Self-Learning Modules

Mathematics 9 Quarter 1 Week 9

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND QUADTRATIC FUNCTIONS

Learning Competency
The learner determines the equation of quadratic function given table of values, graph, and its
zeros and solves problems involving quadratic functions. (M9AL-Ij-1/M9AL-Ii-j-2)

Objectives
The learner…
a. determines the equation of a quadratic function given a table of values.
b. determines the equation of a quadratic function given a graph or zeros of the function.
c. solves problems involving quadratic functions.

Let’s Recall
1) Find the roots of the given quadratic equation: ��2 − 4�� + 3 = 0
2) Determine which of the given table of values represents quadratic function.
a.
�� −2 −1 0 1 2

�� 4 1 0 1 4

b.
�� −1 0 1 2 3

�� 5 2 1 2 5

3) Sketch the graph of ��(��) = 2(�� − 1)2 − 2. Identify the coordinates of the vertex, the
equation of the axis of symmetry, the coordinates of the lowest point, the domain and the range.

LESSON 1: FINDING THE EQUATION OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION

Let’s Understand
We know that the quadratic function can be represented in different ways. It may be a table of
values, graph and equation. But how do we know if all of these represent quadratic function? Let us
consider the different examples below.
A. Given the Zeros of the Function
Example 1: Find quadratic function whose zeros are −1 and 4.
Solution: If the zeros are −1 and 4, then
�� = −1 or �� = 4
It follows that �� + 1 = 0 or �� − 4 = 0, then
(�� + 1)(�� − 4) = 0
��2 − 3�� − 4 = 0
��(��) = ��2 − 3�� − 4 but this is not unique since there are other quadratic
functions whose zeros are −1 and 4 like ��(��) = 2��2 − 6�� − 8,
��(��) = 3��2 − 9�� − 12 and many more. These equations of quadratic
functions are obtained by multiplying the right-hand side of the equation by a nonzero
constant. Thus, the answer is ��(��) = ��(��2 − 3�� − 4) where a is any
nonzero constant.

B. Given Table of Values

With Symmetry
Example 2: Find a quadratic function with the least integral coefficient represented by the table
 of values given below.

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MATHEMATICS9-QUARTER1-WEEK9
�� −1 0 1 2 3

�� 5 2 1 2 5

Solution: Notice that there is a symmetry here from �� = 1. The values of �� to the left of
�� = 1 is symmetric to the values of �� to the right of �� = 1. Therefore, we can
conclude that (1,1) is the vertex of the parabola. Now, the question is, where is the
opening of the parabola? Notice that as the values of �� increases, the values of
�� increases. Therefore, we can conclude that the parabola opens upward and
therefore �� > 0 and (ℎ, ��) is the minimum point where ℎ = 1 and �� = 1.
�� = ��(�� − ℎ)2 + �� Vertex form of quadratic function
�� = ��(�� − 1)2 + 1 Substitute the value of ℎ and ��
Using the point (0, 2) Choose an ordered pair from the given table 2 =
��(0 − 1)2 + 1 Substitute the point
2 = �� + 1 Simplify by collecting similar terms
�� = 1 Solve for ��
Substituting the
value of ��,
the
required
function is
��(��) =
(�� − 1)2 + 1.
Without Symmetry
Example 3:
Determine the
equation of the
quadratic function
represented by the
table of values
below.

�� −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

�� 24 16 10 6 4 4 6

Solution: Notice that you can’t find any zeros from the given table of values. In this case, take
any ordered pairs from the table, and use these as the values of �� and �� in the
equation �� = ����2 + ���� + ��. Let us say
Using point (1, 4) 4 = ��(1)2 + ��(1) + ��
4 = �� + �� + �� equation 1
 Using point (−1, 10) 10 = ��(−1)2 + ��(−1) + ��
10 = �� − �� + �� equation 2
Using point (2, 4) 4 = ��(2)2 + ��(2) + ��
4 = 4�� + 2�� + �� equation 3
We obtain a system of 3 equations in ��, ��, and ��.
Add corresponding terms in eq. 1 and eq. 2 to eliminate ��
eq. 1 + eq. 2 �� + �� + �� = 4
�� − �� + �� = 10
We have 2�� + 2�� = 14 equation 4

2(eq. 2) + eq. 3 2�� − 2�� + 2�� = 20

4�� + 2�� + �� = 4
6�� + 3�� = 24 equation 5
Notice that equation 4 and equation 5 constitute a system of linear equation in two
unknowns. To solve for ��, multiply the terms in equation 4 by 3 and subtract
corresponding terms in equation 5
3(Eq. 4) – Eq. 5 42 = 6�� + 6��
24 = 6�� + 3��
18 = 3��
�� = 6
Substitute the value of �� in equation 4 and solve for ��
2�� + 2(6) = 14
2�� + 12 = 14
2�� = 14 − 12
2�� = 2
�� = 1

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MATHEMATICS9-QUARTER1-WEEK9
Substitute the value of �� and �� in equation 1 and solve for ��.
�� + �� + �� = 4
1 + �� + 6 = 4
�� + 7 = 4
�� = 4 − 7
�� = −3
Thus, �� = 1, �� = −3, and �� = 6. Substitute these in ��(��) = ����2
+ ���� + ��, the quadratic function is
��(��) = ����2 + ���� + ��
��(��) = (1)��2 + (−3)�� + 6
��(��) = ��2 − 3�� + 6

C. Given a Graph.
Example 4: Find the equation of the quadratic function
 determined by
the graph
When the vertex and any
point on the parabola is
clearly
seen, the equation of the
quadratic function can easily be
determined by using the vertex
form of a quadratic function ��
=
��(�� − ℎ)2 + ��
Solution: The vertex of
the graph of the
quadratic function
is (2, −3). The
graph passes
through the
points
(0, 5) and (4, 5).
By replacing
�� and ��
with 0 and
5, respectively,
and ℎ and ��
with 2 and −3
respectively, we
have
�� = ��(�� − ℎ)2 + �� �� = 0, �� = 5, ℎ = 2, �� = −3
5 = ��(0 − 2)2 − 3
5 = 4�� − 3 D. Zeros are given
4�� = 8 Thus, the required quadratic function is: �� =
�� = 2 ��(�� − ��)�� − �� or �� = ������
− ���� + ��

Example 6: Find the equation of a quadratic function with the least positive integral coefficients
whose zeros are −3 and 2
Solution: Since the zeros are ��1 = −3 and ��2 = 2, then
��(��) = ��(�� − ��1)(�� − ��2) Remember the coefficients are least
positive integers Then �� = 1
��(��) = (�� − (−3))(�� − 2)
��(��) = (�� + 3)(�� − 2)
��(��) = ��2 + �� − 6 This is the required equation.

LESSON 2: APPLICATIONS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Let’s Understand
The application of quadratic function can be seen in many fields like physics, industries,
businesses, and in variety of mathematical problems. In this lesson, you will learn to explore situations
that can be modeled by quadratic functions.
Let us begin this lesson by recalling the properties of quadratic functions and how we can
apply them to solve real-life problems.
PROPERTIES OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
1) Quadratic function is a function of the form ��(��) = ����2 + ���� + ��, ��,
��, and �� are all real numbers and �� ≠ 0.
2) The domain of a quadratic function is the set of all real numbers.
3) The graph is a parabola.

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4) Every quadratic function ��(��) = ����2 + ���� + �� can be written as
��(��) = ��(�� − ℎ)2 + ��, where ℎ = −��2��and �� =4����−��2
4��. The graph of a function opens upward if �� > 0 and has a minimum
point. The graph opens downward when �� < 0 and it has a maximum point. The turning
point refers to the vertex of the parabola.
5) The range of the function depends on the opening of the graph. If it opens downward, the
range is the set {��|�� ≤ ��}. If the graph opens upward, the range is the set {��|�� ≥
��}. 6) The graph of quadratic function has an axis of symmetry, a line that divides the graph
into two symmetrical parts. The equation of the axis of symmetry is �� = ℎ, no matter where
the opening is.
7) The graph of a quadratic function has a vertex ��: (ℎ, ��) or (−��2��,4����−��2
point of the function. 4��). It serves as the turning

Now let us apply these properties in solving real-life problems involving quadratic functions.
Let us begin:
Example 1: What
are the
dimensions of the
rectangular field
having the largest
area that can be
enclosed by 80
meters of fencing
wire?
Solution: Let �� and
�� be the length and
width of the rectangle.
The perimeter �� of
the rectangle is:
�� = 2�� + 2�� Since
�� = 80 m, thus
2��
+
2��
= 80
Given
�� +
�� =
40
Dividing
both
sides by
2
�� = 40 − �� Solving for �� in terms of ��
�� = ���� Formula for the area of rectangle
��(��) = ��(40 − ��) Substitute the value of length and width =
40�� − ��2 Distributing
= −(��2 − 40�� + 400) + 400 Rearranging the terms. Factoring the
negative sign then completing the square.
2
��(��) = −(�� − 20) + 400 Factoring the trinomial.
The vertex of the graph is (20, 400). Since �� < 0, the graph opens downward and
the vertex serves as the maximum point. This means that the maximum area can be
attained when the width is 20 meters. If the width is 20 m, then the length is 20 m. The
field with maximum area is a square.
Example 2: From a 96-foot building, an object is thrown straight up into the air then follows a
trajectory. The height ��(��) of the ball above the building after �� seconds is given by
the function ��(��) = 80�� − 16��2.
Questions:
 1) What maximum height will the object reach?
2) How long will it take the object to reach the maximum height
3) Find the time at which the object is on the ground.
Solution: The maximum height reached by the ball is the ordinate of the vertex of the parabola of
the function
��(��) = 80�� − 16��2
��(��) = −16��2 + 80��
��(��) = −16(��2 − 5�� +254) + 16 (254)
��(��) = −16 (�� −52)2+ 100

1) The vertex is (52, 100). Thus, the maximum height reached by the object is 100 ft from the
top of the building. This is 196 ft from the ground.
2) The time for an object to reach the maximum height is the abscissa of the vertex of the
parabola or the value of ℎ. Since the value of ℎ is 52, then the object reaches its maximum

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MATHEMATICS9-QUARTER1-WEEK9
height after 2.5 seconds.
3) To find the time for the object to hit the ground. Let ��(��) = −96 (−96 because it is
below the building), since the height of the building is 96 ft. The problem requires us to solve
for ��. ℎ(��) = 80�� − 16��2
−96 = 80�� − 16��2
16��2 − 80�� − 96 = 0
��2 − 5�� − 6 = 0
(�� − 6)(�� + 1) = 0
�� − 6 = 0 & �� + 1 = 0
�� = 6 & �� = −1
Time cannot be negative, so the correct answer is 6 seconds.

Let’s Apply
A. Find the equation of the quadratic function with the least integral coefficients given the
following
information.
1) 5)
 � 1 2 3 4 5 6
�

� 5 11 19 29 41 55
�

2)
� −2 −1 0 1 2 3
�

� −1 3 5 5 3 −1
�

3) Its zeros are 3 & 4

4) Its zeros are −5 & 6

B. Analyze and solve the problem.

A company of cellular phones can sell 200 units per month at ₱2,000.00 each. Then they found
out that they can sell 50 more cellphones units every month for each ₱100.00 decrease in price.
1) How much is the sales amount if cellphones units are priced at ₱2000.00 each? 2) How much
would be their sales if they sell each cellphone unit at ₱1600.00 3) Write an equation for the
revenue function.
4) What price per cellphone unit gives them the maximum monthly sales?
5) How much is the maximum sale?

Let’s Analyze
A. Consider this problem:
If the perimeter of the rectangle is 100 meters, find its dimensions if its area is a maximum. 1)
Complete the table below for the possible dimensions of the rectangle and their corresponding
areas. The first column has been completed for you.
Width (��) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Length (��) 45

Area (��) 225

2) What is the largest area that you obtained?

3) What are the dimensions of a rectangle with the largest area?
4) The perimeter �� of the given rectangle is 100 meters. Make a mathematical statement for
the perimeter of the rectangle.
5) Simplify the obtained equation and solve for the length (��) of the rectangle in terms of the
width (��).
6) Express the area of a rectangle as a function of its width (��)
7) What kind of function did you make?
8) Express this function in standard form
9) What is the vertex?

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MATHEMATICS9-QUARTER1-WEEK9
10) Graph the data from the table in �� showing the relationship between the width and the
area. 11) What have you observed about the vertex of the graph in relation to the dimensions and
 the largest area?
B. Solve each problem. Show your solution.
1) What are the dimensions of the largest rectangular field that can be enclosed with 60 meters of
fencing wire?
2) The perimeter of a rectangular field is 100 m. Find the dimension of the rectangular field whose
area is a maximum.
3) A smart company has 500 customers paying ₱600 each month. If each ₱300 decrease in price
attracts 120 additional customers, find the approximate price that yields maximum revenue.

Let’s Create
A. Find the equation of the quadratic function with the least integral coefficients given the following
information.
1) 3)
� −2 −1 0 1 2 3
�

� 4 0 −2 −2 0 4
�

2) Its
zeros
are 1
& 12

B. Analyze and solve the

problem.
An object is thrown
vertically upward with
a velocity of 96 m/sec.
The distance ��(��)
above the ground after ��
seconds is given by
the formula ��(��) =
96�� − 5��2.
1) How high will it hit
after 3 seconds?
2) How much time will it
take the object to be 172 meters above the ground?
3) How long will it take the object to reach the ground?

Let’s Evaluate
A. Write a quadratic function based on the given information
below.
A. Table of Values: C. Graph:
�� -2 -1 0 1 2

�� 12 3 0 3 12

B. Zeros: 2 and −5
B. Solve each of the following problems.
1) The sum of two numbers is 12. Find the numbers whose product is a maximum. 2)
The perimeter of a rectangular lot is 64 m. Find the dimensions of the lot if its area is a
maximum.
3) A chain store manager has been told by the main office that the daily profit �� is related to
the number of clerks working that day, ��, according to the equation �� = −25��2 +
300��. What number of clerks will maximize the profit, and what is the maximum profit.
4) A projectile is launched from a point 40 meters above the ground. The height at ground level in
meters after �� seconds is given by the function ℎ(��) = 40�� − 5��2. How many
seconds after the launched will the projectile hit the ground?
5) The sum of two numbers is 24. Find the two numbers if their product is a maximum.