22/3/2022

I. LISTENING
Part 1: For questions 1–6, listen to a conversation about gated communities and decide if these statements are true
(T) or false (F).
1. The two speakers have differing attitudes about the subject.
2. Both speakers agree about the kinds of people who live in gated communities.
3. The woman accepts that people can choose how to spend their money.
4. The man’s tone of voice suggests he isn’t convinced that gated communities are bad for society.
5. The woman suggests that gated communities increase the division between rich and poor.
6. The woman admits she would live in a gated community if she was rich.

Part 2: For questions 7–12, listen to an interview with a man called O’Toole, who works as a teacher trainer and
choose the best answer (A, B, C or D).
7. Why are many teachers leaving the profession, according to Mike?
A They don’t feel it is financially rewarding any more.
B They are not being given the respect they once were.
C They are investing too much in it without getting enough back.
D They find the subject matter they have to teach too difficult.
8. Mike believes that without radical changes _______
A education in the UK will begin to get worse.
B UK schools will lose their ability to compete with one another.
C the UK will soon no longer be a leader in education.
D the educational system in the UK can be transformed.
9. The main failing of the UK education system is _______
A the inability of students to use computers.
B the resistance within schools to the introduction of technology.
C the failure of government to invest in hardware for schools.
D the lack of training for teachers in the use of technology in the classroom.
10. Why is teacher training failing teachers, according to Mike?
A It is not helping them to keep pace with developments.
B It does not use technology in its training classrooms.
C It uses hardware and software that are out of date.
D It is suffering from a lack of trainers with specialist knowledge.
11. Teachers can only benefit from technology if _______
A they cease to see it as a threat. B. they can combine it with traditional methods.
C they are allowed to use it in their own way. D. they are willing to research its possibilities on their own.
12. What does Mike imply about the choice that needs to be made?
A It is impossible to know which one is correct at present. B. It leads to two radically different outcomes.
C The consequences are reversible. D. Most developing countries have already chosen.

Part 3: For questions 13–20, listen to a young business owner called Matt Hawkins, giving a presentation about
his experience of opening his own restaurant and complete the sentences.
SUCCESS IN THE RESTAURANT BUSINESS
  Matt considers (13)________ to be of secondary importance in starting a
restaurant.
  Matt says you have to stay focused on (14)________ for your business to be a success.
  To get a busy location for your restaurant, you might have to compromise on
(15)________ to afford it.
  Matt had to spend a little extra on (16)________ to get his restaurant up and running.
  Matt says you must be good at (17)________ responsibilities of a restaurant owner.
For one of the mistakes Matt made in his business, he paid a(n) (18)________ to come in and fix it.
  In trying to get more customers, the idea for a(n) (19)________ was a big
success for Matt.
  To make things more efficient, Matt set up a(n) (20)________ orders to the kitchen.
II. LEXICO–GRAMMAR
Part 1: Choose the best answer (A, B, C, or D) to each of the following questions and write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes.
1. It was truly miraculous that the child was _______ after falling five storeys.
A. unscathed B. intact C. unchanged D. unyielding
2. When he was questioned about the missing ring, he ________ denied that he had even seen it.
A. steadily B. bitterly C. fully D. firmly
3. Nobody has been able to explain the ________ of the commonly-used expression.
A. root B. source C. cause D. origin
4. The scientists broke down as they realized that all their efforts had gone to _______.
A loss B failure C waste D collapse
5. We are making an ________ effort to increase production.
A. all out B. altogether C. all in D. all together
6. He was given a 24-month imprisonment sentence for fraud and _____ debts.
A outstanding B accumulative C bad D heavy
7. The jury ______ her compliments ______ her excellent knowledge of the subject.
A paid/on B paid/to C returned/on D returned/to
8. Ever since we quarrelled in the office, Janice and I have been _________ enemies.
A assured B confirmed C defined D guaranteed
9. The interpreter gave only a _______ version of the old man’s long rambling account.
A. minimum B. miniature C. marginal D. condensed
10. Could you ________ us that any possible conflicts will be averted?
A confirm B ensure C assure D reaffirm
11. Although only of ________ intelligence, he speaks four languages fluently.
A. average B. middle C. moderate D. ordinary
12. He has to work overtime, his family is rather ________ for money at the moment.
A. squeezed B. tightened C. cramped D. pressed
13. When I got stuck in the elevator, I was scared out of my ________.
A brains B head C wits D nerves
14. To his own great ________, professor Stephen has discovered a new method of diabetes treatment.
A reputation B name C fame D credit
15. This insect is completely _______, I’ve never seen anything like that before.
A out of the way B out of sight C off the way D off the track
16. The new tax policy has ________ a lot of anger and dissatisfaction.
A devised B evoked C originated D provoked
17. It was Martin who ________ the initiative in introducing our guests to the princess.
A took B undertook C introduced D pursued
18. A special conference has been _________ to discuss the organization of a standardized national examination.
A initiated B launched C mobilized D summoned
19. All traffic is being _________ because of the military parades.
A. diverted B. converted C. changed D. altered
20. I had a small accident with the car. One of the wings is a little ________.
A. stained B. dented C. jammed D. cracked
Part 2: For questions 21–30, read the following text which contains 10 mistakes. Underline the errors and write
the corrections in the corresponding numbered boxes. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Line Nature is something that we all too often take as granted. Yet, in order not to become ill,
we need to have regular contact with it – we need it on a regular base. Imagine being kept in a
room with no daylight and no greenery. Sounds as torture, doesn’t it? Well, in fact it is. Just as
animals suffer if they are kept in cage, we humans soon fall ill in our own ‘cages’.
5
What exactly we get from nature are not clear, but there may be several reasons for a
walk in the countryside makes us feel well. First of all, the oxygen from trees and plants gives
us a lift as this oxygen fills the lungs, then the blood, and then goes straight to the brain, given
us that familiar feeling of well-beings. More difficult to explain is how the sense of smell
works to make us happily. If something has a nice smell, like flowers or grass, it is likely that,
10 apart from just being pleasant, it is doing us well as well. It is possible in many cases that the
scents and aromas in nature remind us of our childhood – a time that all of us were younger,
and most of us were fitter and healthier!
Part 3: For questions 31–40, fill in the gaps in the following sentences with suitable particles. Write your answers
in the corresponding numbered boxes. There is an example at the beginning (0).
0. He finds it hard to put _________ the noise of the nearby factory.
31. When Emma is criticized she doesn’t hesitate to bite ________.
32. I usually find it quite hard to understand what the teacher of history is getting ________ in his lessons.
33. When I see my boss in the next meeting, I’m going to bring ________ the subject of a pay rise.
34. I’d been looking for this report everywhere but I finally managed track it ________ in the local library.
35. He droned ________ for hours about an ancient civilization; everyone fell asleep.
36. I decided to go _________ the contest in the hope that I would win a prize.
37. If you don’t pay the rent on time, the landlord can throw you ________.
38. She was very angry because her rival had done her ________ the reward.
39. She stood ________ her opponents’ criticisms and was eventually proved right.
40. I was very fortunate to light ________ an excellent private tutor to help me with my studies.

Part 4: For questions 41–50, use the word in capitals at the end of each of the following sentences to form a word
that fits suitably in the blank. There is an example at the beginning (0).
0. We had an interesting _________ about football. DISCUSS
41. The height difference between the twins is so _________ that I can’t really tell who is taller. PERCIEVE
42. Unfortunately, he was given a sack for his _________ work. STANDARD
43. Increasing import tax is believed to be _________ as it would give rise to smuggling. PRODUCE
44. I thought it was an _________ remark but apparently she was deeply insulted. OFFENCE
45. Sales forecasts indicate a poor _________ for the clothing industry. LOOK
46. They used to be _________ enemies, but now they have managed to bury the hatchet for the sake of mutual
benefits. RECONCILE
47. They returned home exhausted and disappointed after search for the _________ ship. FATE
48. Psychologists advise parents against putting _________ pressure on their children. DUE
49. If I were you, I would never let such a(n) _________ opportunity to study abroad slip through my fingers.
MISS
50. Everyone marvelled at his _________ idea of organizing more field trips for students. OBJECT

Part 5: For questions 51-60, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the
space. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. There is an example at the beginning (0).
A SUCCESSFUL FAILURE
If there is one (0)_________ (HISTORY) figure that has been regarded as a (51)_________ (FAIL) during
his lifetime by so many biographers and yet is remembered by secondary school history students as a
(52)_________ (LEGEND) explorer and campaigner, it is David Livingstone.
As an explorer, he erred (53)_________ (DISASTER) in thinking that that the Zambezi river was navigable
and he misidentified the source of the Nile. In addition, by the time he died, his campaign against the East African
slave trade had had (54)_________ (DISAPPOINT) little success. He was not much better as a husband or father,
either, leaving his family behind for years as he trampled thousands of miles over inhospitable rugged African
terrain.
Despite his mistakes and the fact that his (55)_________ (BEHAVE) was often less than (56)_________
(EXAMPLE), he deserved more recognition than he has been given by experts. Indeed, there were values he
(57)_________ (BODY) that have held him in high esteem in some circles. He found the (58)_________ (TREAT)
of the blacks ensnared in the booming African slave trade so distasteful that he fought (59)_________ (TIRE) to
stamp it out. His attempts may have failed during his active campaign but in the year after his death, the Sultan of
Zanzibar signed a treaty with Britain guaranteeing the (60)_________ (ABOLISH) of the East African slave trade,
an agreement Livingstone had dreamed of.

IV. READING
Part 1: For questions 1–15, read the following passages and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D) best fits each
gap. Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes. There is an example at the beginning (0).
BACK TO NATURE
 While I was walking through my neighbourhood park (0)________, I was pleasantly surprised to find that I
was not alone in my (1)________ to get out and see nature at its finest. The autumn season and its accompanying
(2)________ of leaves had brought us city-dwellers out in (3)________.
In (4)________, I realise I really shouldn’t have been as surprised as I was because nature has a way of
attracting crowds. Even travel agents have (5)________ and each year sees more and more ‘eco-holidays’ on
(6)________ for those wishing to ‘reunite’ themselves with the great (7)________. It is a fact, too, that the world’s
zoos and aquariums attract more people annually than all professional sporting events (8)________.
According to Edward O Wilson, a Harvard ecologist, humans have an (9)_______ love of nature and an actual
need to (10)________ themselves in it. Children are the greatest examples of what Wilson has (11)________
‘biophilia’ or love of life. Point out a butterfly or an anthill to almost any child and watch their eyes (12)________
up with interest and curiosity. Or, for that matter, just watch grown-ups as they (13)________ through the park on a
lovely autumn day. Their relaxed (14)________ are enough to show that they are truly appreciative of their
(15)________, but beneficial, contact with nature.
0. A recently B lately C currently D presently
1. A thirst B desire C hunger D appeal
2. A dropping B throwing C shedding D letting
3. A droves B flocks C schools D mobs
4. A review B remembrance C retrospect D memory
5. A understood B caught on C noted D worked out
6. A offer B display C sale D show
7. A outdoors B outside C outline D outback
8. A mixed B combined C added D totalled
9. A inner B impulsive C innate D inherited
10. A drown B sink C plunge D immerse
11. A termed B coined C marked D phrased
12. A glow B shine C light D glint
13. A trot B pace C gallop D stroll
14. A sentiments B expressions C emotions D gestures
15. A little B brief C swift D tiny

Part 2: For questions 16–25, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only ONE
word in each gap. Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes. There is an example at the beginning (0).
KARAOKE FEVER
Karaoke is fast (0)________ the nation’s Number One party pastime. Public humiliation has never been so
fashionable. It’s 1 a.m. at an exclusive location in the heart of London. A major pop singer has taken the stage but
rather than sing her latest hit, she treats the crowd (16)________ a Michael Jackson song. What was once the party
habit of teenagers is now favoured by London’s coolest crowd and everyone is having a (17)________. So why are
so many of our celebrities queuing to make fools of (18)________ in clubs and bars across the country? Maybe it’s
because belting out of a naff pop song to a public audience shows that (19)________ though you may be a
celebrity, you don’t (20)________ yourself too seriously. And if you are a big movie star, that’s a good message to
get (21)________. Nobody gets away without being laughed at on a karaoke evening, no (22)________ how
famous the are.
(23)________ all, that’s the whole point of the exercise. But for the musical experts among you, a word or
warning: this isn’t about proving to the world that you know the all the lyrics to a serious song. It’s about
expressing your inner performer. Don’t bother (24)________ up at a karaoke night if you aren’t prepared to sing,
you’ve got to (25)________ in the effort and prove that you are one of the ‘in-crowd’. Break a leg!

Part 3: For questions 26–35, read the text below and choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).
LAKE DISTRICT WATER PLAN SCRUTINISED
A public inquiry opened yesterday into plans to pump extra water from the Lake District National Park to
refill reservoirs drained by drought. United Utilities has submitted its proposals to take water from two lakes,
Windermere and Ullswater, to public scrutiny because of concerns about the potential damage to wildlife.
Anglers are concerned that spawning sites for salmon and trout could dry out if water is drained from the
rivers that flow from the lakes. But the utilities company insists that removing and treating the extra water will not
hurt local flora and fauna. The hearing, headed by the government inspector, Stuart Nixon, is being held in the
Cumbrian town of Windermere and will last for two days. A final decision is expected to be taken later this month
by Margaret Beckett, the Environment Secretary.
United Utilities insists that the drought orders are necessary to prevent the further depletion of water from two
of its reservoirs in the Lake District, Haweswater and Thirlmere. Because of the unusually dry summer this year,
Haweswater has only 53 per cent of its capacity compared with 68 per cent at the same time last year. Thirlmere
has just 47 per cent, whereas last year it had 79 per cent.
If United Utilities is given the go-ahead, it would be able to take extra water from the Windermere and
Ullswater rivers – Leven and Eamont respectively – this winter, rather than having to take emergency measures
next year. Water from Ullswater would be piped into Haweswater reservoir; water from Windermere would enter
the local supply, and prevent further depletion of Thirlmere. Water supplies would reach two million people in
Manchester, Lancashire, south Cumbria and parts of Cheshire.
Cumbria Wildlife Trust said taking extra water could pose problems for wildlife if not properly managed. But
a spokesman said it was not opposing United’s plans because it was better for water to be drained in the wet winter
months rather than in the summer. ‘If they don’t have to do it now, they will have to do it in April,’ the spokesman
said.
Dickon Knight, the agent for the landowner Holker Estates, said the proposed minimum flows on the river
Leven would harm efforts to protect salmon stocks. Alistair Maltby, the manager of the Eden Rivers Trust, said
taking water from the rivers during the winter was the best approach but urged United Utilities to mend leaks in its
pipes in the long run. Gary Dixon, customer service manager at United Utilities, said, ‘We can’t predict what
supplies will be like over the winter. Normally this is when our reservoirs would refill but if the low rainfall
continues we need to start planning ahead for next summer. Taking action now will have a lower impact on the
river environment than during the spring.’
The company said the deluge of rain in recent weeks was helping to top up the reservoirs. John Carberry, a
spokesman, said, ‘There is no crisis and no panic, but we are looking ahead for next year. There is a potential
impact on the environment which is why we are seeking permission to do what we want to do.’ The Environment
Agency said it would work with the utility company to ensure any damage to fish stocks was kept to a minimum.
26. According to the opening paragraph, the controversy arose due to ________.
A a proposed scheme to top up water supplies B excessive water in local lakes.
C civilians protesting over a threat to the environment. D a possibility that reservoirs could be contaminated.
27. The word “hearing” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. trial B. legal action C. lawsuit D. official meeting
28. Who does the outcome of the proposal ultimately rest with?
A the area’s fishermen B a utilities company
C Margaret Beckett D Stuart Nixon
29. What have high temperatures resulted in?
A several bodies of water in the Lake District completely drying up
B United Utilities wanting to take certain measures
C two lakes being left with less than 50% of their water
D a large decrease in profits for United Utilities
30. The word “go-ahead” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. leave B. consensus C. authorization D. permit
31. If the plan is implemented, _______.
A it will inevitably avert a national crisis. B its impact will be felt nationwide.
C it could cause irreversible damage D it should preferably be done in winter.
32. Which of the following statements is NOT true, according to the passage?
A the water depletion rate of all reservoirs is not the same.
B Wildlife might be affected by excessive water taking
C It’s inevitable that water should be drained sooner or later.
D Water from two rivers would be pumped into the local supply
33. What is Alistair Maltby’s opinion on refilling reservoirs?
A It will be detrimental to certain species of fish.
B It’s the best solution as long as a technical problem is sorted out.
C It will have a negative effect on the environment if left until spring.
D Its success depends on how well United Utilities manage the project.
34. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A it’s spring at the moment the passage was writte B salmon stocks are being kept to a minimum
C there will be an active collaboration for the common good
D water depletion has reached epidemic proportions
35. What is the overall tone of the passage?
A alarmed B sarcastic C neutral D dismissive

Part 4: Read the following passage and answer questions 36–45.

VIEWS OF INTELLIGENCE ACROSS CULTURES
A In recent years, researchers have found that people in non-Western cultures often have ideas about intelligence
that are considerably different from those that have shaped Western intelligence tests. This cultural bias may
therefore work against certain groups of people. Researchers in cultural differences in intelligence, however,
face a major dilemma, namely: how can the need to compare people according to a standard measure be
balanced with the need to assess them in the light of their own values and concepts?
B For example, Richard Nesbitt of the University of Michigan concludes that East Asian and Western cultures
have developed cognitive styles that differ in fundamental ways, including how intelligence is understood.
People in Western cultures tend to view intelligence as a means for individuals to devise categories and
engage in rational debate, whereas Eastern cultures see it as a way for members of a community to recognize
contradiction and complexity and to play their social roles successfully. This view is backed up by Sternberg
and Shih-Ying, from the University of Taiwan, whose research shows that Chinese conceptions of intelligence
emphasize understanding and relating to others, and knowing when to show or not show one’s intelligence.
C The distinction between East Asia and the West is just one of many distinctions that separate different ways of
thinking about intelligence. Robert Serpell spent a number of years studying concepts of intelligence in rural
African communities. He found that people in many African communities, especially in those where Western-
style schooling is still uncommon, tend to blur the distinction between intelligence and social competence. In
rural Zambia, for instance, the concept of nzelu includes both cleverness and responsibility. Likewise, among
the Luo people in rural Kenya, it has been found that ideas about intelligence consist of four broad concepts.
These are named paro or practical thinking, luoro, which includes social qualities like respect and
responsibility, winjo or comprehension, and rieko. Only the fourth corresponds more or less to the Western
idea of intelligence.
D In another study in the same community, Sternberg and Grogorenko have found that children who score
highly on a test of knowledge about medicinal herbs, a test of practical intelligence, often score poorly on tests
of academic intelligence. This suggests that practical and academic intelligence can develop independently of
each other, and the values of a culture may shape the direction in which a child’s intelligence develops.
It also tends to support a number of other studies which suggest that people who are unable to solve complex
problems in the abstract can often solve them when they are presented in a familiar context. Ashley Maynard,
for instance, now professor of psychology at the University of Hawaii, conducted studies of cognitive
development among children in a Mayan village in Mexico using toy looms, spools of thread, and other
materials drawn from the local environment. The research suggested that the children’s development, could be
validly compared to the progression described by Western theories of development, but only by using
materials and experimental designs based on their own culture.
E The original hope of many cognitive psychologists was that a test could be developed that was absent of
cultural bias. However, there seems to be an increasing weight of evidence to suggest that this is unlikely.
Raven’s Progressive Matrices, for example, were originally advertised as ‘culture free’ but are now
recognized as culturally loaded. Such non-verbal intelligence tests are based on cultural constructs which may
not appear in a particular culture. It is doubtful whether cultural comparisons of concepts of intelligence will
ever enable us to move towards creating a test which encompasses all aspects of intelligence as understood by
all cultures. It seems even less likely that such a test could be totally free of cultural imbalance somewhere.
The solution to the dilemma seems to lie more in accepting that cultural neutrality is unattainable and that
administering any valid intelligence test requires a deep familiarity with the relevant culture’s values and
practices.
Questions 36–40
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph A–E from the list of headings below (i-ix). There are more
headings than paragraphs. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
List of Headings
i Research into African community life
ii Views about intelligence in African societies
iii The limitations of Western intelligence tests
iv The Chinese concept of intelligence
 v The importance of cultural context in test design
vi The disadvantages of non-verbal intelligence tests
vii A comparison between Eastern and Western understanding
of intelligence
viii Words for “intelligence” in African languages
ix The impossibility of a universal intelligence test
36. Section A
37. Section B
38. Section C
39. Section D
40. Section E

Questions 41–45
Look at the researchers in 41–45 and the list off findings below. Match each researcher with the correct finding.
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
41. Ashley Maynard
42. Richard Nesbitt
43. Sternberg and Grogorenko
44. Sternberg and Shih-Ying
44. Robert Serpell
List of findings
A There is a clear relationship between intelligence and relationships with others in Chinese culture.
B Children frequently scoring well in academic tests score better in practical tests.
C The difference between intelligence and social competence is not distinct in many African communities.
D Children frequently scoring well in practical tests score less well in academic tests.
E In experiments to measure cognitive development, there is a link between the materials used and the test
results.
F The connection between intelligence and social competence in many African communities is not clear.
G The way cognition is viewed in East Asian cultures differs fundamentally from those in Western cultures.
H Chinese culture sees revelations about one’s intelligence as part of intelligence.

Part 1: For questions 1-5, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using
the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word
given.
1. I’m not sure which year saw the abolition of capital punishment in this country. DID
I’m not sure when they …………………………………………..……………….……………………….. capital punishment in this
country.
2. I wish I hadn’t said that to her. TAKE
If only ………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….. I said to her.
3. If children were allowed to do what they wanted, they would probably play computer games all day.OWN
If children were ………………………………………………………….……………………….. they would probably play computer
games all day.
4. If Tom hadn’t acted promptly to extinguish the fire, there might have been more damage to the house. IN
But ……………………………………………………………..….……………………….. out the fire, there might have been more
damage to the house.
5. Initially, everybody believed his story but now they think he was lying. UP
He is now …………………………………………………………………………….……………………….. the story.