The University of Zambia: School of Natural Sciences

THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA
SCHOOL OF NATURAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATITICS
MAT 1100 FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS TUTORIAL SHEET 9-2021
1. Sketch the graph of the function and state its domain, range, y-intercept and the
equation of the horizontal asymptote: (a) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 +3 (b) 𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 1
3 −𝑥
(c) 𝑦 = 2−𝑥 − 1 (d) 𝑦 = 2𝑥+1 (e) 𝑦 = 2𝑥−3 (f) 𝑦 = 4−𝑥 (g) 𝑦 = (2)
3 𝑥 2
(h) 𝑦 = − (2) + 2 (i) 𝑦 = 2−𝑥 (j) 𝑦 = 3(3−𝑥 ) − 3 (k) 𝑦 = 2−|𝑥−2| + 1.
2. The population of a city triples every 25 years. At time 𝑡 = 0, the population is

100,000. Write a function for the population 𝑃(𝑡) as a function of 𝑡. What is the
population after (a) 50 years (b) 70 years (c) 100 years?
3. An experiment involves a colony of bacteria in an solution. It is determined that the
number of bacteria doubles approximately every 3 minutes and the initial number of
bacteria at the start of the experiment is 104 . Write a function for the number of
bacteria 𝑁(𝑡) as a function of 𝑡 (in minutes). Approximately how many bacteria are
there after: (a) 3 minutes (b) 9 minutes (c) 27 minutes (d) one hour?
4. Strontium-90 has a half-life of 29.1 years. The amount S of 100 kilograms of
strontium-90 present after 𝑡 years is given by 𝑆 = 100𝑒 −0.0238𝑡 . How much of the
100 kilograms will remain after 50 years?
5. After 𝑡 years, the balance 𝐴 in an account with principal 𝑃 and annual interest rate 𝑟
(in decimal form) is given by the following formulas:
𝑟 𝑛𝑡
(i) For 𝑛 compoundings per year: 𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + 𝑛)
(ii) For continuous compounding: 𝐴 = 𝑃𝑒 𝑟𝑡 .

(a) A bank offers two types of interest-bearing accounts. The first account pays 5%
interest compounded quarterly. The second account pays 3% interest compounded
continuously. Which account earns more money? Why?
(b) If K10,000 is invested at annual interest rate of 11% for a period of five years,
find the value of the investment for the following compounding periods:
(i) Annually (ii) Monthly (c) daily (d) hourly.
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(6) The present value of a sum of money is the amount of money that must be invested
now (Principal), at a given rate of interest, to produce the desired sum at a later
date.
Find the present value of K10, 000 if interest is paid at a rate of 9% per year,
compounded semiannually, for three years.
(7) Express each of the following logarithmic equations in exponential form:
1 1
(a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 16 = 2 (b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 16 = −4 (c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 2 = 2 (d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 0.2 = −1.
(8) Without using a calculator, evaluate the following expressions:

1 1
(a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3 9 (b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 16 (c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 2 (d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 36 (e) 𝑙𝑜𝑔10(0.0001) (f) 𝑙𝑜𝑔12 1
1
(g) ln 𝑒 10 (h) ln 𝑒 3 (i) ln 1 (j) 𝑙𝑜𝑔49 7 (k) 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 √3 (l) 3𝑙𝑜𝑔3 8 (m) 10𝑙𝑜𝑔87 .
(9) Solve the following equations for real 𝑥: (a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 = 5 (b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 16 = 𝑥
3
(c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 1000 = 4 (d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 0.1 = 𝑥 (e) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 8 = 2 (f) ln(𝑥 + 2) = ln 6.
(10) In each case, find the domain, range, vertical asymptote and x-intercept of the
logarithmic function. Then sketch its graph:
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (x+4) (c) 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑙𝑜𝑔4 (𝑥 − 1)
(d) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥 + 2) (e) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 − 1) − 2 (f) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥
(g) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + ln(−𝑥) (h) 𝑓(𝑥) = | ln 𝑥 | (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln |𝑥| (j) 𝑓(𝑥) = −ln(𝑥 − 3).
(11) Find the domain of the function: (a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (10 − 3𝑥) (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 2 − 1)
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) (d) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 + ln(2 − 𝑥) (e) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(10 − 𝑥) − √𝑥 − 2.
(12) A googol is 10100 , and a googolplex is 10𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑙 . Find log(log(𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑙)) and
log(log(log(𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥))).
(13) Use the laws of logarithms to rewrite the expression in a form with no logarithm of
𝑥
a product, quotient, or power: (a) log 2 (𝑥(𝑥 − 1)) (b) log 5 2 (c) log 733 (d) ln(𝜋𝑥)
4 3 3𝑥 2 10𝑥
(e) log 2 (𝐴𝐵 2 ) (f) log 6 √17 (g) log 5 √𝑥 2 + 1 (h) ln (𝑥+1)10 (i) ln (𝑥(𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 4 +2)).
1
(14) Evaluate the expression: (a) log 5 √125 (b) log 2 8 (c) log 0.001 (d) 𝑒 ln √2
(e) log 4 2 (f) log 3 (8122 ) (g) log 2 + log 5 (h) log 4 192 − log 4 3 (i) 𝑒 3 ln 5 .
(15) Rewrite the expression as a single logarithm: (a) log 3 5 + 5 log 3 2
1
(b) log 12 + 2 log 7 − log 2 (c) log 5 (𝑥 2 − 1) − log 5 (𝑥 − 1) (d) ln 5 + 2 ln 𝑥+1.
2
1
(e) 2 log 5 𝑥 + 2 log 5 𝑦 − 3 log 5 𝑧 (f) 4 log 𝑥 − 3 log(𝑥 2 + 1) + 2 log(𝑥 − 1).
1
(16) Show that log 𝑒 = ln 10.
(17) Solve the following exponential equations: (a) 2(3𝑥 ) = 16 (b) 2𝑥−3 = 31
𝑥
(c) 2𝑥+1 = 3𝑥−1 (d) 4𝑥 − 2𝑥+1 = 48 (e) 22𝑥+1 − 2𝑥+1 + 1 = 2𝑥 (f) 62 = 51−𝑥
50
(g) 62𝑥+1 − 17(6𝑥 ) + 12 = 0 (h) = 4 (i) 𝑥 2 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 0 (j) 𝑒 𝑥 − 12𝑒 −𝑥 = 1
1+𝑒 −𝑥
(k) 𝑒 4𝑥 + 4𝑒 2𝑥 − 21 = 0 (l) 𝑥 2 10𝑥 − 𝑥10𝑥 = 2(10𝑥 ).

(18) Solve the following logarithmic equations: (a) ln(𝑥 + 2) = 1 (b) log 3 (3 − 𝑥) = 3
(c) log 2 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2) = 2 (d) log 5 𝑥 + log 5 (𝑥 + 1) = log 5 20 (e) log 2 (log 3 𝑥) = 4.
(19) If log 2 4 2 = 𝑥, log 𝑧 𝑦 = 4, and 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 6 + 𝑧, find 𝑦.

3
(20) For what values of 𝑥 is it true that (a) log(𝑥 + 3) = log 𝑥 + log 3 (b) log 𝑥 = 3 log 𝑥?
(21) Radioactive decay is modeled by the equation 𝑚(𝑡) = 𝑚0 𝑒 −𝑟𝑡 where 𝑟 is the rate of
decay expressed as a proportion of the mass and 𝑚0 is the initial mass. The half-life, ℎ, is
ln 2
the time take for half the mass to decay. Show that 𝑟 = .
ℎ
Polonium-210 (210𝑃𝑜 ) has a half-life of 140 days. Suppose a sample of this substance
has a mass of 300mg.
(a) Find a formula for the amount of sample remaining at time 𝑡.
(b) Find the mass remaining after one year.
(c) How long will it take for the sample to decay to a mass of 200mg?
(d) Draw a graph of the sample mass as a function of time.
[Here you may use a calculator]
(22) Newton’s Law of Cooling: If 𝐷0 is the initial temperature difference between an object
and its surroundings, and if its surroundings have temperature 𝑇𝑠 , then the temperature of the
object at time 𝑡 is given by 𝑇(𝑡) = 𝑇𝑠 + 𝐷0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 where 𝑘 is a positive constant that depends on
the type of object.
3
(i) A hot bowl of soup is served at a dinner party. It starts to cool according to Newton’s Law of
cooling so that its temperature at time 𝑡 is given by 𝑇(𝑡) = 65 + 145𝑒 −0.05𝑡 where 𝑡 is measured
in minutes and 𝑇is measured in ℉.
(a) What is the initial temperature of the soup?
(b) What is the temperature after 10 min?
(c) |After how long will the temperature be 100℉?
(ii) Newton’s Law of cooling is used in homicide investigations to determine the time of death.
The normal body temperature is 98.6℉. Immediately following death the body begins to cool. It
has been determined experimentally that the constant in Newton’s Law of cooling is
approximately 𝑘 = 0.1947. If the temperature of the surroundings is 60℉ and the temperature of
the body is now 72℉, how long ago was the time of death?
(iii) A kettle full of water is brought to a boil in a room with temperature 20℃. After 15 min the
temperature of the water has decreased from 100℃ to 75℃. Find the temperature after another
10 min. Illustrate by sketching the graph of the temperature function.

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THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA

SCHOOL OF NATURAL SCIENCES

2. The population of a city triples every 25 years. At time 𝑡 = 0, the population is

(ii) For continuous compounding: 𝐴 = 𝑃𝑒 𝑟𝑡 .

(8) Without using a calculator, evaluate the following expressions:

(k) 𝑒 4𝑥 + 4𝑒 2𝑥 − 21 = 0 (l) 𝑥 2 10𝑥 − 𝑥10𝑥 = 2(10𝑥 ).

(19) If log 2 4 2 = 𝑥, log 𝑧 𝑦 = 4, and 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 6 + 𝑧, find 𝑦.

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