Nigeria - CARS-Part-21

NIGERIA CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY
REGULATIONS
PART 21
REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (RPAS)
2023
NIGERIA CIVIL AVIATION
REGULATIONS Part 21 –Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems
(RPAS) Regulations

REGULATIONS
PART 21
APRIL 2023
ii
NIGERIA CIVIL AVIATION Part 21 –Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems
REGULATIONS (RPAS) Regulations
Record of Amendment
Amendment Number Date of Amendment Affected Description

sections
Updated to latest
4 April,2023 All amendment of applicable
ICAO annexes as per the
status stated in Part 1 of
this regulations and the
introduction to this Part
Captain Musa Shuaibu Nuhu
Director General of Civil Aviation
iii
NIGERIA CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS
PART 21
APRIL 2023
iv
CONTENTS
PART 21 – REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (RPAS) REGULATIONS ………….iv

INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………..………….ix
21.1 GENERAL……………………………………………………………………………….……21-1
21.1.1 Applicability…………………………………………………………………………..21-1
21.1.2 Definitions …………………………………………………………………..…….…21-3
21.1.3 Abbreviations and Acronyms ……………………………………………….……21-19
21.1.4 Exemptions ……………………………………………………………………..….21-21
21.2.1.1 Classification of RPA ……………………………………………………………..21-21
21.3.1.1 Registration and Marking Of RPAS……………………………………………...21-22
21.3.1.2 Registration of RPAS……………………………………………..……………….21-22
21.3.1.3 Display of Registration Marks ……………………………………………..……..21-23
21.3.1.4 De-Registration of RPAS …………………………………………………………21-23
21.3.1.5 Identification Plate ………………………………………………………………...21-23
21.4 RPAS OPERATORS CERTIFICATE (ROC) ……………………………………………21-24
21.4.1.1 Requirement for certificate ……………………………………………….………21-24
21.4.1.2 Application for RPAS Operator Certificate (ROC) ………………………..……21-24
21.4.1.3 Issuance of RPAS Operator Certificate …………………………………………21-24
21.4.1.4 RPAS Operator Certificate ………………………………………………….……21-24
21.4.1.5 Conditions for Operation for RPAS Operator Certificate …………..….………21-25
21.4.1.6 Renewal of Certificate ……………………………………………………….……21-25
21.5 GENERAL AND OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES …………………………….……21-26
21.5.1.1 Compliance with Laws, Regulations and Procedures …………………………21-26
21.6.1.1 Safety Management System …………………………………………….………21-26
21.7.1.1 Use of Psychoactive Substance………………………………………….………21-26
21.8.1.1 Safety-Critical Services……………………………………………………………21-26
21.8.1.2 Safe operation of the C2 Link ……………………………………………….……21-27
21.8.1.3 Safe operation of the RPS……………………………………………………….21-29
21.9 RPAS FLIGHT OPERATIONS……………………………………………………………21-29
21.9.1.1 Operating Facilities………………………………………………………………...21-29
21.9.1.2 RPAS Operating Requirements……………………………………………….....21-30
v
21.9.1.3 RPAS Operating and Performance Limitations…………………………………21-33

21.9.1.4 Obstacle Data ……………………………………………………………….……..21-33
21.9.1.5 Functions and Duties of the Remote Pilot-in-Command ………………...……21-34
21.9.6.1 Duties of Flight Operations Officer/Flight Dispatcher …………………………21-34
21.9.6.2 Inspection, Testing, and Demonstration of Compliance. ………………..……21-35
21.9.6.3 Flight Preparation……………………………………………………………..…...21-35
21.9.6.4 Meaning of Standard Unmanned Operating Conditions ………………………21-36
21.9.6.5 Visual Line-of-Sight Operations ……………………………………………….…21-36
21.9.6.6 Beyond Visual Line-Of-Sight (BVLOS) operations …………………….………21-37
21.9.6.7 Populated Areas ……………………………………………………….………….21-38
21.9.6.8 Take-off/launch ……………………………………………………………………21-38
21.9.6.9 Take-off/launch from aerodromes ……………………………….………………21-39
21.9.6.10 Weather and Day Limitations …………………………………….………………21-39
21.9.6.11 Take-off/launch from other than aerodromes ……………………………….…21-39
21.9.6.12 Landing/recovery ……………………………………………………………...…..21-40
21.9.6.13 Landing/recovery at aerodromes ………………………………………………..21-40
21.9.6.14 Landing/recovery at other than aerodromes ………………………………..…21-40
21.9.6.15 Night Operations ………………………………………………..…………………21-41
21.9.6.16 Location of an RPA in Distress ……………………………..……………………21-41
21.9.6.17 Right-of-Way ………………………………………………………………...……21-41
21.9.6.18 Operation Over and Near People ………………………………….……………21-41
21.9.6.19 Incident / Accident Reporting ……………………………………….….………..21-42
21.9.6.20 Temporary Authorisation of RPAS Activities ………………………….….……21-43
21.9.6.21 Special Authorisation ……………………………………………………….……21-43
21.9.6.22 Fatigue Management ………………………………………….…………..……..21-44
21.9.6.23 Flight operations manuals …………………………………….…….……………21-44
21.9.6.24 Journey Log Book ……………………………………….……………….……21-45
21.9.6.25 Operator Record-Keeping ………………………………………………..………21-45
21.9.6.26 Record Retention of RPAS Operator Certificate ………………………………21-46
21.9.6.27 Documentation ……………………………………………………………….……21-46
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21.9.6.28 Flight Recorder Records …………………………………………….……………21-46

21.9.6.29 ROC Inspection requirements ……………………………………………...……21-47
21.9.6.30 Airspace ……………………………………………………………………………21-47
21.9.6.31 Segregated and Non-Segregated Airspace …………..………………………21-48
21.9.6.32 Controlled Airspace …………………………………………………….…………21-48
21.9.6.33 Airspace Knowledge ………………………………………………………………21-49
21.9.6.34 Hazard and Risk Mitigations ………………………………………..……………21-50
21.9.6.35 Dropping of Articles …………………………………………………………….…21-50
21.9.6.36 Aerodromes …………………………………………………………………..……21-50
21.9.7.1 Approved Person or Organisation (AAO) ………………………………………21-51
21.10 RPA CONTINUING AIRWORTHINESS ………………………………………………...21-51
21.10.1.1 Operator’s Continuing Airworthiness Responsibilities ………………..…….…21-51
21.10.1.2 Continuing Airworthiness Records ………………………………………………21-52
21.10.1.3 Continuing Airworthiness Information ………………………………………..…21-53
21.10.1.4 Modifications and Repairs ………………………………………….…………….21-53
21.10.1.5 Approved Maintenance Organization ……………………………………..……21-53
21.10.1.6 Maintenance Release ……………………………………………………….….…21-53
21.10.2 Manuals, Logs and Records …………………………………………….………21-54
21.10.2.1 Flight Manual ……………………………………………………………………...21-54
21.10.2.2 Operator’s Maintenance Control Manual ……………………………………….21-54
21.10.2.3 Maintenance Programme ………………………………………………...………21-56
21.11 RPA PERSONNEL LICENCE ……………………………………………………………21-56
21.12 RPAS INSTRUMENT, DATA AND EQUIPMENT ……………………………..……21-56
21.12.1.1 General …………………………………………………………………………..…21-56
21.12.1.2 C2 Link ………………………………………………………………….………….21-57
21.12.1.3 ATC communication …………………………………………….…….…………..21-57
21.12.1.4 Detect and Avoid (DAA) and Transponder Operations ………….……………21-58
21.13 SECURITY REQUIREMENTS FOR RPAS OPERATOR ………………….…….……21-59
21.13.1.1 General Principles and Responsibilities …………………………………..……21-59
21.13.1.2 Physical Security of the Installed RPS during Operational Use …………..…21-60
vii
21.13.1.3 Physical Security of the Installed RPS When not In Use …………..…………21-60
21.13.1.4 Physical Security of Mobile RPS …………………………………………...……21-60
21.13.1.5 Command and Control (C2) Link Security …………………………………...…21-60
21.13.1.6 Security Management of RPAS ………………………………………….………21-61
21.13.1.7 Emergency / Contingency Plan …………………………………….……………21-62
21.13.1.8 Aerodrome Operations ……………………………………………………………21-62
21.14 REQUIREMENTS FOR MANUFACTURER ……………………………………………21-62
21.14.1.1 Applicability ………………………………………………………………………..21-62
21.14.1.2 Means of Compliance …………………………………………………….………21-63
21.14.1.3 Manufacturer Declaration …………………………………………...……………21-63
21.14.1.4 Notice to the Authority ………………………………………….…………………21-64
21.14.1.5 Documentation ……………………………………………………….……………21-64
21.14.1.6 Record Retention for Manufacturer ……………………………………..………21-65
21.15 TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS ON RPAS ……………………………...…21-65
21.15. 1.1 General Principles ……………………………………………………………...…21-65
21.16 CARGO COMPARTMENT SAFETY …………………………………….………………21-67
21.16.1.1 Transport of Items in the Cargo Compartment …………………………...……21-67
2.16.1.2 Fire Protection ……………………………………………………………………..21-67
21.17 GENERAL PROVISIONS ……………………………………………………….………..21-68
21.17.1.1 Insurance …………………………………………………………….…….………21-68
21.18.1.1 Privacy of Persons and Property ……………………………………….….……21-68
21.18.1.2 Discharging or Dropping Goods …………………………………………………21-68
21.18.1.3 Reports of Violation ………………………………………………..……………..21-69
RPAS REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTING STANDARDS (IS) ……………………..…………21-70
IS: 21.5.2.1 APPLICATION FOR ISSUE / RENEWAL / VARIATION OF REMOTELY
Piloted Aircraft (RPA) ……………………………………………………………..21-71
IS 21.4 Certificate of Registration will be issued by the RPAS Portal in this format…21-76
IS:21.12.1.2 - (a) The C2 Link shall comply with the following performance requirements: ..21-77
IS 21.5.4 Contents of the ROC ……………………………………………………………..21-78
IS: 21.10.6.23 The operations manual shall contain at the least the following: ………..……21-83
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INTRODUCTION
Part 21 sets forth the requirements for the certification, registration, operations, and
surveillance of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS).
It incorporates relevant requirements governing the safe operation of RPAS as contained in

the ICAO Annexes 1, 2 and 6 Part I and Annex 10 Vol. VI to the Chicago Convention and
the principles of ICAO Docs 10019, 9668.
ix
21.1 GENERAL
21.1.1 Applicability
(a) This part applies to certification, registration, operations, and surveillance

of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS).
21.1.1.1 This part sets out:
(a) The classification of RPAS

(b) Security Requirements
(c) The registration and marking of RPAS
(d) RPAS Operating Requirements
(e) RPAS Maintenance Requirements
(f) Requirement for ROC
(g) Requirement for Manufacturers
(h) Transport of Dangerous Goods
21.1.1.2 Nothing in this Part applies to;
(a) a control-line model aircraft (that is, a model aircraft that is constrained to
fly in a circle, and is controlled in attitude and altitude, by means of
inextensible wires attached to a handle held by the person operating the
model); or
(b) a model aircraft indoors; or
(c) a remotely piloted airship indoors; or
(d) a small balloon within 100 metres of a structure and not above the top of
the structure; the operation of a remotely piloted balloon or a hot air
balloon, or
(e) remotely piloted tethered balloon that remains below 400 feet above
ground level; or
(f) a firework rocket not capable of rising more than 400 feet above ground
level.
21.1.1.3 A flight does not take place indoors in accordance with 21.1.1.2 of this
regulations, if the building in which it takes place has the roof, or one (1) or
more walls, removed.
21.1.1.4 All RPAS classified under subsection 21.2.1.2 shall be registered by the
Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority.
April 2023, Amendment 4 21-1

21.1.1.5 Private, Recreational, Educational or Research RPAS Operations
(a) No person may conduct private or recreational or educational or research

RPAS operations unless:
(i) the flights are below Four Hundred feet (400 ft) AGL ;
(ii) the flights are limited to VLOS operations;
(iii) the flight are conducted outside a radius of 10 km of any aerodrome or

helipad or heliport ;or as may be prescribed by the Authority or the
Nigeria Airspace Management Agency;
(iv) the flights are not conducted over any congested area;
(v) the RPAS is in compliance with all relevant sections of this Part and
any regulations and laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria;.
(b) Recreational RPAS operations are forbidden in restricted, prohibited, danger

areas and Special Use Areas (SUA) as published in the Nigeria Aeronautical
Information Publication (AIP),
(c) Private RPAS operations and educational/research RPAS operations are

forbidden in restricted, prohibited, danger areas and Special Use Areas (SUA)
as published in the Nigeria Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), without
prior authorisation from the Authority and any other relevant Governmental
agencies.

21.1.2 Definitions
Accident means an occurrence associated with the operation of an

aircraft which, in the case of a manned aircraft, takes place between the
time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such
time as all such persons have disembarked, or in the case of an unmanned
aircraft, takes place between the time the aircraft is ready to move with the
purpose of flight until such time as it comes to rest at the end of the flight
and the primary propulsion system is shut down, in which:
a) a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of:
— being in the aircraft, or
— direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have
become detached from the aircraft, or
— direct exposure to jet blast, except when the injuries are from natural
causes, self-inflicted or inflicted by other persons, or when the injuries are
to stowaways hiding outside the areas normally available to the
passengers and crew; or
b) the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which:
—adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight

characteristics of the aircraft, and
—would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected

component, except for engine failure or damage, when the damage is
limited to a single engine (including its cowlings or accessories), to
propellers, wing tips, antennas, probes, vanes, tires, brakes, wheels,
fairings, panels, landing gear doors, windscreens, the aircraft skin (such as
small dents or puncture holes), or for minor damages to main rotor blades,
tail rotor blades, landing gear, and those resulting from hail or bird strike
(including holes in the radome); or
c) the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.
Note 1.— For statistical uniformity only, an injury resulting in death within
thirty days of the date of the accident is classified, by ICAO, as a fatal
injury.
Note 2.— An aircraft is considered to be missing when the official search

has been terminated and the wreckage has not been located.
Note 3.— The type of unmanned aircraft system to be investigated is

addressed in 5.1 of Annex - 13 — Aircraft Accident and Incident
Investigation.
Note 4.— Guidance for the determination of aircraft damage can be

found in Attachment E of Annex 13.

Aerial work means an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for

specialized services such as agriculture, construction, photography,
surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, aerial
advertisement, etc.
Aerodrome means a defined area on land or water (including any

buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or
in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft.
Aerodrome operating minima means the limits of usability of an

aerodrome for:
a) take-off, expressed in terms of runway visual range and/or visibility

and, if necessary, cloud conditions;
b) landing in 2D instrument approach operations, expressed in terms of

visibility and/or runway visual range minimum descent altitude/height
(MDA/H) and, if necessary, cloud conditions; and
c) landing in 3D instrument approach operations, expressed in terms of

visibility and/or runway visual range and decision altitude/height
(DA/H) as appropriate to the type and/or category of the operation.
Aeroplane means a power -driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift

in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed
under given conditions of flight.
Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) means a n aircraft

system based on secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder signals
which operates independently of ground-based equipment to provide
advice to the pilot on potential conflicting aircraft that are equipped with
SSR transponders.
Aircraft means any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere
from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the
earth’s surface.
Aircraft category means classification of aircraft according to specified

basic characteristics, e.g. aeroplane, helicopter, glider, free balloon.
Air traffic means all aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring

area of an aerodrome.
Air traffic control clearance means authorization for an aircraft to

proceed under conditions specified by an air traffic control unit.
Air traffic control service. A service provided for the purpose of:
a) preventing collisions:
i. between aircraft, and

ii. on the manoeuvring area between aircraft and obstructions; and

b) expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic
Air traffic control unit means a generic term meaning variously, area
control centre, approach control unit or aerodrome control tower.
Air traffic service means a generic term meaning variously, flight

information service, alerting service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic
control service (area control service, approach control service or
aerodrome control service).
Air traffic services unit means a ge neric term meaning variously, air
traffic control unit, flight information centre or air traffic services reporting
office.
Authority means The Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority.
Automatic Dependent Surveillance means — Broadcast (ADS-B). a

means by which aircraft, aerodrome vehicles and other objects can
automatically transmit and/or receive data such as identification, position
and additional data, as appropriate, in a broadcast mode via a data link.
Autonomous aircraft means a n unmanned aircraft that does not allow

pilot intervention in the management of the flight.
Autonomous operation means a n operation during which a remotely

piloted aircraft is operating without pilot intervention in the management of
the flight.
Aircraft operating manual means a manual, acceptable to the State of

the Operator, containing normal, abnormal and emergency procedures,
checklists, limitations, performance information, details of the aircraft
systems and other material relevant to the operation of the aircraft.
Note 1.— The aircraft operating manual is part of the operations manual.
Note 2.— For RPAS, this includes information related to the whole system,
including the RPS.
Alternate aerodrome means an aerodrome to which an aircraft may

proceed when it becomes either impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or
to land at the aerodrome of intended landing where the necessary services
and facilities are available, where aircraft performance requirements can
be met and which is operational at the expected time of use. Alternate
aerodromes include the following:
Take-off alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would

be able to land should this become necessary shortly after take-off
and it is not possible to use the aerodrome of departure.

En-route alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would

be able to land in the event that a diversion becomes necessary
while en-route.
Destination alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft

would be able to land should it become either impossible or
inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing.
Note.— The aerodrome from which a flight departs may also be an en-
route or a destination alternate aerodrome for that flight.
Beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS) operation means an operation in

which the remote pilot or RPA observer does not use visual reference to
the remotely piloted aircraft in the conduct of flight.
Certificate means a n official document issued by the Authority attesting

to the successful completion of certification.
C2 Link means the data link between the remotely piloted aircraft and the
remote pilot station for the purposes of managing the flight.
C2 Link communications service provider (C2CSP) means an entity

which provide a portion of, or all of, the C2 Link service for operation of an
RPAS.
Note.— An RPAS operator may also be its own C2CSP.
C2 Link coverage area means the area in which the C2 Link service can
be received including the area where the QoSD does not meet the QoSR.
C2 Link interruption means any temporary situation where the C2 Link is

unavailable, discontinuous, introduces too much delay, or has inadequate
integrity; but where the lost C2 Link decision time has not been exceeded.
C2 Link log means a record of the activities related to the C2 Link.
C2 Link service means a communication service providing the C2 Link.
C2 Link service area means the area within the C2 Link coverage area
where the C2 Link QoSD meets the QoSR.
C2 Link specification means the minimum performance to be achieved

by the C2 Link equipment in conformity with the applicable airworthiness
system design requirements.
COMAT means operator material carried on an operator’s aircraft for the

operator’s own purposes.
Commercial RPAS operation means a ll RPAS operation for

remuneration or hire.

Configuration deviation list (CDL) means a list established by the

organization responsible for the type design with the approval of the State
of Design which identifies any external parts of an aircraft type which may
be missing at the commencement of a flight, and which contains, where
necessary, any information on associated operating limitations and
performance correction.
Continuing airworthiness means the set of processes by which an

aircraft, remote pilot station, engine, propeller or part complies with the
applicable airworthiness requirements and remains in a condition for safe
operation throughout its operating life.
Continuing airworthiness records means records which are related to

the continuing airworthiness status of an aircraft, remote pilot station,
engine, propeller or associated part.
Conspicuity means quality of an aircraft (e.g. lighting or paint scheme),

allowing it to be easily seen or noticed by others (e.g. by pilots, ATCOs,
aerodrome personnel).
Continuing airworthiness means t he set of processes by which an

aircraft, engine, propeller or part complies with the applicable
airworthiness requirements and remains in a condition for safe operation
throughout its operating life.
Control area means a controlled airspace extending upwards from a

specified limit above the earth.
Controlled aerodrome means a n aerodrome at which air traffic control

service is provided to aerodrome traffic.
Controlled airspace means a n airspace of defined dimensions within

which air traffic control service is provided in accordance with the airspace
classification. Controlled flight. Any flight which is subject to an air traffic
control clearance.
Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) means a means

of communication between controller and pilot, using data link for ATC
communications.
Control zone means a controlled airspace extending upwards from the

surface of the earth to a specified upper limit.
Dangerous goods means articles or subs tances which are capable of

posing a risk to health, safety, property or the environment and which are
shown in the list of dangerous goods in the Technical Instructions or which
are classified according to those Instructions.
Note.— The provisions of Annex 18 govern the international transport of
dangerous goods by air including their classification.

Defined point after take-off (DPATO) means the point, within the take -
off and initial climb phase, before which the helicopter’s ability to continue
the flight safely, with one engine inoperative, is not assured and a forced
landing may be required.
Note.— For RPAS, defined points apply to remotely piloted helicopters

operating in performance Class 2 only.
Data link communications means a form of communication intended for

the exchange of messages via a data link.
Defined point before landing (DPBL) means the point, within the
approach and landing phase, after which the helicopter’s ability to continue
the flight safely, with one engine inoperative, is not assured and a forced
landing may be required.
Note.— For RPAS, defined points apply to remotely piloted helicopters

operating in performance Class 2 only.
Detect and avoid means the capability to see, sense or detect conflicting
traffic or other hazards and take the appropriate action.
Duty means any task that flight or cabin crew members are required by
the operator to perform, including, for example, flight duty, administrative
work, training, positioning and standby when it is likely to induce fatigue.
Note.— For RPAS this includes remote flight crew members.
Duty period means a period which starts when a flight or cabin crew
member is required by an operator to report for or to commence a duty and
ends when that person is free from all duties.
Note.— For RPAS this includes remote flight crew members and other
remote crew members.
Educational Research RPAS operations generally denotes RPAS used
to perform scientific studies, such as weather research or geophysical
surveying.
Flight manual means a manual, associated with the certificate of

airworthiness, containing limitations within which the aircraft is to be
considered airworthy, and instructions and information necessary to the
flight crew members for the safe operation of the aircraft.
Note.— For RPAS, this includes information related to the whole system,
including the RPS and remote flight crew members.
Flight simulation training device means any one of the following three
types of apparatus in which flight conditions are simulated on the ground:
A flight simulator, which provides an accurate representation of the

flight deck of a particular aircraft type to the extent that the

mechanical, electrical, electronic, etc. aircraft systems control

functions, the normal environment of flight crew members, and the
performance and flight characteristics of that type of aircraft are
realistically simulated;
A flight procedures trainer, which provides a realistic flight deck

environment, and which simulates instrument responses, simple
control functions of mechanical, electrical, electronic, etc. aircraft
systems, and the performance and flight characteristics of aircraft of a
particular class;
A basic instrument flight trainer, which is equipped with appropriate

instruments, and which simulates the flight deck environment of an
aircraft in flight in instrument flight conditions.
Note.— For RPAS, the RPS is equivalent to the “flight deck,” and may not
be specific to the type of RPA being used.
Fatigue means a physiological state of reduced mental or physical

performance capability resulting from sleep loss or extended wakefulness,
circadian phase, or workload (mental and/or physical activity) that can
impair a crew member’s alertness and ability to safely operate an aircraft
or perform safety-related duties.
Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS) means a data-driven means

of continuously monitoring and managing fatigue-related safety risks,
based upon scientific principles and knowledge as well as operational
experience that aims to ensure relevant personnel are performing at
adequate levels of alertness.
Flight data analysis means a process of analysing recorded flight data

in order to improve the safety of flight operations.
Flight duty period means a period which commences when a remote

crew member is required to report for duty that includes a flight or a
series of flights and which finishes when the remote crew member’s duty
ends.
Flight plan means specified information provided to air traffic services

units, relative to an intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft.
Flight termination system means a system intended to terminate flight

and minimize the possibility of injury or damage to persons, property or
other aircraft.
Flight time – remotely piloted aircraft systems means the total time
from the moment a C2 Link is established between the remote pilot station
(RPS) and the remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) for the purpose of taking off
or from the moment the remote pilot receives control following a handover

until the moment the remote pilot completes handover or the C2 Link
between the RPS and RPA is terminated at the end of the flight.
Handover means the act of passing piloting control from one remote pilot
station to another.
Helicopter means a heavier -than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by

the reactions of the air on one or more power-driven rotors on substantially
vertical axes.
Note.— Some States use the term “rotorcraft” as an alternative to

“helicopter”.
Human Factors principles means principles which apply to aeronautical

design, certification, training, operations and maintenance and which seek
safe interface between the human and other system components by
proper consideration to human performance.
Human performance means human capabilities and limitations which

have an impact on the safety and efficiency of aeronautical operations.
Incident means an occurrence, other than an accid ent, associated with

the operation of an aircraft which affects or could affect the safety of
operation.
Note.— The types of incidents which are of main interest to the

International Civil Aviation Organization for accident prevention studies are
listed in Attachment C of Annex 13 – Aircraft Accident and Incident
Investigation.
IFR means the symbol used to designate the instrument flight rules.
IFR flight means a flight conducted in accordance with the instrument

flight rules.
Instructions for Continuing Airworthiness (ICA) means a s et of

descriptive data, maintenance planning and accomplishment instructions,
developed by a design approval holder in accordance with the
certification basis for the aeronautical product. The ICAs provide air
operators with the necessary information to develop their own
maintenance programme and also for approved maintenance
organizations to establish the accomplishment instructions.
Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) means meteorological

conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and
ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual meteorological
conditions.
Landing area means that part of a movement area intended for the
landing or take- off of aircraft.

License means official or legal permission granted by the Authority to

engage in a regulated activity.
Lost C2 Link decision state means the state of the RPAS in which a C2
Link interruption has occurred, but the duration of which does not exceed
the lost C2 Link decision time.
Lost C2 Link decision time means the maximum length of time

permitted before declaring a lost C2 Link state during which the C2 Link
performance is not sufficient to allow the remote pilot to actively manage
the flight in a safe and timely manner appropriate to the airspace and
operational conditions.
Lost C2 Link state means the state of the RPAS in which the C2 Link
performance has degraded, as a result of a C2 Link interruption that is
longer than the lost C2 Link decision time, to a point where it is not
sufficient to allow the remote pilot to actively manage the flight in a safe
and timely manner.
Maintenance means the performance of tasks on an aircraft, remote pilot

station, engine, propeller or associated part required to ensure the
continuing airworthiness of an aircraft, remote pilot station, engine,
propeller or associated part including any one or combination of overhaul,
inspection, replacement, defect rectification, and embodiment of a
modification or repair.
Maintenance Control Manual. means a document that describes the

operator’s procedures necessary to ensure that all scheduled and
unscheduled maintenance is performed on the operator’s aircraft on time
and in a controlled and satisfactory manner.
Maintenance programme means a document which describes the

specific scheduled maintenance tasks and their frequency of completion
and related procedures, such as a reliability programme, necessary for the
safe operation of those aircraft to which it applies.
Master minimum equipment list (MMEL) means a list established for a

particular aircraft type by the organization responsible for the type design
with the approval of the State of Design containing items, one or more of
which is permitted to be unserviceable at the commencement of a flight.
The MMEL may be associated with special operating conditions, limitations
or procedures.
Minimum equipment list (MEL) means a list which provides for the
operation of aircraft, subject to specified conditions, with particular
equipment inoperative, prepared by an operator in conformity with, or more
restrictive than, the MMEL established for the aircraft type.

Note.— For RPAS this includes inoperative equipment of the RPAS, not
only the RPA.
Movement area. That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off,

landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the
apron(s).
Night means the hours between the sunset and sunrise.
Nominal C2 Link state means the state of the RPAS when the C2 Link
performance is sufficient to allow the remote pilot to actively manage the
flight of the RPA in a safe and timely manner appropriate to the airspace
and operational conditions.
NOTAM means a notice distributed by means of telecommunication

containing information concerning the establishment, condition or change
in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely
knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight
operations.
Operational control means the exercise of authority over the initiation,

continuation, diversion or termination of a flight in the interest of the safety
of the aircraft and the regularity and efficiency of the flight.
Operations in performance Class 1 means operations with performance

such that, in the event of a critical engine failure, performance is available
to enable the helicopter to safely continue the flight to an appropriate
landing area, unless the failure occurs prior to reaching the take-off
decision point (TDP) or after passing the landing decision point (LDP), in
which cases the helicopter must be able to land within the rejected take-off
or landing area.
Note.— For RPAS, this refers to remotely piloted helicopters only.

such that, in the event of critical engine failure, performance is available to
enable the helicopter to safely continue the flight to an appropriate landing
area, except when the failure occurs early during the take-off manoeuvre
or late in the landing manoeuvre, in which cases a forced landing may be
required.

such that, in the event of an engine failure at any time during the flight, a
forced landing will be required.

Operations manual means a manual containing procedures, instructions

and guidance for use by operational personnel in the execution of their
duties.
Operations specifications means the authorizations, including specific

approvals, conditions and limitations associated with the air operator
certificate and subject to the conditions in the operations manual.
Note.— For RPAS these specifications are associated with the RPAS
operator certificate.
Operator means the person, organization or enterprise engaged in or

offering to engage in an aircraft operation.
Note.— In the context of remotely piloted aircraft, an aircraft operation

refers to the operation of an RPAS.
Operator’s maintenance control manual means a document which

describes the operator’s procedures necessary to ensure that all
scheduled and unscheduled maintenance is performed on the operator’s
aircraft on time and in a controlled and satisfactory manner.
Note.— For RPAS this includes all parts and components of the RPAS, not
only the RPA.
Permit means a generic term for any approval to fly an RPAS granted by
the Authority.
Populous Area means congested area of cities, towns or settlements or

an open air assembly.
Private RPAS operation means all RPAS operation other than

commercial or recreational.
Psychoactive substances means alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids,

sedatives and hypnotics, cocaine, other psychostimulants, hallucinogens,
and volatile solvents, whereas coffee and tobacco are excluded.
Quality of service (QoS) means the totality of the characteristics of an

entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs
Quality of service delivered (QoSD) means a statement of the QoS

achieved or delivered to the RPAS operator by the C2CSP.
Quality of service experienced (QoSE) means a statement expressing

the QoS that the remote pilot believes they have experienced.
Quality of service required (QoSR) means a statement of the QoS

requirements of the RPAS operator to the C2CSP.
Note.— The QoSR may be expressed in descriptive terms (criteria) listed

in the order of priority, with preferred performance value for each criterion.
The C2CSP then translates these into parameters and metrics pertinent to
the service.
Recreational RPAS operation means a ll RPAS operation for

entertainment or leisure.
Remote co-pilot means a licensed remote pilot serving in any piloting

capacity other than as remote pilot-in-command but excluding a remote
pilot who is in the remote pilot station for the sole purpose of receiving
flight instruction.
Remote crew member means a person assigned by an operator with

duties connected to the operation of a remotely piloted aircraft system
during a flight duty period.
Remote cruise relief pilot means a remote flight crew member who is
assigned to perform remote pilot tasks during cruise flight, to allow the
remote pilot-in- command to obtain planned rest.
Remote flight crew member means a licensed flight crew member

charged with duties essential to the operation of a remotely piloted aircraft
system during a flight duty period.
Remote pilot means a person charged by the operator with duties

essential to the operation of a remotely piloted aircraft and who
manipulates the flight controls, as appropriate, during flight time.
Remote pilot‐in‐command means the remote pilot designated by the

operator as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of a
flight.
Remote pilot station (RPS) means the component of the remotely

piloted aircraft system containing the equipment used to pilot the remotely
piloted aircraft.
Remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) means an unmanned aircraft which is

piloted from a remote pilot station.
Remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) means a remotely piloted

aircraft, its associated remote pilot station(s), the required C2 Link(s) and
any other components as specified in the type design.
Research RPAS operations generally denotes RPAS used to perform

scientific studies, such as weather research or geophysical surveying.
Rest period means a continuous and defined period of time, subsequent

to and/or prior to duty, during which flight or cabin crew members are free
of all duties.
Note.— For RPAS, this applies to remote flight crew members and other
remote crew members.

Remotely Piloted Aircraft System operating manual means a manual,

acceptable to the State of the Operator, containing normal, abnormal
and emergency procedures, checklists, limitations, performance
information, details of the RPA and each associated RPS model and
other material relevant to the operation of the remotely piloted aircraft
system.
Required Communication Performance (RCP) means a statement of

the performance requirements for operational communication in support
of specific ATM functions.
Required Communication Performance type (RCP type) means a label

(e.g. RCP 240) that represents the values assigned to RCP
parameters for communication transaction time, continuity, availability
and integrity.
RPA observer means a trained and competent person designated by the

operator who, by visual observation of the remotely piloted aircraft, assists
the remote pilot in the safe conduct of the flight.
RPAS operator certificate (ROC) means a certificate authorizing an

operator to carry out specified RPAS operations.
RPAS-recorder system (RPAS-RS) means the recorder system

installed in the remotely piloted aircraft system for the purpose of
complementing accident/incident investigation. RPAS recorder systems
consists of the following:
An RPA-recorder system (RPA-RS). Any type of recorder system

installed in the remotely piloted aircraft for the purpose of
complementing accident/incident investigation.
An RPS-recorder system (RPS-RS). Any type of recorder system

installed in the RPS for the purpose of complementing
accident/incident investigation.
Risk mitigation means the process of incorporating defences or

preventive controls to
lower the severity and/or likelihood of a hazard’s projected consequence.
Rotorcraft means a power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft supported in

flight by the reactions of the air on one or more rotors.
Safety means the state in which risks associated with aviation activities,
related to, or in direct support of the operation of aircraft, are reduced and
controlled to an acceptable level.
Safety management system (SMS) means a systematic approach to

managing safety, including the necessary organizational structures,
accountability, responsibilities, policies and procedures.

Safety oversight means a function performed by a State to ensure that

individuals and organizations performing an aviation activity comply with
safety-related national laws and regulations.
Safety performance means the Authority’s or a service provider’s safety

achievement
as defined by its safety performance targets and safety performance
indicators.
Safety performance indicator means a data-based safety parameter

used for monitoring and assessing safety performance.
Safety risk means the predicted probability and severity of the

consequences or outcomes of a hazard.
Segregated airspace means a irspace of specified dimensions allocated

for exclusive use to a specific user(s).
Serious incident means an in cident involving circumstances indicating

that there was a high probability of an accident and associated with the
operation of an aircraft which, in the case of a manned aircraft, takes place
between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight
until such time as all such persons have disembarked, or in the case of an
unmanned aircraft, takes place between the time the aircraft is ready to
move with the purpose of flight until such time as it comes to rest at the
end of the flight and the primary propulsion system is shut down.
Note 1.— The difference between an accident and a serious incident lies
only in the result.
Note 2.— Examples of serious incidents can be found in Attachment C of

Annex 13.
Service level agreement (SLA) means the agreement between the

C2CSP and the RPAS operator covering the safety, performance, service
area and security of the C2 Link provision as required for the RPAS
operator’s intended operations.
Specific approval means a specific approval is an approval which is

documented in the Operations Specifications for commercial air transport
operations or in the list of specific approvals for non-commercial
operations.
Note.— The terms authorization, specific approval, approval and

acceptance are further described in Attachment D.
State of Design means the State having jurisdiction over the organization
responsible for the type design.

State of Manufacture means the State having jurisdiction over the

organization responsible for the final assembly of the aircraft, remote pilot
station, engine or propeller.
State of Registry means the State on whose register the aircraft is

entered.
Note 1.— In the case of the registration of aircraft of an international

operating agency on other than a national basis, the States constituting the
agency are jointly and severally bound to assume the obligations which,
under the Chicago Convention, attach to a State of Registry. See, in this
regard, the Council Resolution of 14 December 1967 on Nationality and
Registration of Aircraft Operated by International Operating Agencies
which can be found in Policy and Guidance Material on the Economic
Regulation of International Air Transport (Doc 9587).
Note 2.— For RPAS, this refers to the State on whose register the RPA is
entered.
State of the Aerodrome means the State in whose territory the

aerodrome is located.
Note.— For RPAS, the aerodrome includes an airport, heliport or landing

location over which the State has jurisdiction.
State of the Operator means the State in which the operator’s principal
place of business is located or, if there is no such place of business, the
operator’s permanent residence.
State of the RPS service provider. means the State where the RPS
service provider has its primary place of business.
State safety programme (SSP) means a n integrated set of directives

and activities aimed at improving safety.
Switchover means the act of transferring the active data link path
between the RPS and the RPA from one of the links or networks that
constitutes the C2 Link to another link or network that constitutes the C2
Link.
Target level of safety (TLS) means a generic term representing the level
of risk which is considered acceptable in particular circumstances.
Traffic avoidance advice means a dvice provided by an air traffic

services unit specifying manoeuvres to assist a pilot to avoid a collision.
Traffic information means information issued by an air traffic services

unit to alert a pilot to other known or observed air traffic which may be in
proximity to the position or intended route of flight and to help the pilot
avoid a collision.

Type certificate means a document issued by a State to define the design

of an aircraft type and to certify that this design meets the appropriate
airworthiness requirements of that State.
Unmanned free balloon means a non-power-driven, unmanned, lighter-

than-air aircraft in free flight.
VFR means the symbol used to designate the visual flight rules.
VFR flight means a flight conducted in accordance with the visual flight
rules.
Visibility means Visibility for aeronautical purposes is the greater of:

a) the greatest distance at which a black object of suitable
dimensions, situated near the ground, can be seen and
recognized when observed against a bright background;
b) the greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of 1000

candelas can be seen and identified against an unlit
background.
Note 1.— The two distances have different values in air of a

given extinction coefficient, and the latter b) varies with the
background illumination. The former a) is represented by the
meteorological optical range (MOR).
Note 2.— The definition applies to the observations of visibility

in local routine and special reports, to the observations of
prevailing and minimum visibility reported in the
aerodrome routine meteorological report (METAR) and
aerodrome special meteorological report (SPECI) and to
the observations of ground visibility.
Visual line-of-sight (VLOS) operation means an operation in which the

remote pilot maintains direct unaided visual contact with the RPA.
Visual meteorological conditions (VMC) means meteorological

conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and
ceiling, equal to or better than
Surveillance means the State activities through which the State

proactively verifies through inspections and audits that aviation licence,
certificate, authorization or approval holders continue to meet the
established requirements and function at the level of competency and
safety required by the State.

Switchover means the act of transferring the active data link path
between the RPS and the RPA from one of the links or networks that
constitutes the C2 Link to another link or network that constitutes the C2
Link.
Synthetic vision system (SVS) means a system to display data -derived

synthetic images of the external scene from the perspective of the flight
deck.
Visual line-of-sight (VLOS) operation means an operation in which the

remote pilot or RPA observer maintains direct unaided visual contact with
the remotely piloted aircraft.
21.1.3 Abbreviations and Acronyms
(a) The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this Part.
AAO Approved Aviation Organisation

ACAS airborne collision avoidance system
ADRS aircraft data recording system
ACP Aeronautical Communications Panel
ADS-B automatic dependent surveillance — broadcast
AFIS aerodrome flight information service
AGL above ground level
AMSL above mean sea level
AIR airborne image recorder
AIRS airborne image recording system
ANC Air Navigation Commission
ANSP air navigation service provider
ATC air traffic control
ATCO air traffic control officer
ATM air traffic management
ATPL airline transport pilot licence
ATS air traffic services
BRLOS beyond radio line-of-sight
BVLOS beyond visual line-of-sight
C2 command and control
CA collision avoidance
CARS cockpit audio recording system
CDL configuration deviation list
CofA certificate of airworthiness
CNS communication, navigation and surveillance
COMAT operator material
CPA closest point of approach
CPDLC controller-pilot data link communications
CVR cockpit voice recorder
DAA detect and avoid
ELT emergency locator transmitter
EM electromagnetic

EUROCAE European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment

FCC flight control computer
FDR flight data recorder
FMS flight management system
FRMS fatigue risk management system
FSS fixed satellite service
FSTD flight simulation training device
GPWS ground proximity warning system
HALE high-altitude, long-endurance
HF high frequency
HMI human-machine interface
ICA instructions for continuing airworthiness
IFR instrument flight rules
IMC instrument meteorological conditions
ITU/WRC International Telecommunication Union/World Radio
communication Conference
LIDAR light detection and ranging
MA manoeuvre advisories
MAC mid-air collision
MAWS minimum altitude warning system
MCM maintenance control manual
METAR aerodrome routine meteorological report
MMEL master minimum equipment list
MPL multi-crew pilot licence
MTOM maximum take-off mass
NextGen next generation air transportation system
NM nautical mile
NMAC near mid-air collision
NOTOC Notice to the remote pilot-in-command
NOTAM notice to airmen
NSIB Nigerian Safety Investigation Bureau
PBN performance-based navigation
PIC pilot-in-command
PPL private pilot licence
RCP required communication performance
RF radio frequency
RLOS radio line-of-sight
ROC RPAS operator certificate
RPA remotely piloted aircraft
RPA-RS remotely piloted aircraft-recorder system
RPAS remotely piloted aircraft system(s)
RPAS-RS remotely piloted aircraft system-recorder system
RPL remote pilot licence
RPASP Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems Panel
RPS remote pilot station(s)
RTOC RPAS Training Organisation Certificate
RPS-RS remote pilot station-recorder system
RVSM reduced vertical separation minimum
RWC remain-well-clear
SARPs Standards and Recommended Practices
SATCOM satellite communication

SESAR single European Sky ATM research

SIP structural integrity programme
SLA service level agreement
SLS service level specifications
SMS safety management system
SPECI aerodrome special meteorological report
SSP State Safety Programme
SSR secondary surveillance radar
SWIM system-wide information management
TAWS terrain awareness warning system
TC type certificate
TCDS type certificate data sheet
TEM threat and error management
TLS target level of safety
Tsloss time (sustained loss of link)
TSO technical standard order
UAS unmanned aircraft system
UASSG Unmanned Aircraft Systems Study Group
UAV unmanned aerial vehicle (obsolete term)
VFR visual flight rules
VHF very high frequency
VLL very low level
VLOS visual line-of-sight
VMC visual meteorological conditions
21.1.4 Exemptions
(a) Exemptions under this Part are granted in accordance with Part 1 of these
Regulations.
21.2.1.1 Classification of RPA
(a) RPA may be classified according to their weight as follows:
(i) Small: Greater than 250g but less than or equal to 25kg and shall
be flown only within the visual line of sight of the pilot with prior
authorisation of the Authority.
(ii) Medium: Greater than 25kg, but less than or equal to 150kg which
shall be flown either within the VLOS of the pilot or BVLOS of the pilot
with prior authorisation of the Authority.
(iii) Large: Greater than 150kg which shall be flown either within the
VLOS of the pilot or BVLOS of the pilot with prior authorisation of the
Authority.
(b) There are three (3) main operational risk categories of RPAS:
(i) Open – these present the lowest risk and do not require prior
authorisation before operating the RPAS but must be registered.

(ii) Specific – these create a higher risk and require authorisation to

operate the RPAS.
(iii) Certified – these require the RPAS and its operator and pilot to be
certified and generally treat RPAS like manned aircraft.
21.3.1.1 REGISTRATION AND MARKING OF RPAS
(a) An aircraft is eligible for registration if it is—

(1) Owned by:
(i) A citizen of Nigeria,

(ii) An individual citizen of another State who is lawfully admitted
for permanent residence in Nigeria,
(iii) A corporation lawfully organised and doing business under the
laws of Nigeria and the aircraft is based and primarily used in
Nigeria,
(iv) A government entity of Nigeria or political subdivision thereof.
(b) No person may own, register or operate RPA with military specifications.
21.3.1.2 REGISTRATION OF RPAS
(a) No person may operate an RPAS unless the RPAS has been registered
and a certificate of registration issued by the Authority.
(b) The application for registration of RPA shall:
(1) be made in a form and manner specified by the Authority;
(2) proof of ownership (such as a bill of sale); and
(3) proof of payment of the applicable fee.
(4) End User Certificate
(c) The Authority will maintain a register of RPAS containing the information
specified in these regulations.
(d) The certificate of registration is not be transferable.
(e) A foreign registered RPAS shall not operate in Nigeria unless there is proof
of registration from another State or country and is authorised by the
Authority.

21.3.1.3 DISPLAY OF REGISTRATION MARKS
(a) The registration marks shall be displayed in a form and manner prescribed
by the Authority.
21.3.1.4 DE-REGISTRATION OF RPAS
(a) The Authority shall remove an aircraft from the Nigerian registry if:
(1) The owner of the RPAS does not meet the eligibility provisions of
Section 21.3.1.1.
(2) If a holder of a valid de-registration Power of Attorney applies to the

Authority for de-registration.
(3) When the holder of a Certificate of Registration, owner or lessor or

his duly authorized attorney applies in writing for de-registration of
the aircraft from the Nigerian Register.
(4) When the Authority is satisfied that:
(i) The aircraft is destroyed, lost or stolen and cannot be found or;
(ii) The aircraft is permanently withdrawn from use or;
(iii) The aircraft is registered in a country other than Nigeria or;
(iv) The RPAS has a Certificate of Airworthiness (if applicable);

which has lapsed for 5 or more years or
(5) Where the Authority exercises its power of de-registration of an

RPAS, the Certificate of Registration shall be cancelled and the entry
of the aircraft in the aircraft register shall be deleted.
(6) Nothing in this section shall require the Authority to cancel the
registration of an aircraft if, in its opinion, it would be inexpedient in
the public interest to do so.
21.3.1.5 IDENTIFICATION PLATE
The identification plate shall be securely affixed either:
a) in a prominent position near the main entrance or compartment; or
b) affixed conspicuously to the exterior of the RPAS if there is no main

entrance or compartment.

21.4 RPAS OPERATORS CERTIFICATE (ROC)
21.4.1.1 Requirement for certificate
No person may operate an RPA except in accordance with the terms and
conditions of the ROC.
21.4.1.2 Application for RPAS Operator Certificate (ROC)
(a) An application for the issuance of an RPAS operator certificate shall be in

a form prescribed the Authority with proof of payment of the prescribed fee.
(b) An application shall include:
(1) the name and address of the applicant;

(2) the details of the operation for the RPAS authorization or ROC;
(3) the applicant’s application as required by the Authority; and
(4) any other information relating to the application as may be required
by the Authority.
(c) The Authority may require only those matters in paragraph (b) that the
Authority considers are appropriate in the particular circumstances to be
contained in the application.
21.4.1.3 Issuance of RPAS Operator Certificate
(a) The Authority may issue an ROC to a person who has applied under
paragraph 21.4.1.2
(b) When issuing an ROC under paragraph (a), the Authority may:
(1) impose requirements on the RPAS and may specify procedures to be

followed by the operator of any RPA that are operated under the
authority of the ROC;
(2) specify any additional conditions that the Authority considers

necessary in the interest of aviation safety; and
(3) after considering the type of RPA to be used, determine that any
RPA to be operated under the ROC shall display identification
markings in accordance with 21.3, if the Authority considers that it is
necessary in the interest of aviation safety.
21.4.1.4 RPAS Operator Certificate
(a) The ROC shall consist of two documents – the Certificate and the
Operations Specifications in accordance with IS: 21.4.4.
(b) Contents of the ROC

(1) The ROC shall include:
(i) the State of the Operator and issuing authority;
(ii) the ROC number and its expiration date;
(iii) the RPAS operator name, trading name (if different) and
address of the principal place of business;
(iv) the date of issue, signature and title of the Authority

representative;
(v) the location where the contact details of operational

management can be found;
(vi) the description of the types of operations authorized;
(vii) the type(s) or model(s) of RPA authorized for use; and
(viii) the authorized types of operation.
(c) Validity of an ROC
(1) An ROC issued by the Authority is valid for a period of five (5) years
unless:
(i) The Authority amends, suspends, revokes or otherwise

terminates the certificate;
(ii) The ROC holder surrenders it to the Authority.
21.4.1.5 Conditions for Operation for RPAS Operator Certificate
The certificate holder is responsible for ensuring that any personnel

involved in an operation conducted under the authority of the ROC are
notified of and comply with the requirements of this Regulations.
21.4.1.6 Renewal of Certificate
(a) A holder of a current ROC who wishes to continue to exercise the

privileges of the operator certificate beyond its date of expiration shall
apply for the renewal of the operator certificate by completing the
application as prescribed by the Authority.
(b) An application for renewal of ROC shall be made at least 90 days before
the end of the existing period of validity.
(c) Amendment of an ROC
(1) The Authority may amend any ROC if:

(i) The Authority determines that safety of operation and the

public interest require the amendment; or.
(ii) The ROC holder applies for an amendment.
21.5 GENERAL AND OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES
21.5.1.1 Compliance with Laws, Regulations and Procedures
(a) The PIC shall comply with the relevant laws, regulations and procedures
of the States in which the aircraft is operated.
(b) If an emergency situation which endangers the safety of the aircraft or

persons necessitates the taking of action which involves a violation of local
regulations or procedures, the PIC shall:
(1) Notify the appropriate local Authority without delay
(2) Submit a report of the circumstances, if required by the State in

which the incident occurs; and
(3) Submit a copy of this report to the Authority if an ROC or State of

Register if in general aviation.
(c) Each PIC shall submit reports specified in paragraph (b) to the Authority
within 10days in the form prescribed.
(d) to the Authority within 10 days in the form prescribed.
21.6.1.1 SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(a) A RPAS operator shall have in place a safety management system in

accordance with provision of Part 20 of these Regulations.
21.7.1.1 USE OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE
(a) Use of psychoactive substance is prohibited in accordance with the

provisions Parts 1, 2 and 8 of these Regulations.
21.8.1.1 SAFETY-CRITICAL SERVICES
(a) The operator shall ensure that the provider of safety-critical services has
organisational structure, documented procedures, resources and
personnel sufficient to ensure the safe provision of services.
(b) Safety-critical services shall include
(1) provision of geographical data and limitations;

(2) collection and forwarding of occurrence data;

(3) the training of remote pilots;
(4) communication services supporting the C2 Link;
(5) provision of services through RPS located anywhere in the world;
and
(6) provision of services related to flight planning and management
including related safety risk assessments.
21.8.1.2 Safe operation of the C2 Link
(a) The Authority will be responsible for the oversight of the C2 Link service
provision, whether any of the C2 Link components are under the control of
the RPAS operator or a C2 Link communications service provider
(C2CSP).
(b) When the operator exercises direct control over the entire C2 Link(s), the
operator shall be responsible for the safe operation of all C2 Link
components. Such responsibilities shall be detailed in a Service Level
Agreement (SLA) internal to the operator.
(c) When a portion of, or all of, the C2 Link(s) is under the operational control
of a C2CSP, the operator shall establish an SLA with the C2CSP prior to
commencing operations.
(d) The Authority will ensure that an SLA exist between the operator and
C2CSP.
(e) The SLA shall contain at least:
(1) legal identification of the party(ies);
(2) scope of the provided service, including hours of service and service
area;
(3) performance requirements of the C2 Link provision, including the

QoSR which is commensurate with the C2 Link specification
required, under normal conditions, for the operator’s intended
operations;
(4) security measures and management, including security

requirements for the C2 Link provision;
(5) procedures for planned outages and contingencies, including

reporting requirements;
(6) safety management responsibilities and processes related to safety

risk management and safety assurance, including safety risk
assessment and mitigation, safety performance monitoring and
measurement, safety reporting, and safety analysis;

(7) arrangements to facilitate oversight of the C2 Link service provision

by the State of the Operator; and
(8) the C2CSP Emergency Response Plan (ERP) including how they
would address service losses and how they would be restored.
(f) In exercising its oversight function of the C2 Link service provision in

accordance with 21.9.1.3(a), the Authority will:
(1) verify that the C2 Link service is to be provided by an authorised

C2CSP;
(2) establish and document monitoring processes to ensure that the C2

Link service provision meets the established requirements, including
C2 Link quality of service required (QoSR) and security;
(3) establish and document monitoring processes to raise findings, and
to request and monitor corrective actions related to the C2 Link
service provision;
(4) take appropriate measures, when necessary, to resolve C2 Link

service provision findings identified in application of the continuous
monitoring processes; and
(5) approve, in accordance with its national regulations, the use of a

C2CSP which has been authorized as per 21.9.1.3(f)(1) above.
(g) The C2CSP shall establish and document processes to perform C2CSP
monitoring of the QoSD as part of their routine operations, with the
objective of ensuring that the C2 Link service provision meets the
applicable requirements, including the C2 Link QoSR specified in the SLA.
(h) The operator shall be responsible for monitoring that the C2 Link service
provision QoSD meets the QoSR, including its security, and shall:
(1) document any observed anomalies; and
(2) report any observed anomalies to the C2CSP, in accordance with

the SLA.
(i) The operator shall notify the Authority of:
(1) all C2 Link provision degradations with regards to the SLA that occur
during operations; and
(2) degradations that cannot be resolved by direct interaction between

the operator and the C2CSP, when the C2CSP is not the operator.

21.8.1.3 Safe operation of the RPS
(a) The operator shall be responsible for the safe operation of all RPS involved
in the operation.
(b) Each RPS used shall be installed at the intended operational location by
personnel who have the required level of expertise and competence for
the task, as determined by the type certificate holder.
(c) During installation of the RPS, the installer shall verify that it meets
applicable airworthiness and operational requirements and that it provides
proper connection with the specified RPA type(s).
(d) When one or more of the RPS involved in the operation are under the
control of a service provider, this service provider shall be under the safety
oversight of the State of the Operator in conjunction with the State of the
RPS service provider, if different.
(e) When one or more of the RPS involved in the operation are under the
control of a service provider, this service provider shall only allocate tasks
to:
(1) remote flight crews which are properly trained and competent;
(2) remote pilots holding a valid remote pilot licence (RPL) issued or
rendered valid by the State of the Operator, complemented by
appropriate ratings; and
(3) remote flight crews which are medically fit.
(f) The safety, security and performance of the RPS service provided shall be
acceptable to the State of the Operator and to the State of the RPS
service provider.
(g) If the RPS is operated by an RPS service provider, the safety and security
aspects of the RPS shall be addressed in an SLA between the RPAS
operator and the RPS service provider.
(h) Any SLA with an RPS service provider shall include the continuing
airworthiness records addressed in paragraph 21.11.1.2 of this
Regulations
21.9 RPAS FLIGHT OPERATIONS
21.9.1.1 Operating Facilities
(a) No flight shall be commenced by an RPAS operator unless it has been

ascertained by every reasonable means available, that the ground, space,
air and/or water facilities available and directly required on such flight, for
the safe operation of the RPAS, are adequate for the type of operation
under which the flight is to be conducted and are adequately operated for

this purpose.
(b) An RPAS Operator shall report any inadequacy of facilities observed

during the course of operations to the concerned ATS provider, if
applicable, without undue delay.
Note.— “Reasonable means” in this Standard is intended to denote the

use of information available to the operator either through official
information published by the aeronautical information services or readily
obtainable from other sources.
21.9.1.2 RPAS Operating Requirements
(a) No person shall operate a RPA in a manner that would cause a hazard to
persons, property or other aircraft.
(b) Operating Rules. A person operating a RPA shall comply with the general
operating rules as listed below:
(1) A person operating an RPA, registered in Nigeria or holding an

operator certificate from Nigeria, and its RPAS shall,
(i) not operate in Nigeria without appropriate authorisations from

the Authority and other relevant security agencies,
(ii) not engage in international air navigation without appropriate

authorisation from the State from which the take-off of the RPA
is made.
(iii) not operate across the territory of another State, without

special authorisation issued by each State in which the flight is
to operate, which shall be obtained prior to take-off if there is
reasonable expectation, when planning the operations, that the
aircraft may enter the airspace concerned.
Note : This authorisation may be in the form of agreements between

the States involved shall:
(iv) not operate over the high seas without prior coordination with
the appropriate ATS Authority, which shall be obtained prior to
take-off if there is reasonable expectation, when planning the
operations, that the aircraft may enter the airspace concerned.
(v) operate in accordance with conditions specified by the State of

Registry, and the State of the Operator if different, and the
State(s) in which the flight is to operate.
(vi) ensure that the RPAS meets the performance and equipment
carriage requirements for the specific airspace in which the
flight is to operate.

(2) Once authorization has been received from the Authority, the
operator shall:
(i) file a flight plan prior to operation of a RPA.
(ii) notify the Authority and ATC immediately in the event of a flight
cancellation, and
(iii) in the case of changes to the proposed flight, submit such

changes to the Authority and ATC for consideration.
(c) Certificates and Licences. No person may operate an RPA, registered in

Nigeria or holding an operator certificate from Nigeria unless the RPA,
RPAS and the remote pilot has obtained the proper approvals of the
Authority, as listed below.
(1) An RPAS shall be approved, taking into account the

interdependencies of the components, in accordance with Nig. CARs
Part 5, including:
(i) A certificate of airworthiness for the RPA where applicable,

and.
(ii) The associated RPAS components specified in the type design

certificate and maintained in accordance with national
regulations.
(2) An operator shall have an RPAS operator certificate issued in

accordance with this Part 21.
(3) Remote pilots shall be licensed or have their licences rendered valid
in accordance with Nig. CARs Part 2.
(d) Request for Authorisation.
(1) The request for authorisation referred to in paragraph (b) above shall
be made by providing the required information in the application form.
(2) A request for authorization to operate an RPA in Nigeria shall be

made by following the requirements in Nig. CARs Part 10.2.1.3 and
providing the required information in the application form.
(e) Documents to be held by the RPAS operator
1) The following documents, manuals and information specific to the

RPAS operator, shall where applicable, be made available to the
Authority, in their authentic form, at the location of the RPAS
operator’s operational management or any other location specified
by the Authority:

i) ROC;
ii) Operations Specifications relevant to the RPA and RPS

models, associated with the ROC;
iii) operations manual, including the RPAS operating manual and

the RPS manual;
iv) RPA/RPAS flight manual;
v) maintenance control manual (MCM);
vi) third party liability insurance certificate(s);
vii) certificate of registration of each RPA;
viii) C of A / permit of each RPA (if applicable);
ix) certificates of any additional RPAS components;
x) all radio station licences (if applicable);
xi) all noise certificates (if applicable);
xii) notification of special loads; and cargo manifests
(f) Documents at the RPS(s)
1) Documents, manuals and information, including, but not limited to

the following, where applicable, shall be available at the RPS(s)
planned to be used during the flight:
i) operations manual including the MEL, CDL, RPAS

operating manual and RPS manual;
ii) RPA or RPAS flight manual;
iii) Operations Specifications relevant to the RPA and RPS

models associated with the ROC;
iv) Journey log book for the RPA;
v) MCM, maintenance log book and technical log for the RPAS;
vi) details of the filed, current, ATS and operational flight plans;
vii) current and suitable aeronautical charts for the route of flight
and all routes along which it is reasonable to expect that the
flight may be diverted, including departure, arrival and
approach charts for all relevant aerodromes or heliports;

viii) information concerning search and rescue services for the area
of the intended flight;
ix) notice to airmen (NOTAM) and aeronautical information

service (AIS) briefing documentation;
x) meteorological information; if required
xi) fuel requirements, fuel load and records;
xii) cargo manifests and information on dangerous goods;
xiii) mass and balance documentation; and
xiv) any other documentation that may be pertinent to the flight

or required by the Authority and or any other state involved in
the operation.
2) The documents in the aforementioned lists may be submitted to the

Authority in either hard or electronic copy formats.
21.9.1.3 RPAS Operating and Performance Limitations
(a) No operator shall operate a RPAS that:
(1) exceeds its designed performance limitations for any operation, as

established by the state of design;
(2) exceeds the operating limitations contained in the RPAS user

manual, or its equivalent;
(3) exceeds the mass limitations, if applicable.
21.9.1.4 OBSTACLE DATA
(a) The operator shall use available obstacle data for:
1) remotely piloted aircraft, develop procedures to comply with obstacle

clearance.
2) remotely piloted helicopters, develop procedures to comply with the

take-off, initial climb, approach and landing phases detailed in the
code of performance established by the state of design.
Note.— See Annex 4 and Annex 15, Chapter 5 and Appendix 1 and
the Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aeronautical
Information Management (PANS-AIM), Chapter 5 for methods of
presentation of certain obstacle data.

(b) The operator shall take account of charting accuracy when assessing
compliance.
21.9.1.5 Functions and Duties of the Remote Pilot-in-Command
(a) The functions and duties of a designated remote pilot-in-command are as

follows:
(1) ensuring the operator’s RPAS operations are conducted in

accordance with these Regulations;
(2) maintaining a record of the qualifications held by each person

operating a RPAS for the operator;
(3) monitoring the operational standards and proficiency of each person

operating a RPAS for the operator; and
(4) maintaining a complete and up-to-date reference library of

operational documents required by the Authority for the types of
operations conducted by the operator.
21.9.6.1 Duties of Flight Operations Officer/Flight Dispatcher
(a) Where required in the operations manual, a flight operations officer/flight

dispatcher in conjunction with a method of control and supervision of flight
operations in accordance this Regulations shall:
(1) assist the remote pilot-in-command in flight preparation and provide

the relevant information;
(2) assist the remote pilot-in-command in preparing the operational and

ATS flight plans, sign when applicable and file the ATS flight plan
with the appropriate ATS unit;
(3) furnish the remote pilot-in-command while in flight, by appropriate

means, with information which may be necessary for the safe
conduct of the flight; and
(4) notify the appropriate ATS unit when the position of the RPA cannot
be determined by an aircraft tracking capability and/or attempts to
establish communication with the remote pilot are unsuccessful.
(b) In the event of an emergency, a flight operations officer/flight dispatcher

shall:
(1) initiate such procedures as outlined in the operations manual while

avoiding taking any action that would conflict with ATC procedures;
and
(2) convey safety-related information to the remote pilot-in-command

that may be necessary for the safe conduct of the flight, including

information related to any amendments to the flight plan that become

necessary in the course of the flight.
Note.— It is equally important that the remote pilot-in-command also

convey similar information to the flight operations officer/ flight
dispatcher during the course of the flight, particularly in the context of
emergency situations.
21.9.6.2 Inspection, Testing, and Demonstration of Compliance.
(a) A remote pilot or person manipulating the flight controls of a RPA shall,
upon request, make available to the Authority:
(1) The remote pilot certificate; and
(2) Any other document, record, or report required to be kept under this
part.
(3) The remote pilot, RPAS observer, owner, operator, or person

manipulating the flight controls of a RPA shall, upon request, allow
the Authority to make any test or inspection of the RPAS, the remote
pilot, the person manipulating the flight controls of a RPA, and, if
applicable, the RPA observer to determine compliance with this
section.
21.9.6.3 Flight Preparation
(a) The operator shall develop procedures to ensure that a flight is not
commenced unless:
(1) the RPA is airworthy, duly registered and that appropriate certificates
with respect thereto are in possession of the RPA;
(2) the instruments and equipment installed in the RPAS are

appropriate, taking into account the expected flight conditions;
(3) the RPS(s) used for the flight is (are) serviceable and compatible with
the RPA used;
(4) a C2 link with the RPA is expected to be available for the duration of
the flight and matches the performance criteria;
(5) any necessary maintenance has been performed
(6) the mass of the RPA and centre of gravity location are such that the
flight can be conducted safely, taking into account the flight
conditions expected;
(7) any load carried is properly distributed and safely secured; and
(8) the RPA operating limitations, contained in the flight manual, or its
equivalent, will not be exceeded.

21.9.6.4 Meaning of Standard Unmanned Operating Conditions
(a) A RPA is operated in standard unmanned aircraft operating conditions

if, during the operation:
(1) the RPA is operated within the visual line-of-sight of the person
operating the RPA;
(2) the RPA is operated at or below 120m (400ft) above ground level
(AGL) by day; and
(3) the RPA is not operated within 30m of a person, measured

horizontally, who is not directly associated with the operation of the
RPA.
(c) The RPA is not operated:
(1) in a prohibited area; or
(2) in a restricted area; or
(3) over a populated area; or
(4) within 4km of the movement area of a controlled aerodrome; and
(d) the RPA is not operated over an area where a fire, police or other public
safety or emergency operation is being conducted without the approval of
a person in charge of the operation; and
(e) the person operating the RPA operates only that RPA.
21.9.6.5 Visual Line-of-Sight Operations
(a) This rule applies to the RPA VLOS operations.
(b) A RPAS operator shall not operate a RPA to which this rule applies in:
(1) any area in which the person’s view of the surrounding airspace in
which the RPA will operate is obstructed; or
(2) meteorological conditions that obstruct the person’s ability to

maintain visual line-of-sight of the aircraft.
(c) A person who operates a RPA to which this rule applies shall at all times:
(1) maintain visual line-of-sight with the RPA or be in direct

communications with a RPA observer that maintains visual line-of-
sight with the RPA; and

(2) be able to see the surrounding airspace in which the RPA is

operating; and
(3) operate the RPA below any cloud base.
(d) For the purposes of this rule, visual line-of-sight means a straight line along
which the remote pilot or RPA observer has a clear view and which may be
achieved with the use of:
(1) spectacles, contact lenses, or a similar device used for vision

correction of the user to no better than normal vision but not the use
of an electronic, mechanical, electromagnetic, optical, or electro-
optical instrument; or
(2) a first person view system and a trained and competent RPA
observer who maintains:
(i) visual line-of-sight of the RPA; and
(ii) sight of the surrounding airspace in which the RPA is

operating; and
(iii) has direct communication with the person who is operating the
RPA.
21.9.6.6 Beyond Visual Line-Of-Sight (BVLOS) operations
(a) To conduct BVLOS operations, the operator shall obtain Authorisation from
the Authority after conducting operation safety risk assessment.
(b) Prior to conducting a controlled BVLOS operation, coordination shall be

affected with the ATC unit involved regarding—
(1) Any operational performance limitations or restrictions unique to the

RPAS (e.g. unable to perform standard rate turns);
(2) Any pre-programmed lost C2 link flight profile or flight termination

procedures; and
(3) Direct telephone communication between the Remote Pilot Station

(RPS) and the ATC unit for contingency use, unless otherwise
approved by the ATC unit(s) involved.
(c) Communication between the Remote Pilot Station (RPS) and the ATC
unit(s) shall be as required for the class of airspace in which operations
occur and shall utilize standard ATC communications equipment and
procedures, unless otherwise approved by the ATC unit involved.
(d) C2 link transaction time shall be minimized so as not to inhibit the remote
pilot’s ability to interface with the RPAS compared to that of a manned

aircraft.
(e) RPAS operating BVLOS shall only operate within Radio line of sight
(RLOS). Operation beyond Radio line of sight shall require special
Authorisation from the Authority after indicating all operational control
functions and safety measures associated to the type of operation.
(f) Remote Pilot Station for RPAS operations BVLOS will be designed in such
way to match the performance of the type of C2 link (BRLOS/RLOS) with
which they will be used.
(g) No person shall conduct BVLOS operations under VFR unless the
following conditions are met:
i. the Authority or any other State in whose airspace the operation

occurs has approved the operation;
ii. the RPA remains in VMC throughout the flight; and
iii. a DAA capability or other mitigation is used to assure the RPA

remains well clear of all other traffic; or
iv. the area is void of other traffic; or
v. the operation occurs in specifically delimited or segregated airspace.
21.9.6.7 Populated Areas
(a) Operations over heavily populated areas or over open air assemblies of
people shall require special considerations such as the following—
(1) Altitudes for safe operation;
(2) Consequences of uncontrolled landing;
(3) Obstructions;
(4) Proximity to airports/emergency landing fields;
(5) Local restrictions regarding RPAS operations over heavily populated

areas; and
(6) The emergency termination of a RPA flight.
21.9.6.8 Take-off/launch
RPAS may be operated from established aerodromes/RPAS ports or from

any other location depending on operational requirements and system
configuration, design and performance.

21.9.6.9 Take-off/launch from aerodromes
(a) For operations from established aerodromes the remote pilot shall consider
the following:
(1) Regulations pertaining to RPAS operations on or near an aerodrome;
(2) Complexity and density of aircraft operations;
(3) Ground operations (e.g. taxiway width, condition, other ground

traffic);
(4) C2 link continuity;
(5) Payload considerations;
(6) Wake turbulence;
(7) Performance and capability related to take-off distance/run available

and minimum obstruction climb requirements, departure procedures
and any flight restricting conditions associated with operations to or
from the aerodrome; and
(8) Availability of emergency recovery areas.
21.9.6.10 Weather and Day Limitations
(a) A person shall not operate a RPA:
(1) in or into a cloud; or
(2) at night; or
(3) in conditions other than visual meteorological conditions (VMC):
(i) unless permitted by another provision of this Part, or in

accordance with an air traffic control clearance.
(b) 21.9.6.10 (a) does not apply if the person holds an Authorisation under this
Regulation allowing these operations.
21.9.6.11 Take-off/launch from other than aerodromes
(a) For operations from other than established aerodromes, the remote pilot
shall consider the following:
(1) take-off/launch area and condition;

(2) location and height of all obstructions that could hinder launch and
recovery;
(3) performance and capability related to obstacle clearance, departure

procedures (if applicable) and any flight-restricting conditions;
(4) availability of emergency recovery areas;
(5) ATC communications, if required;
(7) payload considerations; and
(8) density and proximity of overflight traffic.
21.9.6.12 Landing/recovery
RPAS may land at aerodromes or at almost any other location depending

on operational requirements and system configuration, design and
performance.
21.9.6.13 Landing/recovery at aerodromes
(a) For operations at aerodromes, the remote pilot shall consider the following:
(1) regulations pertaining to RPAS operations on or near an aerodrome;
(2) complexity and density of aircraft operations;
(3) performance and capability related to landing distance available and

obstacle clearance, arrival procedures and any flight-restricting
conditions;
(4) wake turbulence;
(5) ground operations (e.g. taxiway width, condition, other ground traffic);
(8) availability of emergency recovery areas
21.9.6.14 Landing/recovery at other than aerodromes
(a) For operations at other than aerodromes, the remote pilot shall consider
the following:
(1) landing/recovery area and condition;

(2) location and height of all obstructions that could hinder landing or
recovery (e.g. cables, towers, trees);
(3) performance and capability related to obstacle clearance, arrival

procedures (if applicable) and any flight-restricting conditions;
(4) availability of emergency recovery areas;
(5) ATC communications, if required;
(8) density and proximity of overflight traffic.
21.9.6.15 Night Operations
(a) A person shall not operate a RPA at night unless the operation is:
(1) indoors; or
(2) a shielded operation.
(b) 21.9.6.15 (a) does not apply if the person holds an Authorisation under
these Regulations allowing these operations.
21.9.6.16 Location of an RPA in Distress
In order to limit any potential environmental impact, the operator shall

make position information of any RPA flight in a distress situation available
to the appropriate organizations, as established by the Authority.
Note 1. — All RPA autonomously transmit information to the RPS, more

than once every minute, from which the position of the RPA can be
determined by the operator.
Note 2 - Appendix 9 provides information on search criteria and recovery of

RPA in distress.
21.9.6.17 Right-of-Way
A person who is operating a RPA shall give way to and remain clear of all
aircraft on the ground and in flight.
21.9.6.18 Operation Over and Near People
(a) No person shall operate a RPA over a person unless that person is:

(1) Directly participating in the operation of the RPA; or
(2) Located under a covered structure or inside a stationary vehicle that

can provide reasonable protection;
(3) Directly associated with the operation of the RPA or the RPA is
operated no closer than 30m, measured horizontally from a second
person not directly associated with the operation of the RPA.
(b) the requirement of paragraph (a)(3), do not apply if:
(1) the second person is standing behind a fixed wing RPA while the
fixed wing RPA is taking off;
(c) the requirement of paragraphs (a)(1),(2) or (3) do not apply if:
(1) the person has consented that the RPA is allowed to fly over or near
a person; and
(2) the RPA is operated no closer than 15m, measured horizontally, from
a person.
21.9.6.19 Incident / Accident Reporting
(a) Reporting of incidents
(1) The remote pilot-in-command shall be responsible for:
(i) notifying the Authority by the quickest available means of any

incident involving RPAS.
(ii) submitting a report in a form and manner acceptable to the

Authority within 72 hours from the time of incident.
(2) Unlawful Interference. The PIC shall submit a report to the local
authorities and to the Authority, without delay, following an act of
unlawful interference.
(b) Accident notification –
(1) If an emergency situation which endangers the safety of the RPA or

persons necessitates the taking of action which involves a violation of
local rules or procedures, the Remote PIC shall—
(i) notify the appropriate local Authority and NSIB without delay;
(ii) submit a report of the circumstances, if required by the State in

which the incident occurs; and
(iii) submit a copy of this report to the Authority.

(2) Each Remote PIC shall submit reports specified in paragraph (1)
above to the Authority within 72 hours in the form prescribed by the
Authority.
21.9.6.20 Temporary Authorisation of RPAS Activities
(a) The Authority may grant upon application a temporary Authorisation(s) to

person(s) intending to operate RPAS not registered in Nigeria—
(1) This authorisation is only applicable to ROC holders in Nigeria and

the intended RPAS applicant must be a foreign ROC holder.
(2) The period of Authorisation will be for twenty-one (21) days and
renewable based on the determination by the Authority;
(3) Such application shall be submitted to the Authority and processed

within four (4) weeks.
21.9.6.21 Special Authorisation
(a) No person shall operate an RPAS in the following operations

without special authorisation from the Authority:
1) The carriage of goods;

2) The carriage of dangerous goods;
3) Night operations;
4) Banner towing;
5) Cross border operations;
6) Hazardous operations;
7) Dropping and discharging of things;
8) Acrobatic, drone swarms and racing flights;
9) Operations in the restricted areas of aerodromes;
10) Operations in areas of high RF transmission/interference (e.g. radar
sites, high tension wires).
(b) A request for special authorization shall be made in a form and manner as
prescribed by the Authority.
(c) The request for authorization shall be made not less than thirty days before
the date of intended operation.
(d) Copies of all pertinent certificates, the licences of the remote pilots and the
Radio Station Licence shall be included with the request for special
authorization.

21.9.6.22 Fatigue Management
(a) The operator shall establish and implement a fatigue management

programme. Such policies and procedures shall be documented in the
operations manual and may include:
(1) Training and education on personal and operational fatigue related

risk and counter measures.
(2) Implementation of mitigation where necessary and monitoring of their

effectiveness.
(3) Continued review of fatigue related risk through safety management

processes.
(b) The programme shall address flight and duty times and be included in the
operations manual.
(c) The operator shall ensure all personnel involved in the operation and
maintenance of RPAS receive fatigue management training from an
approved organization.
(d) The operator shall ensure all personnel involved in the operation and
maintenance of RPAS do not carry out their duties while fatigued
Note.— Guidance on fatigue management programmes can be found in

the Oversight of Fatigue Management Approaches (Doc 9966) .
21.9.6.23 Flight operations manuals
(a) Operations Manual
(1) An RPAS operator must provide an operations manual for the use
and guidance of the RPAS operations personnel concerned. The
operations manual must be amended or revised as is necessary
to ensure that the information contained therein is kept up to date.
All such amendments or revisions must be issued to all personnel
that are required to use this manual.
(2) The RPAS Operator shall to provide a copy of the operations

manual together with all amendments and/or revisions, for review
and acceptance and/or approval, incorporating in the operations
manual such mandatory material as may require by the Authority.
(3) The operations manual, which may be issued in separate parts

corresponding to specific aspects of operations, shall be organized
in the following structure IS: 21.10.6.23.
(i) general;
(ii) RPAS operating information;
(iii) areas, routes and aerodromes; and

(iv) training.
(4) The operator shall provide the remote flight crew with an RPAS flight
manual for each RPA type operated, which includes each associated
RPS model, containing the normal, abnormal and emergency
procedures relating to the operation of all the relevant systems
associated with the operation of each RPA and of the checklists to be
used.
21.9.6.24 Journey Log Book
(a) A journey log book shall be maintained for every RPA engaged in
international air navigation in which particulars of the RPAS and its crew
shall be entered at the end of the duty period of each remote pilot-in-
command.
Note.— An RPA journey log may also consist of a section that stays in the
RPA and an RPS section at each remote pilot station.
(b) The RPA journey log shall contain the following items:
1) RPA nationality and registration;

2) a record of each RPS used in the course of a flight;
3) the duration of use for each RPS and the times of transfer between
RPS;
4) date;
5) remote crew member names and duty assignments;
6) departure and arrival points and times;
7) purpose and type of flight;
8) observations regarding the flight; and
9) signature of the remote pilot-in-command.
(c) A signature shall be required for each instance in which the remote pilot-in-
command is changed, which may include whilst the RPA is still airborne.
Note.— The journey log may need to accommodate multiple remote pilot-
in-command signature blocks.
21.9.6.25 Operator Record-Keeping
(a) The operator shall establish a system of record-keeping that allows

adequate storage and reliable traceability of all activities, covering in
particular all the elements related to RPAS operations as defined in the
operations manual and management system processes as defined in this
chapter.
(b) The format of the records shall be specified in the operator’s procedures.
(c) Records shall be stored in a manner that ensures protection from damage,
alteration and theft, for a period determined by the State of the Operator.

21.9.6.26 Record Retention of RPAS Operator Certificate
(a) Each holder of a ROC shall maintain:
(1) A record containing the names of the remote pilots and other crew
members involved in each flight, in respect of the system, the time of
each flight or series of flights; and
(2) A record containing maintenance action, modification or repair

performed on the system, including:
(i) name of person performing the work;

(ii) the dates work was performed;
(iii) in the case of modification, the manufacturer, model and
description of parts or equipment modifying the system; and
(iv) if applicable, any instruction provided to complete the work.
(b) Each owner of a RPAS who transfers ownership to another person shall, at
the time of transfer, deliver to that person all records referred to in
paragraph (a)(2).
(c) Each owner of a RPAS shall ensure that the records referred to in
subsection (a)(1) and (a)(2).
(1) are made available to the Authority on request and are retained for a
period of:
(i) for the records referred to in paragraph (a)(1), 12 months after

the day they are created;
(ii) for records referred to in paragraph (a)(2), 24 months after the
day they are created.
21.9.6.27 Documentation
Each applicant for the issuance of an ROC shall hold copies of all
relevant equipment manuals, technical standards and practices,
technical bulletins and instructions, legislation, and any other
document that is necessary to establish procedures for their
operations.
21.9.6.28 Flight Recorder Records
The operator shall ensure, to the extent possible, in the event the RPAS
becomes involved in an accident or incident, the preservation of all related
RPA-RS and RPS-RS records and, if necessary, the associated recorders,
and their retention in safe custody pending their disposition as determined
in accordance with NSIB Regulations.

21.9.6.29 ROC Inspection requirements
(a) The ROC Holder shall ensure that no flight takes place unless:
(1) the RPA is maintained in an airworthy condition;
(2) the RPS is maintained and serviceable;
(3) the serviceability of the C2 Link has been verified;
(4) all the other necessary RPAS components are serviceable;
(5) any operational and emergency equipment fitted is correctly installed

and serviceable or clearly identified as unserviceable; and
(6) the maintenance of the RPA and RPS are performed in accordance
with manufacturer data.
(b) For each RPA type, the ROC holder shall establish and implement a
maintenance programme in accordance with the manufacturer’s manuals
and considering the results of the operational risk assessment.
(c) The operator shall not operate an RPAS above 25kg unless it is
maintained and released to service by an approved maintenance
organization or Authorised person(s), either of which should be acceptable
to the Authority. The person responsible for the maintenance release shall
be licensed in accordance with Nig. CARs Part 2 of this Regulation.
(d) Any persons signing a maintenance release shall be authorized in

accordance with the Maintenance Control Manual of the ROC holder.
(e) For each RPA and for each RPS, the operator shall maintain a Technical
Log including records of operating hours / cycles as relevant to the type of
RPA and RPS.
21.9.6.30 Airspace
(a) A person operating a RPA shall:
(1) unless operating in segregated airspace, not operate in airspace

within 30m, measured horizontally, of a person who has not given
consent for the RPA to operate over them;
(2) maintain observation of the surrounding airspace in which the aircraft

is operating for other aircraft; and
(3) not operate the RPA at any height above 120m (400ft) AGL except in
accordance with paragraph (c).
(b) Nothing in paragraph (a) requires a person to obtain consent from any
person if operating:

(1) under the authority of an approved aviation organization; and
(2) in airspace used by that organization.
(c) A person operating a RPA more than 4km from an aerodrome boundary
and above 120m (400ft) AGL shall ensure that the operation remains
within Class G airspace (uncontrolled airspace) and shall:
(1) operate in segregated airspace designated for that purpose; or
(2) ensure that at least 24 hours before the operation, a person

authorized by an approved person or approved aviation organization,
notifies the air navigation service provider (ANSP), for the issuance
of a NOTAM, containing the following information:
(i) the name, address, and telephone number of the operator;
(ii) the location of the proposed operation;
(iii) the date, time and duration of the proposed operation;
(iv) the maximum height AGL proposed for the RPA operation.
21.9.6.31 Segregated and Non-Segregated Airspace
(a) Segregated. A person shall not operate a RPA within segregated airspace
unless the person has approval to do so from the administering Authority
responsible for the segregated airspace area.
(b) Non-Segregated Airspace. RPAS operations shall conform to the existing

airspace requirements. These airspace requirements include, but are not
limited to, communication, navigation and surveillance requirements,
separation from traffic and distances from clouds of the airspace.
(1) RPA operated in non-segregated controlled airspace, shall comply

with existing ATM procedures
(2) RPA operating in non-segregated uncontrolled airspace shall interact

with other airspace users without impacting the safety or efficiency of
existing flight operations.
21.9.6.32 Controlled Airspace
(a) A person shall not operate a RPA in controlled airspace without

Authorisation from the ATC unit responsible for that airspace; and
(b) A person shall not operate a RPA in controlled airspace unless he or she:
(1) holds a relevant qualification for the use of an aeronautical radio;

(2) maintains a listening watch on a specified frequency or frequencies

specified in the direction; and
(3) makes broadcasts on a specified frequency or frequencies and/or

maintains other ways of communication requested by the ATC unit at
the specified interval giving the specified information in the direction.
(c) In paragraph (b), relevant qualification means any of the following

qualifications:
(1) an aeronautical radio operator certificate;
(2) a remote pilot licence (or flight crew licence);
(3) an air traffic control licence;
(4) a military qualification equivalent to a licence mentioned in

paragraph (c)(2) or (c) (3).
(d) The Authority may direct, in regard to a particular RPA or type of RPA, that
a person must not operate the RPA, or a RPA of that type, unless the
person:
(1) holds a relevant qualification for the use of an aeronautical radio; and
(2) maintains a listening watch on a specified frequency or frequencies

specified in the direction; and
(3) makes broadcasts on a specified frequency or frequencies and/or

maintains other ways of communication requested by the ATC unit at
the specified interval giving the specified information in the direction.
(e) In this regulation, the person must comply with all directives issued by the
ATC Unit.
21.9.6.33 Airspace Knowledge
(a) This rule applies to a person who operates a RPA.
(b) A person to whom this rule applies shall:
(1) ensure that before each flight, the person is aware of the airspace
designation under Nig. CARs Part 14 and any applicable airspace
restrictions in place in the area of intended operation; or
(2) conduct the operation under the direct supervision of a person who is
aware of the airspace designation under Nig. CARs Part 14 and any
applicable airspace restrictions in place in the area of intended
operation.

21.9.6.34 Hazard and Risk Mitigations
No RPAS Operator may operate without a hazard identification system

as approved by the Authority.
21.9.6.35 Dropping of Articles
No RPAS Operator may allow any object to be dropped in flight if such

action creates a hazard to other persons or property.
21.9.6.36 Aerodromes
(a) A person shall not operate a RPA on or within 4km of:
(1) an uncontrolled aerodrome, unless:
(i) the operation is undertaken in accordance with an agreement

with the aerodrome operator; and
(ii) each remote pilot has a RPA observer in attendance while the
aircraft is in flight; and
(iii) the RPA is not operated at a height of more than 120 m (400 ft)
AGL unless the operator has been approved by the Authority to
operate the RPA above 120 m (400 ft) AGL; and
(2) a controlled aerodrome, unless it is operated in accordance with an

Authorisation from the relevant air traffic control (ATC) unit; and
(3) any aerodrome, unless the person:
(i) is the holder of, or is under the direct supervision of the holder
of, a remote pilot qualification issued by an approved person or
approved aviation organization; or
(ii) is under the direct supervision of a person appointed to give

instruction in the operation of a RPA by an approved person or
approved aviation organization; or
(iii) is the holder of a remote pilot licence issued under Nig. CARs
Part 2 of this Regulations
(b) Paragraph (a) does not apply to an operation that is conducted:
(1) outside of the boundary of the aerodrome; and
(2) in airspace that is physically separated from the aerodrome by a

barrier that is capable of arresting the flight of the RPA.

21.9.7.1 Approved Person or Organisation (AAO)
(a) In this section, an approved person or organisation (AAO) means a person

or organization having appropriate expertise in the design, construction or
operation of a RPA, or appropriate knowledge of airspace designations
and restrictions, and who has been approved by the Authority to perform
one or more of the following specified functions:
(1) issuing a remote pilot qualification for operating a RPA;
(2) appointing persons to give instruction to operators of RPA;
(3) authorizing a person to notify the air navigation service provider, for
the issuance of a NOTAM, of a RPA operation;
(4) authorizing the construction or modification of a RPA greater than

15kg;
(5) inspecting and approving the construction of a RPA greater than

15kg; or
(6) authorizing the operation of a RPA greater than 15kg.
21.10 RPA CONTINUING AIRWORTHINESS
Note 1.— For the purpose of this chapter, “RPA” includes: engines,
propellers, components, accessories, instruments, equipment and
apparatus including emergency equipment.
Note 2.— While a certificate of airworthiness is only issued to the aircraft

component of an RPAS, the continuing airworthiness aspects of RPS are
also indirectly provided in this chapter.
Note 3.— Reference is made throughout this chapter to the requirements

of the State of Registry. When the State of the Operator is not the same as
the State of Registry, it may be necessary to consider any additional
requirements of the State of the Operator.
21.10.1.1 Operator’s Continuing Airworthiness Responsibilities
(a) Operators shall ensure that, in accordance with procedures acceptable to

the State of Registry:
1) each RPA is maintained in an airworthy condition;
2) the operational and emergency equipment necessary for an intended

flight is serviceable if applicable;

3) each RPA conforms to the approved design and is maintained in a

condition for the safe operation of the RPAS.
4) each RPS conforms to the approved design and is maintained in a

condition for the safe operation of the RPAS.
(b) The operator shall not operate an RPAS unless maintenance on the
RPAS, including any associated engine, propeller and part, is carried out:
1) by a person or organization in accordance with procedures that are

authorized by the State of Registry; and
2) there is a maintenance release in relation to the maintenance carried
out (does not apply to 25kg and below RPAS).
(c) The operator shall employ a person or group of persons to ensure that all
maintenance is carried out in accordance with the maintenance control
manual.
(d) The operator shall ensure that the maintenance of its RPAS is performed
in accordance with the maintenance programme.
(e) The operator shall ensure that maintenance personnel receive initial and
continuation training acceptable to the State of the Operator that includes
the application of Human Factors principles.
21.10.1.2 Continuing Airworthiness Records
(a) The operator shall ensure that the following records are kept for the
periods mentioned in 21.10.1.2(b):
1) the total time in service (hours, calendar time and cycles, as

appropriate) of the RPA and all life-limited components of the RPAS;
2) the current status of compliance with all applicable mandatory
continuing airworthiness information;
3) appropriate details of modifications and repairs;
4) the time in service (hours, calendar time and cycles, as appropriate)
since the last overhaul of the RPA or RPAS components subject to a
mandatory overhaul life;
5) the current status of the RPAS compliance with the maintenance
programme(s); and
6) the detailed maintenance records to show that all requirements for
the signing of a maintenance release have been met.
(b) The records in 21.10.1.2 (a)(1) to 5) shall be kept for a minimum period of
90 days after the unit to which they refer has been permanently withdrawn
from service and the records in 21.10.1.2(a)(6) for a minimum period of
one year after the signing of the maintenance release.
(c) In the event of a temporary change of operator, the records shall be made
available to the new operator. In the event of any permanent change of
operator, the records shall be transferred to the new operator.

Note 1.— For a temporary change of operator, continuing airworthiness

records or related documents must be provided to the contracting State in
a format acceptable to the State of Registry, on request.
Note 2.— In the context of 8.4.3, a judgment on what should be

considered as a temporary change of operator will need to be made by the
State of Registry in the light of the need to exercise control over the
records, which will depend on access to them and the opportunity to
update them.
(d) For each RPA and for each RPS, records kept and transferred in
accordance with 21.11.1.2 shall be maintained in a form and format that
ensures readability, security and integrity of the records at all times.
Note 1.— The form and format of the records may include, for example,
paper records, film records, electronic records or any combination thereof.
Note 2.— Guidance regarding electronic aircraft continuing airworthiness

records is included in the Airworthiness Manual (Doc 9760).
21.10.1.3 Continuing Airworthiness Information
(a) The operator of an RPAS approved in accordance with this Part shall
monitor and assess maintenance and operational experience with respect
to continuing airworthiness and provide the information as prescribed by
the State of Registry and report through the system specified by the
Authority.
(b) The operator of an RPAS approved in accordance with this Part shall
obtain and assess continuing airworthiness information and
recommendations available from the organization responsible for the type
design and shall implement resulting actions considered necessary in
accordance with a procedure acceptable to the State of Registry.
21.10.1.4 Modifications and Repairs
(a) All modifications and repairs shall comply with airworthiness requirements
acceptable to the State of Registry. Procedures shall be established to
ensure that the substantiating data supporting compliance with the
airworthiness requirements are retained.
21.10.1.5 Approved Maintenance Organization
An approved maintenance organization shall comply with Nig. CARs Part 6

Maintenance organization approval (apply to 25kg and above RPAS).
21.10.1.6 Maintenance Release
(a) When maintenance is carried out by an approved maintenance

organization, the maintenance release shall be issued by the approved

maintenance organization in accordance with the provisions of Nig. CARs

Part 6
(b) When maintenance is not carried out by an approved maintenance

organization, the maintenance release shall be completed and signed by a
person appropriately licensed in accordance with Nig. CARs Part 2 to
certify that the maintenance work performed has been completed
satisfactorily and in accordance with approved data and procedures
acceptable to the State of Registry (only apply to RPAS above 25kg).
(c) When maintenance is not carried out by an approved maintenance

organization, the maintenance release shall include the following:
1) basic details of the maintenance carried out including detailed

reference of the approved data used;
2) the date such maintenance was completed; and
3) the identity of the person or persons signing the release.
21.10.2 Manuals, Logs and Records
21.10.2.1 Flight Manual
The flight manual shall be updated by implementing changes made

mandatory by the Authority.
21.10.2.2 Operator’s Maintenance Control Manual
(a) The operator shall provide, for the use and guidance of maintenance and
operational personnel concerned, a maintenance control manual for the
RPA and RPS, acceptable to the State of Registry, in accordance with the
requirements of this subsection. The design of the manual shall observe
Human Factors principles.
(b) The operator shall ensure that the maintenance control manual is
amended as necessary to keep the information contained therein up to
date.
(c) Copies of all amendments to the operator’s maintenance control manual

shall be furnished promptly to all organizations or persons to whom the
manual has been issued.
(d) The operator shall provide the State of the Operator and the State of
Registry with a copy of the operator’s maintenance control manual,
together with all amendments and/or revisions to it and shall incorporate in
it such mandatory material as the State of the Operator or the State of
Registry may require.

(e) The operator’s maintenance control manual provided in accordance with

this subsection which may be issued in separate parts, shall contain the
following information:
1) a description of the procedures required by 21.10.1.1(a) including,

when applicable:
(i) a description of the administrative arrangements between the

operator and the approved maintenance organization;
(ii) a description of the RPA and RPS maintenance procedures
and the procedures for completing and signing the RPA
maintenance release when maintenance is based on a system
other than that of an approved maintenance organization.
2) names and duties of the person or persons required by 21.10.1.1(c);
3) a reference to the maintenance programme(s) required by

21.10.3.3(a);
4) a description of the methods used for the completion and retention of

the operator’s continuing airworthiness records required by
21.10.1.2;
5) a description of the procedures for monitoring, assessing and

reporting maintenance and operational experience required by
21.10.1.3(a);
6) a description of the procedures for complying with the service

information reporting requirements of Nig. CARs Part 5.
7) a description of procedures for assessing continuing airworthiness

information and implementing any resulting actions, as required by
21.10.1.3(b);
8) a description of the procedures for implementing action resulting from
mandatory continuing airworthiness information;
9) a description of establishing and maintaining a system of analysis

and continued monitoring of the performance and efficiency of the
maintenance programme(s), in order to correct any deficiency in that
programme;
10) a description of the RPA and RPS types and models to which the
manual applies;
11) a description of procedures for ensuring that unserviceability

affecting airworthiness are recorded and rectified; and
12) a description of the procedures for advising the State of Registry of

significant in-service occurrences.

21.10.2.3 Maintenance Programme
(a) The operator shall provide, for the use and guidance of maintenance and
operational personnel concerned, maintenance programme(s), approved
by the Authority, containing the information required by 21.10.3.3 for RPA,
the RPS, any ground-based infrastructure and ground-based equipment
under the direct control of the operator. The design and application of the
operator’s maintenance programme shall observe Human Factors
principles.
(b) Copies of all amendments to the maintenance programme(s) shall be

furnished promptly to all organizations or persons to whom the
maintenance programme has been issued.
(c) A maintenance programme for each RPA, each RPS and any ground-
based communication infrastructure as required by 21.11.3.2 shall contain
the following information:
1) maintenance tasks and the intervals at which these are to be

performed, taking into account the anticipated utilization of the
RPAS;
2) when applicable, a continuing structural integrity programme;
3) procedures for changing or deviating from 1) and 2) above; and
4) when applicable, condition monitoring and reliability programme
descriptions for the RPAS and all its components.
(d) Maintenance tasks and intervals that have been specified as mandatory in
approval of the type design shall be identified as such.
(e) The maintenance programme(s) shall be based on maintenance

programme information made available by the State of Design or by the
organization responsible for the type design, and any additional applicable
experience.
21.11 RPA PERSONNEL LICENCE
Licences for Remote Pilots will be issued in accordance with the provision
Nig. CARS Part 2.
21.12 RPAS INSTRUMENT, DATA AND EQUIPMENT
21.12.1.1 General
(a) No person shall operate an RPAS unless it is equipped with required

instrument and navigation equipment appropriate to the type of operation
and category of RPAS.

(b) RPAS shall meet the performance and equipment carriage requirements
for the specific airspace in which the flight is to operate.
21.12.1.2 C2 Link
(a) RPAS shall have C2 Link equipment that connects the RPS and the RPA
and shall support the following communication tasks:
(1) data commands to modify the flight profile and the configuration of
the RPA;
(2) telemetry data regarding the position, configuration and status of the
RPA;
(3) data for communications with external entities, if applicable;
(4) data required for detect and avoid capability;
(5) flight data recording requirements, if applicable;
(6) data to support RPS handover, if applicable; and
(7) link health monitoring functions
(b) The C2 Link shall comply with performance requirements as contained in

IS:21.12.1.2
(c) The RPAS C2 Link system shall be operated only in frequency bands
which are appropriately allocated and protected by the ITU Radio
Regulations.
(d) C2 Link system frequency assignment planning shall be designed to

provide immunity from harmful interference and not create harmful
interference.
21.12.1.3 ATC communication
(a) ATC communication capabilities shall meet the required communication

performance (RCP), if an RCP is specified for the airspace in which the
RPA is operating.
(b) RPAS pilots shall ensure that ATC is made aware of any operation that
should take place in areas which are likely to affect manned and controlled
air traffic.
(c) RPAS communication with ATC shall be through a very high frequency
(VHF) voice, which may include the requirement to support ATC data link.
Note: The C2 link provide the connection between the remote pilot and the
RPA control and may be considered functionally equivalent to, for

example, the control wires or databus between the cockpit and the
control surfaces possibly via the FCC. The RPA should therefore use
data links that can be assured to meet communication transaction time,
continuity, availability and integrity levels appropriate for the airspace and
operation. SARPs related to these parameters will be needed.
21.12.1.4 Detect And Avoid (DAA) and Transponder Operations
(a) DAA Operational Requirements
(1) Any RPAS operated in accordance with instrument flight rules shall
have a DAA capability which enables the remote flight crew to avoid
conflicting traffic and other hazards.
(2) DAA shall provide the remote flight crew with the capability of
exercising vigilance for the purpose of detecting and avoiding
potential collisions with other aircraft. The remote flight crew should
exercise vigilance even when air traffic services are provided.
(3) When DAA is used to avoid hazards other than conflicting traffic, its
use should cause no undue hazard to other aircraft or persons or
property on the surface.
(4) DAA shall provide the flight crew with the capability of ensuring
appropriate action is taken when different hazards are present at the
same time, irrespective of whether DAA is provided by one system or
different systems.
(5) The remote pilot shall be able to intervene in the management of

automated hazard avoidance manoeuvre except when the C2 link to
the RPA is not available.
(6) RPAS controls, displays and alerting shall be appropriate to enable

the remote pilot to recognise when an action may be necessary to
override the automated hazard avoidance maneuver.
(b) DAA equipment
(1) In approving the operational use of DAA equipment:
(i) The Authority will ensure that the DAA equipment meets the
appropriate airworthiness requirements.
(ii) The Authority will ensure that the operator has carried out a
safety risk assessment of the operations supported by the DAA
equipment, including RPAS controls, displays and alerting
related to DAA as noted above.
(iii) The Authority will ensure that the operator has established and
documented the operational limitations, procedures for the use
of, and training requirements for, the DAA equipment.

(c) Automated Collision Avoidance
(1) The RPA shall be equipped with a DAA system that is capable of
performing automated collision avoidance manoeuvre, except where
the collision avoidance responsibilities of the remote pilot can be
adequately exercised otherwise.
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions in 21.12.1.4.(b), the Authority may

approve RPAS operations without automated collision avoidance,
based on the results of a specific safety risk assessment conducted
by the operator which demonstrates how an equivalent level of safety
will be maintained. The specific safety risk assessment shall include
at least the:
(i) reliability of the C2 Link;

(ii) diversity of multiple links, if installed; and
(iii) reliability of other systems that are required to allow the remote
pilot to exercise control of the RPA flight trajectory
(c) Transponder operations. RPA, shall comply with existing transponder

operating rules in the same way as manned aircraft and as required by the
class of airspace within which they are operating.
21.13 SECURITY REQUIREMENTS FOR RPAS OPERATOR
21.13.1.1 General Principles and Responsibilities
(a) Any person or organization applying as RPAS operator shall undergo and
obtain a Security Clearance and End User Certificate from the appropriate
Security Agency.
(b) An RPAS operator providing services within Nigeria shall develop and
implement a written RPAS Operator Security Programme. A person or
organization shall not operate a Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) within
Nigeria unless he/she has submitted a proposed RPAS Operator Security
Programme for his/her operations to NCAA for approval.
(c) This security programme shall indicate measures and resources employed
to ensure the safeguarding of the RPS/RPA against unlawful interference
during flight or while on ground and the use of RPAS to commit acts of
unlawful interference.
(d) Security measures and technical procedures to protect the C2 link against
unlawful or unintentional interference should also be indicated in the
security programme.
(e) An RPAS operator shall within thirty days of approval of its security
programme ensure that the programme is implemented and in full
operation.

(f) The RPAS operator shall be responsible for the security of their RPS,
facilities, personnel training and for the establishment of procedures to
effectively recognize and respond to acts of unlawful interference against
civil aviation.
21.13.1.2 Physical Security of the Installed RPS during Operational Use
(a) When the RPS is installed in a compartment or room, the following shall
apply:
(1) The compartment or room where the RPS is operated shall be

equipped with a door capable of being locked. This door shall be
closed and locked during operation, except when necessary to permit
access and egress by authorized persons.
(2) The RPAS operator shall ensure that unauthorized access to RPS is
reasonably prevented and means shall be provided for monitoring
from RPS the entire door area outside the compartment to identify
persons requesting entry and to detect suspicious behaviour or
potential threat.
(3) Develop and implement measures to protect the facility from unlawful
entry (access control)
21.13.1.3 Physical Security of the Installed RPS When not In Use
(a) The RPAS operator shall ensure the physical protection of the RPS when
not in-use.
21.13.1.4 Physical Security of Mobile RPS
(a) In the case of portable RPS, the operator shall ensure that.
(1) The RPSs are only released for use to authorized personnel and only
for the time necessary;
(2) Procedures are put in place to restrict unauthorized access or

proximity to the operator at the RPS during the flight time in order to
keep the pilot flying safe devoid of any intervention or distraction;
(3) When not in use, the RPS shall be stored in a secure place free from
sabotage or unlawful malicious interference
21.13.1.5 Command and Control (C2) Link Security
(a) The RPAS operator shall:
(1) Ensure the Safety and Security of Command and Control (C2) link
which is the data link between the remotely piloted aircraft and the
remote pilot station for the purpose of managing flight. The C2 link

must be free from cyber threat such as hacking, spoofing and other
forms of interference or malicious hijack so as to protect the integrity
of vital components.
(2) Ensure the confidentiality of the messages exchanged between the

RPS and RPA;
(3) Ensure that access to computer based hardware is limited to persons

identified and authenticated by the operator.
(4) Ensure that handovers between non-collocated RPS necessitate

additional verifications and controls to assure the process are not
interfered with by unauthorized individuals.
(5) Develop and implement measure to protect the integrity and

identified critical system/data used for civil aviation
21.13.1.6 Security Management of RPAS
(a) The RPAS operator shall:
(1) Assign an appropriately qualified and trained person as a Ground

Security coordinator to coordinate the ground security duties.
(2) Ensure that RPA are stored and prepared for flight in a manner that
will prevent and detect tampering and ensure the integrity of vital
components.
(3) Ensure that no RPA is used to carry weapon, incendiary or explosive

device, dangerous article, dangerous substance,
chemicals/biological/nuclear,weapon,without,appropr iate
authorization acceptable to the Authority.
(4) Ensure that no person flies a RPA over any prohibited or restricted
airspace/area/infrastructure such as airports and navigational aids.
(5) Not use RPAS to observe and photograph restricted places.
(6) Ensure that all RPAS are properly identified with a registration
number
(7) Ensure staff members are adequately trained on aviation security

awareness.
(8) Establish a system of record keeping that allows adequate storage

and reliable traceability of all activities covering at a minimum
security incident, and security training.
(9) Ensure that records are stored in a manner that ensures protection
from damage, alteration and theft

(10) Comply with any applicable security directives or circulars issued by

the Authority.
(11) Permit NCAA Aviation Security Inspector to carry out security

inspection, audit, test and Vulnerability assessment as may be
necessary to determine compliance with the appropriate
requirements prescribed in this section and for implementation
monitoring to verify that the level of security continues to be met.
(12) Establish a security management system comprising a threat-based,

risk-managed approach under which to assess and manage the
security risks, threats and impacts. The security management
system shall include a risk policy transparent, predictable and
controllable, focused on the largest risks.
21.13.1.7 Emergency / Contingency Plan
(a) RPAS operator shall:
(1) Develop an emergency preparedness plan/ contingency plan that

prescribes actions to be taken by the RPAS operator under
emergency conditions or security incidents. The RPAS operator shall
be responsible for periodic reviews of these plans. The plans should
also include procedures for recovery and resumption of normal
operations, if an interruption occurs, after the emergency conditions
or security incidents are resolved.
(2) Ensure that plans are exercised regularly, and post-exercise reviews
should be conducted to ensure operator’s familiarity with the
procedures, and to evaluate the appropriateness of the plans.
21.13.1.8 Aerodrome Operations
(a) Any aerodrome serving RPAS operations shall include in its written airport
security programme measures for RPAS operations appropriate to meet
the requirements of the National Civil Aviation Security Programme
(NCASP)
21.14 REQUIREMENTS FOR MANUFACTURER
21.14.1.1 Applicability
(a) This part applies to any manufacturer who intends to get the Authority’s
approval to manufacture RPA and RPS.

21.14.1.2 Means of Compliance
(a) To meet the requirements for operations for a specific RPAS, the means of
compliance shall consist of data (tests, analysis, industry consensus
standards) and the results or justification used to demonstrate that the
RPAS meets the predetermined level of safety the Authority has
established as acceptable.
(b) An applicant requesting Authority acceptance of a means of compliance

shall submit the following information to the Authority in a manner
specified by the Authority:
(1) Detailed description of the means of compliance; and

(2) Justification, including any substantiating material, showing that the
means of compliance establishes achievement of or equivalency to
the predetermined safety level.
Note: As described in the Introduction to the ICAO Model UAS

Regulations, each State will need to establish minimum safety levels
(design or technical) to which manufacturers must demonstrate
compliance. It is recommended the minimum safety levels be provided in
an advisory circular or other guidance document for ease of amendment
21.14.1.3 Manufacturer Declaration
(a) For each model of RPAS that is intended to conduct any operation, the
manufacturer shall provide the Authority with a declaration in accordance
with subsection (1).
(1) the manufacturer’s declaration shall:
(i) specify the manufacturer of the RPAS, the model of the

system, the maximum take-off weight of the RPA, the
operations that the RPA is intended to undertake and the
category of RPA, such as fixed-wing aircraft, rotary-wing
aircraft, hybrid aircraft or lighter-than-air aircraft; and
(ii) specify that the system meets the means of compliance

applicable to the operations for which the declaration was
made.
(b) The manufacturer’s declaration is invalid if:
(1) the Authority has determined that the model of the RPA does not
meet the terms set out in the means of compliance, or
(2) the manufacturer has notified the Authority of an issue related to the
design of the model under section.

21.14.1.4 Notice to the Authority
(a) A manufacturer that has made a declaration to the Authority under section
21.14.1.3 shall notify the Authority of any issue related to the design of the
model of the RPAS that results in the system no longer meeting the
technical requirements set out in the means of compliance referred in
subparagraph 21.14.1.22 (b)(2), as soon as possible after the issue is
identified.
21.14.1.5 Documentation
(a) A manufacturer that has made a declaration to the Authority in respect of a
model of a RPAS under section 21.15.1.3 shall make available to each
owner of that model of system:
(1) a maintenance program that includes:
(i) instructions related to the servicing and maintenance of the
system; and
(ii) an inspection program to maintain system readiness;
(2) any mandatory actions the manufacturer issues in respect of the
system;
(3) a RPAS operating manual that includes:
(i) a description of the system;
(ii) the ranges of weights and centers of gravity within which the
system may be safely operated under normal and emergency
conditions and, if a weight and center of gravity combination is
considered safe only within certain loading limits, those load
limits and the corresponding weight and center of gravity
combinations;
(iii) with respect to each flight phase and mode of operation, the
minimum and maximum altitudes and velocities within which
the aircraft can be operated safely under normal and
emergency conditions;
(iv) a description of the effects of foreseeable weather conditions or
other environmental conditions on the performance of both the
system and the RPA;
(v) the characteristics of the system that could result in severe
injury to crew members during normal operations;
(vi) the design features of the system and their associated
operations that are intended to protect against injury to persons
not involved in the operations;
(vii) the warning information provided to the remote pilot in the
event of a degradation in system performance that results in an
unsafe system operating condition;

(viii) procedures for operating the system in normal and emergency

conditions; and
(ix) assembly and adjustment instructions for the system.
21.14.1.6 Record Retention for Manufacturer
(a) A manufacturer that has made a declaration to the Authority in respect of a

model of a RPAS under section 21.14.1.3 shall keep, and make available
to the Authority on request:
(1) a current record of all mandatory actions in respect of the

system; and
(2) a current record of the results of and the reports related to the
verifications that the manufacturer has undertaken to ensure
that the model of the system meets the technical requirements
applicable to the operations for which the declaration was
made.
(b) The manufacturer shall keep the records referred to in subsection (a)(1) for
the greater of:
(1) two years following the date that manufacturing of that model of
RPAS permanently ceases, and
(2) the lifetime of the RPA that is an element of the model of system
referred to in paragraph (a).
21.15 TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS ON RPAS
21.15. 1.1 General Principles
(a) No RPA shall carry dangerous goods as cargo except by the holder of an
ROC with specific approval to carry dangerous goods or as approved by
the Director General.
(b) RPAS Operators with no specific approval for the transport of dangerous
goods as cargo shall:
(1) Establish a dangerous goods training programme that meets the

requirements of Part 15 of this regulations as appropriate. Details of
the dangerous goods training programme shall be included in the
operator’s operations manuals.
(2) Establish dangerous goods policies and procedures in its operations

manual, to meet, at a minimum, requirements of Part 15 of this
regulation to:

i. Identify and reject undeclared dangerous goods, including

COMAT classified as dangerous goods; and
ii. Report to the Authority occasions when undeclared dangerous

goods are discovered in cargo and also dangerous goods
accidents and incidents.
(c). RPAS Operators with a specific approval for the transport of Dangerous
goods as cargo shall:
(1) Establish a dangerous goods training programme that meets the

requirements of Part 15 of this regulations as appropriate. Details of
the dangerous goods training programme shall be included in the
operator’s operations manuals.
(2) Establish dangerous goods policies and procedures in its operations

manual, to meet, at a minimum, requirements of Part 15 of this
regulation to:
i. Identify and reject undeclared dangerous goods, including

COMAT classified as dangerous goods; and
ii. Report to the Authority occasions when undeclared dangerous
goods are discovered in cargo and also dangerous goods
accidents and incidents.
(3) Report to the Authority any occasions when dangerous goods are
discovered to have been carried;
i. when not loaded, segregated, separated or secured in

accordance with Technical Instructions,
ii. without information having been provided to the remote pilot-in-
command;
(4) Accept, handle, store, transport, load and unload dangerous goods,
including COMAT classified as dangerous goods as cargo on board
an RPA; and
(5) Provide the remote pilot-in-command with accurate information

concerning dangerous goods that are to be carried as cargo in the
format required in Part 15.
(6) Develops procedures for the remote pilot to notify emergency

services at the scene of an incident or accident of the information
provided to the remote pilot on the NOTOC.
(d) RPAS Operator shall ensure that all personnel, including third-party
personnel, involved in the acceptance, handling, loading and unloading of
cargo are informed of the operator’s specific approval and limitations with
regards to the transportation of dangerous goods.

(e) Most of the dangerous goods carriage requirements contained in Nig.

CARs part 15 are considered applicable to RPA as written.
(f) RPAS operator shall ensure that security measures or precautions are
taken during the transportation of dangerous goods on board aircraft to
minimize theft or misuse of dangerous goods that may endanger persons,
property or environment.
(g). Transport of Dangerous Goods by air via Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA)
shall have the same procedures as aircraft operator as contained in Nig.
CARs (Part 15).
21.16 CARGO COMPARTMENT SAFETY
21.16.1.1 Transport of Items in the Cargo Compartment
(a) RPAS operators shall establish policies and procedures for the transport of
items in the cargo compartment, which include the conduct of a specific
safety risk assessment. The risk assessment shall include at least the:
(1) Hazards associated with the properties of the items to be

transported;
(2) Capabilities of the operator;
(3) Operational considerations (e.g. area of operations, diversion time);
(4) Capabilities of the RPA and its systems (e.g. cargo compartment fire
suppression capabilities);
(5) Containment characteristics of unit load devices;
(6) Packing and packaging;
(7) Safety of the supply chain for items to be transported; and
(8) Quantity and distribution of dangerous goods items to be transported.
2.16.1.2 Fire Protection
(a) The elements of the cargo compartment(s) fire protection system, as

approved by the State of Design or Authority, and a summary of the
demonstrated cargo compartment fire protection certification standards,
shall be provided in the RPA flight manual or other documentation
supporting the operation of the RPAS.
(b) The Operator shall establish policies and procedures that address the
items to be transported in the cargo compartment. These shall ensure, to a
reasonable certainty, that in the event of a fire involving those items, it can
be detected and sufficiently suppressed or contained by the elements of
the RPA design associated with cargo compartment fire protection, until
the RPA makes a safe landing.

21.17 GENERAL PROVISIONS
21.17.1.1 Insurance
(a) No person shall operate or cause to be operated or commit any other

person to operate RPAS unless there is in force a minimum insurance
policy, commensurate with the risk of the operation conducted, in respect
of the RPAS and third party risks and proof of insurance document
submitted to the Authority.
(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of 21.18.1.1(a), the authority may dispense

with requirement depending on the type of operation.
21.18.1.1 PRIVACY OF PERSONS AND PROPERTY
(a) Any person conducting operations using RPAS fitted with cameras shall
operate them in a responsible way to respect the privacy of others.
(b) No person shall use a RPAS to do any of the following—
(1) conduct surveillance of —
(i) A person without the person’s consent.

(ii) Private real property without the consent of the owner.
(2) Photograph or film an individual, without the individual’s consent, for

the purpose of publishing or otherwise publicly disseminating the
photograph or film. This requirement should not apply to news
gathering, or events or places to which the general public is invited.
(c) Infrared or other similar thermal imaging technology equipment fitted on

RPAS should only be for the sole purpose of—
(1) Scientific investigation;

(2) Scientific research;
(3) Mapping and evaluating the earth’s surface, including terrain and
surface water bodies and other features;
(4) Investigation or evaluation of crops, livestock, or farming operations;
(5) Investigation of forests and forest management;
(6) Other similar investigations of vegetation or wildlife;
(7) Border surveillance as approved by the Authority.
(8) Search and rescue
(9) Asset Inspection
(10) Environmental monitoring
21.18.1.2 Discharging or Dropping Goods
(a) No person shall cause things to be dropped or discharged from an RPAS

in a way that creates a hazard to another aircraft, persons or property.
21.18.1.3 Reports of Violation
(a) Any RPAS Operator or employee of an operator, who knows of a violation

under this Regulations, shall report it to the Authority.
(b) Any person who has a complaint of any operation of an RPAS shall report
to the Authority and the Authority will determine if additional investigation is
required.

NIGERIA CIVIL AVIATION IMPLEMENTING STANDARDS:
REGULATIONS Part 21 –Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems
(RPAS) Regulations
NIGERIA CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS
RPAS REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTING STANDARDS (IS)
APRIL 2023

IMPLEMENTING STANDARDS:
IS: 21.5.2.1 APPLICATION FOR ISSUE / RENEWAL / VARIATION OF REMOTELY PILOTED

AIRCRAFT (RPA)

AVIATION HOUSE
P. M. B. 21029, 21038, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
FORM: AC-AWS-61F
APPLICATION FOR ISSUE / RENEWAL / VARIATION OF REMOTELY

PILOTED AIRCRAFT OPERATOR CERTIFICATE (ROC)
1. Official Business Name: ___________________________________________________
Address: _______________________________________________________________
Telephone(s) _________________________ Email:_____________________________
2. Description of the applicant’s business organization and corporate structure and name and
address of those entities and individuals having a major financial interest: _____________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. (a) Base of Operations(Address): _____________________________________________
(b) Description of facilities: __________________________________________________
4. (a) Maintenance Base (Address): _____________________________________________
(b) Description of proposed operation: _________________________________________
5. Key Management personnel (Last name, first name, middle name and resume/CV for all
these positions):
(a) Accountable Officer (if different from above): ______________________________
Experience / Qualifications ____________________________________________
(b) Head of Operations _________________________________________________
Experience / Qualifications ___________________________________________
(c) Quality & Safety: ___________________________________________________

(d) Maintenance Controller: _____________________________________________
6. State in respect of the following documents, date(s) of submission, approval ref.
No. & Date(s): ____________________________________________________
(i) Maintenance Control Manual (MCM)
Submission date :______________Approval ref. no. & Date: __________
(i) Operations Manual
Submission date :_____________Approval ref. no. & Date:___________
7. RPAS/UAV Data
Number of
RPAS/UAV:_____________________________________________________________
Manufactures: ___________________________________________________________
MTOW(Kg) _____________________________________________________________
Payload: _______________________________________________________________
Endurance: ____________________
Power Source: Battery Fuel
Operations: VLOS BVLOS EVLOS
Provide details list of RPAS/UAV with Communication and Navigation installed_________
8. Crew Training: Provide details of Operations training for all positions.
9. Current ROC held (attach a copy):
(i) Certificate No: _____________________________
(ii) Date of Issue: _____________________________
(iii) Expiring Date: ____________________________
(iv) Issuing Authority: __________________________
10. RPAS/UAV Type for which variation is sought state the number of each type to be added:
_______________________________________________________________________

11. In respect of each RPAS/UAV type to be included in the ROC, please indicate the following:
i. Maintenance programme: ______________________________________________

ii. Minimum Equipment List: ______________________________________________
iii. RPAS/UAV Technical Log:______________________________________________
iv. Arrangement for maintenance support: ____________________________________
12. Mandatory Occurrence Reporting (State whose responsibility it is): _________________

______________________________________________________________________
13. Particulars of maintenance personnel including age, nationality, qualification (Ratings and
Currency) and Experience (please attach list)
14. Training arrangements for personnel responsible for supervising the maintenance support for
RPAS/UAV to be included in the ROC (this should be made before introducing the RPAS into
service) – Type of training and number of personnel involved to be stated in respect of the
following:
Management: ___________________________
Supervision: ____________________________
Quality Assurance: _______________________
(Attach further details as necessary)
Arrangement for RPAS/UAV and system familiarization training and related maintenance
practices for maintenance personnel (State type of training and number of maintenance
personnel involved):
15. Provisions for a periodic refresher course and O.J.T Programme (also state frequency)
Is an airworthiness occurrence control system in place? YES/NO

If yes, state:
- Method of operation: ____________________________________
- Procedures for ensuring that organization responsible for manufacture of each RPAS/UAV
type receives adequate report of occurrences: _____________________
16. In respect of each RPAS/UAV type to be included in ROC, please indicate
(i) Particulars of operations personnel including age, nationality, qualification (ratings and
currency on assigned RPAS/UAV), and experience (list to be attached)
(ii) Training arrangement for personnel responsible for flight operations of RPAS/UAV to
be included in the ROC (this should be made before introducing the RPAS/UAV into
service) – state type of training and number of personnel involved, including flight crew
and operations personnel (list to be attached)
17. Expatriate quota for foreign staff, if applicable (attach pertinent papers):

18. Last audit/inspection of RPAS organization carried out by NCAA:
i. Location(s) ___________________________
ii. Date(s) ______________________________
19. Fee paid:
Amount: ___________________ Receipt No. __________ Date: ___________
Name: ____________________________ Signature: __________________________
Designation: _______________________ Date: _____________________________
Note: 1. (i) Application for grant of an ROC must be submitted at least 90 days before the date
of intended operation. However, the operations manual must be submitted not less
than 60 days before this date.
(ii) Application for variation of an ROC must be submitted at least 30 days before the
date intended operations.
(iii) Application for the renewal of an ROC must be submitted at least 30 days before the
expiry date of the existing certificate.
2. The Authority must be given at least 10 days prior notice of a proposed change of a
nominated post holder.
3. The fee to be paid for grant or variation of an ROC is as per the latest revision of the Civil
Aviation (fees) Regulations.
4. Annual and utilization fee are also to be paid in respect of an ROC.
20. Proof of financial capability (Attachment): ___________________
21. Security Clearance if applicable: ___ (attachment)_____________
* Delete/leave blank if not applicable.

_____________________________________________________________________________
TO BE COMPLETED BY THE NCAA
(I) Received by (Name & Signature): ……………………………………..
(II) Date: …………………………………………….
(III) Assigned Certificate No: ……………………….
(IV) Officer assigned for assessment
……………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………
(v) Date forwarded to assigned officers: ……………………………………..….
(vi) Remarks: ……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………….....

IS 21.4 CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION WILL BE ISSUED BY THE RPAS

PORTAL IN THIS FORMAT.

AVIATION HOUSE
Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, Abuja Nigeria
RPA/UAS CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION

Unique Identification Number:
RPAS Name / Model RPA Serial Number
Name of Registered Operator:
Address of Operator:
It is hereby certified that the above described RPA has been duly entered into the RPAS
Database of the Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA).
Date of Issue by Authority of the Nigeria Civil Aviation
Note: 1. This Certificate does entitle to the holder to operate commercially.
2. For commercially authorisation, you are required to proceed to Phase 3

(Document Evaluation).
3. This Certificate is not transferable.

IS:21.12.1.2 - (a) The C2 Link shall comply with the following performance requirements:
1) Transaction time: the maximum time for the completion of the operational communication
transaction after which the initiator should revert to an alternative procedure; two values
are specified:
i. RLP nominal time (TT 95%). The maximum nominal time within which 95% of
operational communication transactions is required to be completed
ii. RLP expiration time (ET). The maximum time for the completion of the operational
communication transaction after which the initiator is required to revert to an
alternative procedure.
2) Continuity: the probability that an operational communication transaction can be

completed within the communication transaction time;
3) Availability: the probability that an needed; and operational communication transaction

can be initiated when needed and
4) Integrity: the probability of one or more undetected errors in a completed communication

transaction
5) RLP type: A label (e.g. RLP X) that represents the values assigned to RLP parameters
for communication.
6) RLP type allocation: The process of apportioning the various RLP type values to the
various parts of the system.
7) RPAS C2 function: Function = Intended behaviour of a product based on a defined set of

requirements regardless of implementation.
8) Examples of RPAS C2 functions include all the functions by which a remote pilot is
effectively having control over the RPA navigation, attitude and the RPA airborne
systems.
9) RLTP (Required Link Technical Performance): The technical transit time for C2 data
delivery that does not include the human (or the automatic response system) times for
message composition, operational response by human operator (or automatic system),
and recognition of the operational response.
10) RLTPX: The maximum time allocated to the critical transit times for a C2 message,
allocated to system X.

IS 21.5.4 CONTENTS OF THE ROC
Note.— An electronic copy of the ROC is required to be carried on board the RPS (see
21.10.2.1(f)).
RPAS OPERATOR CERTIFICATE

NIGERIA
AUTHORITY
ROC number4 : OPERATOR NAME6 OPERATIONAL POINTS OF
Operator’s trading name7: CONTACT10
Expiration date5 : Operator address 8: Contact details, at which
Telephone9 : operational management can
Email: be contacted without delay, are
listed in____________11
12
This certificate certifies that _______________________ is authorized to perform international RPAS
operations, as defined in the operations specifications, in accordance with the operations manual and
the ______________________ 13 .
Date of issue14: Name and signature15:
Title
Notes.—
1. For use of the State of the Operator.
2. Replace by the name of the State of the Operator.
3. Replace by the identification of the issuing authority of the State of the Operator.
4. Unique ROC number, as issued by the State of the Operator.
5. Date after which the ROC ceases to be valid (dd-mm-yyyy).
6. Replace by the operator’s registered name.
7. Operator’s trading name, if different. Insert “dba” before the trading name (for “doing
business as”).
8. Operator’s principal place of business address.
9. Operator’s principal place of business telephone details, including the country code. Email
to be provided if available.
10. The contact details include the telephone numbers, including the country code, and the
email address (if available) at which operational management can be contacted without
undue delay for issues related to flight operations, airworthiness, remote flight crew
competency, dangerous goods and other matters, as appropriate.
11. Insert the controlled document, carried on board, in which the contact details are listed, with
the appropriate paragraph or page reference, e.g.: “Contact details are listed in the
operations manual, Gen/Basic, Chapter 1, 1.1” or “… are listed in the operations
specifications, page 1” or “… are listed in an attachment to this document”.
12. Operator’s registered name.
13. Insertion of reference to the appropriate civil aviation regulations.
14. Issuance date of the ROC (dd-mm-yyyy).
15. Title, name and signature of the authority representative. In addition, an official stamp may
be applied on the ROC.


ROC - OPERATIONS SPECIFICATIONS
OPERATIONS SPECIFICATIONS FOR EACH AIRCRAFT MODEL:
For each RPA model in the operator’s fleet, identified by aircraft make, model and variant,
the following information shall be included:
a) issuing authority contact details;
b) operator name and ROC number;
c) date of issue and signature of the authority representative;
d) RPA model;
e) RPS model;
f) types and areas of operations; and
g) special limitations and specific approvals.
Note — If specific approvals and limitations are identical for two or more models, these
models may be grouped in a single list.
3.2 The operations specifications layout referred to in 21.5.4.1, shall be as follows:
Note.— The MEL constitutes an integral part of the operations manual.

OPERATIONS SPECIFICATIONS
( subject to the approved conditions in the Operations manual )
ISSUING AUTHORITY CONTACT DETAILS1
Telephone E-mail [email protected]

ROC #2: OPERATOR NAME3: DATE4:
Operator trading name3:
RPA Model5 and variant:
RPS Model and variant:
Types of Operation6:
Area(s) of operation7:
Special limitations8:
SPECIAL AUTHORIZATIONS YES NO DESCRIPTION9 REMARKS
Dangerous goods
Low Visibility Operations:
CAT10: RVR: ___m DH____ ft
Approach and Landing
RVR 11_______ m
Take-off
12
Operational Credits
VLOS13
BVLOS14
RLOS15
BRLOS16
AR Navigation Specifications 17
for PBN authorizations
Continuing Airworthiness 18
Others19

Notes.—
1. Telephone and contact details of the authority, including the country code. Email to be
provided if available.
2. Insert the associated ROC number.
3. Insert the operator’s registered name and the operator’s trading name, if different. Insert
“dba” before the trading name (for “doing business as”).
4. Issuance date of the operations specifications (dd-mm-yyyy) and signature of the authority
representative
5. Insert the Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST)/ICAO designation of the RPA make,
model and series, or master series, if a series has been designated. The CAST/ICAO
taxonomy is available at: http://www.intlaviationstandards.org/. Note— there could be
multiple entries in this section
6. Very high level (VHL) operations above FL 600, aerial work, long duration flight, commercial
transport, etc.
7. List the geographical area(s) of authorized operation (by geographical coordinates or

specific routes, flight information region or national or regional boundaries), as defined by
the issuing authority.
8. List the applicable special limitations (e.g. day-only, population density and altitude
limitations).
9. List in this column the most permissive criteria for each specific approval (with appropriate
criteria).
10. Insert the applicable precision approach category (e.g. CAT II, III). Insert the minimum RVR
in metres and decision height in feet. One line is used per listed approach category.
11. Insert the approved minimum take-off RVR in metres, or the equivalent horizontal visibility
if RVR is not used. One line per approval may be used if different approvals are granted.
12. Reserved for future use.
13. Visual line of sight operations.
14. Beyond visual line of sight operations.
15 Radio line of sight
16. Beyond radio line of sight operations
17. Performance-based navigation (PBN): one line is used for each PBN AR navigation
specification approval (e.g. RNP AR APCH), with appropriate limitations listed in the
“Description” column.

18. Insert the name of the person/organization responsible for ensuring that the continuing
airworthiness of the RPAS is maintained and the regulation that requires the work, i.e. within
the ROC regulation or a specific approval.
19. Other authorizations or data can be entered here, using one line (or one multi-line block)
per authorization (e.g. special approach authorization, approved navigation performance)

IS: 21.10.6.23 The operations manual shall contain at the least the following:
(1) General
(i) Instructions outlining the responsibilities of operations personnel

pertaining to the conduct of flight operations.
(2) Information and policy relating to fatigue management including:
(i) policies pertaining to flight time, flight duty period, duty period limitations
and rest requirements for remote flight crew members in accordance with
section 21.10.26.1; and
(ii) where applicable, policy and documentation pertaining to the operator’s

FRMS in accordance with 21.10.26.
(3) A list of the navigational equipment to be carried including any requirements

relating to operations where performance-based navigation is prescribed.
(4) Where relevant to the operations, the long-range navigation procedures and
the nomination and utilization of diversion aerodromes.
(5) The circumstances in which a radio listening watch is to be maintained.
(6) The method for determining minimum flight altitudes.
(7) The methods for determining aerodrome operating minima.
(8) Ground handling arrangements and procedures.
(9) Procedures, as prescribed in Annex 12, for remote pilots-in-command
observing an accident.
(10) The remote flight crew for each type of operation including the designation of
the succession of command.
(11) Specific instructions for the computation of the quantities of fuel and oil to be
carried, taking into account all circumstances of the operation including the
possibility of the failure of one or more engines while en-route.
(12) Instructions for mass and balance control.
(13) Instructions for the conduct and control of ground de-icing/anti-icing operations.
(14) The specifications for the operational flight plan.
(15) Standard operating procedures (SOPs) for each phase of flight.
(16) Instructions on the use of normal checklists and the timing of their use.
(17) Departure contingency procedures.
(18) Instructions on the maintenance of altitude awareness and the use of
automated or remote flight crew altitude call out.
(19) Instructions on the use of autopilots and auto-throttles.
Note.— Instructions on the use of autopilots and auto-throttles, together with (24) and (28), are
essential for avoidance of approach and landing accidents and controlled flight into terrain
accidents.
(20) Instructions on the clarification and acceptance of ATC clearances, particularly

where terrain clearance is involved.
(21) Departure and approach briefings.

(22) Procedures for familiarization with areas, routes and aerodromes.

(23) Stabilized approach procedure.
(24) Limitation on high rates of descent near the surface.
(25) Conditions required to commence or to continue an instrument approach.
(26) Instructions for the conduct of precision approach (PA) procedures, approach
procedures with vertical guidance (APV) and non-precision approach (NPA)
procedures.
(27) Allocation of remote flight crew duties and procedures for the management of
remote crew workload during night and IMC instrument approach operations.
(28) Instructions and training requirements for the avoidance of controlled flight into
terrain and, when installed, policy for the use of the ground proximity warning
system (GPWS).
(29) Policy, instructions, procedures and training requirements for the avoidance of
collisions and the use of the detect and avoid (DAA) capability.
Note.— Procedures for the operation of ACAS are contained in PANS-OPS (Doc 8168),
Volume I, and in PANS-ATM (Doc 4444), Chapters 12 and 15.
(30) Information and instructions relating to the interception of civil RPA including:
a) procedures, as prescribed in Annex 2, for remote pilots-in-command of
intercepted aircraft; and b) visual signals for use by intercepting and
intercepted aircraft, as contained in Annex 2.
(31) For RPA intended to be operated above 15 000 m (49 000 ft.), procedures in
the event that a decision to descend is taken, covering:
i) the necessity of giving the appropriate ATS unit prior warning of the
situation and of obtaining a provisional descent clearance; and
ii) the action to be taken in the event that communication with the ATS unit
cannot be established or is interrupted.
Note.— Guidance material on the information to be provided is contained in Circular 126 —

Guidance Material on SST Aircraft Operations.
(32) Details of the safety management system (SMS) provided in accordance with
Appendix 2 to Annex 19.
(33) Information and instructions on the carriage of dangerous goods, in

accordance with section 21.16 of these Regulations including action to be
taken in the event of an emergency.
Note.— Guidance material on the development of policies and procedures for dealing with
dangerous goods incidents on board aircraft is contained in Emergency Response Guidance
for Aircraft Incidents Involving Dangerous Goods (Doc 9481).
(34) Security instructions and guidance.
(c) RPAS operating information
(1) Certification limitations and operating limitations.

(2) The normal, abnormal and emergency procedures to be used by the remote
flight crew and the checklists relating thereto as required by section 21.10.28
of these Regulations.
(3) Operating instructions and information on climb performance with all engines
operating, if provided in accordance with this section.
(4) Flight planning data for pre-flight and in-flight planning with different
thrust/power and speed settings.
(5) The maximum crosswind and tailwind components for each RPA type
operated and the reductions to be applied to these values having regard to
gusts, low visibility, runway surface conditions, remote crew experience, use of
autopilot, abnormal or emergency circumstances, or any other relevant
operational factors.
(6) Instructions and data for mass and balance calculations.
(7) Instructions for RPA loading and securing of load.
(8) RPAS systems, associated controls and instructions for their use, as required
by section 21.10.28 of this Regulations.
(9) The minimum equipment list and configuration deviation list for the RPA types
operated and specific operations authorized, including any requirements
relating to operations where performance-based navigation is prescribed.
Checklist of emergency and safety equipment and instructions for its use.
(10) Emergency evacuation procedures for the RPS, including type-specific
procedures, remote crew coordination, assignment of remote crew’s
emergency positions and the emergency duties assigned to each remote crew
member.
(11) Procedures to mitigate at least the emergencies and contingencies as required
by section 21.14.1.7 of this Regulations.
(d) Routes and aerodromes
(1) A route guide to ensure that the remote flight crew will have, for each flight,
information relating to communication facilities, navigation aids, aerodromes,
instrument approaches, instrument arrivals and instrument departures as
applicable for the operation, and such other information as the operator may
deem necessary for the proper conduct of flight operations.
(2) The minimum flight altitudes for each route to be flown.
(3) Aerodrome operating minima for each of the aerodromes that are likely to be
used as aerodromes of intended landing or as alternate aerodromes.
(4) The increase of aerodrome operating minima in case of degradation of
approach or aerodrome facilities.
(5) The necessary information for compliance with all flight profiles required by
regulations, including but not limited to, the determination of:
(i) for remotely piloted aircraft, take-off runway length requirements for dry, wet
and contaminated conditions, including those dictated by system failures
which affect the take-off distance;
(ii) take-off climb limitations;
(iii) en-route climb limitations;
(iv) approach climb limitations and landing climb limitations;

(v) for remotely piloted aircraft, landing runway length requirements for dry,
wet and contaminated conditions, including systems failures which affect
the landing distance; and
(vi) supplementary information, such as tire speed limitations.
(e) Training
(1) Details of the remote flight crew training programme, as required by Nig. CARs
Part 8.10.1.15 and IS:8.10.1.15.
(2) Details of the flight operations officer/flight dispatcher training programme

when employed in conjunction with a method of flight supervision in
accordance with Nig. CARs 8.10.35.
(f) RPS Identification
The operator shall include within the operations manual the following details for all RPS that
it operates:
(a) the individual or legal entity holding ownership of each RPS;
(b) the RPS manufacturer and manufacturer’s designation for the RPS;
(c) the serial number of each RPS;
(d) indication of the type, model and variant of each RPA an RPS is capable of
controlling; and
(e) other relevant data as required by applicable legislation.

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NIGERIA CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY

NIGERIA CIVIL AVIATION

Amendment Number Date of Amendment Affected Description

Captain Musa Shuaibu Nuhu

Director General of Civil Aviation

NIGERIA CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

PART 21 – REMOTELY PILOTED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (RPAS) REGULATIONS ………….iv

21.9.1.3 RPAS Operating and Performance Limitations…………………………………21-33

21.9.6.28 Flight Recorder Records …………………………………………….……………21-46

It incorporates relevant requirements governing the safe operation of RPAS as contained in

(a) This part applies to certification, registration, operations, and surveillance

21.1.1.1 This part sets out:

(a) The classification of RPAS

21.1.1.2 Nothing in this Part applies to;

(b) a model aircraft indoors; or

(c) a remotely piloted airship indoors; or

April 2023, Amendment 4 21-1

21.1.1.5 Private, Recreational, Educational or Research RPAS Operations

(a) No person may conduct private or recreational or educational or research

(ii) the flights are limited to VLOS operations;

(iii) the flight are conducted outside a radius of 10 km of any aerodrome or

(b) Recreational RPAS operations are forbidden in restricted, prohibited, danger

(c) Private RPAS operations and educational/research RPAS operations are

April 2023, Amendment 4 21-2

Accident means an occurrence associated with the operation of an

a) a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of:

— being in the aircraft, or

b) the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which:

—adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight

—would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected

c) the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.

Note 2.— An aircraft is considered to be missing when the official search

Note 3.— The type of unmanned aircraft system to be investigated is

Note 4.— Guidance for the determination of aircraft damage can be

April 2023, Amendment 4 21-3

Aerial work means an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for

Aerodrome means a defined area on land or water (including any

Aerodrome operating minima means the limits of usability of an

a) take-off, expressed in terms of runway visual range and/or visibility

b) landing in 2D instrument approach operations, expressed in terms of

c) landing in 3D instrument approach operations, expressed in terms of

Aeroplane means a power -driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift

Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) means a n aircraft

Aircraft category means classification of aircraft according to specified

Air traffic means all aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring

Air traffic control clearance means authorization for an aircraft to

April 2023, Amendment 4 21-4

ii. on the manoeuvring area between aircraft and obstructions; and

Air traffic service means a generic term meaning variously, flight

Authority means The Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority.

Automatic Dependent Surveillance means — Broadcast (ADS-B). a

Autonomous aircraft means a n unmanned aircraft that does not allow

Autonomous operation means a n operation during which a remotely

Aircraft operating manual means a manual, acceptable to the State of

Alternate aerodrome means an aerodrome to which an aircraft may

Take-off alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would

April 2023, Amendment 4 21-5

En-route alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would

Destination alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft