e-ISSN: 2582-5208

International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

Volume:03/Issue:06/June-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE BY

MANGALORE TILE WASTE
Jayanth.R.N *1, Bytaraju.M*2, Hari kumar.L*3, Mahesh.M*4, Nithin.D.R*5,
Poornima.K.A*6, Shivappa*7
*1Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, APS Polytechnic, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
*2Student, Department of Civil Engineering, APS Polytechnic, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
*3Student, Department of Civil Engineering, APS Polytechnic, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
*4Student, Department of Civil Engineering, APS Polytechnic, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
*5Student, Department of Civil Engineering, APS Polytechnic, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
*6Student, Department of Civil Engineering, APS Polytechnic, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
*7Student, Department of Civil Engineering, APS Polytechnic, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
ABSTRACT
In the world wide the usage of concrete is more in the construction industry which contains maximum volume
of aggregates than cement. Due to this the natural aggregates are depleted day by day. This problem of
depletion of natural aggregates can be overcome by usage of recycled aggregates. The percentage of demolition
waste is very high in the world. The demolition wastes may of different categories like structural or non-
structural which contains concrete, bricks, wood, steel, glass, roof tiles etc. Here the Mangalore tile waste is
used as a coarse aggregate for the present study which can be obtained in the rural areas where the major
number of houses is built using these tiles for the roof. The demolition of these houses generates maximum roof
tiles which will be wasted. In the present study, the Mangalore tile waste is used as a coarse aggregate at a
various replacement percentage and it is tested for workability and compressive strength for M25 grade
concrete with water – cement ratio of 0.45. The strength tests were carried for a curing period of 7, 14 &
28days. The result shows that the coarse aggregate can be replaced up to a percentage of 50 where the
workability and also the compressive strength were good. And also it was observed that as the replacement
percentage increases the workability and the strength starts decreasing.

Keywords: Mangalore Tile Waste, Recycled Aggregate, Natural Aggregate, Recycled Concrete, Normal Concrete.
I. INTRODUCTION
All over the world concrete is one of the major materials used. In the concrete the aggregate plays a main role
since it occupies 55% – 85% of the volume. Fine aggregate and coarse aggregate are the types of aggregate
utilized. Due to the rapid usage of natural aggregate (NA) in the construction industry it is depleted day by day.
Therefore it is necessary to find the replacement of natural aggregate by usage of waste materials to make a
concrete with a good strength (1).
A waste material in the construction is a green approach. By the usage of the waste materials in the
construction industry it helps to achieve the sustainability goals in the environment (2). That’s why we are
using the Mangalore tiles waste (MTW) which is an eco-friendly and economical material. Roof of the old
buildings in rural areas and south India is constructed using Mangalore tiles. During the demolition of these
buildings the large amount of broken MTW are produced. Mangalore tiles are non-degradable waste material
which can be used as an aggregate in the concrete which reduces the cost of Mangalore tiles the strength of the
concrete increases and the wastage get reduces (3). For analyzing the suitability of these crushed Mangalore
tiles in the concrete mix workability test and hardness test are conducted for different mixes having different
percentages of these materials. Slump cone test is performed for workability tests on fresh concrete and also
compressive strength test is conducted for 7, 14 & 28days curing period by casting cubes and cylinders to
analyze the variation of strength for different percentage of these waste material. In the present study to
understand the behavior of the Mangalore tile in the concrete as a coarse aggregate it is replaced by 25%, 50%,
75% & 100%. Slump test is conducted for workability and compression test, flexural strength test, split tensile
strength test and ultra-sonic pulse velocity test are conducted for hardness test with various replacement

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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
Volume:03/Issue:06/June-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com
percentage of Coarse aggregate and cement by Mangalore tiles waste and marble powder. The coarse aggregate
is replaced by 5%, 10%, 15% & 20% by Mangalore tiles for the preparation of concrete. The slump value
descends as the replacement of MTW increases. Replacing of 10% of C.A by MTW the compressive strength
increases up to 5% and 2% increase in flexural strength of concrete (4). Various tests like Slump test,
compressive strength test and water absorption test for cubes were performed to know the behavior of the
concrete. The test results shows as the replacement increases workability increases (5). To know the behavior
of concrete the mechanical properties like compression test and split tensile strength test has been performed
with the replacement percentage of 0%, 50% and 100% as Coarse aggregate by Crushed tile aggregate. As the
water-cement ratio decreases and crusted tile percentage increases the slump value also decreases (6).
II. OBJECTIVES
• Load reduction on the natural aggregated resource.
• Lowering the construction cost by utilizing the Mangalore tiles as aggregates.
• Impart technical knowledge on the utilization of Mangalore tiles.
• Usage of Mangalore tiles as eco-friendly material in concrete
• Mangalore tile can also be used as lighter material in concrete which reduces the self-weight of the concrete.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
 CEMENT
OPC 53 grade cement is used according to IS 12269:2013 for the testing. The properties are tabulated in table 1.
Properties of OPC 53 grade Observed Values
Specific gravity 3.15
Compressive strength in N/mm2 53
Fineness in m2/kg 225
Soundness in mm 10
Initial setting time in mins 30
Final setting time in mins 600
 Fine aggregate
M-sand is used according to IS 383:2016 (zone Ⅱ) for testing. The properties are tabulated in table 2.
Properties of M-sand Observed Values
specific gravity 2.45
Water absorption 2.2
Fineness 2.88
 Coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregate (CA) is used according to IS 383:2016 for testing. The properties are tabulated in table 3.
Properties Observed Values
Specific gravity 2.35
Water absorption in % 0.60
Impact value in % 20.71
Fineness 2.28
MANGALORE TILES
The Mangalore tiles waste (MTW) is used as the coarse aggregate for the below test. The Mangalore tile
retained on 20mm and 16mm were taken for the present study as the coarse aggregate. The properties are
tabulated in table 4
Properties Observed Values
Specific gravity 2.15

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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
Volume:03/Issue:06/June-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com

Water absorption in % 2.03

Fineness 6.79
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 Fresh properties
 Slump cone test:
Slump cone test is done to determine the workability if a concrete mix at the laboratory or the construction site.
Concrete slump test is carried out from batch to batch to check the uniform consistency of concrete mix. A
slump test is the simplest test to determine the workability of the concrete involves low cost and provides
immediate results.
 Hardened properties
 Compressive strength:
Compressive strength is the ability of the material and structure to take up the loads without cracks and
deflection. A material reduces by its size under compression. It gives the idea about the characteristics of
concrete. It depends upon many factors such as water cement ratio, cement strength quality of concrete
material, quality control during concrete production.
 Flexural strength:
Flexural strength evaluates the tensile property of the concrete. Flexural strength of concrete is expressed in
modulus of rupture which denoted in Mpa. This test is conducted to know the ability of unreinforced concrete
beam or slab to with stand the failure in bending. Flexural strength is influenced by mixture proportions, size
and volume of coarse aggregate used for specimen construction.
The above hardened properties are conducted after a curing period of 7, 14 and 28days. The Mangalore tile is
used as a CA in the ratio of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%.
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
Mix design is done as per the guidelines provided in the IS 10262:2009 for various trials. Fundamental tests
were carried out on the materials used for concrete to obtain mix design using their parameters. The various
mixes are tabulated in table 5
Mix Types of mix
M1 100% C.A.
M2 75% C.A. + 25% MTW
M3 50% C.A. + 50% MTW
M4 25% C.A. + 75% MTW
M5 100% MTW
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Slump cone test
The fresh property of a concrete is done by the slump cone test which is done for 5 various mixes with the
replacement of coarse aggregate in the different percentage varying from 0% to 100%. For every stage the
replacement is varied about 25%. The table 6 shows the results of the slump cone test of various mixes.
Mix code Slump in mm
M1 140
M2 117
M3 103
M4 96
M5 68
Results indicate that the highest slump value is 140mm which is obtained for the natural concrete. The lowest
value is 8mm which is obtained for the mix which as 100% replacement of C.A by MTW. From the study it is

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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
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observed that as the replacement of the natural aggregate increases the slump value gets decreases (7). Even
though the slump value is decreasing as the replacement percentage increasing the degree of workability is
high for the M1, M2 and M3 mixes and also degree of workability is medium for M4 and M5 mixes (12). As the
coarse aggregate is replaced by 25% of MTW the slump value is decreased by 16.42%, for 50% replacement
26.42% is decreased, for 75% replacement 31.42% is decreased and for 100% the slump value is decreased by
51.42%. It is observed that there is more than 50% reduction in slump value it is due to the 100% replacement
of coarse aggregate. As discussed in the chapter 02 the MTW as more water absorption hence the slump value
is very low in the M5 mix (8). From the results it is concluded that the mix M3 is optimum for slump cone test.
Compressive strength
The concrete cubes of 150mm X 150mm X 150mm were casted and cured for a period of 7, 14 and 28days. A
total of 45cubes were casted and the results are tabulated in the table 7.
Compressive strength in N/mm2
Mix code
7 days 14 days 28 days
M1 17.56 21.47 26.34
M2 16.57 21.36 24.46
M3 12.58 20.49 22.98
M4 10.91 17.77 20.40
M5 8.93 16.42 20.34
Results indicate that the highest value is 26.34 N/mm2 and the lowest value is 8.93 N/mm2. It was observed
that the strength starts decreasing as the percentage of MTW increases. The compression strength of M1 mix is
23% higher as compared to M5 mix which has 100% replacement of coarse aggregate by MTW. The mixes M1,
M2 and M3 have obtained the strength that it should have after the curing period of 7, 14 and 28 days. From the
above table of results it can be concluded that M3 mix is optimum.
Split tensile strength
The test is done to know the tensile strength of a concrete which has been casted in a cylindrical mould of size
150mm diameter and 300mm length. Total concrete cylinders of 45 are casted and cured for a period of 7, 14 &
28 days. The table 8 shows the results of split tensile strength.
Split tensile strength in N/mm2
Mix code
7 days 14 days 28 days
M1 2.82 3.54 3.82
M2 2.68 2.97 3.53
M3 2.26 2.82 3.25
M4 2.12 2.68 2.97
M5 1.83 2.26 2.68
Results indicate that the tensile strength of a normal concrete is more than the recycled concrete. The highest
value is 3.82 N/mm2 gained for the normal concrete after curing for 28 days and the lowest value is 1.83
N/mm2 obtained for recycled concrete which has a MTW replacement of 100% and is cured for 7 days. It is
observed that in all the three different curing periods as the replacement increases the strength starts
decreases. The mix M3 is concluded as an optimum value which has 50% replacement of coarse aggregate.
V. CONCLUSION
In the present study the use of Mangalore tile waste as replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete was tested
for workability, compressive strengths and split tensile strengths. Following conclusions were made based on
the test results obtained.
 The Mangalore tile waste has a greater water absorption which was found in the study of water
absorption, hence care must be taken during the selection of water to cement ratio.
 The Mangalore tile waste has less strength compared to natural aggregate.

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 The workability of a concrete is mainly affected due to the physical properties of the Mangalore tile
waste.
 As the replacement of natural aggregate increases the workability of the concrete decreases.
 The concrete with a recycled aggregate also provides the satisfactory slump.
 During the preparation of the concrete mix with the recycled aggregates the special care must be taken
during the time of adding water because the Mangalore tile waste have more water absorption than the
natural aggregate.
 The compressive strength of a concrete decreases as the replacement of natural aggregate increases
and the strength increases as the curing period increases.
 The concrete with the 50% replacement of natural aggregate have provided the 90% strength of
normal concrete.
 The split tensile strength of a concrete decreases as the percentage of Mangalore tile waste increases.
 The concrete with the replacement of Mangalore tile waste have provided the satisfactory results in
tensile strength.
VI. REFERENCES
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