Name : Shendiko juliandra

Class : XII SOCIAL 3

1. Narrative Text
a. Definition/aim/purpose
A narrative text is an imaginative story to entertain people. The Purpose of
Narrative Text is to amuse or to entertain the reader with a story.
b. Generic structure
# Orientation : It is about the opening paragraph where the characters of the story
are introduced.(berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita (siapa
atau apa, kapan dan dimana)
# Complication : Where the problems in the story developed. (Permasalahan
muncul / mulai terjadi dan berkembang)
# Resolution : Where the problems in the story is solved. Masalah selesai, secara
baik “happy ending” ataupun buruk “bad ending”.
# Coda / reorientation (optional) – lesson from the story.
c. Language features
– Past tense (killed, drunk, etc)
– Adverb of time (Once upun a time, one day, etc)
– Time conjunction (when, then, suddenly, etc)
– Specific character. The character of the story is specific, not general.
(Cinderella, Snow White, Alibaba, etc)
– Action verbs. A verb that shows an action. (killed, dug, walked, etc)
– Direct speech. It is to make the story lively. (Snow White said,”My name is
Snow White). The direct speech uses present tense.
d. Sample of the text

Cinderella
Orientation
Once upon time, there was a beautiful girl called Cinderella. She lived with her
stepsisters and stepmother. They were very bossy. She had to do all the housework.
Complication
One day an invitation to the ball came to the family. Her stepsisters did not let her go,
so Cinderella was very sad. The stepsisters went to the ball without her.
Resolution
Fortunately, the good fairly came and helped her to get to the ball. At the ball,
Cinderella danced with the prince. The prince felt in love with her then he married
her. They live happily ever after.
Language features :
- Action verbs : do, came, go
- Time conjuction: once upon a time
 - Past tence : helped, felt
- Specific character : Cinderella

e. Difference : Recount and narrative are two types of writings that describe a past
happening or an event. If the stages or a structure of a narrative text and a recount
text are graphed, a narrative text has a pointed surface and a recount text has
a flat surface.
Similarity : Something which happened in the past is the main topic to
compose both recount and narrative text.

2. Recount Text
a. Definition of Recount Text
Recount text is a text that telling the reader about one story, action or activity.
Its goal is to entertaining or informing the reader. (sebuah teks yang menceritakan
sebuah cerita, aksi ataupun aktifitas. Tujuan recount text adalah untuk menghibur atau
memberi informasi kepada pembaca) Or (atau) Recount is a text which retells event or
experiences in the past. (sebuah teks yang menceritakan kembali kejadian atau
pengalaman di masa lampau)
b. Generic Structure of Recount Text
# Orientation : It gives the readers the background information needed to understand
the text, such as who was involved, where it happened, and when it happened.
# Events : A series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence.
# Re-orientation :A personal comment about the event or what happened in the end.
c. Purpose of Recount Text
To retell past experience
d. The Characteristics / Language Feature of Recount Text
Using the simple past tense, past continuous tense, past perfect tense, and past perfect
continuous tense.
Using temporal sequence, e.g. On Saturday. On Monday, On Sunday
Focus on specific participant, e.g. I (the writer)
Using the conjunctions, such as: then, before, after, etc.
Using action verd, e.g. went, stayed
e. Sample of the text
Holiday at Home
(Liburan di Rumah)
Orientation (Pembukaan)
 Last thursday was my day off. I didn’t go anywhere. I just stay at home for two weeks
to did the same activities routinely, over and over again. I felt that was the worst day I have
ever passed.
Event (Isi)
I  woke up earlier and did subuh prayer. After that, I had breakfast with my
family in the morning. At 08.00 am, I turned on computer and played many games.
Not felt, it was 10.00 o’clock, I rushed to take a bath to freshen my body.Then, I
watched my favorite TV programs until it almost midday. At 01.00 pm, I went to
bathroom to ablution and immediately did zuhur prayer. Then, I had lunch and helped
my mother to clean the house.Because I was tired, I felt asleep on the couch.
Unexpectedly, after waking up I had a guest who could cheer me up, my aunt came
with her child. I kept playing with my nieces until nightfall.
Re-orientation (Kesimpulan)
Although just a home holiday, at least to refresh my mind from the routine activities
in the office.
Language feature:
Simple past tense : I was tired
Temporal sequence : in the morning
Conjunction : after that
3. Descriptive text
a. Definition of Descriptive Text
Descriptive Text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to
describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
b. Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
When writing descriptive text, there are some generic structures (actually not
mandatory) for our writing to be true. The arrangement is:
# Identification: (contains about the introduction of a person, place, animal or object
will be described.)
# Description: contains a description of something such as animal, things, place or
person by describing its features, forms, colors, or anything related to what the writer
describe.
c. Purpose of Descriptive text
To describe person, thing or place in specific
To describe a particular person, thing or place.
d. Language Feature of Descriptive Text
 Specific participant : has a certain object, is not common and unique (only one). For
example: Bandengan beach, my house, Borobudur temple, uncle Jim
The use of the adjective (an adjective) to clarify the noun, for example: a beautiful
beach, a handsome man, the famous place in jepara, etc.
The use of simple present tense: The sentence pattern used is simple present because
it tells the fact of the object described.
Action verb: verbs that show an activity (for example, run, sleep, walk, cut etc….
e. Sample of the text
MY FAVORITE ROOM
Identification:
My favorite room in the whole world is my own bedroom in my parents’
house.It has everything that I want in this life: a comfortable bed that faces a wide
window on the east side of the room. So, when I wake up in the morning and swipe
the window curtain, the light of sunrise enters the room little by little, creates a
beautiful silhouette and warms the whole room. On the right corner of room near the
window, there’s a study desk that was once my father’s. Next to that desk, there’s a
white wardrobe where I put all of my clothes.
Description
In front of the wardrobe, at the other side of the room, there’s a yellow
bookshelf where I put half of my book collection. I choose the collor yellow so it
matches the collor of my bedroom wall. Next to the bookshelf, I have a dressing table.
And next to that dressing table is where I put my guitar. It’s a fifteen-year-old guitar
but it still sounds great and I love it so much.
Language feature:
Specific participant: my favourite room
Adjective: great
Action verb : wake up
4. Report text
a. Definition
“Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result
of systematic observation and analyses.” (Report adalah sebuah teks yang
menghadirkan informasi tentang suatu hal secara apa adanya. Teks ini adalah sebagai
hasil dari observasi dan analisa secara sistematis.)
b. Generic Structure of Report text
# General Clasification ; Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal,
public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general (Menyatakan klasifikasi
aspek umum hal; hewan, tempat umum, tanaman, dll yang akan dibahas secara
umum).
 # Description : tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts,
qualities, habits or behaviors. (Pada bagian ini biasanya memberikan gambaran
fenomena-fenomena yang terjadi; baik bagian-bagiannya, sifat-sifatnya,
kebiasaannya, ataupun tingkah lakunya. Intinya adalah penjabaran dari klasifikasi
yang disajikan dengan ilmiah.)
c. Purpose of Report text
Its social purpose is presenting information about something. They generally
describe an entire class of things, whether natural or made: mammals, the planets,
rocks, plants, countries of region, culture, transportation, and so on. To presents
information about something, as it is
d. The Characteristics / Language Feature of Report text
Use of general nouns, eg hunting dogs, rather than particular nouns, eg our dog;
Use of relating verbs to describe features, eg Molecules are tiny particles;
Some use of action verbs when describing behaviour, eg Emus cannot fly;
Use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, eg Tropical cyclones always begin
over the sea;
Use of technical terms, eg Isobars are lines drawn on a weather map;
Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organise bundles of information; repeated
naming of the topic as the beginning focus of the clause.
e. Sample of the text
“Mangrove Trees”
Identification:
A mangrove is a tropical marine tree. Mangroves have special aerial roots and salt-
filtering tap roots which enable them to thrive in brackish water. Brackish water is
salty but not as salty as sea water.
Description
Mangrove trees are commonly planted and found in coastal areas. Mangroves
can serve as walls of protection for natural disaster in coastal area like tsunami.
According to BBC News, healthy mangrove forests had helped save lives in the Asia
disaster tsunami and people tended to respect these natural barriers even more,
especially after the tsunami.
There are several species of mangrove tree found all over the world. Some
prefer more salinity, while others like to be very-close to a large fresh water source
such as river. Some prefer areas that are sheltered from waves. Some species have
their roots covered with sea water every day during high tide. Other species grow on
dry land but are still part of the ecosystem. The Times of India reported that rare
species of mangrove had been found and was also known as the looking-glass tree,
probably because the leaves are silver-coated. Mangroves need to keep their trunk and
 leave above the surface of the water. Yet they also need to be firmly attached to the
ground so they are not moved by waves. Any part of root that appears above the water
flows oxygen to the plant under water surface. As the soil begin to build up, these
roots procedure additional roots that become embedded in the soil.
Language feature;
General nouns : mangrove
Present tense : There are several species
Difference with description: Mostly, report is written after getting careful observation.
This scientific and technical sense make clearer difference from descriptive text. The
way of descriptive text in showing thing is based on the objective fact of the thing. It
describe the specific thing simply as the thing is.
Similarity with description text :The purpose of the two texts are to give the live-
description of the object/participant. Both the report and descriptive text try to show
rather than tell the reader about the factual condition of the object. Readers by
themselves will catch the impressive point of the object through that showing writing
style
5. Explanation text
a. Definition of Explanation Text
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural,
social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’
of the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history
text books.
b. Generic Structure of Explanation Text
General statement
General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
Sequenced of explanation
Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
c. Purpose of Explanation Text
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social,
scientific, and cultural phenomena.
To explain how or why something happens. According to Mark Anderson and Kathy
Anderson (1997: 82) says that the explanation text type is often used to tell how and
why thing (phenomena) occur in nature.
d. Language Features of Explanation Text
In an explanation text, there are linguistic features as below :
Using simple present tense
 Using abstract noun (no visible noun)
Using Passive voice
Using Action verbs
Containing explanation of the process ..
e. Sample of the text
How a Tsunami Happens?
General Statement
We all know that tsunamis are a series of destructive waves and powerful. Tsunami is
the deadliest wave because the wave speed is incredibly fast. But do you know how a tsunami
can happens?
Explanation
Tsunami originated from Japan, “tsu” meaning harbor and “nami” meaning
wave. They are normally caused by landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions in, or
close to an ocean. After some sort of underwater disturbance, this causes energy to
rise up to sea level pushing the water high into the air. Gravity kicks in and pulls it
down again and then consequently causing the water to filter out into many different
directions.
When a tsunami begins to approach the shore the energy in the wave is
compressed. As a result, the water is pushed up into the wave, resulting in a powerful
tsunami. If the trough hits the shoreline first, it then causes the tide to drastically
retreat.
Conclusion
So, tsunamis happen because of natural disasters such as earthquakes or
volcanic eruptions. People who live near the shoreline have to be careful because they
are threatened by tsunamis whenever there is an earthquake.
Language feature:
Simple present tense : They are normally caused by landslides
Passive voice : caused by landslides
6. Analytical text
a. Definition
Analytical Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the
phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is
important matter, and to analyze the topic that the thesis/opinion is correct by developing
an argument to support it.
(Analytical Exposition adalah teks yang menguraikan ide penulis tentang
fenomena disekitar. Fungsi sosialnya adalah untuk membujuk pembaca bahwa ide itu
 adalah hal yang penting, dan untuk menganalisis topik yang tesis / pendapat itu benar
dengan mengembangkan argumen untuk mendukungnya.)
b. Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition Text
# Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s point of view.
(Memperkenalkan topik dan menunjukkan sudut pandang penulis)
# Argument : Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position. The number of
arguments may vary, but each argument must be supported by evidence and
explanation. (Menjelaskan argumen untuk mendukung posisi penulis. Jumlah
argumen mungkin berbeda, tetapi setiap argumen harus didukung oleh bukti-bukti dan
penjelasan.)
# Reiteration: Restating the writer’s point of view / to strengthen the thesis. We can
use the following phrase to make conclusion in reiteration : (Menyatakan kembali
sudut pandang penulis / untuk memperkuat tesis.
Kita dapat menggunakan frase berikut untuk membuat kesimpulan dalam Reiteration :
From the fact above …
I personally believe …
Therefore, my conclusion is …
In conclusion …
c. Purpose of Analytical Exposition Text
To convince the reader that the topics presented was an important topic to be
discussed or gained attention by way of providing arguments or opinions that support the
main idea or topic.
d. The Characteristics / Language Feature of Analytical Exposition Text
Using relational process
Using internal conjunction
Using causal conjunction
Using Simple Present Tense
Using compound and complex sentence.
Use word that link argument, such as firstly, secondly, and reasoning through causal
conjunction, such as in addition, furthermore, however, therefore.
e. Sample of the text
Thesis
Bullying is the use of force or coercion to abuse or intimidate others. The behavior
can be habitual and involve an imbalance of social or physical power. It can include
verbal harassment or threat, physical assault or coercion, and may be directed
repeatedly towards particular victims, perhaps on grounds of race, religion, gender,
 sexuality, or ability. The victim of bullying is sometimes referred to as a "target".
Bullying can occur in any context in which human beings interact with each other.
This includes school, church, family, the workplace, home, and neighborhoods.
Bullying is absolutely wrong for several reasons.
Argument 1
First, nobody wants to get bullied. Imagine if you or your family member is one who
is being bullied. What do you think will happen to him/her? Nobody wants to live
his/her life like a frightened rabbit, right?

Argument 2
Second, the victims can take revenge by telling their parents, teachers, or even your
principal about what you have done to them, and surely, you will be in very, very big
trouble.

Argument 3
Finally, bullying can result in very serious consequences. Maybe it is done for fun,
but the victims can consider it as a deeply traumatic experience that can lead to
depression or even suicide. When that happens, surely you will forever be regretful.

Reiteration
From the facts above, it is clear that bullying is wrong, and it only brings negative
impacts.
Language feature :- simple present tense : the victims can take revenge
7. Definition of Hortatory Exposition
a. Definition
As Analytical Exposition Text, Hortatory Exposition Text is a kind of English text
that belongs to the argumentative text. Hortatory Exposition is a type of English
text which represents the author’s attempt to influence the reader to do something
or act in a particular way. In Hortatory Exposition Text, the authors give some
opinions about certain things to reinforce the main idea of the text. Unlike
Analytical Exposition Text, Hortatory Exposition Text presents Recommendation
in the end of paragraph of Hortatory Exposition Text. In this Recommendation,
the author tries to invite and persuade the reader to do something. This is very
different from the Analytical Exposition which puts Reiteration or rewrites the
main idea of the text as the closing of the text without invitation or
recommendation. Here, I will present definition of Hortatory Exposition Text that
usually mentions in the Indonesian English books: Hortatory exposition is a text
which represents the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or
act in certain way. That is the simple definition of hortatory exposition text, if you
are still difficult to understand this text. Let’s look at the generic structure and
language feature ..
b. Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
 # Thesis
The writer point of view about the topic discussed.
# Arguments
Series of argument which strengthen the thesis stated before.
# Recommendation
The writer gives recommendation to the reader.
c. Purpose of Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory exposition is used to persuade the reader or listener that something
should or should not be the case or be done.
d. Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition
1. Simple present tense
2. There are several arguments that begin with, firstly, secondly, thirdly ..
3. It contain recommendation that begins with :
– In my opinion, it’s better …
– I think … should ….
– I think … should be ……
– For these reasons …. Should …
e.Sample of the text
Create a Healthy Workplace and Don’t Be Overwork
Thesis:
An unhealthy workplace will cause illness for its employees. Plus the very busy
working hours make the employees do not have time to relax. Overwork can be
associated with severe illness
Argument 1:
Overwork can make health drop. In fact, it is not uncommon for employees to suffer
from chronic pain due to overtime and lack of vitamin consumption. Companies
should pay attention to the health of employees not only with insurance.
Argument 2:
An unhealthy workplace makes employees exposed to mental health disorders.
Because they are depressed due to work so that it results in mental health disorders.
Plus overwork can make employees sick and death.
Argument 3:
It has often been heard that employees died due to overwork. Better to work
moderately and go home rest
Recommendations:
From the facts above, doctors advise office workers to do stretching on the sidelines
of work so that the body can rest. Do not overwork every day because it is fatal to the
health of the body.
Night is the time for the body’s organs to rest, so it should not be used to work
overtime.
 Language feature :
- Simple present tense : overwork can make health drop
Difference with analytical text : The function of both is quite different. In analytical
exposition, reiteration is used to give emphasize on the writer's opinion by restating
point of view. While in hortatory exposition, recommendation is used to give advice
or such a suggestion to the readers to make a choice by considering the presented
arguments.
8. Discussion text

a. Definition of Discussion Text

Discussion is a process of finding common ground between two different
thoughts, views or opinions. And discussion text can be defined : Discussion text is a text
which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different
viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text. In
other word, Discussion is a kind of genre used to present (at least) two points of view
about an issue.
b. General structure of Discussion Text
– Issue : stating the issue which is to discussed
– Argument pro : presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
– Argument cons : presenting other points which disagree to the supporting
point
– Conclusion / recommendation : stating the writer’ recommendation of the
discourse
c. Purpose of Discussion text
– To present two points of view about issue or problem.
– To present arguments from differing points of view about issue or
problem..
d. Language feature of Discussion text
– Introducing category or generic participant
– Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
– Using contrastive conjunction; however, on the other hand, but, in other
side, although, etc
– Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
– Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
– Simple present
e. Sample of the text

Examination be Held or Not?

National Examination of any year to be a frightening specter for all people, not
just student, but parents, brothers, family. Although fact is not something that should
be feared, but should be the concern of any clutter maintenance national examination
year. Did not the first time Indonesia implement national examination, but only upon
the chaos of any year. Whether it's a technical issue or related pros and cons of
national examination. When the government arrested the strong need for the
establishment of the exam, there are actually a lot of things that should be assessed as
to whether national examination should exist or not.

For people who agree, national examination is necessary for students as a

requirement to graduate from a school. People who support the national examination
explain that the quality of the Indonesia education will drop without national
examination, so they try to defend the current system. They also think that national
examination can motivate students to study harder.

However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against
this national examination kept in school education say that it doesn't need the national
examination because the quality of education does not just depend on the national
examination. Further, the national examination only measure a small portion of
students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students' competence
throughout the semester. There is also opinion that the national examination will
make the students depressed and stress. Moreover the quality of education in
Indonesia is causing uneven result national examination inequality between urban
areas with advanced education than rural areas with limited education facilities. On
the other hand society is too focused on national examination, if a child gets bad
grades when national examination does not pass, then the students would be abused
and would deprive the students' confidence. In addition to the events that occur every
year when it will be implemented nationwide exam is still chaotic distribution of
matter and not timely.

In conclusion, national examination can still be useful as an instrument of

evaluate or detect the level of students' cognitive competence in several subjects, on a
national scale. However, is not fair if only national examination score that judge
whether students pass or not. Government should make a regulation that national
examination is not the only requirement for students to graduate. There should be
other requirements added such as students' daily score, behavior, and achievement.
Issue
National Examination of any year to be a frightening specter for all people, not
just student, but parents, brothers, family. Although fact is not something that should
be feared, but should be the concern of any clutter maintenance national examination
year. Did not the first time Indonesia implement national examination, but only upon
the chaos of any year. Whether it’s a technical issue or related pros and cons of
national examination. When the government arrested the strong need for the
establishment of the exam, there are actually a lot of things that should be assessed as
to whether national examination should exist or not.
 Arguments Pros
National examination is necessary for students as a requirement to graduate from a
school. National examination explain that the quality of the Indonesia education will drop
without national examination.
National examination can motivate students to study harder.
Arguments Cons
The quality of education does not just depend on the national examination. National
examination only measure a small portion of students’ competence in specific
subjects.National examination will make the students depressed and stress. If the
students does not pass then it would be abused by the local communities and will
eliminate the students’ confidence.
Conclusion
In conclusion, national examination can still be useful as an instrument of
evaluate or detect the level of students’ cognitive competence in several subjects, on a
national scale. However, is not fair if only national examination score that judge
whether students pass or not. Government should make a regulation that national
examination is not the only requirement for students to graduate. There should be
other requirements added such as students’ daily score, behavior, and achievement.
Linguistic Features
· It uses present tense
“Although fact is not something that should be feared”.
“National Exam is necessary for students as a requirement to graduate from a school”.
It focuses on generic participant
Human participant
a. Students
b. Parents
c. Brothers
d. People
Nonhuman participant
a. School
It uses contrastive conjunction
“Although fact is not something that should be feared”.
“ However there are people who disagree with the opinion”.
“ On the other hand society is too focused on national examination”.
 It often uses modality
“But should be the concern of any clutter maintenance national examination year”.
“There is also opinion that the national examination will make the students depressed
and stress”.
“National examination can still be useful as an instrument of evaluate or detect the
level of students’ cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale”.
“Then the child would be implemented nationwide exam is still chaotic distribution of
matter and not timely". "Moreover the quality of education in Indonesia is causing
uneven result national examination inequality between urban areas with advanced
education than rural areas with limited education facilities".
9. Review
a. Defnition
Review text is an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie, video game,
musical composition, book; a piece of hardware like a car, home appliance, or computer;
or an event or performance, such as a live music concert, a play, musical theatre show or
dance show.
b. Generic Structure of Review Text
# Orientation : Background information of the text.
# Evaluations : Concluding statement : judgement, opinion, or recommendation. It can
consist ot more than one.
# Interpretative Recount : Summary of an art works including character and plot.
# Evaluative Summation : The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the
art works being criticized.
c. Purpose of Review Text
Review text is used to critic the events or art works for the reader or listener, such as
movies, shows, book, and others.
d. The Characteristics / Language Feature of Review Text
– Focus on specific participants
– Using adjectives
– Using long and complex clauses
– Using metaphor style Review Texy Simple
e. Sample of the text
Introduction

Laskar Pelangi (Rainbow Troops) is a fictional novel by Andrea Hirata. In 2008, this
novel was adapted into a movie with the same title. The movie was directed by Riri Riza.

Evaluation
 The Laskar Pelangi novel tells a story of 10 elementary school students in Gantong
Village, Bangka Belitung Province. The novel describes the real condition of the poor
villagers. Happiness and sadness are mixed together. No wonder so many people cry
when reading the novel.

Interpretation

The story of Laskar Pelangi really touched my heart. This novel is very inspiring,
especially for children who strive for their dreams. I have read this book so many
times. I give it an 8.0 / 10 rating for the moral value told in the novel.

Summary

The Laskar Pelangi novel is very worth reading. Especially to fill in spare time. The
Laskar Pelangi school was built to be a tourist location. For those of you who are
curious about the novel, I recommend you to read it!

Language feature: - adjective: sadness, happiness

10. News item
a. Definition of News Item
News item text is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are
considered newsworthy or important. It means if there is an important event that
should be known by many people, then this event deserves news. Well, the news text
is called the news item text. However, if there are events that people do not deserve,
then they are not definitely worth to be news.
b. Generic Structure of News Item
# Main Events / Newsworthy event(s): it recounts the event in summary form.
# Elaboration / Background event(s): they elaborate what happened, to whom, in what
circumstance
# Resource of Information (Source) : it contains comments by participants in, witnesses to
and authorities expert on the event
c. Purpose of News Item
News Item Text is used to inform readers about events of the day which are considered
newsworthy or important. Or
– To inform the readers about newsworthy or important events of the day
– To present information the readers about newsworthy or important events
of the day
d. Language Feature of News Item
– Focusing on circumstances (using a simple language in writing the text)
– Using saying verbs: “….”, She said, informed, told, reported.
 – Sometimes at the beginning of news, the scene is mentioned : Jakarta –
… .. / Kuala Lumpur – …
– Using Past tense in explaining news events. But if it is a fact that until now
still happen or still in the form of fact, then can use simple present tense.
– Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
– Using adverbs: time, place and manner.
– Uses of material processes to retell the event
e. Sample of the text
An Indonesian housemaid has been executed in Saudi Arabia after being convicted of
killing her employer, the Saudi Interior Minister said. The woman was beheaded in the
Southern Asir province in what was the second execution in the country. The maid was
earlier found of suffocating her female boss and stealing her jewellery. Rape, murder and
other serious crimes can carry the death penalty in the conservative desert kingdom. Last
year, Saudi Arabia, which follow a strict interpretation of Syaria, Islamic law executed
more than 130 people.
Generic Structure Analysis
Seperti telah dibahas dalam pengertian teks berita bahasa Inggris, para penulisnya akan
menyusun beritanaya sebagai berikut:
1. Main event; an Indonesian maid was beheaded in Saudi Arabia.
2. Background 1; the maid was found guilty of suffocating her bos.
3. Background 2; serious crimes can carry death penalty in Saudi Arabia.
4. Background 3; Saudi Arabia executed more than 130 people last year.
5. Source; the Saudi Interior Minister statement.
Language feature:

- Past tense : the maid was earlier

- Verbs : stealing
- Mention scene : Saudi Arabia
11. Procedure text
a. Definition
There are three definition about procedure text : (1)Texts that explain how
something works or how to use instruction / operation manuals e.g. how to use the video,
the computer, the tape recorder, the photocopier, the fax. (2) Texts that instruct how to do
a particular activity e.g. recipes, rules for games, science experiments, road safety rules.
(3) Texts that deal with human behavior, e.g how to live happily, how to succeed
b. Generic Structure of Procedure Text
# Goal : (e.g : How to make spaghetti)
# Material or Ingredient : (e.g : the material to cook omelette are egg, onion, vegetable
oil, etc. )
 # Step : (e.g : first, wash the tomatoes, onion, …., second cut the onions becomes
slice. . . )
c. Purpose of Procedure Text
– To explain / tell (the reader) how to make / operate / do something through
a sequence of actions or steps.
– To explain steps / instruction to make / operate / do something
d. Language Feature of Procedure Text
– Use adverbial of sequence / Using temporal conjunction (e.g: first, second,
third, the last)
– Use command / imperative sentence (e.g : put the noodles on the . . ., cut
the onion. . ., wash the tomatoes. . . )
– Using adverbials (Adverbs) to express detail the time, place, manner
accurate, for example, for five minutes, 2 hours, etc.
– Using action verbs, e.g : make, take, boil, cook
– Using Simple Present Tense
e. Sample of the text
Ho
w to make
fruit ice
Materials :
Mango
Avocado
Sugar water
Milk
Ice
Apple
Strawberries
Wine
Jackfruit
Steps :
First, Cut the fruit round or dice.
Then, Scratching the flesh of a melon.
Then, Boil sugar with water until cooked for about 30 minutes.
Next, Put in serving glasses that have been cut round pieces or dice.
Then, to taste Pour the sugar water, put ice cubes and put milk on ice fruit.
 Last, put the decorations on the glass with a piece of strawberry on it.
Language feature:

- Verbs : Boil, Put, pour

- Adverbial of sequence : then, next, first
- Simple present tense : cut the fruit round or dice
12. Spoof
a. Definition
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with
unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.
Atau Spoof is a type of story which have has twist (funny part in the end of the story).
It contains an unpredictable event which makes the story funny.
b. Generic Structure of Spoof Text
# Orientation (introduction of the participant of the story, where it happen and when.
By giving the orientation, reader will recognize the story)
# Events (tells about the chronological of the story. Several events are explored in
chronological way which able to arrange the story read nicely.)
# Twist (an unpredictable plot in the end of the story which amuses the reader.
Readers even did not predict before that it would be)
c. Purpose of Spoof Text
– To entertain / amuse the reader with a funny story.
– To tell a short story or event with a humorous twist.
d. The Characteristics / Language Feature of Spoof Text
– Focusing on individual participant
– Use of material process
– Use of circumstance of time and place
– Use of past tense
– Use of direct speech for the dialog
– Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
– Using adverb of time and place
– Told in chronological order
e. Contoh of Spoof Text
Penguin in
the Park
Orientation
Once a man was walking in a park when he come across a penguin.
Event
He took him to a policeman and said, “I have just found this penguin. What should I
do?” The policeman replied, “take him to the zoo”. The next day the policeman saw
 the same man in the same park and the man still carrying the penguin with him. The
policeman was rather supriseed and walked up to the man and asked “why are you
still carrying that penguin about? Didn’t you take it to the zoo?”
Twist
“I certainly did” replied the man.
“And it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it, so today I am taking him to the
moviest, and the next day I’ll take it to the beach. It’ll be so much fun” said the man.
“Owh my God. You are so stupid. I asked you to take the penguin and give it to the
zoo. I didn’t ask to take it to the zoo and had fun there with it.” Policemen said.
Language Feature Analysis:
Focusing on certain certain participants; the man, penguin, policeman
Using action verb; carry, walk up
Using adverb of time and place; once, in the park
Told in chronological order; chronological order by days, the next day.
13. Anecdotes
a. Definition
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or
imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers. (Text yang menceritakan kembali
kejadian ganjil atau kejadian yang tidak biasa baik fakta maupun imajinasi)
b. Generic Structure of Anecdote Text
# Abstract : Pada bagian Abstract, biasanya penulis mulai mengenalkan kejadian
ganjil atau tidak biasa apa yang akan diceritakanya. Terdapat beberapa Abstract dari
Anecdote Text diawali dengan penggunaan kalimat tanya, tetapi tidak semua Abstract
dari Anecdote Text menggunakan kalimat tanya. (Pemberian tanda / sinyal akan
adanya sesuatu yang tidak lazim; biasanya mengandung pertanyaan retorik). Misalnya
: Have you ever talked to someone who in fact has died? Guess what happened when
…. ; Can you imagine….?
# Orientation : Seperti halnya di Narrative Text, Orientation di Anecdote Text juga
menceritakan siapa, kapan, dan di mana kejadian ganjil atau kejadian tidak biasa tersebut
terjadi.
# Crisis : Pada bagian ini menceritakan kejadian ganjil atau kejadian tidak biasa
tersebut terjadi. Penulis menceritakan kejadian tersebut dengan detail.
# Reaction / Incident : (Tindakan) ; Tentang bagaimana reaksi tokoh
# Coda. (Cerminan evaluasi dari kejadian tersebut; atau bisa juga perubahan yang
terjadi pada tokoh dan pelajaran yang dapat dipetik dari cerita tersebut).
c. The Characteristics / Language Feature of Anecdote Text
– Menggunakan past tense (Waktu lampau), seperti: I found it last night.
 – Menggunakan rhetoric question (pertanyaan retorika), seperti: Listen to
this ! Do you know what? Can you imagine? It’s very shameful, isn’t it?
– Menggunakan conjuction of time (kata sambung waktu), seperti: then,
afterward, etc.
– Menggunakan action verb (kata kerja aksi), seperti: went, wrote, jumped,
etc.
– Menggunakan imperative sentece (kalimat perintah), seperti: listen to this.
– Menggunakan exclamation sentence (kalimat seru), seperti: it’s awful, it’s
wonderful, etc.
d. Sample of the text
Big Lizard
in the Bath
Abstract
How might you want to locate a Big Lizard in your shower? An awful one as well!
Orientation
We had quite recently moved into another house, which had been unfilled for so long
that everything was in a loathsome wreckage. Anna and I chose we would clean the
shower to begin with, so we set to, and turned on the tap.
Crisis
All of a sudden sadly, a Big Lizard’s head showed up in the fitting gap. At that point
out crawled whatever remains of his long thin body. He wandered aimlessly on the
tricky base of the shower, spitting and murmuring at us.
Reaction/Incident
For a moment I remained there truly deadened. At that point I shouted for my spouse,
who fortunately came running and slaughtered the Big Lizard with the handle of a
floor brush. Anna, who was just three at the time, was very inspired by the entire
business. To be sure I needed to haul her off the beaten path or she’d presumably have
leant over the shower to improve look!
Coda
After then I’ve generally put the module solidly before running the shower water
Language feature :

- Past tense : I shouted for my spouse

- Verb : showed, moved
- Conjunction of time : For a moment