Type of Text

1. Narrative Text
2. Recount Text
3. Procedure Text
4. Report Text
5. Analytical Exposition Text
6. Hortatory Exposition Text
7. Explanation Text
8. Descriptive Text
9. Discussion Text
10. News Item Text
11. Review Text
12. anecdote Text
13. Spoof Text.
The following is an explanation of the text-the text above:

CHAPTER I
NARRATIVE TEXT

For that, on this occasion we tried to present understanding, communicative purpose, the
structure of language, linguistic characteristics and examples of Narrative Text.

A. Definition of Narrative Text

Narrative text is one of the 13 types of English texts (genres) that was born from the
Narration (see Types Of Text) Likewise Recount Text, Text anecdote, Spoof News Items Text
and Text which serves to tell the story of the past and for entertainment.

B. Purpose Communicative Narrative Text

Communicative Purpose Narrative Text as described above is to entertain listeners or
readers on a story or stories relating to the past experience of the real, imaginary or
complicated events leading to a crisis, which eventually came to a solution.

C. Generic Structure Narrative Text

Each type of English text (genre) has the structure of his text alone. Structure of Narrative
Text consists of three parts:
1. Orientation
In the Orientation section contains the introduction or the introduction of a character in
the story as well as the time and place of occurrence.
2. Complications
Complications section contains a description of the emergence of a crisis or problems
experienced by the characters in the story that must be solved.
3. Resolution
In the Resolution contains about how the characters of the story to solve the existing
problems in the Complication. Usually there is more than one for one Complication
Resolution.
In some references about the Narrative Text, there are additional generic structure in Narrative
Text, namely the addition of Coda after resoultion. So the structure of Narrative text is
Orientiation, Complication, Resolution and Coda.
4. Coda is the last part of the structure Narrative Text which contains the changes in the
figures and the lessons to be learned from the story.

D. Characteristics Kebahasan Narrative Text

In Narrative Text, there are several characteristics are as follows:
1. Using the Action Verb in the Past Tense form. For example: Climbed, Turned, Brought, etc.
2. Using specific nouns as a personal pronoun, certain animals and objects in the story. For
example: the king, the queen, and so on.
3. Using adjectives which form the noun phrase. For example: long black hair, two red apples,
etc.
4. Using Time connectives and Conjunctions to sort the events. For example: then, before,
after, soon, etc.
5. Using Adverbs and Adverbial Phrase to indicate the location of the incident or event. For
example: here, in the mountain, happily ever after, and so on.

E. Example of Narrative Text

Snow White

Orientation:
Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her Aunt and
Uncle Because her parents were dead.
Complication 1:
One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle
Because they both wanted to go to America and they did not have enough money to take Snow
White.
Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she Decided it would be best if she
ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having
breakfast. She ran away into the woods.
Resolution 1:
Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered the so she went inside and
fell asleep.
Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they
found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said,
"what is your name?" Snow White said, "My name is Snow White."
Doc, one of the dwarfs, said, "If you wish, you may live here with us." Snow White said, "Oh,
could I? Thank you. "Then Snow White of toll the dwarfs the whole story and finally Snow
White and the seven dwarfs lived happily ever after
 CHAPTER II
Recount Text

A. Definition of Recount Text

Recount Text is one of the types of English text which retells events or experiences in the
past. The purpose of Recount text is to provide information or to entertain the reader. In
Recount Text no complications (Complications) as well as in the Narrative Text.

B. Purpose of Communicative Text Recount

Recount Text communicative purposes as described above is to report the incident, event
or activity with the purpose of preaching or entertaining of course without any conflicts in the
story.

C. Generic structure Recount Text

1. Orientation
Orientation or introduction is to give information about who, where, and when the
event or events that occurred in the past.
2. Events
Events are recording events that occur, which is usually presented in chronological
order, such as "In the first day, I .... And in the next day .... And In the last day ...". In the
Events section there is also usually a personal comment on the event or incident is reported.
3. reorientation
On the reorientation, there is a repetition of the introduction in the Orientation,
repetition which summarizes a series of events, event or activity is reported.

D. Characteristics of Linguistic Recount Text

There are several characteristics of language that may be friends found when reading a
Recount Text. Characteristics of Recount Text language are:
1. Using Past Tense. Suppose we went to the zoo, I was happy, etc.
2. Using Conjunction and Time connectives to sequence events or occurrences. Eg and, but,
the, lists are that, etc.
3. Using Adverbs and Adverbial Phrase to express the place, time and manner. Suppose
yesterday, at my house, slowly, etc.
4. Using Action Verbs. Suppose that went, slept, run, brought, etc.

E. Example of Recount Text

Below we also include an example of Recount Text and its translations to supplement and
facilitate the understanding of the park friends Recount Text description above.

Our Trip to the Blue Mountain

Orientation:
On Friday we went to the Blue Mountains. We stayed at David and Della's house. It has a big
garden with lots of colorful flowers and a tennis court.
Events:
On Saturday we saw the Three Sisters and went on the scenic railway. It was scary. Then,
Mummy and I went shopping with Della. We went to some antique shops and I tried on some
old hats. On Sunday we went on the Scenic Skyway and it rocked. We saw cockatoos having a
shower.
reorientation:
In the afternoon we went home. That was very pleasent moment with my family that I've ever
got.

CHAPTER III
PROCEDURE TEXT

Learning English on this occasion to discuss about the explanation and example of
Procedure Text. Have you ever cook instant noodles themselves, what the first step, boiled
water to boil, add noodles, wait until cooked, pour into a bowl, mix the seasoning and finally
ready to eat. Steps or instructions in making or mengoprasikan something that we often do in
fact is one example of the application of Procedure Text.

A. Definition of Procedure Text

What is the Procedure Text? Procedure Text is a type of English text or commonly called
the genre that shows a process in making or mengoprasikan something that serves to illustrate
how something is done through the regular steps.

B. Purpose Communicative Procedure Text

Communicative Purpose of Procedure Text adalaha give instructions on how to do
something through the actions or steps that sequence.

C. Procedure Text linguistic structure

Linguistic structure of Procedure Text consists of three parts, namely:
1. Aim / Goal
In the first part of the linguistic structure Procdeure This text contains information about the
purpose of the manufacture or operator of something.
2. Materials
In the second section, Materials consists of materials used in making something. But not all
parts of Procedure Text includes materials, sometimes a Procedure Text does not have the
materials section.
There are three types of Procedural Text materials that do not use parts, namely:
a. Procedural text that explains how something works or how to perform the instruction
manual. For example: How to use the video games, the computer, the tape recorder, or the fax,
etc.
b. Procedural text that instructs how to perform certain activities with unregulated. For
example: the raod safety rules, or rules of video games, etc.
c. Procedural Text relating to the nature or human behavior. Examples How to live happily, or
How to secceed.
3. Steps
On the steps, contains the steps or sequences that must be done so that the objectives
outlined in the Aim / Goal can be achieved. Steps or sequences that must be in order of first to
last.

D. Characteristics of Linguistic Procedure Text

There are several characteristics of the language in the Text Procedure, among which:
1. Using the pattern of imperative sentences (commands), for example, Cut, Do not mix, etc.
2. Using action verbs, such as a turn, put, do not, mix, etc.
3. Using connectives (conjunctions) to sort of activities, such as then, while, and so on.
4. Using adverbials (adverbs) to express details of time, place, accurate way, for example for
five minutes, 2 hours, etc.
5. Using the simple present.

E. Example of Procedure Text

Below we present two examples of Procedure Text, both of which include materials or who
does not. Check this out !!!
1. Planting Chilies
Aim / Goal
Planting is a nice activity in our spare time. The following is guided information on how to
plant a chili-plant Easily. Here are the steps.

Steps
Firstly, dry a handful seeding under the sunlight.
Secondly, put the seeding on the soil. It should be in an open area
Next, wait it. There will come out the sprout after that let it be bigger.
Finally, put it in another big pot. It will soon grow bigger and bigger and yield us some fresh
chilies soon.

2. How to Make a Cheese Omelet

Aim / Goal
How to Make a Cheese Omelet

materials
ingredients
1 egg, 50 g cheese, ¼ cup milk, 3 tablespoons cooking, oil, a pinch of salt and pepper.
utensils
Frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese Grater, bowl, plate.

Steps
• Crack an egg into a bowl
• Whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth
• Add milk and whisk well
• Grate the cheese into the bowl and stir
• Heat the oil in a frying pan
• Pour the mixture into the frying pan
• Turn the omelet with a spatula when it browns
• Cook both sides
• Place on a plate; season with salt and pepper
• Eat while warm.

CHAPTER IV
REPORT TEXT

Previous if you've heard anything iu Report Text? Report Text is one type of English
text that belong to the class of Description (See the article Types of Text) whose function is
similar with Descriptive Text. If you thought that the English text is a function describing
something Descriptve Text only, you are wrong. There is one type of English text that aims to
describe something, the Report Text. But before discussing too much difference between the
Descriptive Text to Report Text, let's look at the notion of Report Text below.

A. Definition of Report Text

Report Text is one of the 13 types of English text (Types of Text), which presents
information about something like nature, animals, plants, human creation, and social
phenomenon as it is. The information presented in the Report Text is the result of systematic
observation and analysis.

B. Purpose Communicative Report Text

Text communicative purpose of the Report is to convey information about
something, they are, as a result of systematic observation or analysis. It describes the
symptoms can include natural, environmental, man-made objects, or social phenomena.
Description of a Report Text can be any general conclusions, for example, whales including
mammals such as fish give birth.

C. Structure of Text / Generic structure Report Text

Text in the Report, there is a text structure made up of two parts, namely:

1. General Classification
In the general classification (general classification) provides an introduction to the
phenomena / objects that will be discussed to include a general statement that describes the
subject of the report, information, and its classification.
2. Description
In the Description section (picture) consists of a description of the phenomena / objects
are discussed from part to part, habit or behavior of living things, or usefulness of objects in
detail.
D. Characteristics of Linguistic Report Text
In a Report Text there are some characteristics of language (language features) as
follows:
1. Use of general nouns, such as 'Comodo Reptiles in Insland', etc.
2. Using Relating verbs to describe the characteristics, such as reptiles are Scaly animals
(these traits apply to all reptiles), and so on.
3. Using action verbs in behavior explains, for example, lizards can not fly, and so on.
4. Using the present tense to express a common, such as Komodo dragons Usually more than
160 kg of weight, and so on.
5. mengguanakan terms of technical / scientific, for example, water contains oxygen and
hydrogen, and so on.

E. The difference between Descriptive Text and Text Report

Several types of English text (Types of Text) is quite difficult to differentiate. Likewise
Descriptive Text and Text Report that have similarities in terms of communicative purpose
(Social Function) and sentence structures (Generic Structure). But if we analyze them
carefully, the difference between all of them will appear.
The purpose of the two texts is to provide a straightforward description of the object.
Between Descriptive Text and Text Report is trying to show than to tell the reader about the
state of the facts of the object. Readers will naturally catch the impressive point of the object
through the appointment kamian style. That makes the difference between Descriptive Text
and Text Report is the object kamian coverage. If we talk about bikes suppose that was written
in the form of Report Text, the text is talking about the bike in general; parts, powers, and
functions in general should bike. Meanwhile, if the bike was described with Descriptive Text,
then the bike refers to a particular type of speda eg mountain bikes, racing bikes and the other,
which of course, with the characteristics of its certification; color, wheel type, color, etc.
In short, the Report Text describing something that usually refers to the phenomena of
nature, animals, and scientific objects. Report Text written after getting careful observation.
Scientific and technical things that makes a clear distinction of Descriptive Text.

F. Example of Report Text

To facilitate your understanding of our explanation of Report Text of the above, we also
include an example of Report Text below, and its translations:

THE PELICAN REPORT

General Classification:
The white pelican is one of the most successful fish-eating birds
Description:
The success is largely due to its command hunting behavior. A group, perhaps two dozen
birds, will gather in a curved arc some distance offshore. The birds then begin to move
forward towards the shore, beating the water furiously with their wings, driving the fish before
them.
When the water is shallow enough for the birds to reach the fish, the formation breaks up as
Click or call now bird dips its bill into the water to scoop up its meal. As the bird lifts its head,
the water drains from its bill leaving the fish roomates are then swallowed. Pelicans are
Among the oldest group of birds, Fossils of this genus have been found dating back 40 million
years.

CHAPTER V
ANALYTICAL Exposition TEXT

As we know so far, the type of English text Exposition, as Hortatory Exposition, a text
showing a perdapat or argument about something. For more details, let's look at an
explanation of Analytical Exposition Text below.

A. Definition of Analytical Exposition Text

Analytical Exposition is a type of text that is included in the type of Argumentation
Text where the text contains our detailed thoughts about an event or events that are around.

B. Purpose Communicative Analytical Exposition Text

Communicative purposes of Analytical Exposition Text is to convince the reader that
the topic is presented is an important topic for discussion or attention by way of argument or
the opinions that support the main idea or topic.

C. Linguistic Structure of Analytical Exposition

Linguistic Structure of Analytical Exposition Text consists of three parts:
1. Thesis
In Thesis section, we introduce the topic or main idea that will be discussed. Thesis is
always in the first paragraph in the Analytical Exposition Text.
2. Argument
In this section we present arguments or opinions of us who support the main idea,
usually in an Analytical Exposition Text there are more than two arguments. The more
arguments appear more confident readers that the topics covered by us is a very important
topic or in need of attention.
3. Reiteration
This section is the concluding part of an Analytical Exposition Text is always located at
the end of the paragraph. Reiteration contains kamian return or reinstatement of the main ideas
contained in the first paragraph. Reiteration is also commonly called the conclusion or
conclusions.

D. Characteristics of Linguistic Analytical Exposition

In an Analytical Exposition Text, there are few linguistic features such as the following,
namely:
1. Using the simple present
2. Using reltional process
3. Using internal conjunction
4. Using casual conjuction
 E. Example of Analytical Exposition Text
To complement and reinforce your understanding of the Analytical Exposition Text,
we deliberately included along with examples such as the following translation.

Cars Should be Banned

thesis:
Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of
road deaths and other accidents.
argument:
Firstly, cars, as we all know, give contribution to the most of the pollution in the world. Cars
EMIT deadly gas that causes illness Reviews such as bronchritis, lung cancer, and 'triggers' off
asthma. Some of Reviews These illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.
Argument 2:
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit
pedestrains in the city, the which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.
Argument 3:
Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or to
concentrate on your homework, and especially when you talk to someone.
Reiteration:
In conclusion, cars should be benned from the city for the reason listed

CHAPTER VI
Exposition hortatory TEXT

After we discuss thoroughly about Analytical Exposition Text, learning English on this
occasion we will discuss thoroughly about Hortatory Exposition.

A. Definition Hortatory Exposition Text

As with Analytical Exposition, Hortatory Exposition is a type of English text that belong
to the class of Argumentation. Hortatory Exposition is a type of English text which presents
our efforts to influence the reader to do something or act in a particular case. In Hortatory
Exposition, we've listed some opinions about certain things to reinforce the main idea of the
text.
Unlike the Analytical Exposition, Exposition Hortatory presents Recommendation as the
closing paragraph of a Hortatory Exposition Text. In this Recommendation, we strive to
encourage and persuade the reader to do something. It is far different from the Analytical
Exposition which puts Reiteration or kamian back the main idea of a text as the cover without
any solicitation or bujuakan to the reader.

B. Purpose Communicative Hortatory Exposition Text

Unlike the Analytical Exposition Text that describes its communicative purpose and
affect the reader is told that the events are important, the purpose kommunikatifnya Hortatory
Expostion Text is explained and thus affect the reader that should and should not be.

C. Structure of Linguistic Hortatory Exposition Text

There are three parts of a structure or pattern of sentences in Hortatory Exposition Text,
namely:
1. Thesis
The thesis contains the main idea of our recognition of a phenomenon or event
to be raised or discussed.
2. Arguments
Arguments contains the opinions that support our main idea. The more
opinions we write, the more attractive a Hortatory Exposition Text it, because readers tend to
believe in an event if there are many opinions that support in it.
3. Recommendation
Recommendation contains our recommendation or solicitation to readers.

D. Characteristics of Linguistic Hortatory Exposition Text

Below is a feature of the language contained in Hortatory Exposition Text, namely:
1. Using the simple present tense
2. Using temporal conectives; firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc.
3. Using the evaluative words; importanly, valuablly, trustworthly, etc.

E. Example Hortatory Exposition Text

Below, we've included an example HortatoryEexposition text and its translations to understand
the above explanation.

Corruption

thesis:
Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the relation between money and
corruption? Well, corruption is common everywhere in the world, even in the United States. It
is just a matter of intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey claims
Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia.
Argument 1:
The survey has made me sad, actually, Because I stay and earn a living here in the capital. As
most people know, Tanjung Priok port smuggling is not a new thing at all. WHO
Entrepreneurs want to minimize tax payments Reviews their growing niche to do such a thing
more often. They even Bribe the officials.
Argument 2:
Well, I think the measures taken so far to Overcome the problem by punishing the corruptors
is still not far enough. We have to Prevent the younger generations from getting a bad
mentality the caused by corruption
Recommendation:
I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think everyone should be
Involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinction.
Adapted from: The Jakarta Post, February 2005
 CHAPTER VII
explanation TEXT

Explanation Text is a text that contains the processes associated with natural phenomena,
soisal, science, culture and more. An Explanation of text usually comes from us related
questions 'why' and 'how' of a phenomenon.

A. The purpose of Communicative Explanation Text

Explanation communicative purpose of the text is to explain the processes that occur in the
formation or activities related to natural phenomena, social, scientific, cultural, and others
aimed at explaining.

B. Generic Structur Explanation Text

There are three sections in the Text Explanation of sentence structure, namely:
1. General Statement
In a general statement contains a general explanation of the phenomenon will be
discussed, this phenomenon could be the introduction or explanation.
2. Squenced of explanation
A squenced of explanation contains an explanation of the process of why this
phenomenon may occur or be created. A squenced of explanation in the form of answers to the
question 'why' and 'how' we when making an Explanation text. In squenced of explanation
may consist of more than one paragraph.
3. Closing
Actually closing it is not listed in the generic structure of Explanation text, but most
people assume that the last paragraph of an Explanation text is closing, but it is part of
squenced of explantaion which contains the final step described in section squenced of
explanation.

C. Explanation Text Language Features

In a text explanation, there are linguistic characteristics such as the following, namely:
1. Using the simple present tense
2. mengguankan abstract noun (nouns that appear)
3. Passive voice mengguanakan
4. Using Action verbs

D. Example of Explanation Text

To add to your understanding of the Explanation Text description above, will be presented
also an example explanation text below:

Making Paper from woodchips

General statement:
Woodchipping is a process used to Obtain pulp and paper products from forest trees. The
woodchipping process begins when the trees are cut down in a selected area of the forest
called a coupe.
Squence of explanation:
Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut out and then the logs are taken to the mill. At
the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to a chipper roomates cuts them
into small pieces called woodchips. The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other
impurities. At this stage they are either exported in this form or changed into pulp by
chemicals and heat. The pulp is then bleached and the water content is removed.
closing:
Finally the pulp is rolled out to a make paper.

CHAPTER VIII
descriptive text

Use of Descriptive Text in everyday conversation we encounter. Just as when we

describe the physical appearance seseroang, object, place, animal or plant. What does your
face? Nose, slanted eyes, thin lips, straight hair, chuby cheeks? Surely everyone has described
the appearance of something, be it people, objects, animals, plants or any place. Descriptive
Text is one of the 13 types of English text (Types of Text) generally describe an object.
But in contrast to Report Text GCC gives the description of objects, animals, plants or
any place based on in-depth research. Descriptive Text only provide mengenia depiction of
objects, animals, plants or any place berdasrakan our knowledge of the course. For more
details see penjelsaan of Descriptive Text below. May be useful.

A. Definition of Descriptive Text

Descriptive text is a text type that is widely used in everyday life to describe objects,
places, people, animals and so forth. Descriptive Text is an English text for mengggmbarkan
like what objects or living things we describe, either in appearance, smell, sound, or texture of
the objects or living things.

B. Purpose Communicative Descriptive Text

Communicative tujan of Descriptive Text is to describe and reveal the characteristics
of objects, places, or particular beings in general, or peneilitan Tenpa any in depth research
and menyuluruh.

C. Descriptive Text Generic Structure

Descriptive Text In each there are two parts that is characteristic of Descriptive Text
itself. The two parts are:
1. Identification
Idnetification is part of Descriptive Text about the topic or containing the "what" is
to be depicted or described.
2. Description
Description is the last part of the Descriptive Text that contains discussion or
description of the topic or the "what" in the identification of physical appearance, quality, the
general behavior and properties.
D. Characteristics Kebahasan Descriptive Text
1. Descriptive Text using the Present Tense, for example: go, eat, fly, etc.
2. Descriptive Text using berbagaimacam adjectives (adjectives) that are describing (portrait),
Numbering (Menomerkan) and Classifying (classify), for example: two strong legs, sharp
white fangs, etc.
3. Relating Verbs Descriptive Text used to provide information about the subject, for example:
my mum is realy cool, it has very thick fur, etc.
4. Descriptive Text using Thinking Verbs (verb think, like belive, think, etc.) and Feeling
Verbs (verb flavorings, like feel) to express our personal views about the subject, for example:
police believe the suspect is armed, I think it is a clever animal, etc.
5. Descriptive Text also uses Adverbs (adverbs) to provide additional information about the
behavior or nature (Adjective) are described, for example: it is extremely high, it definitely
runs past, etc.

E. Sample Text Discriptive

Macquarie University

Identification:
Macquarie University is one of the largest states in Australia's universities. This year, in
2004, it celebrates its 40th anniversary.
Description:
The university is located at the North Ryde Greenbelt, Sydney, New South Wales where
the government sets aside 135 hectares for the institution. In 1964, Macquarie area was a rural
retreat on the city fringe, but today the campus and its surroundings have evolved beyond
recognition. The North Ryde District has grown into a district of intensive occupation
anchored by a vibrant and growing university.
Blessed with a fortunate location and room to breathe, Macquarie can be proud of that careful
planning that retains and enrich the university's most attractive natural features. A pleasing
balance between buildings and plating is evident across the campus. This emphasis on the
importance of the landscape has created images of Macquarie as a place that members of the
university are most Likely to pleasurably recollect.
One of the highlights of the landscape is the Mars Creek zone. It comprises landscaped creek
sides and valley floor, a grass amphitheater, and artificial lake surrounded by rocks and
pebbles, native plants and eucalypts.
Today, a railway station is under construction. In three years1 time, Macquarie will be the only
university in Australia with a railway station on site. Macquarie is poised to be the most
readily accessible in the Sydney region by rail and motorway, yet retaining its beautiful site.
 CHAPTER IX
DISCUSSION TEXT

A. Definition Discussion Text

Discussion is a process to find common ground between two thoughts, ideas or
opinions are different. And Discussion Text can be defined as a text that contains a
problematic discourse. This problematic discourse is discourse that has two camps between
Pro (supports) and Contra (opponents), between supporters and opponents of the issue issue.
The problems presented in the Discussion Text will be discussed based on the two viewpoints
(Point of View), the Pro (supporter) and Contra (opponents).

B. Purpose Komunikarif Discussion Text

Communicative purpose of Discussion Text itself is to present an issue or issues to
be reviewed at least from two points of view, before arriving at a conclusion or
recommendation.

C. Structure Discussion Text Kebahasaaan

Discussion in the text, there are four linguistic structure that is visible from the main
idea of each paragraph in the Discussion Text as its precursor texts, namely:
1. Issue
Issue lies in the first paragraph that contains the placement problem or issue to be
discussed.
2. Supporting Points
In this section, we present arguments in favor of the issue. In each paragraph
Supporting Point consists of two components which are the main ideas of paragraphs and
elaboration or description of the main idea of the paragraph.
3. Contrasting Points
In this section, we present arguments against the issue or problem. As in paragraph
Spportin Point, Contrasting Points also present two components, namely forming the main
idea of paragraphs and elaboration or description of the main idea of the paragraph.
4. Conclunlusion or Recommendation
In this section we present the conclusions or it could be recommended to the issue or
issues that have been discussed above.

D. Characteristics of Linguistic Discussion Text

In making Discussion Text, we should pay attention to the use of language that is commonly
applied, such as:
1. Using the simple present tense
2. Using modalites, like must, should, would, may, etc.
3. Using additive, contrastive, and casual connection, such as similiary, however, Furthemore,
on the other hand, etc.

E. Example of Discussion Text

To add to and complement the above explanation of Discussion Text, we deliberately include
examples Discussion following text and its translations.
 The Advantage and disadvantage of Nuclear Power

issue:
Nuclear power is generated by using uranium the which is a metal mined in various parts of
the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria,
England in 1956.
Supporting Point:
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power
produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge Amounts of energy. It
cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant
are as follow:
- It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to the make.
- It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not Contribute to the greenhouse
effect.
- It produces huge Amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
- It produces small amount of waste.
- It is reliable.

Contrasting Point:
On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for
many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, Although it is reliable, a lot of
money has to be spent on safety Because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major
accident.
Conclusion or Recommendation
People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the
fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.

CHAPTER X
NEWS ITEM TEXT

For those of you who are familiar with one newspaper called information media,
certainly not so familiar with one of the English text types (Types of Text), News Item Text.
While you do not know about the term News Item Text itself, but we are sure you will
understand what it is about News Item Text because most of the information written in the
paper have the same characteristics.
On this occasion, we present an explanation of News Item Text in full from start to
understanding, communicative purpose, the structure of language, linguistic characteristics
and examples.

A. Definition of News Item Text

News Items Text is one (Types Of Text) that provide information to the reader about the
events that happen everyday. Such events are presented to the reader is an event that is
considered important, warm and newsworthy.
B. Purpose Communicative News Item Text
Communicative goals of News Items Text is preaching to the reader, listener or
audience of the events or events deemed important or newsworthy.

C. Generic Structure News Item Text

In the English text the manifold News Item Text, there are three sections in each
linguistic structure, namely:
1. Newsworthy Event
The first part of the linguistic structure of News Item Text is often called the Main
Event is the part that tells or contains news about the event or events that are usually in the
form of a core Summary or Summary.
2. backgroud Event
The second part of the linguistic structure of News Item Text or often also called the
Elaboration is or contains a section that tells about the background of the event or incident,
who was involved and where it happened.
3. Source
The last part of the structure of language News Item Text is the part that tells or shows
on the comments, witnessed the events, expert opinions, and so on. about events or incidents
reported.

D. Characteristics of Linguistic News Item Text

In any type of English text News Item Text, there are characteristics of language such as
the following:
1. The information contained in the brief headlines
2. Focusing on events
3. Using action verbs
4. Using material process

E. Example of News Item Text

Seven Killed in Accident on Jalan Sultan

Newsworthy Event
Seven people were killed in a collision between a bus, a car and a truck at 10:35 pm on Jalan
Sultan last night.
backgroud Event
The dead were all passengers in the car. Police believe the car may have been trying to
overtake the bus when it was struck by a truck coming from the opposite direction. The driver
of the car may not have been using his lights, as the truck driver said he did not see the car
approaching.
sources
The police said the car should not have been trying to pass the bus, since overtaking is not
allowed on Jalan Sultan. In addition, the police Reported that the car-a small Japanese car-
should not have been carrying more than five people. The names of the victims are not yet
known.
 CHAPTER XI
REVIEW

Have you reviewed the matter, the film or the like? If you have not, have you ever seen
a movie or book reviewer? You can see an example of Review Text in the newspapers
showing a movie or a book reviewer, as an illustration of what the heck Review Text.

A. Definition Review Text

Maybe some people have seen it even ever made. Review Text is one of the types of
English text (genre) which is intended to review the work in the form of films, books, and
other objects to determine the quality, advantages and disadvantages that the work is intended
for the reader or listener public.

B. Objectives Review Communicative Text

Text communicative purpose of the Review is to criticize the event or artwork for the
reader or listener the general public, such as movies, shows, books, etc.

C. Review Text Generic Structure

Each type of English text (genre) is characterized by Generic Structure of different
according to the communicative goals that will be presented to the reader. And for the Generic
Structure of Review Text, there are 4 sentence structure, namely:
1. Introduction
Like any type of English text (genre) the other, in the first paragraph of the text
contains a review of the general idea of a work or an object that will be reviewed. General
description of the work or the object can be the name, usability, and so forth.
2. Evaluation
Generic Structure In the second, Evaluation, provide a snapshot of a work detail
or object under review, may be parts of the work or the object, uniqueness and quality. But do
not really give a description of the work or the object, as we review the text as if "teach" the
prospective buyers and it's not good. Evaluation work atu objects as far as required by the
buyer is the most correct. Terms used in the second paragraph of its structure is not far from
the word "good" or "not" work or the object. In the evaluation, usually consisting of more than
one evaluation.
3. Interpretation
In this third part, we give his own views about direviewnya karaya or objects. Of
course, this phase is done after sufficient evaluation of the work or goods. Often to support
and strengthen our view of the work or object direviewnya, we are comparing the work or the
object or objects with similar works. In this phase we also write in any part of the works or
objects of value or in any part of the object atu work less valuable.
4. Summmary
In this section, we give a conclusion to the reader of the works or objects that have
been direviewnya. After giving an explanation in the evaluation and penlis own views on
interpretation, the time we leave a comment whether it works or objects of value or not
direviewnya to prospective buyers.
D. Characteristics of Linguistic (Language Features)
In Review Text, there are several characteristics of language such as the following:
1. Using the present tense.
2. Many use the adjective (the word plumb) such as, bad, good, valuable, etc.
3. Frequent use of long clause (clause length) and complex.

E. Example of Review Text

Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix

Orientation
I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will always hold a special place
in my heart.
evaluation 1
I have to say that of all of the books, however, this was not my favorite.
evaluation 2
When the series Began it was as much of a "feel good" experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa.
The stories were bright, fast-paced, intriguing, and Ultimately satisfying.
Interpretation
Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this works ... you feel a
whole new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get to the end. I was truly moved
by the last page. Other times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel. The galloping
pace of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem long, as if we're
reading all about Harry "just hanging out" instead of having his usual adventures. Reading in
detail about Harry cleaning up an old house, for example - housekeeping is still housekeeping,
magical or no, and I'm not very interested in doing it or reading about other people doing it.
A few other changes in this book - the "real" world comes much more in to play rather than
the fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has apparently been taken off his meds.
I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a teenager and all,
but the sudden change in his character Seemed too drastic. He goes from being a warm-
hearted, considerate person to someone who will bite his best friend's heads off over nothing.
It just Seemed like it did not fit with his character, like he turned into a walking cliché of the
"angry teen" overnight.
summary
The "real" story Seemed To Happen in the last third of the book, and I loved this part. I
actually liked the ending (and yes, I cried!) As sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made me
care about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it would have been
great.
 CHAPTER XII
anecdote TEXT

Have experienced anything odd or unusual? And once recounted an odd or unusual
events to the others. If you ever tell the incident, will definitely be very easy to understand
what it is anecdote text. For that, on this occasion we tried to present explanations and
examples Text anecdote for you.

A. Definition of anecdote Text

Text anecdote is one of the English text of the Narration (see article Types of Text)
which recounted the bizarre incident or unusual occurrence either a fact or imagination.

B. Purpose Communicative anecdote Text

Actually, from the definition of anecdote text above we can infer the communicative
purpose of the anecdote recounted the incident Text is odd or unusual events to entertain the
reader.

C. Generic Structure anecdote Text

There are four linguistic structure (Generic Structure) of anecdote text, namely:
1. Abstract
The structure of the first language of anecdote Text is Abstract. In the abstract, we
usually start introducing odd or unusual events what would diceritakanya. There are a number
of anecdote Text Abstract begins with the use of interrogative sentence, but not all of anecdote
Abstract Text using interrogative sentence.
2. Orienation
The structure of the second language of anecdote Text is Orientation. As in Narrative
Text, Text Orientation in anecdote also tells who, when, and where the incidence of odd or
unusual events occurred.
3. Crisis
The third linguistic structure of anecdote Text is Crisis. In this section telling the odd
or unusual events occurred. We recount the incident in detail.
4. Reaction / Incident
The structure of the final language of anecdote Text is Coda. In the Coda, tells us how
the subject of the story (the perpetrator) to solve the problem and end on odd or unusual
occurrences such.

D. Characteristics of linguistic anecdote Text

Each type of English text has a certain linguistic traits but can be seen from the
structure kebahasaanya (Generic Structure). Below are some of the linguistic characteristics
that are commonly found in every anecdote text:
1. Using the past tense (past time), such as: I found it last night.
2. Using rhetoric question (rhetorical question), such as: Do you know what?
3. Using the conjuction of time (the conjunction of time), such as: then, afterward, etc.
4. Using action verbs (action verb), such as: went, writed, etc.
5. Using sentece imperative (command line), such as: listen to this.
6. Using Exclamation sentence (sentence exclamation), such as: it's awful, it's wonderful, etc.
E. Example anecdote text

Snake in the Bath

ABSTRACT
How would you like to find a snake in your bath? A nasty one too!
Orientation
We had just moved into a new house, the which had been empty for so long that everything
was in a terrible mess. Anna and I Decided we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and
turned on the tap.
Crisis
Suddenly to my horror, a snake's head Appeared in the plug-hole. Then out slithered the rest
of his long thin body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and
Hissing at us.
Reaction / Incident
For an instant I Stood there quite paralysed. Then I yelled for my husband, luckily WHO
Came running and killed the snake with the handle of a broom. Anna, WHO was only three at
the time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the way or
she'd probably have leant over the bath to get a better look!
Coda
Ever since then I've always put the plug in firmly before running the bath water.

CHAPTER XIII
spoof TEXT

Have you ever seen a comedy program, Seketsa? Surely you are familiar right.
The storyline in Seketsa was the one who called Spoof Text. Beginning of the story starts with
a scene or a regular occurrence then towards the end there is a scene or incident that is not
thought that makes the story funny. To complete a description of the type of English Text
(Types of Text), on this occasion we present an explanation and examples of Spoof Text
complete.

A. Definition Spoof Text

Besides Narrative Text, Recount Text, and anecdote Text, Spoof Text also belong to
the class of Narration (see the English text type, Types of Text), which of course tells the
events of the past with the end of a funny and unexpected.

B. Purpose Communicative Spoof Text

Of course, all kinds of texts belonging Narration has the same communicative
purpose, as well as on the Spoof Text, which is to entertain the reader or listener of stories
read.
C. Linguistic Structure of Spoof Text
There are three types of linguistic structures owned by Spoof Text, namely:
1. Orientation
As with any other type of text Narration, always begins with orientation. Orientation is the
part where we start introducing the story.
2. Events
While on the Events is the part where we tell the events in the story but the events
narrated the incident is still reasonable.
3. Twist
And part of the latter is Spoof Text Twist. Twist a piece of text which tells the opposite of
fair events in the Events section. Twist is the final part of Spoof Text is telling the humorous
and end unexpectedly before.

D. Characteristics of Linguistic Spoof Text

There are several linguistic characteristics that can distinguish Spoof Text with English
Text type (Types of Text) others, namely:
1. Using Past Tense; was, were, did, etc.
2. Using action verbs (action verb); did, went, walked, etc.
3. Using adverb of time and place adverbs.
4. Told in chronological order.

E. Example of Spoof Text

Penguin in the Park

Orientation
Once a man was walking in a park when he come across a penguin
event
He took him to a policeman and said, "I have just found this penguin. What should I do?" The
policeman Replied, "take him to the zoo".
The next day the policeman of saw the same man in the same park and the man still carrying
the penguin with him. The policeman was rather supriseed and walked up to the man and
asked "why are you still carrying that penguin about? Did not you take it to the zoo?"
twist
"I certainly did" Replied the man.
"And it was a great idea Because he really enjoyed it, so today I am taking him to the moviest,
and the next day I'll take it to the beach. It'll be so much fun" said the man.