3rd

semester physics Python problem sheet

1. Create a one dimensional array of 50 random numbers in the interval: [0,2] With the help of
appropriate function from random module in Numpy. Compute the Standard deviation () of
these numbers. Use the formula 𝜎 = √〈𝑥 2 〉 − 〈𝑥〉2 .
2. If your (𝑥, 𝑦) data is given in the form:7[(1,2), (2,3), (3,8), (4,12), (5,20) using Numpy extract
the data in the form of x-list and y-list and plot through Matplotlib. Set x-limit on the x axis
between 0 to 6 and y axis between 0 to 25.
3. Create a numpy array of 100 random numbers between [0,1] and arrange the numbers in
ascending series. Put the first 50 numbers in an array and the last 50 numbers in another
array. Now compute the difference of the averages of the above two arrays.
𝑥2 𝑦2
4. Let an ellipse be given by 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 where we assume that 𝑎 < 𝑏. compute the perimeter

𝑎2
(L)of the ellipse where 𝐿 = 4𝑏 ∫02 √1 − 𝑘 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2  𝑑 where 𝑘 2 = 1 − 𝑏2 . The values of a and b
maybe supplied or chosen by you. Use Simpson’s 1⁄3rd rule to evaluate.
𝑥
5. Plot the following three functions in the same graph using Matplotlib: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 2 , 𝑦 =
5𝑥.Take 𝑥 ∈ [0,10]. Label the axes as ′𝑋 ′ and ′𝑌 ′ and write the name of the graph ‘Composite
Graph’.
6. Write a Python script to determine to determine one root of the equation:𝑥 4 − 1.99𝑥 3 −
1.76𝑥 2 + 5.22𝑥 − 2.23 = 0 which is close to 𝑥 = 1. .5. Use bisection method.
7. Repeat the above problem to find the root of the equation𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 5.6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 20 = 0
8. Consider a One dimensional Numpy array with 20 random numbers between [-1,1]. Reshape
this into a (4,5) 2𝐷 array. Treat this as a 4 × 5 matrix. Transpose the matrix and take product
between the two. Print the product matrix.
𝑑𝑢
9. A population growth model is given by = α𝑢(1 − 𝑢/𝑅) where  > 0 aand R is the maximum
𝑑𝑡
value of u. Set the values of  and R by yourself and solve the equation by Euler method to
print u-t in a file.
𝑑𝑦
10. Solve: 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦(0) = 1 by Euler’s method to find 𝑦(10). Plot 𝑦 vs. 𝑥 in the [0,10] using
Matplotlib. Label the axes as 𝑋and 𝑌.
11. Given the array of numbers[2.0, −1.2,3.4,9.1,0.1, −5.8, −4.2,3.9,10.4,1.9, −3.8, −9.8],Take
numbers with index hey number 4 to 8 (end statements included} by slicing. Check if the sum
of this slice of this array of numbers is more or less then hey the sum of all the members in
the original array.
4
12. Solve the following first order differential equation by Euler’s method: 𝑢̇ = (1 − 𝑡) 𝑢. Where
3
𝑢(0) = 1.Plot the solution by ,matplotlib along with the exact result: 𝑢(𝑡) = exp(𝑡 − 2⁄3 𝑡 2 ).
13. Given a Numpy array [1,2,3,4,5],[0,1,2,3,4] treat the first element as 𝑥 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 and the second
element as 𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎. Plot 𝑦 2 vs 𝑥 through 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑏.Label the axes as 𝑋 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 and 𝑌 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎.
Label the graph as 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎. Plot as scattered points with symbols. Set the symbol
size as 14 point. Draw also line graph with continuous line dotted line and dashed line.
5 1
14. Calculate the following integral by composite trapezoidal rule ∫0 (1+𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥
⁄ 𝑑𝑥
2
15. Calculate the value of the elliptic integral of the first kind: 𝐾(0.25) = ∫0 Divide the
√1−0.35𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
interval into 1000 parts and use composite Simpson’s 1/3rd rule.
1 2
16. Establish the relation numerically ∫−1 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥)𝑃𝑚 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = δ𝑚𝑛
2𝑛+1
17. A ball at 1200𝐾 is allowed to cool down in air at an ambient temperature of 300𝐾. Assuming
heat is lost by radiation only the differential equation of the temperature of the ball is given by:
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑡
= −3.58 × 10−12 (𝜃 4 − 81 × 108 ) where 𝜃(0) = 1200𝐾.
4.5
18. Use the function, simps() or quad() to find out the following integral: 𝐼 = ∫0 𝐽2.5 𝑑𝑥. The
integrand is a 𝐵𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 which you can obtain from importing the 𝑆𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑦 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 module.
 2 18
Check the result and compare with the following true value. 𝐼 = √ (27 √2 cos(4.5) −
4 3 𝑥 
27
√2 sin(4.5) + √2 SI (√)) where 𝑆𝐼(𝑥) = ∫0 sin (2 𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 is the Fresnel Sine Integral using
the function in the special module [ Hint: Use 𝑗𝑛 (𝑛, 𝑥) 𝑛 = 2.5 … . ].
19. Establish the following identity numerically: 𝐼 = [𝐽0(𝑥)]2 + 2 ∑𝑘=1[𝐽𝑘 (𝑥)]2. Use Scipy special
module
20. A generating function of the Legendre Polynomial 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) is given by 𝑔(𝑡, 𝑥) =
(12 − 2𝑥𝑡 + 𝑡 2 )−1/2 = ∑𝑛=0 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥)𝑡 𝑛 . Numerically and approximately verify this using one
chosen set of values of 𝑥 and 𝑡.Use the Scipy special module.
 1 𝑑𝑥
21. Compute the value of  from the formula:4 = ∫0 1+𝑥 2. Use 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑠𝑜𝑛′ 𝑠 1⁄3 rule to evaluate
accuracy up to 10−4 . Comment on how to improve your solution.
3
22. Approximate ∫1 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 using Simpson’s rule for
23. From the following table plot the Temperature-Pressure data with data points as discrete
symbols and lines. Label the axes and write TEMPERATURE PRESSURE GRAPH as
legend:
Temperature 0 20 40 60 80 100
Pressure 0.0002 0.0012 0.0060 0.0300 0.0900 0.2700

24. For a random variate 𝑥, generate an array of 50 random values between 0 and 1 using
2 2
Numpy array. Find the relative fluctuation √< 𝑥 > −< 𝑥 > ⁄< 𝑥 >.
25. Generate (𝑥, 𝑦) data where 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 are from 0 up to 2.0 in the equal interval of ∆𝑥 = 0.2 and
𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 follow 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 2 .now find out the value of sin(0.92 ) using Lagrange’s interpolation
method.
26. Consider a vector 𝑟 = (2,1,3) in the 𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍 coordinate system. The vector is rotated by 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 0
350 with the following rotation operator: 𝑅 = ( sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 0) Find the new vector.
0 0 1
27. Using Newton Raphson method find the root of the equation 𝑥 3 + (𝑥 + 1)2 + 4𝑥 = 20 that lies
in the range 1.0 < 𝑥 < 2.5 correct up to 4 decimal places. Comment on the other roots by
plotting the function using Matplotlib.
28. Use Newton Raphson method to find the smallest and second smallest positive roots of the
equation 𝑡𝑎𝑛  = 4, correct up to 4 decimal places and up to 4 significant digits.
29. Using an appropriate numpy function create a one-dimensional array of 9 numbers from 1 to
2 and then reshape the array to make it a 3x3 array. Now treat this as aa matrix. Obtain a
symmetric matrix of the same order using this matrix. Using linear algebra module in numpy
𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠. 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑡.
dM
30. The equation for radioactive decay: dt
= −λM with  = 2, 𝑀(0) = 100. Solve this by Euler
method. Store the output in lists and plot the solution using matplotlib. Label the axes as
‘Time’ and ‘Mass’.
1
31. Solve by Euler method 𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 2 − 𝑒 −4𝑡 , 𝑦(0) = 1. The exact solution is 𝑦(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑒 −4𝑡 −
2
1
𝑒 −2𝑡 . Label the axes as ‘Time’ and ‘Displacement’.
2
1 2 4 5
32. Given 2 matrices 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = . Writ steps to confirm that (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵 𝑇 𝐴𝑇 Print the
3 4 6 7
trace of the product matrix.
33. Compute 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴 where
1 2 3 9 8 7
𝐴 = 4 5 6 and 𝐵 = 6 5 4
7 8 9 3 2 1
34. Consider a vector 𝑟⃗ = (2,1,3) in the 𝑋𝑌𝑍 coordinate system. The vector is rotated by  = 450
cosθ −sinθ 0
with the following rotational operator.R = [ sinθ cosθ 0]. Find the normalised new vector.
0 0 1
 1 −2
35. Consider a matrix 𝐴 = ( ). The eigenvalue is: 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 13 = 0. Prove Cayley Hamilton
4 5
equation with the matrix 𝐴.
1 4 5 4
36. If 𝑃 = ( ) and 𝐴 = ( ). Do a similarity transform on 𝐴 by 𝑃.
−1 1 1 2
37. Estimate 𝑓(15) using the following table:
x 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
y=f(x) 46 66 81 93 77 53 36
Use Lagrange interpolation formula.
4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4
38. Using Gauss Siedel method solve the following simultaneous equations:3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 3
39. Create 10 x-data values in the interval [0,1] by Numpy with equal interval. Now consider y
values are given by 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 . Using forward formula 𝑦 = (𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥 − Δ𝑥))/(2Δ𝑥)
and 𝑦 = (𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 2𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥 − Δ𝑥))/Δ𝑥 2 obtain the arrays for 1st and 2nd order
differentials and plot them in separate graphs in Matplotlib.
40. Use the above formula to find 𝑓 (𝑥) and 𝑓 (𝑥) at all possible points where 𝑥 =
[0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9] and 𝑦 =
[0,0.004,0.032,0.108,0.256,0.5,0.864,1.372,2.048,2.916] Plot (𝑥, 𝑓 (𝑥)), (𝑥, { 𝑓(𝑥))in two
graphs.