1

[ G.R. No. 221991, August 30, 2017 ]

JOSELITO PERALTA Y ZARENO, PETITIONER, VS. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES,
RESPONDENT.

DECISION
PERLAS-BERNABE, J.:

Before the Court is a petition for review on certiorari[1] filed by petitioner Joselito Peralta y Zareno
(Peralta) assailing the Decision[2] dated May 29, 2015 and the Resolution[3] dated December 8, 2015 of
the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CR No. 35193, which affirmed the Decision [4] dated July 31,
2012 of the Regional Trial Court of Dagupan City, Branch 44 (RTC) in Crim. Case No. 2008-0659-D
finding him guilty beyond reasonable doubt of illegal possession of firearms and ammunition under
Section 1 of Presidential Decree No. (PD) 1866,[5] as amended by Republic Act No. (RA)8294.[6]
The Facts

The instant case arose from an Information[7] dated November 20, 2008 charging Peralta of illegal
possession of firearms and ammunition, defined and penalized under PD 1866, as amended, the
accusatory portion of which reads:
That on or about the 18 th day of November, 2008, in the City of Dagupan,
Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named
accused, JOSELITO PERALTA y Zareno, did then and there, willfully, unlawfully
and criminally, have in his possession, custody, and control one (1) cal. 45 with
Serial No. 4517488 with magazine with five (5) live ammunitions, without authority
to possess the same.

Contrary to PD 1866, as amended by RA 8294.[8]

The prosecution alleged that at around 11 o'clock in the evening of November 18, 2008, a team
consisting of Police Officer 3 Christian A. Carvajal (PO3 Carvajal), one Police Officer Lavarias, Police
Officer 2 Bernard Arzadon (PO2 Arzadon), and Police Officer 3 Lucas Salonga (PO3 Salonga)
responded to a telephone call received by their desk officer-on-duty that there was a man firing a gun at
the back of the PLDT Building in Pantal District, Dagupan City.[9] Upon arrival thereat, the police
officers saw two (2) men walking, later identified as Peralta and his companion, Larry Calimlim
(Calimlim), holding a gun and a knife respectively.[10] Upon seeing the police officers, the men became
uneasy, which prompted the police officers to swoop in. Upon apprehension, they recovered a
caliber .45 pistol with Serial Number 4517488 containing a magazine with five (5) live ammunitions
from Peralta and a knife from Calimlim.[11] The men were then brought to the Region I Medical Center
in Dagupan City, and later, to the community precinct for paraffin and gun powder residue test.
Meanwhile, the pistol and the magazine with live ammunitions were endorsed to the duty investigator.
[12]

In his defense, Peralta denied the accusation against him and presented a different narration of facts.
According to him, he was riding a motorcycle with Calimlim when they were flagged down by the
police officers. While admitting that the latter recovered a knife from Calimlim, Peralta vigorously
denied having a firearm with him, much less illegally discharging the same.[13] He pointed out that it
was impossible for him to carry a gun at the time and place of arrest since they were near the barangay
hall and the respective residences of Police Officer Salonga and mediaman Orly Navarro. [14] Further,
Peralta averred that upon arrival at the police station, he was forced to admit possession of the gun
allegedly recovered from him, and that they were subjected to a paraffin test but were not furnished
with copies of the results thereof.[15] Finally, Peralta claimed that he and Calimlim were merely framed
up, after his brother who operated a "hataw" machine went bankrupt and stopped giving "payola" to
the police officials.[16]

The RTC Ruling

In a Decision[17] dated July 31, 2012, the RTC found Peralta guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the
crime charged, and accordingly, sentenced him to suffer the penalty of imprisonment for a period of six
(6) years and one (1) day of prision mayor, as minimum, to eight (8) years of prision mayor, as
maximum, and to pay a fine of P30,000.00.[18]
 2

The RTC found that the prosecution had established the existence of the elements of the crime charged,
considering that PO3 Carvajal positively identified him walking at the Pantal District, Dagupan City
carrying a firearm and that he had no license to carry the same, as per the Certification [19] issued by the
Firearms and Explosives Office in Camp Crame, Quezon City.[20]

Aggrieved, Peralta appealed[21] to the CA.

The CA Ruling

In a Decision[22] dated May 29, 2015, the CA affirmed Peralta's conviction in toto.[23] It concurred with
the RTC's finding that the prosecution had established all the elements of the crime charged, namely,
the existence of firearm and ammunitions, and the lack of the corresponding license/s by the person
possessing or owning the same. In this relation, the CA held that the police officers conducted a valid
warrantless arrest on Peralta under the plain view doctrine, considering that the latter was walking at
the Pantal District carrying a firearm in full view of the arresting policemen, who arrived at the scene in
response to a call they received at the police station.[24]

Further, for lack of substantiation, it did not lend any credence to Peralta's claim that he was only set up
by the police officers as revenge for his brother's failure to give "payola" to the police officials in
connection with his operation of the "hataw" machine.[25] Finally, the CA ruled that the results of the
paraffin test were immaterial to Peralta's conviction of the crime charged since what is being punished
by the law is the possession of a firearm and ammunitions without any license or permit to carry the
same.[26]

Undaunted, Peralta moved for reconsideration,[27] which was, however, denied in a Resolution[28] dated

December 8, 2015; hence, this petition.

The Issue Before the Court

The sole issue for the Court's Resolution is whether or not the CA correctly upheld Peralta's conviction
for Illegal Possession of Firearm and Ammunition.

The Court's Ruling

The petition is without merit.

At the outset, the Court reiterates that Peralta was charged with illegal possession of firearms and
ammunition for carrying a .45 caliber pistol with a magazine containing five (5) live ammunitions, a
crime defined and penalized under Section 1 of PD 1866, as amended by RA 8294, pertinent portions
of which read:
Section 1. Unlawful Manufacture, Sale, Acquisition, Disposition or Possession of
Firearms or Ammunition or Instruments Used or Intended to be Used in the
Manufacture of Firearms or Ammunition. - The penalty of xxx shall be imposed
upon any person who shall unlawfully manufacture, deal in, acquire, dispose, or
possess any xxx firearm, xxx part of firearm, ammunition, or machinery, tool or
instrument used or intended to be used in the manufacture of any firearm or
ammunition xxx.

The penalty of prision mayor in its minimum period and a fine of Thirty thousand
pesos (P30,000) shall be imposed if the firearm is classified as high powered firearm
which includes those with bores bigger in diameter than .38 caliber and 9 millimeter
such as caliber .40, .41, .44, .45 and also lesser calibered firearms but considered
powerful such as caliber .357 and caliber .22 center-fire magnum and other firearms
with firing capability of full automatic and by burst of two or three:  Provided,
however, That no other crime was committed by the person arrested.

xxxx
The corpus delicti in the crime of illegal possession of firearms is the accused's lack of license or
permit to possess or carry the firearm, as possession itself is not prohibited by law. To establish
 3

the corpus delicti, the prosecution has the burden of proving that: (a) the firearm exists; and (b) the
accused who owned or possessed it does not have the corresponding license or permit to possess or
carry the same.[29]

In this case, the prosecution had proven beyond reasonable doubt the existence of the aforesaid
elements, considering that: (a) the police officers positively identified Peralta as the one holding a .45
caliber pistol with Serial Number 4517488 with magazine and live ammunitions, which was seized
from him and later on, marked, identified, offered, and properly admitted as evidence at the trial; and
(b) the Certification[30] dated August 10, 2011 issued by the Firearms and Explosives Office of the
Philippine National Police which declared that Peralta "is not a licensed/registered firearm holder of
any kind and calibre, specifically Caliber .45 Pistol, make (unknown) with Serial Number 4517488 per
verification from the records of this office as of this date."[31]

That the prosecution failed to present the results of the paraffin test made on Peralta is inconsequential
since it is not indicative of his guilt or innocence of the crime charged. In People v. Gaborne,[32] the
Court discussed the probative value of paraffin tests, to wit:
Paraffin tests, in general, have been rendered inconclusive by this Court. Scientific
experts concur in the view that the paraffin test was extremely unreliable for use. It
can only establish the presence or absence of nitrates or nitrites on the hand;
however, the test alone cannot determine whether the source of the nitrates or nitrites
was the discharge of a firearm. The presence of nitrates should be taken only as an
indication of a possibility or even of a probability but not of infallibility that a person
has fired a gun, since nitrates are also admittedly found in substances other than
gunpowder.[33]
Thus, the Court finds no reason to deviate from the factual findings of the trial court, as affirmed by the
CA, as there is no indication that it overlooked, misunderstood or misapplied the surrounding facts and
circumstances of the case. In fact, the trial court was in the best position to assess and determine the
credibility of the witnesses presented by both parties, and hence, due deference should be accorded to
the same.[34]

In an attempt to absolve himself from criminal liability, Peralta questioned the legality of the
warrantless arrest and subsequent search made on him. According to him, there was no reason for the
police officers to arrest him without a warrant and consequently, conduct a search incidental thereto.
As such, the firearm and ammunitions purportedly recovered from him are rendered inadmissible in
evidence against him.[35]

Such contention is untenable.

Section 2, Article III[36] of the 1987 Constitution mandates that a search and seizure must be carried
out through or on the strength of a judicial warrant predicated upon the existence of probable
cause, absent which, such search and seizure becomes "unreasonable" within the meaning of said
constitutional provision. To protect the people from unreasonable searches and seizures, Section 3
(2), Article III[37] of the 1987 Constitution provides that evidence obtained from unreasonable
searches and seizures shall be inadmissible in evidence for any purpose in any proceeding. In
other words, evidence obtained and confiscated on the occasion of such unreasonable searches and
seizures are deemed tainted and should be excluded for being the proverbial fruit of a poisonous tree. [38]

One of the recognized exceptions to the need for a warrant before a search may be effected is a search
incidental to a lawful arrest. In this instance, the law requires that there first be a lawful arrest
before a search can be made - the process cannot be reversed.[39]

A lawful arrest may be effected with or without a warrant. With respect to the latter, the parameters of
Section 5, Rule 113 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure should - as a general rule - be
complied with:
Section 5. Arrest without warrant; when lawful. - A peace officer or a private person
may, without a warrant, arrest a person:

(a) When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually
committing, or is attempting to commit an offense;
 4

(b) When an offense has just been committed and he has probable cause to believe
based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstances that the person to be arrested
has committed it; and

(c) When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal
establishment or place where he is serving final judgment or is temporarily confined
while his case is pending, or has escaped while being transferred from one
confinement to another.

In cases falling under paragraphs (a) and (b) above, the person arrested without a
warrant shall be forthwith delivered to the nearest police station or jail and shall be
proceeded against in accordance with Section 7 of Rule 112.
The aforementioned provision identifies three (3) instances when warrantless arrests may be lawfully
effected. These are: (a) an arrest of a suspect in flagrante delicto; (b) an arrest of a suspect where,
based on personal knowledge of the arresting officer, there is probable cause that said suspect was the
perpetrator of a crime which had just been committed; and (c) an arrest of a prisoner who has escaped
from custody serving final judgment or temporarily confined during the pendency of his case or has
escaped while being transferred from one confinement to another.[40]

In warrantless arrests made pursuant to Section 5 (a), Rule 113, two (2) elements must concur, namely:
(a) the person to be arrested must execute an overt act indicating that he has just committed, is actually
committing, or is attempting to commit a crime; and (b) such overt act is done in the presence or within
the view of the arresting officer. On the other hand, Section 5 (b), Rule 113 requires for its application
that at the time of the arrest, an offense had in fact just been committed and the arresting officer had
personal knowledge of facts indicating that the accused had committed it.[41]

In both instances, the officer's personal knowledge of the fact of the commission of an offense is
essential. Under Section 5 (a), Rule 113 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, the officer
himself witnesses the crime; while in Section 5 (b) of the same, he knows for a fact that a crime has
just been committed.[42]

In this case, records show that upon the police officers' arrival at Pantal District, Dagupan City, they
saw Peralta carrying a pistol, in plain view of everyone. This prompted the police officers to confront
Peralta regarding the pistol, and when the latter was unable to produce a license for such pistol and/or a
permit to carry the same, the former proceeded to arrest him and seize the pistol from him. Clearly, the
police officer conducted a valid in flagrante delicto warrantless arrest on Peralta, thus, making the
consequent search incidental thereto valid as well. At this point, it is well to emphasize that the
offense of illegal possession of firearms is malum prohibitum punished by special law and, in
order that one may be found guilty of a violation of the decree, it is sufficient that the accused
had no authority or license to possess a firearm, and that he intended to possess the same, even if
such possession was made in good faith and without criminal intent.[43] In People v. PO2 Abriol,[44] the
court ruled that the carrying of firearms and ammunition without the requisite authorization - a clear
violation of PD 1866, as amended - is enough basis for the conduct of a valid in flagrante
delicto warrantless arrest.[45] Given these, Peralta can no longer question the validity of his arrest and
the admissibility of the items seized from him on account of the search incidental to such arrest.

As to the proper penalty to be imposed on Peralta, the courts a quo en-ed in sentencing him to suffer
the penalty of imprisonment for a period of six (6) years and one (1) day of prision mayor, as
minimum, to eight (8) years of prision mayor, as maximum. As may be gleaned from Section 1 of PD
1866, as amended, the prescribed penalties for the crime Peralta committed is "prision mayor in its
minimum period," or imprisonment for a period of six (6) years and one (1) day up to eight (8) years,
and a fine of P30,000.00. Notably, while such crime is punishable by a special penal law, the penalty
provided therein is taken from the technical nomenclature in the Revised Penal Code (RPC).
In Quimvel v. People,[46] the Court succinctly discussed the proper treatment of prescribed penalties
found in special penal laws vis-a-vis Act No. 4103,[47] otherwise known as the Indeterminate Sentence
Law, viz.:
Meanwhile, Sec. 1 of Act No. 4103, otherwise known as the Indeterminate Sentence
Law (ISL), provides that if the offense is ostensibly punished under a special law, the
minimum and maximum prison term of the indeterminate sentence shall not be
beyond what the special law prescribed. Be that as it may, the Court had clarified in
 5

the landmark ruling of People v. Simon that the situation is different where although
the offense is defined in a special law, the penalty therefor is taken from the technical
nomenclature in the RPC. Under such circumstance, the legal effects under the
system of penalties native to the Code would also necessarily apply to the special
law.[48]
Otherwise stated, if the special penal law adopts the nomenclature of the penalties under the RPC, the
ascertainment of the indeterminate sentence will be based on the rules applied for those crimes
punishable under the RPC.[49]

Applying the foregoing to the instant case, the Court deems it proper to adjust the indeterminate period
of imprisonment imposed on Peralta to four (4) years, nine (9) months, and eleven (11) days of prision
correccional, as minimum, to six (6) years, eight (8) months, and one (1) day of prision mayor, as
maximum.[50] Finally, the imposition of fine in the amount of P30,000.00 stands.

WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED. The Decision dated May 29, 2015 and the Resolution dated
December 8, 2015 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR No. 35193, which upheld the Decision
dated July 31, 2012 of the Regional Trial Court of Dagupan City, Branch 44 in Crim. Case No. 2008-
0659-D finding petitioner Joselito Peralta y Zareno (petitioner) GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of
Illegal Possession of Firearms and Ammunition, defined and penalized under Section 1, paragraph 2 of
PD 1866, as amended by RA 8294, are hereby AFFIRMED with MODIFICATION, sentencing
petitioner to suffer the penalty of imprisonment for an indeterminate period of four (4) years, nine (9)
months, and eleven (11) days of prision correccional, as minimum, to six (6) years, eight (8) months,
and one (1) day of prision mayor, as maximum, and to pay a fine in the amount of P30,000.00.

SO ORDERED.

Carpio,* Acting C. J., (Chairperson), Peralta, Caguioa, and Reyes, Jr., JJ., concur.