and obtain
𝑠𝑡 𝑗𝜙 (𝜎+𝑗𝜔)𝑡 𝜎𝑡 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+𝜙)
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 = |𝐴|𝑒 𝑒 = |𝐴|𝑒 𝑒 .
Complex Exponential Signal (Continuous-Time)
Then, apply Euler's identity 𝑒

𝑗𝜃
= cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃 , and obtain
𝜎𝑡 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+𝜙) 𝜎𝑡 𝜎𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = |𝐴|𝑒 𝑒 = |𝐴|𝑒 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) + 𝑗|𝐴|𝑒 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
 
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙{𝑥(𝑡)} 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦{𝑥(𝑡)}
Complex Exponential Signal (Discrete-Time)
A discrete-time complex exponential signal 𝑥[𝑛] has the same

form as that of the discrete-time (real) exponential signal, that is
𝑛
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑐𝑎 , −∞ < 𝑛 < ∞ ,
but here both 𝑐 and 𝑎 are, in general, complex numbers.
Substitute 𝑐 = |𝑐|𝑒
𝑗𝜙
and 𝑎 = |𝑎|𝑒
𝑗Ω
in the above equation,
and obtain
𝑛
𝑛 𝑗𝜙 𝑗Ω 𝑛 𝑗(Ω𝑛+𝜙)
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑐𝑎 = |𝑐|𝑒 (|𝑎|𝑒 ) = |𝑐||𝑎| 𝑒
𝑛 𝑛
= |𝑐||𝑎| cos(Ω𝑛 + 𝜙) + 𝑗|𝑐||𝑎| sin(Ω𝑛 + 𝜙) .
 
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙{𝑥[𝑛]} 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦{𝑥[𝑛]}
Complex Exponential Signal (Discrete-Time)
References:
[1] Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen, Signals and Systems, Second
Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2003.
[2] Lecture Notes by Richard Baraniuk.

https://www.di.univr.it/documenti/OccorrenzaIns/matdid/matdid018094.pdf
(https://www.di.univr.it/documenti/OccorrenzaIns/matdid/matdid018094.pdf)

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Elementary Signals

Dr. J. Aravinth (Mentor)

The discrete-time unit step function is de ned as

The continuous-time unit step function is de ned as

The continuous-time unit step function 𝑢(𝑡) has a discontinuity at

The discrete-time unit impulse function is de ned as

The continuous-time unit impulse function is de ned by the pair of

𝛿(𝑡) = 0, for 𝑡 ≠ 0 , and 𝛿(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 1 .

De ne the function 𝑔𝜖 (𝑡) as

Then, we have 𝛿(𝑡) = .

The continuous-time sinusoidal signal is de ned as

𝑥[𝑛] = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) = 𝐴 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + 𝜙), −∞ < 𝑡 < ∞ ,

where 𝐴 is the amplitude, 𝜔 is the angular frequency (in radians

The discrete-time sinusoidal signal is de ned as

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(Ω𝑛 + 𝜙), −∞ < 𝑛 < ∞ ,

where 𝐴 is the amplitude, Ω is the angular frequency (in radians

The continuous-time (real) exponential signal is de ned as

where both 𝐴 and 𝜆 are real numbers.

The discrete-time (real) exponential signal is de ned as

where both 𝑐 and 𝑎 are real numbers.

The exponential characteristic of this signal can be veri ed by

A continuous-time complex exponential signal 𝑥(𝑡) has the same

but here both 𝐴 and 𝜆 are, in general, complex numbers.

Then, apply Euler's identity 𝑒

A discrete-time complex exponential signal 𝑥[𝑛] has the same

but here both 𝑐 and 𝑎 are, in general, complex numbers.

[2] Lecture Notes by Richard Baraniuk.

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