RRL 

(articles/literature na need hanapin dito)

A. Local Literature
According to an article by Remedios C. Kulidtod, social networking media is about sharing or
communicating with other people. It has spread its wings to various other fields and education is
one of the new sectors where the concept of social media is making a great role (Anonymous,
2014). They are communication channels or tools used to store, aggregate, share, discuss or
deliver information with friends and colleagues using the internet (Reynolds, 2015). They
involve the use of web-based technologies to transform one-way communication into an
interactive online dialogue (Dixon, 2012). It is a creation and exchange of user-made content. At
school or in any office, social media used by students and teachers to share original content the
articles or the publications. Students, in particular, use it and provide an opportunity to seek to
questions they may have related to their course. Thus, the use of social media has extended
throughout the community (Roblyer, et al., 2010). In the previous years, social media websites
have become common. It gives young people a new way to interact with each other and
communicate with the world. Social media networking became popular between 2004 and 2006,
after Facebook and MySpace were created. Facebook, for example has over 500 million
members and it is still growing and approximately 85% of undergraduate students are Facebook
users (Schneider, 2009). During the second quarter of 2008, 75% of Internet surfers used “Social
Media” by joining social networks, reading blogs, or contributing reviews to shopping sites. This
represents a significant rise from 56% in 2007. The unlimited growth is not only limited to
teenagers or to one of the members of Generation X. Today, 35 – 44 years old people have
increasingly joined the population and counted as joiners, spectators, and critics. Therefore, it is
reasonable to say that social media represent a revolutionary new trend that should be of interest
to companies operating in online space – or any space, for that matter (Kaplan & Haenlein,
2010). As we know, the new social media include internet websites such as MySpace, Facebook,
Twitter, Flicker, and other social networking or social media, and sharing sites, as well as blogs,
video games, virtual worlds, mobile telephones, text messaging devices and Global Positioning
System (GPS) devices. It includes blogs (political Blog), networks (Facebook, Twitter, etc),
video sharing (YouTube), audio sharing (Podcast), mobile sites (2go etc), image or picture
sharing (flicker), etc. It has the capacity to improve the participation because of the textual and
audio-visual characteristic appeal, the openness, conversation nature, and connectedness (Adaja,
2013).

In a 2010 global study conducted by Universal McCann titled "Power to the People- Wave 3," it
was discovered that the Philippines ranked first among other countries, with 83.1 percent of
Filipinos belonging to social networking sites, and that Filipinos were also the top users who
frequently shared photos and videos on their social media sites. Students or Filipinos aged 15 to
24 appear to be the fastest rising demographic of social media users.

According to Digital Marketing Philippines, 65 percent of the 40 million active social media
users are teens and young adults, and 81 percent visit their accounts on a daily basis (Gregorio,
2013). Social media use has become an integral part of most Filipinos' everyday life. According
to Third Team Media's data on Social Media and Digital Stats in the Philippines in 2015, the
Philippines remains the "Social Media Capital of the World." Out of the country's more than 100
million people, 44 million utilize the Internet, and 40 million are active social media users.
Recently, the 2016 statistics on Social Media and Digital Stats in the Philippines, the percentage
of social media penetration has climbed from 40% in 2015 to 47% in 2016. This research
indicates that social media remains an important aspect of the lives of Filipinos who have
increased access to the Internet via their mobile phones and electronic devices (Castro, 2016). In
the article by Digital Marketing Philippines, 65 percent of the 40 million active social media
users are teens and young adults, and 81 percent visit their accounts on a daily basis (Gregorio,
2013).

According to a report released in 2021 by Common Sense Media on social media’s effects on
teens, about half of the 1,500 young people surveyed said social media is very important for them
in order to get support and advice, feel less alone, and express themselves creatively, as well as
for staying in touch friends and family while social distancing. And 43 percent said that using
social media makes them feel better when they are depressed, stressed, or anxious. Among
LGBTQ youth, 52 percent said social media helps them feel better when they are experiencing
these difficult emotions.

On the other hand, the report, titled “Coping with COVID-19: How Young People Used Digital
Media to Manage Their Mental Health,” also showed a strong association between social media
and teens feeling depressed. Youth with moderate to severe depressive symptoms were nearly
twice as likely to say they used social media almost constantly: One-third of teens with depression
reported constant social media use, as compared to 18 percent of teens who did not have
depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the more severe their symptoms were, the more anxious,
lonely and depressed they felt after using social media. Clearly, social media does not help teens
who are already feeling depressed, and seems to contribute to their negative outlook.

Over the last decade, this theory has been borne out by a large body of research linking teenagers’
use of social media with increased teen depression. These studies show that the frequency of a
teen’s use of social media has a clear correlation to their mental health. For example, in a 2018
study, 14- to 17-year-olds who used social media seven hours per day were more than twice as
likely to have been diagnosed with depression, treated by a mental health professional, or taken
medication for a psychological or behavioral issue during the last year. This was compared to
those who used screens only about an hour a day.

Many experts believe that the constant overstimulation of social networking shifts the nervous
system into fight-or-flight mode. As a result, this makes disorders such as ADHD, teen
depression, oppositional defiant disorder, and teen anxiety worse. However, some research on
social media and teen depression shows that the causality goes the other way—i.e., when teens are
depressed, they look at social media more often. In one study of 600 teens, researchers found that
social media use did not predict depressive symptoms, but greater depressive symptoms predicted
more social media use over time.
Social media as become an essential part for today’s younger generation. Social media websites
such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram has positive effect on youth but equally it has negative
effects as well. There are negative impacts of social media on youth as well. One of the negative
impacts is cyberbullying, which is very common now a days on internet. This is commonly
occurs on the sites of social media. Cyber bulling is basically an electronic base communication
to tyrant a person, most often by sending threatening messages. There are also videos on social
networking websites that shows violence, these videos could lead to affect the behavior of teens.
By watching violence they became more aggressive, their behavior with their family changes and
their minds become assertive, this could ultimately affect their living in the society.

A positive impact of social networking sites is to unite people on a huge platform for the
achievement of some specific objective. This is very important to bring the positive change in
society.” On the other hand, one of the negative effects of social media or network is it leads to
addiction. “Spending countless hours on the social sites can divert the focus and attention from a
particular task. It lowers the motivational level of the people, especially of the teenagers and
students. They mainly rely on technology and the internet instead of learning the practical
knowledge and expertise of the everyday life.”

“Kids can be greatly affected by these social networking sites if they are allowed to use them.
The reason is that sometimes people share photos on social media that contains violence and sex,
which can damage the behavior of kids and teenagers. It puts the negative impact on overall
society as these kids and teenagers involve themselves in crime-related activities.”

Karen Fraxier, public relations specialist, writes that social media “has changed the way people
interact. In many ways, social media has led to positive changes in the way people communicate
and share information; however, it has a dark side, as well. Social networking can sometimes
result in negative outcomes, some with long-term consequences.”

Karen cites a 2010 Case Western Reserve School of Medicine study that showed hyper-
networking (more than three hours on social networks per day) and hyper texting (more than 120
text messages per day) correlated with unhealthy behaviors in teens, including drinking, smoking
and sexual activity. Hyper-networking was also associated with depression, substance abuse,
poor sleep patterns, suicide and poor academic performance. While on the surface it appears
social networking brings people together across the Internet, Karen writes that in a larger sense it
may create social isolation, according to a BBC News report. “As people spend increasing
amounts of time on social networks, they experience less face-to-face interaction. Scientists have
evaluated social isolation in many studies, and have determined that it can lead to a host of
mental, psychological, emotional and physical problems including depression, anxiety, somatic
complaints and many others. Some of the harmful effects people suggest social networking has
are: encouraging poor grammar, usage, and spelling, allowing information that may be perceived
as fact even in light of evidence to the contrary, exposing children to online predators, creating a
culture in which a single mistake such as a racy picture or poorly thought-out comment can cause
irreparable harm to your reputation, decreasing productivity as workers habitually check social
networking sites while they should be working. It is inherent on the individual to use social
networking constructively, and parents must be especially careful to monitor their children's use
of social networking to minimize the potential for negative outcomes.