Fl20 Algebra2 Ipe 07

7 Rational Functions
7.1 Inverse Variation

7.2 Graphing Rational Functions
7.3 Multiplying and Dividing Rational
Expressions
Chapter Learning Target:
7.4 Adding and Subtracting Rational Understand rational functions.
Expressions Chapter Success Criteria:
■ I can determine whether an equation
7.5 Solving Rational Equations represents a direct variation or an
inverse variation.
■ I can describe how to graph rational
functions.
■ I can add, subtract, multiply, and divide
rational expressions.
■ I can solve rational equations.
Cost of Fuel (p. 397)
Galapagos Penguin ((p. 382))
Lightning Strike (p. 371)

SEE the Big Idea
3-D Printer (p.

(p 369)
(p 362)
Volunteer Project (p.
Book 1.indb 356 4/10/18 2:18 PM

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers
3 1
Example 1 Find the sum − — + —.
4 3
3 1 9 4
−— + — = − — + — Rewrite using the LCD (least common denominator).
4 3 12 12
−9 + 4
=— Write the sum of the numerators
12
over the common denominator.
5
= −— Add.
12
Example 2
7
( )
Find the difference — − − — .
8
5
8
7 5
( ) 7
— − −— = — + —
8 8 8
5
8
5
Add the opposite of −—.
8
7+5
=— Write the sum of the numerators
8
over the common denominator.
12
=— Add.
8
3 1
= —, or 1— Simplify.
2 2
Evaluate.
3 2 4 1 7 4
1. — + — 2. −— + — 3. — − —
5 3 7 6 9 9
5 1
4. — − −—
12 2 ( ) 2
5. — + — − —
7
1
7
6
7
3 3 2
6. — − — + —
10 4 5
Simplifying Complex Fractions

1
—2
Example 3 Simplify —.
4
—5
1
—2 1 4
—=—÷— Rewrite the quotient.
4
—5 2 5
1 5
=— —
2 4 ⋅ 4
Multiply by the reciprocal of —.
5
1 5
=— ⋅
⋅
Multiply the numerators and denominators.
2 4
5
=— Simplify.
8
Simplify.
3 1 2
—8 —4 —3
7. — 8. — 9. —
5 2 1
—6 −—57 —3 + —4
1
10. ABSTRACT REASONING For what value of x is the expression — undefined? Explain
x
your reasoning.
Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

357
Book 1.indb 357 4/10/18 2:18 PM

Mathematical Mathematically proficient students are careful about specifying units of
Practices measure and clarifying the relationship between quantities in a problem.
Specifying Units of Measure

Core Concept
Converting Units of Measure
To convert from one unit of measure to another unit of measure, you can begin by
writing the new units. Then multiply the old units by the appropriate conversion
factors. For example, you can convert 60 miles per hour to feet per second as follows.
60 mi ? ft
old units — =— new units
1h 1 sec
60 mi
⋅
1h
— — — —=—
1h ⋅ ⋅
1 min 5280 ft 5280 ft
60 min 60 sec 1 mi 60 sec
88 ft
=—
1 sec
Converting Units of Measure
You are given two job offers. Which has the greater annual income?
• $45,000 per year
• $22 per hour
SOLUTION
One way to answer this question is to convert $22 per hour to dollars per year and then
compare the two annual salaries. Assume there are 40 hours in a work week.
22 dollars ? dollars
— =— Write new units.
1h 1 yr
22 dollars
—
1h ⋅
40 h
1 week ⋅
52 weeks 45,760 dollars
— — = ——
1 yr 1 yr
Multiply by conversion factors.
The second offer has the greater annual salary.
Monitoring Progress
1. You drive a car at a speed of 60 miles per hour. What is the speed in meters per second?
2. A hose carries a pressure of 200 pounds per square inch. What is the pressure in
kilograms per square centimeter?
3. A concrete truck pours concrete at the rate of 1 cubic yard per minute. What is the rate
in cubic feet per hour?
4. Water in a pipe flows at a rate of 10 gallons per minute. What is the rate in liters
per second?
358 Chapter 7 Rational Functions
Book 1.indb 358 4/10/18 2:19 PM

7.1 Inverse Variation
Essential Question How can you recognize when two quantities
vary directly or inversely?
FLORIDA
DA Recognizing Direct Variation
STANDARDS
ARDS
Work with a partner. You hang different weights from the same spring.
MAFS.912.A-CED.1.1
2 A CED 1 1
MAFS.912.A-CED.1.2
MAFS.912.A-CED.1.3
equilibrium
REASONING 0 kg
QUANTITATIVELY
To be proficient in math, 0.1 kg
centimeters
you need to make sense
of quantities and their 0.2 kg
relationships in problem
0.3 kg
situations.
a. Describe the
0.4 kg
relationship between the
weight x and the distance d 0.5 kg
the spring stretches from equilibrium.
Explain why the distance is said to vary 0.6 kg
directly with the weight.
b. Estimate the values of d from the figure. Then draw a 0.7 kg
scatter plot of the data. What are the characteristics of the graph?
c. Write an equation that represents d as a function of x.
d. In physics, the relationship between d and x is described by Hooke’s Law. How
would you describe Hooke’s Law?
Recognizing Inverse Variation

Work with a partner. The table shows
x y
the length x (in inches) and the width
1 y 64 in.2
y (in inches) of a rectangle. The area of
2 each rectangle is 64 square inches.
4 x
a. Copy and complete the table.
8
b. Describe the relationship between x and y. Explain why y is said to vary inversely
16 with x.
32 c. Draw a scatter plot of the data. What are the characteristics of the graph?
64 d. Write an equation that represents y as a function of x.
Communicate Your Answer

3. How can you recognize when two quantities vary directly or inversely?
4. Does the flapping rate of the wings of a bird vary directly or inversely with the
length of its wings? Explain your reasoning.
Section 7.1 Inverse Variation 359
Book 1.indb 359 4/10/18 2:19 PM

7.1 Lesson What You Will Learn
Classify direct and inverse variation.
Write inverse variation equations.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry
inverse variation, p. 360 Classifying Direct and Inverse Variation
constant of variation, p. 360
You have learned that two variables x and y show direct variation when y = ax for
Previous some nonzero constant a. Another type of variation is called inverse variation.
direct variation
ratios
Core Concept
Inverse Variation
Two variables x and y show inverse variation when they are related as follows:
a
y = —, a ≠ 0
x
The constant a is the constant of variation, and y is said to vary inversely with x.
Classifying Equations
Tell whether x and y show direct variation, inverse variation, or neither.
a. xy = 5
b. y = x − 4
y
c. — = x
2
STUDY TIP SOLUTION
The equation in part (b)
does not show direct Given Equation Solved for y Type of Variation
variation because 5
y = x − 4 is not of the a. xy = 5 y=— inverse
x
form y = ax.
b. y = x − 4 y=x−4 neither
y
c. — = x y = 2x direct
2
Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com
1. 6x = y
2. xy = −0.25
3. y + x = 10
y
The general equation y = ax for direct variation can be rewritten as — = a. So, a set of
x
y
data pairs (x, y) shows direct variation when the ratios — are constant.
x
a
The general equation y = — for inverse variation can be rewritten as xy = a. So,
x
a set of data pairs (x, y) shows inverse variation when the products xy are constant.
Book 1.indb 360 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Classifying Data

a. b.
x 2 4 6 8 x 1 2 3 4
y −12 −6 −4 −3 y 2 4 8 16
SOLUTION
y
a. Find the products xy and ratios —.
x
xy −24 −24 −24 −24 The products are constant.

y −12 −6 3 −4 2 3
— — = −6 — = −— — = −— −— The ratios are not constant.
x 2 4 2 6 3 8
So, x and y show inverse variation.

ANALYZING
y
RELATIONSHIPS b. Find the products xy and ratios —.
x
In Example 2(b), notice
in the original table that xy 2 8 24 64 The products are not constant.
as x increases by 1, y is
y 2 4 8 16
multiplied by 2. So, the — —=2 —=2 — —=4 The ratios are not constant.
x 1 2 3 4
data in the table represent
an exponential function.
So, x and y show neither direct nor inverse variation.
4. 5.
x −4 −3 −2 −1 x 1 2 3 4
y 20 15 10 5 y 60 30 20 15
Writing Inverse Variation Equations
Writing an Inverse Variation Equation

ANOTHER WAY The variables x and y vary inversely, and y = 4 when x = 3. Write an equation that
Because x and y vary relates x and y. Then find y when x = −2.
inversely, you also know
that the products xy are SOLUTION
constant. This product a
equals the constant of y=— Write general equation for inverse variation.
x
variation a. So, you can a
quickly determine that 4=— Substitute 4 for y and 3 for x.
3
a = xy = 3(4) = 12.
12 = a Multiply each side by 3.
12 12
The inverse variation equation is y = —. When x = −2, y = — = −6.
x −2
Book 1.indb 361 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Modeling with Mathematics
The time t (in hours) that it takes a group of volunteers to build a playground varies
inversely with the number n of volunteers. It takes a group of 10 volunteers 8 hours to
build the playground.
• Make a table showing the time that
it would take to build the playground
when the number of volunteers is
15, 20, 25, and 30.
• What happens to the time it takes to
build the playground as the number
of volunteers increases?
SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You are given a description of two quantities that vary
inversely and one pair of data values. You are asked to create a table that gives
additional data pairs.
2. Make a Plan Use the time that it takes 10 volunteers to build the playground
LOOKING FOR to find the constant of variation. Then write an inverse variation equation and
substitute for the different numbers of volunteers to find the corresponding times.
A PATTERN
Notice that as the number 3. Solve the Problem
of volunteers increases by a
5, the time decreases by a t=— Write general equation for inverse variation.
n
lesser and lesser amount. a
8=— Substitute 8 for t and 10 for n.
From n = 15 to n = 20, 10
t decreases by 1 hour 80 = a Multiply each side by 10.
20 minutes.
80
From n = 20 to n = 25, The inverse variation equation is t = —. Make a table of values.
t decreases by 48 minutes.
n
From n = 25 to n = 30, n 15 20 25 30
t decreases by 32 minutes.
80 80 80 80
t — = 5 h 20 min —=4h — = 3 h 12 min — = 2 h 40 min
15 20 25 30
As the number of volunteers increases, the time it takes to build the

playground decreases.
4. Look Back Because the time decreases as the number of volunteers increases, the
time for 5 volunteers to build the playground should be greater than 8 hours.
80
t = — = 16 hours
5
✓
The variables x and y vary inversely. Use the given values to write an equation
relating x and y. Then find y when x = 2.
1
6. x = 4, y = 5 7. x = 6, y = −1 8. x = —2 , y = 16
9. WHAT IF? In Example 4, it takes a group of 10 volunteers 12 hours to build the

playground. How long would it take a group of 15 volunteers?
Book 1.indb 362 4/10/18 2:19 PM

7.1 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. VOCABULARY Explain how direct variation equations and inverse variation equations are different.
2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.
What is an inverse variation equation relating x y

What is an equation for which the ratios — are
and y with a = 4? x
constant and a = 4?
What is an equation for which y varies What is an equation for which the products xy
inversely with x and a = 4? are constant and a = 4?
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

In Exercises 3–10, tell whether x and y show direct In Exercises 15–22, the variables x and y vary inversely.
variation, inverse variation, or neither. (See Example 1.) Use the given values to write an equation relating x and
y. Then find y when x = 3. (See Example 3.)
2
3. y = — 4. xy = 12
x 15. x = 5, y = −4 16. x = 1, y = 9
y
5. — = 8 6. 4x = y 17. x = −3, y = 8 18. x = 7, y = 2
x
3 5
7. y = x + 4 8. x + y = 6 19. x = —4 , y = 28 20. x = −4, y = − —4
1 5
1 21. x = −12, y = − —6 22. x = —3 , y = −7
9. 8y = x 10. xy = —
5
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 23 and 24, the variables
In Exercises 11–14, tell whether x and y show direct x and y vary inversely. Describe and correct the error in
variation, inverse variation, or neither. (See Example 2.) writing an equation relating x and y.
11. 23. x = 8, y = 5
x 12 18 23 29 34
12.
y 132 198 253 319 374
✗ y = ax
5 = a (8)
5
x 1.5 2.5 4 7.5 10 —
8
=a
y 13.5 22.5 36 67.5 90 So, y = —58 x.
13.
x 4 6 8 8.4 12 24. x = 5, y = 2
y 21 14 10.5 10 7
14.
x 4 5 6.2 7 11
✗ 5 2=a⋅
xy = a
10 = a
y 16 11 10 9 6
So, y = 10x.
Book 1.indb 363 4/10/18 2:19 PM

25. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The number y of 28. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Does the graph of f represent
songs that can be stored on an MP3 player varies inverse variation or direct variation? Explain
inversely with the average size x of a song. A certain your reasoning.
MP3 player can store 2500 songs when the average
size of a song is 4 megabytes (MB). (See Example 4.) y
4
f
a. Make a table showing the numbers of songs that
will fit on the MP3 player when the average size of 2
a song is 2 MB, 2.5 MB, 3 MB, and 5 MB.
b. What happens to the number of songs as the −2 2x
average song size increases?
26. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS When you stand on −4
snow, the average pressure P (in pounds per square

inch) that you exert on the snow varies inversely with
the total area A (in square inches) of the soles of your
footwear. Suppose the pressure is 0.43 pound per 29. MAKING AN ARGUMENT You have enough money to
square inch when you wear the snowshoes shown. buy 5 hats for $10 each or 10 hats for $5 each. Your
Write an equation that gives P as a function of A. friend says this situation represents inverse variation.
Then find the pressure when you wear the Is your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
boots shown.
30. THOUGHT PROVOKING The weight w (in pounds)

of an object varies inversely with the square of the
Snowshoes:
A = 360 in.2
distance d (in miles) of the object from the center of
Earth. At sea level (3978 miles from the center of the
Earth), an astronaut weighs 210 pounds. How much
does the astronaut weigh 200 miles above sea level?
31. OPEN-ENDED Describe a real-life situation that can

be modeled by an inverse variation equation.
Boots:
A = 60 in.2
32. CRITICAL THINKING Suppose x varies inversely with
27. PROBLEM SOLVING Computer chips are etched y and y varies inversely with z. How does x vary with
onto silicon wafers. The table compares the area A z? Justify your answer.
(in square millimeters) of a computer chip with the
number c of chips that can be obtained from a silicon 33. USING STRUCTURE To balance the board in the
wafer. Write a model that gives c as a function of A. diagram, the distance (in feet) of each animal from the
Then predict the number of chips per wafer when the center of the board must vary inversely with its weight
area of a chip is 81 square millimeters. (in pounds). What is the distance of each animal from
the fulcrum? Justify your answer.
Area (mm2), A 58 62 66 70
6 ft
Number of chips, c 448 424 392 376 d ft
7 lb fulcrum 14 lb
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons
Divide. (Section 4.3)

34. (x2 + 2x − 99) ÷ (x + 11) 35. (3x4 − 13x2 − x3 + 6x − 30) ÷ (3x2 − x + 5)
Graph the function. Then state the domain and range. (Section 6.4)
36. f(x) = 5x + 4 37. g(x) = e x − 1 38. y = ln 3x − 6 39. h(x) = 2 ln (x + 9)
Book 1.indb 364 4/10/18 2:19 PM

7.2 Graphing Rational Functions
Essential Question What are some of the characteristics of the
graph of a rational function?
4
The parent function for rational functions with
FLORIDA
DA a linear numerator and a linear denominator is
STANDARDS
ARDS
1 −6
MAFS.912.A-APR.4.6
2 A APR 4 6 f(x) = — . Parent function 6
MAFS.912.F-IF.3.7d
x
MAFS.912.F-BF.2.3 The graph of this function, shown at the right,
is a hyperbola. −4
Identifying Graphs of Rational Functions

Work with a partner. Each function is a transformation of the graph of the parent
1
function f (x) = —. Match the function with its graph. Explain your reasoning. Then
x
describe the transformation.
1 −1 x+1
a. g(x) = — b. g(x) = — c. g(x) = —
x−1 x−1 x−1
x−2 x −x
d. g(x) = — e. g(x) = — f. g(x) = —
x+1 x+2 x+2
A. 4 B. 4
−6 6 −6 6
−4 −4
C. 4 D. 4
−6 6 −6 6
−4 −4
E. 4 F. 4
−6 6 −6 6
LOOKING FOR −4
−4
STRUCTURE
To be proficient in math,
you need to look closely Communicate Your Answer
to discern a pattern 2. What are some of the characteristics of the graph of a rational function?
or structure.
3. Determine the intercepts, asymptotes, domain, and range of the rational function
x−a
g(x) = — .
x−b
Section 7.2 Graphing Rational Functions 365
Book 1.indb 365 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Graph simple rational functions.
Translate simple rational functions.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Graph other rational functions.
rational function, p. 366
Previous Graphing Simple Rational Functions
domain p(x)
range A rational function has the form f (x) = —, where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials
q(x)
asymptote a
and q(x) ≠ 0. The inverse variation function f (x) = — is a rational function. The graph
long division x
of this function when a = 1 is shown below.
Core Concept
Parent Function for Simple Rational Functions
1
The graph of the parent function f (x) = — is a y
x vertical 4 1
hyperbola, which consists of two symmetrical asymptote f(x) =
x
parts called branches. The domain and range are x=0 2
all nonzero real numbers.
a
Any function of the form g(x) = — (a ≠ 0) has 2 4 x
x horizontal
STUDY TIP the same asymptotes, domain, and range as the asymptote
1 1 y=0
Notice that — → 0 as function f (x) = —.
x x
x → ∞ and as x → −∞. This
explains why y = 0 is a
horizontal asymptote of
a
1
the graph of f(x) = —. You Graphing a Rational Function of the Form y = —
x x
can also analyze y-values 4 1
as x approaches 0 to see
Graph g(x) = —. Compare the graph with the graph of f (x) = —.
x x
why x = 0 is a vertical
asymptote. SOLUTION
a
Step 1 The function is of the form g (x) = —, so the asymptotes are x = 0 and y = 0.
x
Draw the asymptotes.
y
Step 2 Make a table of values and plot the points. 4
Include both positive and negative values of x. g
2
LOOKING FOR
STRUCTURE x −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 f
4 4
Because the function is y − —3 −2 −4 4 2 —3 2 4 x
⋅
of the form g(x) = a f(x),
where a = 4, the graph of Step 3 Draw the two branches of the hyperbola so
g is a vertical stretch by that they pass through the plotted points
a factor of 4 of the and approach the asymptotes.
graph of f.
The graph of g lies farther from the axes than the graph of f. Both graphs lie in the
first and third quadrants and have the same asymptotes, domain, and range.
−6 1
1. Graph g(x) = —. Compare the graph with the graph of f (x) = —.
x x
Book 1.indb 366 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Translating Simple Rational Functions
Core Concept
Graphing Translations of Simple Rational Functions
a
To graph a rational function of the form y = — + k, follow these steps:
x−h
Step 1 Draw the asymptotes x = h and y = k. y a
y= +k
x−h
Step 2 Plot points to the left and to the right
of the vertical asymptote.
y=k
Step 3 Draw the two branches of the
hyperbola so that they pass through
the plotted points and approach the x
asymptotes. x=h
Graphing a Translation of a Rational Function
−4
Graph g(x) = — − 1. State the domain and range.
x+2
SOLUTION
LOOKING FOR Step 1 Draw the asymptotes x = −2 and y = −1. y
4
STRUCTURE Step 2 Plot points to the left of the vertical
(−3, 3)
−4 2
Let f(x) = —. Notice asymptote, such as (−3, 3), (−4, 1), and (−4, 1)
x
that g is of the form (−6, 0). Plot points to the right of the
vertical asymptote, such as (−1, −5), −4 2 x
g(x) = f(x − h) + k, where
h = −2 and k = −1. (0, −3), and (2, −2). (−6, 0) −2
(2, −2)
So, the graph of g is a Step 3 Draw the two branches of the hyperbola (−1, −5) (0, −3)
translation 2 units left so that they pass through the plotted points
and 1 unit down of the and approach the asymptotes.
graph of f.
The domain is all real numbers except −2 and the range is all real numbers
except −1.
Graph the function. State the domain and range.
3 −1 1
2. y = — − 2 3. y = — 4. y = — + 5
x x+4 x−1
Graphing Other Rational Functions

ax + b
All rational functions of the form y = — also have graphs that are hyperbolas.
cx + d
d
• The vertical asymptote of the graph is the line x = − — because the function is
c
undefined when the denominator cx + d is zero.
a
• The horizontal asymptote is the line y = —.
c
Book 1.indb 367 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Graphing a Rational Function of the
ax + b
Form y = —
cx + d
2x + 1
Graph f(x) = —. State the domain and range.
x−3
SOLUTION
y Step 1 Draw the asymptotes. Solve x − 3 = 0 for x to find the vertical asymptote
(4, 9) a 2
8 x = 3. The horizontal asymptote is the line y = — = — = 2.
( 6, 133 ) ( 8, 17 ) c 1
(−2, ) 4 3
5
5
(
Step 2 Plot points to the left of the vertical asymptote, such as (2, −5), 0, − —13 , and)
−4 4 8 12 x ( −2, ). Plot points to the right of the vertical asymptote, such as (4, 9),
3
—5
1
(0, )
−3 (2, −5) ( 6, — ), and ( 8, — ).
13
3
17
5
Step 3 Draw the two branches of the hyperbola so that they pass through the plotted
points and approach the asymptotes.
The domain is all real numbers except 3 and the range is all real numbers
except 2.
Rewriting a rational function may reveal properties of the function and its graph. For
a
example, rewriting a rational function in the form y = — + k reveals that it is a
x−h
a
translation of y = — with vertical asymptote x = h and horizontal asymptote y = k.
x
Rewriting and Graphing a Rational Function
3x + 5 a
Rewrite g(x) = — in the form g (x) = — + k. Graph the function. Describe
x+1 x−h
ANOTHER WAY a
the graph of g as a transformation of the graph of f (x) = —.
You will use a different x
method to rewrite g in
SOLUTION
Example 5 of Lesson 7.4.
Rewrite the function 3 y
by using long division: x + 1 )‾
3x + 5
3x + 3
2 4
2
2 g
The rewritten function is g (x) = — + 3.
x+1
The graph of g is a translation 1 unit left −4 2 x
2
and 3 units up of the graph of f (x) = —.
x
x−1 2x + 1 −3x + 2
5. f(x) = — 6. f(x) = — 7. f(x) = —
x+3 4x − 2 −x − 1
2x + 3 a
8. Rewrite g(x) = — in the form g (x) = — + k. Graph the function.
x+1 x−h
a
Describe the graph of g as a transformation of the graph of f (x) = —.
x
Book 1.indb 368 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Modeling with Mathematics
A 3-D printer builds up layers of materials to make three-dimensional models. Each

deposited layer bonds to the layer below it. A company decides to make small display
models of engine components using a 3-D printer. The printer costs $1000. The
material for each model costs $50.
• Estimate how many models must be printed for the
average cost per model to fall to $90.
• What happens to the average cost as more models
are printed?
SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You are given the cost c of a printer and the cost to create
a model using the printer. You are asked to findd the number of models for which the
average cost falls to $90.
2. Make a Plan Write an equation that represents the average cost. Use a graphing
calculator to estimate the number of models for which the average cost is about
$90. Then analyze the horizontal asymptote of the graph to determine what
USING A GRAPHING happens to the average cost as more models are printed.
CALCULATOR 3. Solve the Problem Let c be the average cost (in dollars) and m be the number of
Because the number models printed.
of models and average
cost cannot be negative, (Unit cost)(Number printed) + (Cost of printer) 50m + 1000
c = ———— = ——
choose a viewing window Number printed m
in the first quadrant.
Use a graphing calculator to graph 400
the function.
50m + 1000
c=
Using the trace feature, the average m
cost falls to $90 per model after about
25 models are printed. Because the
horizontal asymptote is c = 50, the
average cost approaches $50 as more 0 X=25.106383 Y=89.830508 40
0
models are printed.
4. Look Back Use a graphing calculator to create tables of values for large
values of m. The tables show that the average cost approaches $50 as more
models are printed.
X Y1 X Y1
ERROR ERROR
50 70 10000 50.1
100 60 20000 50.05
150 56.667 30000 50.033
200 55 40000 50.025
250 54 50000 50.02
300 53.333 60000 50.017
X=0 X=0
9. WHAT IF? How do the answers in Example 5 change when the cost of
the 3-D printer is $800?
Book 1.indb 369 4/10/18 2:19 PM


7
1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The function y = — + 3 has a(n) __________ of all real numbers
x+4
except 3 and a(n) __________ of all real numbers except −4.
−3x + 5
2. WRITING Is f(x) = — a rational function? Explain your reasoning.
x 2 +1

2
In Exercises 3–10, graph the function. Compare the 20. y = — − 2
x−1
1
graph with the graph of f(x) = —. (See Example 1.)
✗
x
y
3 10
3. g(x) = — 4. g(x) = —
x x
−5 −9 −4 −2
5. g(x) = — 6. g(x) = — 2 x
x x
−3
15 −12
7. g(x) = — 8. g(x) = —
x x
−0.5 0.1
9. g(x) = — 10. g(x) = —
x x
In Exercises 11–18, graph the function. State the ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS In Exercises 21–24, match
domain and range. (See Example 2.) the function with its graph. Explain your reasoning.
4 2 2 2
11. g(x) = — + 3 12. y = — − 3 21. g(x) = — + 1 22. h(x) = — + 1
x x x−3 x+3
6 1 2 2
13. h(x) = — 14. y = — 23. f(x) = — − 1 24. y = — − 1
x−1 x+2 x−3 x+3
−3 −2
15. h(x) = — 16. f(x) = —
x+2 x−7 A.
4
y B. 2
y
−3 10 x
17. g(x) = — − 1 18. y = — − 5 2
x−4 x+7 2 4
1 5 x
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 19 and 20, describe and
correct the error in graphing the rational function.
✗
−8
19. y = — y y
x C. y D. 2
4
x
4
−6 −4 −2
−2
−2 4 8x −6 −2 x
−2 −4
Book 1.indb 370 4/10/18 2:19 PM

In Exercises 25–32, graph the function. State the 44. REASONING What are the x-intercept(s) of the graph
domain and range. (See Example 3.) x−5
of the function y =— ?
x2 − 1
x+4 x−1
25. f(x) = — 26. y = —
x−3 x+5 A 1, −1
○ ○
B 5
x+6 8x + 3 ○
C 1 D −5
○
27. y = — 28. h(x) = —
4x − 8 2x − 6
45. USING TOOLS The time t (in seconds) it takes for
−5x + 2 6x − 1 sound to travel 1 kilometer can be modeled by
29. f(x) = — 30. g(x) = —
4x + 5 3x − 1 1000
t=—
0.6T + 331
−5x −2x + 3
31. h(x) = — 32. y = — where T is the air temperature (in degrees Celsius).
−2x − 3 −x + 10
In Exercises 33–40, rewrite the function in the form

a
g(x) = — + k. Graph the function. Describe the
x−h
a
graph of g as a transformation of the graph of f(x) = —.
(See Example 4.) x
5x + 6 7x + 4
33. g(x) = — 34. g(x) = —
x+1 x−3
2x − 4 4x − 11
35. g(x) = — 36. g(x) = —
x−5 x−2 a. You are 1 kilometer from a lightning strike. You
hear the thunder 2.9 seconds later. Use a graph to
x + 18 x+2 find the approximate air temperature.
37. g(x) = — 38. g(x) = —
x−6 x−8
b. Find the average rate of change in the time it takes
7x − 20 9x − 3 sound to travel 1 kilometer as the air temperature
39. g(x) = — 40. g(x) = — increases from 0°C to 10°C.
x + 13 x+7
41. PROBLEM SOLVING Your school purchases a math 46. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS A business is
software program. The program has an initial cost of studying the cost to remove a pollutant from the
15x
$500 plus $20 for each student that uses the program. ground at its site. The function y = —
(See Example 5.) 1.1 − x
models the estimated cost y (in thousands of dollars)
a. Estimate how many students must use the program to remove x percent (expressed as a decimal) of
for the average cost per student to fall to $30. the pollutant.
b. What happens to the average cost as more students a. Graph the function. Describe a reasonable domain
use the program? and range.
42. PROBLEM SOLVING To join a rock climbing gym, b. How much does it cost to remove 20% of
you must pay an initial fee of $100 and a monthly fee the pollutant? 40% of the pollutant? 80% of the
of $59. pollutant? Does doubling the percentage of
the pollutant removed double the cost? Explain.
a. Estimate how many months you must purchase a
membership for the average cost per month to fall USING TOOLS In Exercises 47–50, use a graphing
to $69. calculator to graph the function. Then determine
b. What happens to the average cost as the number of whether the function is even, odd, or neither.
months that you are a member increases?
6 2x2
47. h(x) = — 48. f(x) = —
2 x +1 2 x −9
43. USING STRUCTURE What is the vertical asymptote of
2
the graph of the function y = — + 7? x3 4x2
x+4 49. y = — 50. f(x) = —
23x + x
4 3 2x − x
A x = −7
○ B x = −4
○
C x=4
○ D x=7
○
Book 1.indb 371 4/10/18 2:19 PM

51. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims it is 56. ABSTRACT REASONING Describe the intervals where
possible for a rational function to have two vertical a
the graph of y = — is increasing or decreasing when
asymptotes. Is your friend correct? Justify your answer. x
(a) a > 0 and (b) a < 0. Explain your reasoning.
52. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graph of f to 57. PROBLEM SOLVING An Internet service provider
determine the equations of the asymptotes. Explain. charges a $50 installation fee and a monthly fee of
$43. The table shows the average monthly costs y of
y a competing provider for x months of service. Under
f 6
what conditions would a person choose one provider
4 over the other? Explain your reasoning.
2 Average monthly
Months, x
cost (dollars), y
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 x
6 $49.83
−2
12 $46.92
−4
18 $45.94
24 $45.45
53. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS In what line(s) is the graph
1
of y = — symmetric? What does this symmetry tell 58. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The Doppler effect
x 1
you about the inverse of the function f(x) = —? occurs when the source of a sound is moving relative
x to a listener, so that the frequency fℓ(in hertz) heard
by the listener is different from the frequency fs (in
54. THOUGHT PROVOKING There are four basic types hertz) at the source. In both equations below, r is the
of conic sections: parabola, circle, ellipse, and speed (in miles per hour) of the sound source.
hyperbola. Each of these can be represented by the
intersection of a double-napped cone and a plane. The
intersections for a parabola, circle, and ellipse are
shown below. Sketch the intersection for a hyperbola.
Moving away: Approaching:

740fs 740fs
f= f=
740 + r 740 – r
a. An ambulance siren has a frequency of 2000 hertz.

Write two equations modeling the frequencies
Parabola Circle Ellipse heard when the ambulance is approaching and
when the ambulance is moving away.
b. Graph the equations in part (a) using the domain
55. REASONING The graph of the rational function f is a
0 ≤ r ≤ 60.
hyperbola. The asymptotes of the graph of f intersect
at (3, 2). The point (2, 1) is on the graph. Find another c. For any speed r, how does the frequency heard for
point on the graph. Explain your reasoning. an approaching sound source compare with the
frequency heard when the source moves away?
Factor the polynomial. (Skills Review Handbook)

59. 4x2 − 4x − 80 60. 3x2 − 3x − 6 61. 2x2 − 2x − 12 62. 10x2 + 31x − 14
Simplify the expression. (Section 5.2)

63. 32 34 ⋅ 64. 21/2 23/5 ⋅ 65/6
65. —
1/6
6
66. —
10
68
6
Book 1.indb 372 4/10/18 2:19 PM

7.1–7.2 What Did You Learn?
Core Vocabulary
inverse variation, p. 360
constant of variation, p. 360
rational function, p. 366
Core Concepts
Section 7.1
Inverse Variation, p. 360
Writing Inverse Variation Equations, p. 361
Section 7.2
Parent Function for Simple Rational Functions, p. 366
Graphing Translations of Simple Rational Functions, p. 367
Mathematical Practices
1. Explain the meaning of the given information in Exercise 25 on page 364.
2. How are you able to recognize whether the logic used in Exercise 29 on page 364 is
correct or flawed?
3. How can you evaluate the reasonableness of your answer in part (b) of Exercise 41 on page 371?
4. How did the context allow you to determine a reasonable domain and range for the function in
Exercise 46 on page 371?
Study Skills
Analyzing Your Errors

Study Errors
What Happens: You do not study the right material or you
do not learn it well enough to remember it on a test without
resources such as notes.
How to Avoid This Error: Take a practice test. Work with a
study group. Discuss the topics on the test with your teacher.
Do not try to learn a whole chapter’s worth of material in
one night.
373
Book 1.indb 373 4/10/18 2:19 PM

7.1–7.2 Quiz
Tell whether x and y show direct variation, inverse variation, or neither. Explain your
reasoning. (Section 7.1)
1. x + y = 7 2. —25 x = y 3. xy = 0.45
4. 5. 6.
x 3 6 9 12 x 1 2 3 4 x 2 4 6 8
y 9 18 27 36 y −24 −12 −8 −6 y 72 36 18 9
7. The variables x and y vary inversely, and y = 10 when x = 5. Write an equation that
relates x and y. Then find y when x = −2. (Section 7.1)
Match the equation with the correct graph. Explain your reasoning. (Section 7.2)
3 −2 2x + 2
8. f(x) = — + 2 9. y = — − 2 10. h(x) = —
x x+3 3x + 1
A. y B. y C. y
2
4
2
−6 −2 x
2
−2
−2 2 x
−2 2 x
−4
2x + 9 a
11. Rewrite g(x) = — in the form g(x) = — + k. Graph the function. Describe the
x+8 x−h
a
graph of g as a transformation of the graph of f(x) = —. (Section 7.2)
x
Pumping rate Time
12. The time t (in minutes) required to empty a tank varies inversely
(gal/min) (min)
with the pumping rate r (in gallons per minute). The rate of a certain
pump is 70 gallons per minute. It takes the pump 20 minutes to 50
empty the tank. Complete the table for the times it takes the pump to
empty a tank for the given pumping rates. (Section 7.1) 60
65
70
13. A pitcher throws 16 strikes in the first 38 pitches. The table shows how a pitcher’s strike
percentage changes when the pitcher throws x consecutive strikes after the first 38 pitches.
Write a rational function for the strike percentage in terms of x. Graph the function.
How many consecutive strikes must the pitcher throw to reach a strike percentage
of 0.60? (Section 7.2)
x Total strikes Total pitches Strike percentage
0 16 38 0.42
5 21 43 0.49
10 26 48 0.54
x x + 16 x + 38
Book 1.indb 374 4/10/18 2:19 PM

7.3 Multiplying and Dividing
Rational Expressions
Essential Question How can you determine the excluded values in
a product or quotient of two rational expressions?
You can multiply and divide rational expressions in much the same way that you
FLORIDA
DA multiply and divide fractions. Values that make the denominator of an expression zero
STANDARDS
ARDS are excluded values.
MAFS.912.A-APR.4.6
2 A APR 4 6
MAFS.912.A-APR.4.7
1
—
x
⋅ 1
— = —, x ≠ 0
x x+1 x+1
Product of rational expressions
x+1 x+1
1
—÷—=—
x
x
x+1
1
x ⋅—x
= —, x ≠ −1
x 2
Quotient of rational expressions
Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

Work with a partner. Find the product or quotient of the two rational expressions.
Then match the product or quotient with its excluded values. Explain your reasoning.
Product or Quotient Excluded Values
x−2
1
a. — — =
x−1 x+1 ⋅ A. −1, 0, and 2
−1
1
b. — — =
x−1 x−1 ⋅ B. −2 and 1
x−2
1
c. — — =
x−2 x+1 ⋅ C. −2, 0, and 1
x+2 −x
d. — — =
x−1 x+2 ⋅ D. −1 and 2
x x+1
e. — ÷ — = E. −1, 0, and 1
x+2 x+2
x x+1
f. — ÷ — = F. −1 and 1
x−2 x
x x
REASONING g. — ÷ — = G. −2 and −1
x+2 x−1
ABSTRACTLY
x+2 x+1
To be proficient in math, h. — ÷ — = H. 1
x x−1
you need to know and
flexibly use different
properties of operations Writing a Product or Quotient
and objects.
Work with a partner. Write a product or quotient of rational expressions that has the
given excluded values. Justify your answer.
a. −1 b. −1 and 3 c. −1, 0, and 3

3. How can you determine the excluded values in a product or quotient of two
rational expressions?
4. Is it possible for the product or quotient of two rational expressions to have no
excluded values? Explain your reasoning. If it is possible, give an example.
Section 7.3 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions 375
Book 1.indb 375 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Simplify rational expressions.
Multiply rational expressions.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Divide rational expressions.
rational expression, p. 376
simplified form of a rational
Simplifying Rational Expressions
expression, p. 376
A rational expression is a fraction whose numerator and denominator are nonzero
Previous polynomials. The domain of a rational expression excludes values that make the
fractions denominator zero. A rational expression is in simplified form when its numerator and
polynomials denominator have no common factors (other than ±1).
domain
equivalent expressions
reciprocal
Core Concept
Simplifying Rational Expressions
Let a, b, and c be expressions with b ≠ 0 and c ≠ 0.
ac a
Property —=— Divide out common factor c.
bc b
15
—=—=—
3 5⋅ 3
⋅
Examples Divide out common factor 5.
STUDY TIP 65 13 5 13
4(x + 3) 4
Notice that you can divide —— = — Divide out common factor x + 3.
(x + 3)(x + 3) x + 3
out common factors in
the second expression
at the right. You cannot, Simplifying a rational expression usually requires two steps. First, factor the
however, divide out numerator and denominator. Then, divide out any factors that are common to both
like terms in the the numerator and denominator. Here is an example:
third expression.
x2 + 7x x(x + 7) x+7
— =—=—
2 x ⋅
x x x
Simplifying a Rational Expression
x2 − 4x − 12
Simplify —— .
x2 − 4
SOLUTION
COMMON ERROR x2 − 4x − 12 (x + 2)(x − 6)

—— = —— Factor numerator and denominator.
2 x −4 (x + 2)(x − 2)
Do not divide out variable
terms that are not factors. (x + 2)(x − 6)
= —— Divide out common factor.
x − 6 −6 (x + 2)(x − 2)
—≠—
x − 2 −2 x−6
= —, x ≠ −2 Simplified form
x−2
The original expression is undefined when x = −2. To make the original and
simplified expressions equivalent, restrict the domain of the simplified expression by
excluding x = −2. Both expressions are undefined when x = 2, so it is not necessary
to list it.
Simplify the rational expression, if possible.

2(x + 1) x+4 4 x2 − 2x − 3
1. —— 2. — 3. — 4. —
(x + 1)(x + 3) x2 − 16 x(x + 2) x −x−6
2
Book 1.indb 376 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Multiplying Rational Expressions
The rule for multiplying rational expressions is the same as the rule for multiplying
numerical fractions: multiply numerators, multiply denominators, and write the new
fraction in simplified form. Similar to rational numbers, rational expressions are closed
under multiplication.
ANOTHER WAY
Core Concept
In Example 2, you can
first simplify each rational Let a, b, c, and d be expressions with b ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0.
expression, then multiply,
and finally simplify Property
a
—
b ⋅ —dc = —
ac
bd
ac
Simplify — if possible.
bd
the result.
10 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ y
5x2
⋅ 6xy
3
30x y 3 3 3x 2 3 2
8x3y
—2
2xy ⋅ 7x4y3
—
4y
Example —2
2xy
— = — = ——
10y 20xy 10 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ y
3
= —,
2 3
x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0
4x2
⋅—7x y 4 2
=—
y 4
4 ⋅7 ⋅x ⋅y ⋅y 6
= ——
4 ⋅y
= 7x6y, x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0
2xy 4y ⋅
8x3y 7x4y3
Find the product —2 —.
SOLUTION
8x3y
⋅—
4 3
7x y 56x y 7 4
—2 =— 3
Multiply numerators and denominators.
2xy 4y 8xy
8 ⋅7 ⋅x ⋅x ⋅y ⋅y 6 3
= ——
8 ⋅x ⋅y 3
Factor and divide out common factors.
= 7x6y, x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0 Simplified form
3x − 3x2 x2 + x − 20
Find the product —
x + 4x − 5
2
—.
3x ⋅
SOLUTION
3x − 3x2 x + x − 20 3x(1 − x) (x + 5)(x − 4)
⋅— = —— ⋅ ——
2 Factor numerators
—
x + 4x − 5
2 3x (x − 1)(x + 5) 3x and denominators.
3x(1 − x)(x + 5)(x − 4) Multiply numerators

= ——
(x − 1)(x + 5)(3x) and denominators.
3x(−1)(x − 1)(x + 5)(x − 4) Rewrite 1 − x as
= ———
(x − 1)(x + 5)(3x) (−1)(x − 1).
Check 3x(−1)(x − 1)(x + 5)(x − 4) Divide out common

= ———
X Y1 Y2 (x − 1)(x + 5)(3x) factors.
-5 ERROR 9
8 8
= −x + 4, x ≠ −5, x ≠ 0, x ≠ 1 Simplified form
-3 7 7
-2 6 6
-1 5 5 Check the simplified expression. Enter the original expression as y1 and the simplified
0 ERROR 4 expression as y2 in a graphing calculator. Then use the table feature to compare the
1 ERROR 3
X=-4
values of the two expressions. The values of y1 and y2 are the same, except when
x = −5, x = 0, and x = 1. So, when these values are excluded from the domain of the
simplified expression, it is equivalent to the original expression.
Book 1.indb 377 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Multiplying a Rational Expression by a Polynomial
x+2
STUDY TIP Find the product —
x3 − 27 ⋅
(x2 + 3x + 9).
Notice that + 3x + 9
x2
does not equal zero SOLUTION
for any real value of x. x+2 x + 2 x2 + 3x + 9
So, no values must be —
x − 27
3 ⋅ (x 2 + 3x + 9) = —
x3 − 27
—
1 ⋅ Write polynomial as a
rational expression.
excluded from the domain
to make the simplified (x + 2)(x2 + 3x + 9)
= —— Multiply. Factor denominator.
form equivalent to (x − 3)(x2 + 3x + 9)
the original. (x + 2)(x2 + 3x + 9)
= —— Divide out common factors.
(x − 3)(x2 + 3x + 9)
x+2
=— Simplified form
x−3
Find the product.
2x2 − 10x x+3 x+5

⋅— ⋅— ⋅ (x
3x5y2 6xy 2
5. — 6. — 7. — 2 + x + 1)
8xy 3
9x y 2 x − 25 2x 2 3 x −1
Dividing Rational Expressions

To divide one rational expression by another, multiply the first rational expression by
the reciprocal of the second rational expression. Rational expressions are closed under
nonzero division.
Core Concept
Let a, b, c, and d be expressions with b ≠ 0, c ≠ 0, and d ≠ 0.
Property
a
—÷—=—
b
c
d
a
b ⋅ —dc = —
ad
bc
ad
Simplify — if possible.
bc
x+2 2x − 3 7(2x − 3)
Example
7
—÷—=—
x+1 2x − 3
7
x+1 ⋅—x+2
= —— , x ≠ —
(x + 1)(x + 2)
3
2
7x x2 − 6x
Find the quotient — ÷ —— .
2x − 10 x − 11x + 30
2
SOLUTION
x2 − 6x x − 11x + 30
⋅ ——
7x 7x 2
— ÷ —— =— Multiply by reciprocal.
2x − 10
2 x − 11x + 30 2x − 10 x − 6x
2
(x − 5)(x − 6)
7x
⋅
= — —— Factor.
2(x − 5) x(x − 6)
7x(x − 5)(x − 6) Multiply. Divide out
= ——
2(x − 5)(x)(x − 6) common factors.
7
= —, x ≠ 0, x ≠ 5, x ≠ 6 Simplified form
2
Book 1.indb 378 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Dividing a Rational Expression by a Polynomial
6x2 + x − 15
Find the quotient —— ÷ (3x2 + 5x).
4x2
SOLUTION
6x2 + x − 15 6x2 + x − 15
——
2
÷ (3x2 + 5x) = ——
4x 2 4x ⋅— 1
3x + 5x
2
Multiply by reciprocal.
(3x + 5)(2x − 3)
= ——
4x2 ⋅ 1
— Factor.
x(3x + 5)
(3x + 5)(2x − 3)
4x2(x)(3x + 5)
2x − 3 5
=— , x ≠ −— Simplified form
4x3 3
Solving a Real-Life Problem
T total annual amount I (in millions of dollars) of personal income earned in

The
Alabama and its annual population P (in millions) can be modeled by
A
6922t + 106,947
I = ——
0.0063t + 1
a
and
P = 0.0343t + 4.432
w
where t represents the year, with t = 1 corresponding to 2001. Find a model M for
th annual per capita income. (Per capita means per person.) Estimate the per capita
the
in
income in 2010. (Assume t > 0.)
SOLUTION
S
To find a model M for the annual per capita income, divide the total amount I by the
population P.
6922t + 106,947
M = —— ÷ (0.0343t + 4.432) Divide I by P.
0.0063t + 1
6922t + 106,947
= —— ——
0.0063t + 1 ⋅ 1
0.0343t + 4.432
6922t + 106,947
= ——— Multiply.
(0.0063t + 1)(0.0343t + 4.432)
To estimate Alabama’s per capita income in 2010, let t = 10 in the model.
M = ———— ⋅
6922 10 + 106,947
⋅ ⋅
Substitute 10 for t.
(0.0063 10 + 1)(0.0343 10 + 4.432)
≈ 34,707 Use a calculator.
In 2010, the per capita income in Alabama was about $34,707.
Find the quotient.

4x x2 − 2x 2x2 + 3x − 5
8. — ÷ — 9. —— ÷ (2x2 + 5x)
5x − 20 x − 6x + 8
2 6x
Book 1.indb 379 4/10/18 2:19 PM


1. WRITING Describe how to multiply and divide two rational expressions.
2. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which rational expression does not belong with the other three?
Explain your reasoning.
x−4 x2 + 4x − 12 9+x x2 − x − 12
— —— — —
2
x 2 x + 6x 2
3x 2 x − 6x

x2 − x − 12
In Exercises 3–10, simplify the expression, if possible.
(See Example 1.)
20. —
2 x − 16 ⋅ (x2 + 2x − 8)
2x2 7x3 − x2 21. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
3. — 4. —
2 3x − 4x 3 2x simplifying the rational expression.
✗
x2 − 3x − 18 x2 + 13x + 36
5. —— 6. —— 2 3
2 x − 7x + 6 2 x − 7x + 10
x2 + 16x + 48 x2 + 2x + 3
—— = ——
x2 + 11x + 18 x2 − 7x + 12 x2 + 8x + 16 x2 + x + 1
7. —— 8. —— 1 1
3 x +8 3 x − 27
32x4 − 50
9. —— 22. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
3 2 4x − 12x − 5x + 15
finding the product.
3x3 − 3x2 + 7x − 7
✗
10. ——
x2 − 25 x − 3 (x + 5)(x − 5) x − 3
27x4 − 147 —
3−x x+5 ⋅
— = —— —
3−x x+5 ⋅
In Exercises 11–20, find the product. (See Examples 2,
(x + 5)(x − 5)(x − 3)
3, and 4.) = ——
(3 − x)(x + 5)
⋅— ⋅—
4xy3 y 48x5y3 2
xy
11. — 12. — = x − 5, x ≠ 3, x ≠ −5
2 xy 8x 4 y 3 2
6x y
x2(x − 4) (x − 3)(x + 6)
13. —
x−3 ⋅ —— x 3
23. USING STRUCTURE Which rational expression is in
simplified form?
+ 5) (x − 9)(x + 8)
14. —
x3(x
x−9 ⋅ —— 3x 3 A —
○
x2 − x − 6
x2 + 3x + 2
B —
○
x2 + 6x + 8
x2 + 2x − 3
x2 − 3x x +x−6 x2 − 4x x + 3x − 4
⋅— ⋅—
2 2
15. — 16. — x2 − 6x + 9 x2 + 3x − 4
x−2 x x−1 2x C —
○ D —
○
x2 − 2x − 3 x2 + x − 2
x2 + 3x − 4 2x + 4x
⋅—
2
17. —
2 x + 4x + 4 x − 4x + 3
2 24. COMPARING METHODS Find the product below by
multiplying the numerators and denominators, then
x2 − x − 6 2x2 + 2x
18. —
4x 3
— ⋅
x + 5x + 6
2
simplifying. Then find the product by simplifying
each expression, then multiplying. Which method do
you prefer? Explain.
x2 + 5x − 36
19. ——
2 x − 49 ⋅ (x 2 − 11x + 28)
⋅
4x2y 12y 4
—3
—2
2x 24x
Book 1.indb 380 4/10/18 2:19 PM

25. WRITING Compare the function 36. PROBLEM SOLVING A popcorn company is designing
(3x − 7)(x + 6) a new tin with the same square base and twice the
f(x) = —— to the function g(x) = x + 6.
(3x − 7) height of the old tin.
a. Write an expression
26. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Write a model in S
terms of x for the total area of the base of the building. for the efficiency ratio —
V
of each tin.
2h
b. Did the company
x 2 − 7x + 10 make a good decision
6x − 12 h
by creating the new
tin? Explain.
s s s s
3x 2 − 12
x 2 − x − 20
37. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The total amount I
(in millions of dollars) of healthcare expenditures and
In Exercises 27–34, find the quotient. (See Examples 5 the residential population P (in millions) in the
and 6.) United States can be modeled by
32x3y
÷ —4
y7 2xyz
÷—
6y4 171,000t + 1,361,000
27. — 28. — I = —— and
8y 8x 3 3xz2 2 2x z 1 + 0.018t
P = 2.96t + 278.649
x2 − x − 6 x+2 2x2 − 12x 2x
29. — ÷— 30. —— ÷—
4 2x − 6x
3 3 4x 2 x − 7x + 6 3x − 3
where t is the number of years since 2000. Find a
model M for the annual healthcare expenditures per
x2 −x−6
31. — ÷ (x2 − 6x + 9) resident. Estimate the annual healthcare expenditures
x+4
per resident in 2010. (See Example 7.)
x2 − 5x − 36
32. —— ÷ (x2 − 18x + 81) 38. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The total amount
x+2
I (in millions of dollars) of school expenditures from
prekindergarten to a college level and the enrollment
x2 + 9x + 18 x2− 3x − 18
33. —— ÷ —— P (in millions) in prekindergarten through college in
2 x + 6x + 8
2 x + 2x − 8
the United States can be modeled by
x2 − 3x − 40 x2 + 13x + 40 17,913t + 709,569
34. —— ÷ —— I = —— and P = 0.5906t + 70.219
2x + 8x − 20
2 x + 12x + 20 1 − 0.028t
In Exercises 35 and 36, use the following information. where t is the number of years since 2001. Find a
model M for the annual education expenditures per
Manufacturers often package products in a way that uses student. Estimate the annual education expenditures
the least amount of material. One measure of the efficiency per student in 2009.
of a package is the ratio of its surface area S to its
volume V. The smaller the ratio, the more efficient the
packaging.
35. You are examining three cylindrical containers.

S
a. Write an expression for the efficiency ratio — of a
V
cylinder.
b. Find the efficiency ratio for each cylindrical can
listed in the table. Rank the three cans according
to efficiency.
39. USING EQUATIONS Refer to the population model P
Soup Coffee Paint in Exercise 37.
Height, h 10.2 cm 15.9 cm 19.4 cm a. Interpret the meaning of the coefficient of t.
Radius, r 3.4 cm 7.8 cm 8.4 cm b. Interpret the meaning of the constant term.
Book 1.indb 381 4/10/18 2:19 PM

40. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graphs of f and g to 44. CRITICAL THINKING Find the expression that makes
determine the excluded values of the functions the following statement true. Assume x ≠ −2
and x ≠ 5.
reasoning.
f
g ()
h(x) = ( fg)(x) and k(x) = — (x). Explain your
x−5 x+2
—— ÷ —— =—
x + 2x − 35
2 2 x − 3x − 10 x+7
y y
f g
4 4 USING STRUCTURE In Exercises 45 and 46, perform the
indicated operations.
−4 4 x −6 4 x
2x2 + x − 15 2x − 5
−4 −4 45. ——
2 2x − 11x − 21 ⋅ (6x + 9) ÷ —
3x − 21
x−2 x −4
⋅—
2
46. (x3 + 8) ÷—
x − 2x + 4
2 x−6
41. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Complete the table for the
x+4 47. REASONING Animals that live in temperatures several
function y = — . Then use the trace feature of degrees colder than their bodies must avoid losing
x2 − 16
a graphing calculator to explain the behavior of the heat to survive. Animals can better conserve body
function at x = −4. heat as their surface area to volume ratios decrease.
Find the surface area to volume ratio of each penguin
x y shown by using cylinders to approximate their shapes.
Which penguin is better equipped to live in a colder
−3.5 environment? Explain your reasoning.
−3.8 King Penguin
−3.9
Galapagos
−4.1 Penguin
94 cm
−4.2
53 cm
42. MAKING AN ARGUMENT You and your friend are

asked to state the domain of the expression below.
radius = 6 cm radius = 11 cm
x2 + 6x − 27 Not drawn to scale
——
x2 + 4x − 45
48. THOUGHT PROVOKING Is it possible to write two
Your friend claims the domain is all real numbers
radical functions whose product when graphed is
except 5. You claim the domain is all real numbers
a parabola and whose quotient when graphed is a
except −9 and 5. Who is correct? Explain.
hyperbola? Justify your answer.
43. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Find the ratio of the
perimeter to the area
49. REASONING Find two rational functions f and g that
of the triangle shown.
have the stated product and quotient.
8x
(x − 1)2
6x 15x
f
g ()
(fg)(x) = x2, — (x) = —2
(x + 2)
Solve the equation. Check your solution. (Skills Review Handbook)

1 3 1 3 3 9 4 1 3 1
50. —2 x +4= —2 x +5 51. —3 x −2= —4 x 52. —14 x − —5 = —2 x − —5 53. —12 x + —3 = —4 x − —5
Write the prime factorization of the number. If the number is prime, then write prime.
(Skills Review Handbook)
54. 42 55. 91 56. 72 57. 79
Book 1.indb 382 4/10/18 2:19 PM

7.4 Adding and Subtracting
Rational Expressions
Essential Question How can you determine the domain of the sum
or difference of two rational expressions?
You can add and subtract rational expressions in much the same way that you add and
FLORIDA
DA subtract fractions.
STANDARDS
ARDS x 2 x+2
—+—=— Sum of rational expressions
MAFS.912.A-APR.4.6
2 A APR 4 6 x+1 x+1 x+1
MAFS.912.A-APR.4.7
1 1 2 1 1
—−—=—−—=— Difference of rational expressions
x 2x 2x 2x 2x
Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

Work with a partner. Find the sum or difference of the two rational expressions.
Then match the sum or difference with its domain. Explain your reasoning.
Sum or Difference Domain
1 3
a. — + — = A. all real numbers except −2
x−1 x−1
1 1
b. — + — = B. all real numbers except −1 and 1
x−1 x
1 1
c. — + — = C. all real numbers except 1
x−2 2−x
1 −1
d. — + — = D. all real numbers except 0
x−1 x+1
x x+1
e. — − — = E. all real numbers except −2 and 1
x+2 2+x
x x+1
f. — − — = F. all real numbers except 0 and 1
x−2 x
x x
g. — − — = G. all real numbers except 2
x+2 x−1
CONSTRUCTING
VIABLE ARGUMENTS x+2 x+1
h. — − — = H. all real numbers except 0 and 2
x x
To be proficient in math,
you need to justify
your conclusions and Writing a Sum or Difference
communicate them
to others. Work with a partner. Write a sum or difference of rational expressions that has the
given domain. Justify your answer.
a. all real numbers except −1 b. all real numbers except −1 and 3
c. all real numbers except −1, 0, and 3

3. How can you determine the domain of the sum or difference of two rational
expressions?
4. Your friend found a sum as follows. Describe and correct the error(s).
x 3 x+3
—+—=—
x+4 x−4 2x
Section 7.4 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions 383
Book 1.indb 383 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Add or subtract rational expressions.
Rewrite rational expressions and graph the related function.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Simplify complex fractions.
complex fraction, p. 387
Previous Adding or Subtracting Rational Expressions
rational numbers As with numerical fractions, the procedure used to add (or subtract) two rational
reciprocal expressions depends upon whether the expressions have like or unlike denominators.
To add (or subtract) rational expressions with like denominators, simply add
(or subtract) their numerators. Then place the result over the common denominator.
Core Concept
Adding or Subtracting with Like Denominators
Let a, b, and c be expressions with c ≠ 0.
Addition Subtraction
a b a+b a b a−b
—+—=— —−—=—
c c c c c c
Adding or Subtracting with Like Denominators
7 3 7 + 3 10 5
a. — + — = — = — = — Add numerators and simplify.
4x 4x 4x 4x 2x
2x 5 2x − 5
b. — − — = — Subtract numerators.
x+6 x+6 x+6
Find the sum or difference.

8 5 2 1 4x x 2x2 2
1. — − — 2. —2 + —2 3. — − — 4. — +—
12x 12x 3x 3x x−2 x−2 x +1
2 2 x +1
To add (or subtract) two rational expressions with unlike denominators, find a common
denominator. Rewrite each rational expression using the common denominator. Then
add (or subtract).
Core Concept
Adding or Subtracting with Unlike Denominators
Let a, b, c, and d be expressions with c ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0.
Addition Subtraction
a b ad bc ad + bc a b ad bc ad − bc
—+—=—+—=— —−—=—−—=—
c d cd cd cd c d cd cd cd
You can always find a common denominator of two rational expressions by

multiplying the denominators, as shown above. However, when you use the least
common denominator (LCD), which is the least common multiple (LCM) of the
denominators, simplifying your answer may take fewer steps.
Book 1.indb 384 4/10/18 2:19 PM

To find the LCM of two (or more) expressions, factor the expressions completely.
The LCM is the product of the highest power of each factor that appears in any of
the expressions.
Finding a Least Common Multiple (LCM)
Find the least common multiple of 4x2 − 16 and 6x2 − 24x + 24.
SOLUTION
Step 1 Factor each polynomial. Write numerical factors as products of primes.
4x2 − 16 = 4(x2 − 4) = (22)(x + 2)(x − 2)
6x2 − 24x + 24 = 6(x2 − 4x + 4) = (2)(3)(x − 2)2
Step 2 The LCM is the product of the highest power of each factor that appears in
either polynomial.
LCM = (22)(3)(x + 2)(x − 2)2 = 12(x + 2)(x − 2)2
Adding with Unlike Denominators
7 x
Find the sum —2 + — .
9x 3x2 + 3x
SOLUTION
Method 1 Use the definition for adding rational expressions with unlike
denominators.
7 x 7(3x2 + 3x) + x(9x2) a b ad + bc
—2 + — = —— —+—=—
9x 2 3x + 3x
2 2 9x (3x + 3x) c d cd
21x2 + 21x + 9x3
= —— Distributive Property
9x2(3x2 + 3x)
3x(3x2 + 7x + 7)
= —— Factor. Divide out common factors.
9x2(x + 1)(3x)
3x2 + 7x + 7
= —— Simplify.
9x2(x + 1)
Method 2 Find the LCD and then add. To find the LCD, factor each denominator and
write each factor to the highest power that appears in either denominator.
Note that 9x2 = 32x2 and 3x2 + 3x = 3x(x + 1), so the LCD is 9x2(x + 1).
7 x 7 x Factor second
—2 + — = —2 + —
9x 2 3x + 3x 9x 3x(x + 1) denominator.
7 x+1
⋅
= —2 — + — —
x 3x
9x x + 1 3x(x + 1) 3x ⋅ LCD is 9x2(x + 1).
7x + 7 3x2
=— +— Multiply.
9x2(x + 1) 9x2(x + 1)
3x2 + 7x + 7
= —— Add numerators.
9x2(x + 1)
Note in Examples 1 and 3 that when adding or subtracting rational expressions,

the result is a rational expression. In general, similar to rational numbers, rational
expressions are closed under addition and subtraction.
Book 1.indb 385 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Subtracting with Unlike Denominators
x+2 −2x − 1
Find the difference — − — .
2x − 2 x2 − 4x + 3
SOLUTION
x+2 −2x − 1 x+2 −2x − 1 Factor each
COMMON ERROR —−— = — − ——
2x − 2
2 x − 4x + 3 2(x − 1) (x − 1)(x − 3) denominator.
When subtracting rational
x+2 x−3 −2x − 1
expressions, remember to = — — − —— — ⋅ 2
2(x − 1) x − 3 (x − 1)(x − 3) 2 ⋅ LCD is
2(x − 1)(x − 3).
distribute the negative
sign to all the terms in x2 − x − 6 −4x − 2
= —— − —— Multiply.
the quantity that is 2(x − 1)(x − 3) 2(x − 1)(x − 3)
being subtracted.
x2 − x − 6 − (−4x − 2)
= ——— Subtract numerators.
2(x − 1)(x − 3)
x2 + 3x − 4
= —— Simplify numerator.
2(x − 1)(x − 3)
Factor numerator.
(x − 1)(x + 4)
= —— Divide out common
2(x − 1)(x − 3)
factors.
x+4
= —, x ≠ −1 Simplify.
2(x − 3)
5. Find the least common multiple of 5x3 and 10x2 − 15x.

3 1 1 x x 5
6. — − — 7. —2 + — 8. — +—
4x 7 3x 9x 2 − 12 x − x − 12
2 12x − 48
Rewriting Rational Functions

Rewriting a rational expression may reveal properties of the related function and
its graph. In Example 4 of Section 7.2, you used long division to rewrite a rational
expression. In the next example, you will use inspection.
Rewriting and Graphing a Rational Function

3x + 5 a
Rewrite the function g(x) = — in the form g(x) = — + k. Graph the function.
x+1 x−h
a
x
SOLUTION
y Rewrite by inspection:
3x + 5 3x + 3 + 2 3(x + 1) + 2 3(x + 1) 2 2
— = — = —— = — + — = 3 + —
x+1 x+1 x+1 x+1 x+1 x + 1
4 2
The rewritten function is g(x) = — + 3. The graph of g is a translation 1 unit
2
x+1
g 2
left and 3 units up of the graph of f (x) = —.
x
−4 2 x
2x − 4 a
9. Rewrite g(x) = — in the form g(x) = — + k. Graph the function.
x−3 x−h
a
x
Book 1.indb 386 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Complex Fractions
A complex fraction is a fraction that contains a fraction in its numerator or
denominator. A complex fraction can be simplified using either of the methods below.
Core Concept
Simplifying Complex Fractions
Method 1 If necessary, simplify the numerator and denominator by writing
each as a single fraction. Then divide by multiplying the numerator
by the reciprocal of the denominator.
Method 2 Multiply the numerator and the denominator by the LCD of every
fraction in the numerator and denominator. Then simplify.
Simplifying a Complex Fraction

5
—
x+4
Simplify —.
1 2
—+—
x+4 x
SOLUTION
5 5
— —
x+4 x+4
Method 1 — = — Add fractions in denominator.
1 2 3x + 8
—+— —
x + 4 x x(x + 4)
x(x + 4)
5
=— — ⋅
x + 4 3x + 8
5x(x + 4)
(x + 4)(3x + 8)
5x
= —, x ≠ −4, x ≠ 0 Simplify.
3x + 8
Method 2 The LCD of all the fractions in the numerator and denominator is x(x + 4).
5 5
— —
x+4 x+4 x(x + 4)
—=— —
1 2 1 2 x(x + 4) ⋅ Multiply numerator and
denominator by the LCD.
—+— —+—
x+4 x x+4 x
= ———
5
— x(x + 4)
x+4 ⋅ Divide out common factors.
1
x+4 ⋅ 2
— x(x + 4) + — x(x + 4)
x ⋅
5x
= —— Simplify.
x + 2(x + 4)
5x
= —, x ≠ −4, x ≠ 0 Simplify.
3x + 8
Simplify the complex fraction.

x x 2 3
—−— —−4 —
6 3 x x+5
10. — 11. — 12. ——
x 7 2 2 1
—−— —+3 —+—
5 10 x x−3 x+5
Book 1.indb 387 4/10/18 2:19 PM


1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE A fraction that contains a fraction in its numerator or denominator is
called a(n) __________.
2. WRITING Explain how adding and subtracting rational expressions is similar to adding and
subtracting numerical fractions.

In Exercises 3–8, find the sum or difference. x2 − 5 x+3 x+2 2 5x
24. —— −— 25. — + — + —
(See Example 1.)
2x + 5x − 14 x+7 x−4 x 3x − 1
15 5 x 4 x+3 x−1 3
3. — + — 4. —2 − —2 26. — −—+—
4x 4x 16x 16x 2x − 25 x−5 x+3
9 2x 3x2 6x REASONING In Exercises 27 and 28, tell whether the
5. — − — 6. — + —
x+1 x+1 x−8 x−8 statement is always, sometimes, or never true. Explain.
5x 15 4x2 1 27. The LCD of two rational expressions is the product of
7. — + — 8. — − —
x+3 x+3 2x − 1 2x − 1 the denominators.
In Exercises 9–16, find the least common multiple of the 28. The LCD of two rational expressions will have a
expressions. (See Example 2.) degree greater than or equal to that of the denominator
with the higher degree.
9. 3x, 3(x − 2) 10. 2x2, 4x + 12
29. ANALYZING EQUATIONS How would you begin to
11. 2x, 2x(x − 5) 12. 24x2, 8x2 − 16x
4x + 1
rewrite the function g(x) = — to obtain the form
13. x2 − 25, x − 5 14. 9x2 − 16, 3x2 + x − 4 x+2
a
g(x) = — + k?
x−h
15. x2 + 3x − 40, x − 8 16. x2 − 2x − 63, x + 7 4(x + 2) − 7
○A g(x) = ——
x+2
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 17 and 18, describe and
4(x + 2) + 1
correct the error in finding the sum. ○ B g(x) = ——
x+2
(x + 2) + (3x − 1)
✗
17.
2 4 2+4 6 ○C g(x) = ——
—
5x —
+ 2 = —2 = —
x 5x + x x(5 + x)
x+2
4x + 2 − 1
○ D g(x) = —
x+2
✗
18.
x 4 x+4
—
x+2 —
+
x − 5 ——
=
(x + 2)(x − 5)
30. ANALYZING EQUATIONS How would you begin to
x
rewrite the function g(x) = — to obtain the form
a x − 5
g(x) = — + k?
In Exercises 19–26, find the sum or difference. x−h
(See Examples 3 and 4.) x(x +5)(x − 5)
○A g(x) = ——
12 7 8 5 x−5
19. — − — 20. —2 + — x−5+5
5x 6x 3x 4x ○ B g(x) = —
x−5
3 1 9 2x
21. — − — 22. — + — x
x+4 x+6 x−3 x+1 ○C g(x) = —
x−5+5
12 3 x x
23. —— +— ○ D g(x) = — − —
2 x + 5x − 24 x−3 x 5
Book 1.indb 388 4/10/18 2:19 PM

In Exercises 31–38, rewrite the function g in the form 46. REWRITING A FORMULA The total resistance Rt of
a
g(x) = — + k. Graph the function. Describe the two resistors in a parallel circuit with resistances
x−h R1 and R2 (in ohms) is given by the equation
a
graph of g as a transformation of the graph of f(x) = —. shown. Simplify the complex fraction. Then find
x
(See Example 5.) the total resistance when R1 = 2000 ohms and
R2 = 5600 ohms.
5x − 7 6x + 4
31. g(x) = — 32. g(x) = —
x−1 x+5 1
Rt = —
1 1
12x 8x —+—
33. g(x) = — 34. g(x) = — R1 R2
x−5 x + 13
R1
2x + 3 4x − 6
35. g(x) = — 36. g(x) = —
x x =
Rt
3x + 11 7x − 9
37. g(x) = — 38. g(x) = — R2
x−3 x + 10
In Exercises 39–44, simplify the complex fraction. 47. PROBLEM SOLVING You plan a trip that involves a
(See Example 6.) 40-mile bus ride and a train ride. The entire trip is
140 miles. The time (in hours) the bus travels is
x 2
—−6 15 − — 40
3 x y1 = —, where x is the average speed (in miles per
39. — 40. — x
4 x
10 + — —+4 hour) of the bus. The time (in hours) the train travels
x 5
100
is y2 = —. Write and simplify a model that shows
1 7 16 x + 30
—−— — the total time y of the trip.
2x − 5 8x − 20 x−2
41. —— 42. —
x 4 6
— —+— 48. PROBLEM SOLVING You participate in a sprint
2x − 5 x+1 x
triathlon that involves swimming, bicycling, and
1 3 6 running. The table shows the distances (in miles) and
— —−—
3x2 − 3 x − 2 x2 − 4 your average speed for each portion of the race.
43. —— 44. ——
5 x+4 3 1
—−— —+— Distance Speed
x + 1 x2 − 3x − 4 x+2 x−2
(miles) (miles per hour)
45. PROBLEM SOLVING The total time T (in hours) Swimming 0.5 r
needed to fly from New York to Los Angeles and
back can be modeled by the equation below, where d Bicycling 22 15r
is the distance (in miles) each way, a is the average
airplane speed (in miles per hour), and j is the average Running 6 r+5
speed (in miles per hour) of the jet stream. Simplify
the equation. Then find the total time it takes to fly a. Write a model in simplified form for the total time
2468 miles when a = 510 miles per hour and (in hours) it takes to complete the race.
j = 115 miles per hour. b. How long does it take to complete the race if you
d d can swim at an average speed of 2 miles per hour?
T=—+— Justify your answer.
a−j a+j
49. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims that
the least common multiple of two numbers is always
NY NY
greater than each of the numbers. Is your friend
correct? Justify your answer.
LA LA
A
j a j a
a−j a+j
Book 1.indb 389 4/10/18 2:19 PM

50. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? y 55. PROBLEM SOLVING You are hired to wash the new
Use the graph of the cars at a car dealership with two other employees.
a −4 −2 2 x You take an average of 40 minutes to wash a car
function f (x) = — + k
x−h (R1 = 1/40 car per minute). The second employee
to determine the values f washes a car in x minutes. The third employee washes
of h and k. −4 a car in x + 10 minutes.
−6 a. Write expressions for the rates that each employee
can wash a car.
b. Write a single expression R for the combined rate
of cars washed per minute by the group.
51. REWRITING A FORMULA You borrow P dollars to
c. Evaluate your expression in part (b) when the
buy a car and agree to repay the loan over t years at
second employee washes a car in 35 minutes. How
a monthly interest rate of i (expressed as a decimal).
many cars per hour does this represent? Explain
Your monthly payment M is given by either
your reasoning.
formula below.
Pi Pi(1 + i)12t 56. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The amount A
M = —— or M = ——
1 12t (1 + i)12t − 1 (in milligrams) of aspirin in a person’s bloodstream
1− —
1+i( ) can be modeled by
391t 2 + 0.112
a. Show that the formulas are equivalent by A = ——
0.218t 4 + 0.991t 2 + 1
simplifying the first formula.
where t is the time (in hours) after one dose is taken.
b. Find your monthly payment when you borrow
$15,500 at a monthly interest rate of 0.5% and A A
repay the loan over 4 years. first combined
dose second
effect
dose
52. THOUGHT PROVOKING Is it possible to write two
rational functions whose sum is a quadratic function?
Justify your answer.
a. A second dose is taken 1 hour after the first dose.
Write an equation to model the amount of the
53. USING TOOLS Use technology to rewrite the second dose in the bloodstream.
(97.6)(0.024) + x(0.003)
function g(x) = ——— in the b. Write a model for the total amount of aspirin in
12.2 + x
a the bloodstream after the second dose is taken.
form g(x) = — + k. Describe the graph of g as
x−h
a
a transformation of the graph of f(x) = —. 57. FINDING A PATTERN Find the next two expressions in
x
the pattern shown. Then simplify all five expressions.
54. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Find an expression
What value do the expressions approach?
for the surface area of the box. 1 1 1
1 + —, 1 + —, 1 + ——, . . .
1 1 1
2+— 2+— 2+—
2 1 1
x+1 2+— 2+—
2 1
3 2+—
2
x
x+1
x+5
x
Solve the system by graphing. (Section 3.5)

58. y = x2 + 6 59. 2x2 − 3x − y = 0 60. 3 = y − x2 − x 61. y = (x + 2)2 − 3
5 9
y = 3x + 4 —2 x −y= —4 y = −x2 − 3x − 5 y = x2 + 4x + 5
Book 1.indb 390 4/10/18 2:19 PM

7.5 Solving Rational Equations
Essential Question How can you solve a rational equation?
Solving Rational Equations

Work with a partner. Match each equation with the graph of its related system of
FLORIDA
DA equations. Explain your reasoning. Then use the graph to solve the equation.
STANDARDS
ARDS
2 2 −x − 1
a. — = 1 b. — = 2 c. — = x + 1
MAFS.912.A-CED.1.4
2 A CED 1 4 x−1 x−2 x−3
MAFS.912.A-REI.1.1
2 1 −1 1
MAFS.912.A-REI.1.2 d. — = x e. — = — f. — = x2
x−1 x x−2 x
A. 4 B. 4
−6 6 −6 6
−4 −4
4 4
C. D.
−6 6 −6 6
−4 −4
E. 4 F. 4
−6 6 −6 6
−4 −4
MAKING SENSE Solving Rational Equations

OF PROBLEMS Work with a partner. Look back at the equations in Explorations 1(d) and 1(e).
To be proficient in math, Suppose you want a more accurate way to solve the equations than using a
you need to plan a graphical approach.
solution pathway rather
a. Show how you could use a numerical approach by creating a table. For instance,
than simply jumping into
you might use a spreadsheet to solve the equations.
a solution attempt.
b. Show how you could use an analytical approach. For instance, you might use the
method you used to solve proportions.

3. How can you solve a rational equation?
4. Use the method in either Exploration 1 or 2 to solve each equation.
x+1 x−1 1 1 1 1
a. — = — b. — = — c. — =—
x−1 x+1 x + 1 x2 + 1 x2 − 1 x − 1
Section 7.5 Solving Rational Equations 391
Book 1.indb 391 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Solve rational equations by cross multiplying.
Solve rational equations by using the least common denominator.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Use inverses of functions.
cross multiplying, p. 392
Previous Solving by Cross Multiplying
proportion You can use cross multiplying to solve a rational equation when each side of the
extraneous solution equation is a single rational expression.
inverse of a function
Solving a Rational Equation by Cross Multiplying

3 9
Solve — = —.
x + 1 4x + 5
SOLUTION
3 9
—=— Write original equation.
x + 1 4x + 5
3(4x + 5) = 9(x + 1) Cross multiply.
Check
3 ? 9 12x + 15 = 9x + 9 Distributive Property
—= —
−2 + 1 4(−2) + 5 3x + 15 = 9 Subtract 9x from each side.
3 ? 9
— = — 3x = −6 Subtract 15 from each side.
−1 −3
−3 = −3 ✓ x = −2 Divide each side by 3.
The solution is x = −2. Check this in the original equation.
Writing and Using a Rational Model
An alloy is formed by mixing two or more metals. Sterling silver is an alloy composed
of 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper by weight. You have 15 ounces of 800 grade silver,
which is 80% silver and 20% copper by weight. How much pure silver should you mix
with the 800 grade silver to make sterling silver?
SOLUTION
weight of copper in mixture
percent of copper in mixture = ———
total weight of mixture
7.5 (0.2)(15)
—=— x is the amount of silver added.
100 15 + x
7.5(15 + x) = 100(0.2)(15) Cross multiply.
112.5 + 7.5x = 300 Simplify.
7.5x = 187.5 Subtract 112.5 from each side.
x = 25 Divide each side by 7.5.
You should mix 25 ounces of pure silver with the 15 ounces of 800 grade silver.
Solve the equation by cross multiplying. Check your solution(s).

3 2 −4 5 1 x
1. — = — 2. — = — 3. — = —
5x x−7 x+3 x−3 2x + 5 11x + 8
Book 1.indb 392 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Solving by Using the Least Common Denominator
When a rational equation is not expressed as a proportion, you can solve it by
multiplying each side of the equation by the least common denominator of the
rational expressions.
Solving Rational Equations by Using the LCD
Solve each equation.

5 7 9 8 3
a. — + — = −— b. 1 − — = —
x 4 x x−5 x
SOLUTION
5 7 9
a. — + — = −— Write original equation.
x 4 x
Check
5 7 ? 9
(5 7
4x — + — = 4x −—
x 4 ) ( )
9
x
Multiply each side by the LCD, 4x.
— + — = −— 20 + 7x = −36 Simplify.
−8 4 −8
5 14 ? 9 7x = −56 Subtract 20 from each side.
−— + — = —
8 8 8 x = −8 Divide each side by 7.
9 9
—=—
8 8
✓ The solution is x = −8. Check this in the original equation.
8 3
b. 1−—=— Write original equation.
x−5 x
( 8
)
x(x − 5) 1 − — = x(x − 5) —
x−5
3
x ⋅ Multiply each side by the LCD, x(x − 5).
x(x − 5) − 8x = 3(x − 5) Simplify.

x2 − 5x − 8x = 3x − 15 Distributive Property
x2 − 16x + 15 = 0 Write in standard form.
(x − 1)(x − 15) = 0 Factor.
x=1 or x = 15 Zero-Product Property
The solutions are x = 1 and x = 15. Check these in the original equation.
Check
8 ? 3 8 ? 3
1−—= — Substitute for x. 1−— = —
1−5 1 15 − 5 15
? 4 ? 1
1+2= 3 Simplify. 1−— = —
5 5
3=3 ✓ 1 1
—=—
5 5
✓
Solve the equation by using the LCD. Check your solution(s).

15 4 7 3x 5 3 4x + 1 12
4. — + — = — 5. — − — = — 6. — = — +3
x 5 x x + 1 2x 2x x+1 x2 − 1
Book 1.indb 393 4/10/18 2:19 PM

When solving a rational equation, you may obtain solutions that are extraneous.
Be sure to check for extraneous solutions by checking your solutions in the
original equation.
Solving an Equation with an Extraneous Solution

6 8x2 4x
Solve — = — − —.
x−3 x −9 x+3
2
SOLUTION
Write each denominator in factored form. The LCD is (x + 3)(x − 3).
6 8x2 4x
— = —— − —
x − 3 (x + 3)(x − 3) x + 3
⋅ 6 8x2
⋅
(x + 3)(x − 3) — = (x + 3)(x − 3) —— − (x + 3)(x − 3) —
x−3 (x + 3)( x − 3)
4x
x+3 ⋅
6(x + 3) = 8x2 − 4x(x − 3)
6x + 18 = 8x2 − 4x2 + 12x
0 = 4x2 + 6x − 18
0 = 2x2 + 3x − 9
0 = (2x − 3)(x + 3)
2x − 3 = 0 or x+3=0
3
x=— or x = −3
2
Check
3
Check x = —: Check x = −3:
2
2
ANOTHER WAY 6 ()
? 8 —2
3
4 —32 () 6 ? 8(−3)2 4(−3)
You can also graph each —= —−— —= — −—
3 2 −3 − 3 (−3) − 9
2 −3 + 3
side of the equation and
3
—2 − 3 ()
—2 − 9
3
—2 + 3
find the x-value where the
graphs intersect.
6 ? 18
—= —−—
6 6 ? 72
—= —−—
−6 0
−12
0
✗
− —32 27
−—4
9
—2
20
? 8 4
−4 = −— − — Division by zero is undefined.
3 3
−8 12 −4 = −4 ✓
Intersection
X=1.5 Y=-4
−20
3
The apparent solution x = −3 is extraneous. So, the only solution is x = —.
2
Solve the equation. Check your solution(s).
9 6x 9x2 7 6
7. — + — = — 8. — − 5 = —
x−2 2x+2 x −4 x−1 2 x −1
Book 1.indb 394 4/10/18 2:19 PM

Using Inverses of Functions
Finding the Inverse of a Rational Function

2
Consider the function f (x) = —. Determine whether the inverse of f is a function.
x+3
Then find the inverse.
SOLUTION
Graph the function f. Notice that no horizontal line intersects the graph more than
once. So, the inverse of f is a function. Find the inverse.
2
y=— Set y equal to f(x). y
Check x+3
4
2
5
x=— Switch x and y.
y+3
−2 4 x
f x( y + 3) = 2 Cross multiply.
−11 7
−4
2
2 f(x) =
y+3=— Divide each side by x. x+3
g x
2
y=—−3 Subtract 3 from each side.
−7 x
2
So, the inverse of f is g (x) = — − 3.
x
Solving a Real-Life Problem
REMEMBER 50m + 1000

In Section 7.2 Example 5, you wrote the function c = ——, which represents
m
In part (b), the variables
the average cost c (in dollars) of making m models using a 3-D printer. Find how many
are meaningful. Switching
models must be printed for the average cost per model to fall to $90 by (a) solving an
them to find the inverse
equation, and (b) using the inverse of the function.
would create confusion.
So, solve for m without SOLUTION
switching variables.
a. Substitute 90 for c and solve by b. Solve the equation for m.
cross multiplying.
50m + 1000
c = ——
50m + 1000 m
90 = ——
m 1000
c = 50 + —
90m = 50m + 1000 m
40m = 1000 1000
c − 50 = —
m
m = 25
1000
m=—
c − 50
1000
When c = 90, m = — = 25.
90 − 50
So, the average cost falls to $90 per model after 25 models are printed.

1
9. Consider the function f (x) = — − 2. Determine whether the inverse of f is a
x
function. Then find the inverse.
50m + 800
10. WHAT IF? How do the answers in Example 6 change when c = —?
m
Book 1.indb 395 4/10/18 2:19 PM


1. WRITING When can you solve a rational equation by cross multiplying? Explain.
4 x
2. WRITING A student solves the equation — = — and obtains the solutions 3 and 4. Are either
x−3 x−3
of these extraneous solutions? Explain.

In Exercises 3–10, solve the equation by cross 14. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS You have 0.2 liter
multiplying. Check your solution(s). (See Example 1.) of an acid solution whose acid concentration is 16
moles per liter. You want to dilute the solution with
4 5 9 4
3. — = — 4. — = — water so that its acid concentration is only 12 moles
2x x+6 3x x+2 per liter. Use the given model to determine how many
6 9 8 2 liters of water you should add to the solution.
5. — = — 6. — = —
x−1 x+1 3x − 2 x−1
⋅
Concentration of Volume of
Concentration original solution original solution
x x−5 −2 x−8 =
7. — = — 8. — = — of new
2x + 7 x−1 x−1 x+1 solution Volume of Volume of
original solution + water added
x2 − 3 x−3 −1 x−4
9. — = — 10. — = —
x+2 2 x−32 x − 27
USING STRUCTURE In Exercises 15–18, identify the LCD
11. USING EQUATIONS So far in your volleyball practice, of the rational expressions in the equation.
you have put into play 37 of the 44 serves you have x 1 3 5x 7 9
90 37 + x 15. — + — = — 16. — − — = —
attempted. Solve the equation — = — to find x+3 x x x−1 x x
100 44 + x
the number of consecutive serves you need to put into 2 x 1 4 3x 10
17. — + — = — 18. — + — = —
play in order to raise your serve percentage to 90%. x+1 x+4 2 x+9 2x − 1 3
In Exercises 19–30, solve the equation by using the LCD.

Check your solution(s). (See Examples 3 and 4.)
3 1 2 1 4
19. — + — = 2 20. — + — = —
2 x 3x 6 3x
x−3 3x 2 1 x−1
21. — + 4 = — 22. — + — = —
x−4 x x−3 x x−3
6x 2x + 2 10 x+9
23. — + 4 = — 24. — + 3 = —
x+4 x−1 x x−4
12. USING EQUATIONS So far this baseball season, you
have 12 hits out of 60 times at-bat. Solve the equation 18 6 5 10 4 5
25. — −—=— 26. — +—=—
12 + x 2x − 3x x−3 x x2 − 2x x x − 2
0.360 = — to find the number of consecutive hits
60 + x
x+1 1 2x + 1 x+3 x x+5
you need to raise your batting average to 0.360. 27. — + — = — 28. — + — = —
x+6 x x+6 x−3 x−5 x−5
13. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS Brass is an alloy 5 2
29. — − 2 = —
composed of 55% copper and 45% zinc by weight. x x+3
You have 25 ounces of copper. How many ounces of
zinc do you need to make brass? (See Example 2.) 5 x−3
30. — =2+—
2x +x−6 x−2
Book 1.indb 396 4/10/18 2:19 PM

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 31 and 32, describe and 35. OPEN-ENDED Give an example of a rational equation
correct the error in the first step of solving the equation. that you would solve using cross multiplication and
one that you would solve using the LCD. Explain
✗
31.
your reasoning.
5 2
—+—
2
=1
3x x
36. OPEN-ENDED Describe a real-life situation that
5 2
3x3 ⋅ — + 3x3 —
3x ⋅
x2
=1
can be modeled by a rational equation. Justify
your answer.
In Exercises 37–44, determine whether the inverse of f is
✗
32.
7x + 1 10x − 3 a function. Then find the inverse. (See Example 5.)
—
2x + 5
+4=—
3x 2 7
37. f(x) = — 38. f(x) = —
7x + 1 10x − 3 x−4 x+6
⋅
(2x + 5)3x — + 4 = — (2x + 5)3x
2x + 5 3x ⋅
3 5
39. f(x) = — − 2 40. f(x) = — − 6
x x
33. PROBLEM SOLVING You can paint a room in 8 hours.
Working together, you and your friend can paint the 4 8
41. f(x) = — 42. f(x) = —
room in just 5 hours. 11 − 2x 9 + 5x
a. Let t be the time (in hours) your friend would take
1 1
to paint the room when working alone. Copy and 43. f(x) = —2 + 4 44. f(x) = —4 − 7
x x
complete the table.
(Hint: (Work done) = (Work rate) × (Time))
45. PROBLEM SOLVING The cost of fueling your car for
Work rate Time Work done 1 year can be calculated using this equation:
You —
1 room
8 hours
5 hours
Fuel cost for
Miles driven ⋅ Priceofperfuelgallon
1 year =
Friend 5 hours Fuel-efficiency
rate
b. Explain what the sum of the expressions
represents in the last column. Write and solve an Last year you drove 9000 miles, paid $3.24 per gallon
equation to find how long your friend would take of gasoline, and spent a total of $1389 on gasoline.
to paint the room when working alone. Find the fuel-efficiency rate of your car by (a) solving
an equation, and (b) using the inverse of the function.
34. PROBLEM SOLVING You can clean a park in 2 hours. (See Example 6.)
Working together, you and your friend can clean the
park in just 1.2 hours.
a. Let t be the time (in hours) your friend would take
to clean the park when working alone. Copy and
complete the table.
(Hint: (Work done) = (Work rate) × (Time))
Work rate Time Work done

1 park
You — 1.2 hours
2 hours
Friend 1.2 hours 46. PROBLEM SOLVING The recommended percent p (in
decimal form) of nitrogen (by volume) in the air that a
105.07
b. Explain what the sum of the expressions diver breathes is given by p = —, where d is the
represents in the last column. Write and solve an d + 33
depth (in feet) of the diver. Find the depth when
equation to find how long your friend would take
the air contains 47% recommended nitrogen by (a)
to clean the park when working alone.
solving an equation, and (b) using the inverse of the
function.
Book 1.indb 397 4/10/18 2:19 PM

USING TOOLS In Exercises 47–50, use a graphing USING STRUCTURE In Exercises 53 and 54, find the
calculator to solve the equation f(x) = g(x). inverse of the function. (Hint: Try rewriting the function
by using either inspection or long division.)
2
47. f(x) = —, g(x) = x
3x 3x + 1 4x − 7
53. f(x) = — 54. f(x) = —
x−4 2x + 3
3
48. f(x) = −—, g(x) = −x
5x 55. ABSTRACT REASONING Find the inverse of rational
ax + b
1 functions of the form y = —. Verify your answer
49. f(x) = — + 1, g(x) = x2 cx + d
x
is correct by using it to find the inverses in Exercises
2 53 and 54.
50. f(x) = — + 1, g(x) = x2 + 1
x
56. THOUGHT PROVOKING Is it possible to write a
51. MATHEMATICAL CONNECTIONS Golden rectangles rational equation that has the following number of
are rectangles for which the ratio of the width w to the solutions? Justify your answers.
lengthℓis equal to the ratio ofℓtoℓ+ w. The ratio
of the length to the width a. no solution b. exactly one solution
for these rectangles is called c. exactly two solutions d. infinitely many
the golden ratio. Find the w solutions
value of the golden ratio
using a rectangle with a
width of 1 unit. 57. CRITICAL THINKING Let a be a nonzero real number.
Tell whether each statement is always true, sometimes
true, or never true. Explain your reasoning.
52. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graph to identify the
1 x
4(x − 1) 2x − 2 a. For the equation — = —, x = a is an
solution(s) of the rational equation — = —. x−a x−a
x−1 x+1
extraneous solution.
Explain your reasoning.
3 x
b. The equation — = — has exactly
y x−a x−a
4(x − 1)
y= one solution.
6 x−1
1 2 2a
c. The equation — = — + — has
x − a x + a x2 − a2
no solution.
2
58. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend claims that it
−6 −4 −2 2 4x is not possible for a rational equation of the form
−2 2x − 2 x−a x−c
y= — = —, where b ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0, to have
x+1 b d
extraneous solutions. Is your friend correct? Explain
your reasoning.
Is the domain discrete or continuous? Explain. Graph the function using its domain.
(Skills Review Handbook)
59. The linear function y = 0.25x represents the amount of money y (in dollars) of x quarters in your
pocket. You have a maximum of eight quarters in your pocket.
60. A store sells broccoli for $2 per pound. The total cost t of the broccoli is a function of the number
of pounds p you buy.
Evaluate the function for the given value of x. (Section 4.1)

61. f(x) = x3 − 2x + 7; x = −2 62. g(x) = −2x 4 + 7x3 + x − 2; x = 3
63. h(x) = −x3 + 3x2 + 5x; x = 3 64. k(x) = −2x 3 − 4x 2 + 12x − 5; x = −5
Book 1.indb 398 4/10/18 2:19 PM

7.3–7.5 What Did You Learn?
Core Vocabulary
rational expression, p. 376 complex fraction, p. 387
simplified form of a rational expression, p. 376 cross multiplying, p. 392
Core Concepts
Section 7.3
Simplifying Rational Expressions, p. 376
Multiplying Rational Expressions, p. 377
Dividing Rational Expressions, p. 378
Section 7.4
Adding or Subtracting with Like Denominators, p. 384
Adding or Subtracting with Unlike Denominators, p. 384
Simplifying Complex Fractions, p. 387
Section 7.5
Solving Rational Equations by Cross Multiplying, p. 392
Solving Rational Equations by Using the Least Common Denominator, p. 393
Using Inverses of Functions, p. 395
Mathematical Practices
1. In Exercise 37 on page 381, what type of equation did you expect to get as your solution?
Explain why this type of equation is appropriate in the context of this situation.
2. Write a simpler problem that is similar to Exercise 44 on page 382. Describe how to use
the simpler problem to gain insight into the solution of the more complicated problem in
Exercise 44.
3. In Exercise 57 on page 390, what conjecture did you make about the value the given
expressions were approaching? What logical progression led you to determine whether
your conjecture was correct?
4. Compare the methods for solving Exercise 45 on page 397. Be sure to discussss the
similarities and differences between the methods as precisely as possible.
Performance Task
Circuit Design
A thermistor is a resistor whose resistance varies with temperature.
Thermistors are an engineer’s dream because they are inexpensive,
small, rugged, and accurate. The one problem with thermistors
is their responses to temperature are not linear. How would
you design a circuit that corrects this problem?
To explore the answers to these questions and more,

go to BigIdeasMath.com.
3
399
99
Book 1.indb 399 4/10/18 2:19 PM

7 Chapter Review
7.1 Inverse Variation (pp. 359–364)
Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com
The variables x and y vary inversely, and y = 12 when x = 3. Write an equation that relates x and y.
Then find y when x = −4.
a
y=— Write general equation for inverse variation.
x
a
12 = — Substitute 12 for y and 3 for x.
3
36 = a Multiply each side by 3.
36 36
The inverse variation equation is y = —. When x = −4, y = — = −9.
x −4

x
1. xy = 5 2. 5y = 6x 3. 15 = — 4. y − 3 = 2x
y
5. 6.
x 7 11 15 20 x 5 8 10 20
y 35 55 75 100 y 6.4 4 3.2 1.6
The variables x and y vary inversely. Use the given values to write an equation relating x and y.
Then find y when x = −3.
5 2
7. x = 1, y = 5 8. x = −4, y = −6 9. x = —, y = 18 10. x = −12, y = —
2 3
7.2 Graphing Rational Functions (pp. 365–372)

2x + 5
Graph y = —. State the domain and range.
x−1
Step 1 Draw the asymptotes. Solve x − 1 = 0 for x to find the y
vertical asymptote x = 1. The horizontal asymptote is the 8
( 3, 112 )
a 2
line y = — = — = 2.
c 1 (−2, −13 ) 4 ( 7, 196 )
Step 2 Plot points to the left of the vertical asymptote, such
−8 −4 4 8 x
( )( )
as −2, − —13 , −1, − —32 , and (0, −5). Plot points to the right 3
(−1, ) −4
−2
15
( 5, )
4
of the vertical asymptote, such as 3, —(
11
2 )(15
, 5, —4 ) 19
, and 7, —
6
.( ) (0, −5)
−8
Step 3 Draw the two branches of the hyperbola so that they pass
through the plotted points and approach the asymptotes.
The domain is all real numbers except 1 and the range is all real numbers except 2.

4 1 3x − 2
11. y = — 12. y = — + 2 13. f(x) = —
x−3 x+5 x−4
Book 1.indb 400 4/10/18 2:19 PM

7.3 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions (pp. 375–382)
3x + 27 x2 + 9x
Find the quotient — ÷ —— .
6x − 48 x2 − 4x − 32
3x + 27 x2 + 9x 3x + 27 x − 4x − 32
⋅ ——
2
— ÷ —— =— Multiply by reciprocal.
6x − 48
2 x − 4x − 32 6x − 48 x + 9x
2
3(x + 9) (x + 4)(x − 8)
= — ——
6(x − 8) ⋅x(x + 9)
Factor.
3(x + 9)(x + 4)(x − 8)

= —— Multiply. Divide out common factors.
2(3)(x − 8)(x)(x + 9)
x+4
= —, x ≠ 8, x ≠ −9, x ≠ −4 Simplified form
2x
Find the product or quotient.
x−3 6x − 96
⋅— ⋅—
80x 4 xy 2
14. — 15. —
3 y 5x2 2x − 8 x −92
16x2 − 8x + 1 20x2 − 5x x2 − 13x + 40

16. —— ÷— 17. —— ÷ (x2 − 5x − 24)
3 x − 7x + 12x
2 3 15x 2 x − 2x − 15
7.4 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions (pp. 383–390)
x x+2
Find the sum — + —— .
6x + 24 x + 9x + 20
2
x x+2 x x+2
— + —— = — + —— Factor each denominator.
6x + 24
2 x + 9x + 20 6(x + 4) (x + 4)(x + 5)
x+5 x+2
x
= — — + —— — ⋅ 6
6(x + 4) x + 5 (x + 4)(x + 5) 6 ⋅ LCD is 6(x + 4)(x + 5).
x2 + 5x 6x + 12
= —— + —— Multiply.
6(x + 4)(x + 5) 6(x + 4)(x + 5)
x2 + 11x + 12
= —— Add numerators.
6(x + 4)(x + 5)
5 x+4 5x 4x − 9 x+2 5x
18. — + — 19. — + —— 20. — −—
6(x + 3) 2x x+8 2 x + 5x − 24 2x + 4x + 3
2 x −9
a
Rewrite the function in the form g(x) = — + k. Graph the function. Describe the graph of g
x−h
a
as a transformation of the graph of f(x) = —.
x
5x + 1 4x + 2 9x − 10
21. g(x) = — 22. g(x) = — 23. g(x) = —
x−3 x+7 x−1
24. Let f be the focal length of a thin camera lens, p be the distance between
1
the lens and an object being photographed, and q be the distance between f=—
1 1
the lens and the film. For the photograph to be in focus, the variables —+—
p q
should satisfy the lens equation to the right. Simplify the complex fraction.
Chapter 7 Chapter Review 401
Book 1.indb 401 4/10/18 2:20 PM

7.5 Solving Rational Equations (pp. 391–398)
−4 x−1 x
Solve — = — + —.
x+3 x+3 x−4
The LCD is (x + 3)(x − 4).
−4 x−1 x
—=— +—
x+3 x+3 x−4
⋅ x−4
(x + 3)(x − 4) — = (x + 3)(x − 4)
+3
x−1
⋅—
x+3
+ (x + 3)(x − 4) ⋅ —
x
x−4
−4(x − 4) = (x − 1)(x − 4) + x(x + 3)
−4x + 16 = x2 − 5x + 4 + x2 + 3x
0 = 2x2 + 2x − 12
0 = x2 + x − 6
0 = (x + 3)(x − 2)
x+3=0 or x − 2 = 0
x = −3 or x=2
Check
Check x = −3: Check x = 2:

−4 ? −3 − 1 −3 −4 ? 2 − 1 2
—= —+— —= —+—
−3 + 3 −3 + 3 −3 − 4 2+3 2+3 2−4
−4 ? −4
—= —+—
0 0
−3
−7
✗ −4 ? 1
—= —+—
5 5
2
−2
Division by zero is undefined.

−4
—=—
5
−4
5
✓
The apparent solution x = −3 is extraneous. So, the only solution is x = 2.
Solve the equation. Check your solution(s).

5 7 8(x − 1) 4 2(x + 7) 2x + 20
25. — = — 26. — =— 27. — − 2 = —
x x+2 2 x −4 x+2 x+4 2x + 8
Determine whether the inverse of f is a function. Then find the inverse.
3 10 1
28. f(x) = — 29. f(x) = — 30. f(x) = — + 8
x+6 x−7 x
31. At a bowling alley, shoe rentals cost $3 and each game costs $4. The average cost c (in dollars)
4n + 3
of bowling n games is given by c = —. Find how many games you must bowl for the
n
average cost to fall to $4.75 by (a) solving an equation, and (b) using the inverse of a function.
Book 1.indb 402 4/10/18 2:20 PM

7 Chapter Test
The variables x and y vary inversely. Use the given values to write an equation relating x
and y. Then find y when x = 4.
7 3 5
1. x = 5, y = 2 2. x = −4, y = —2 3. x = —4 , y = —8
1
The graph shows the function y = — + k. Determine whether the value of each
x−h
constant h and k is positive, negative, or zero. Explain your reasoning.
4. y 5. y 6. y
Perform the indicated operation.

x2 − 3x − 4 x − 6
7. —
3x2y
3 5
÷ —3
4x y
6y2
2xy
8. —
3x
−—
x + x − 12
2
6
x+4
9. ——
2
— ⋅
x − 3x − 18 x + 1
4
10. — + —
x+5 2
2x
x − 25
(x + 3)(x − 2)
11. Let g(x) = ——. Simplify g(x). Determine whether the graph of f (x) = x − 2
x+3
and the graph of g are different. Explain your reasoning.
12. You start a small beekeeping business. Your initial costs are $500 for equipment and bees.
You estimate it will cost $1.25 per pound to collect, clean, bottle, and label the honey.
How many pounds of honey must you produce before your average cost per pound is
$1.79? Justify your answer.
13. You can use a simple lever to lift a 300-pound rock. The force F (in foot-pounds) needed
to lift the rock is inversely related to the distance d (in feet) from the pivot point of the
lever. To lift the rock, you need 60 pounds of force applied to a lever with a distance of
10 feet from the pivot point. What force is needed when you increase the distance to
15 feet from the pivot point? Justify your answer.
d
300 lb
3
pivot point
14. Three tennis balls fit tightly in a can as shown.

a. Write an expression for the height h of the can in terms of its radius r. Then rewrite
the formula for the volume of a cylinder in terms of r only.
b. Find the percent of the can’s volume that is not occupied by tennis balls. r
Chapter 7 Chapter Test 403
Book 1.indb 403 4/10/18 2:20 PM

7 Cumulative Assessment
1. Which of the following functions are shown in the graph? Select all that apply.
Justify your answers.
y
A y = −2x2 + 12x − 10
○ 8
B y = x2 − 6x + 13
○ 6
C y = −2(x − 3)2 + 8
○ 4
D y = −(x − 1)(x − 5)
○
2
2 4 6 x
2. You step onto an escalator and begin descending. After riding for 12 feet, you realize
that you dropped your keys on the upper floor and walk back up the escalator to
retrieve them. The total time T of your trip down and up the escalator is given by
12 12
T=—+—
s w−s
where s is the speed of the escalator and w is your walking speed. The trip took
9 seconds, and you walk at a speed of 6 feet per second. Find two possible speeds of
the escalator.
3. The graph of a rational function has asymptotes that intersect at the point (4, 3). Choose
the correct values to complete the equation of the function. Then graph the function.
12 −3
x+6
y = —— 9 −6
x+
3 −12
4. The tables below give the amounts A (in dollars) of money in two different bank
accounts over time t (in years).
Checking Account Savings Account
t 1 2 3 4 t 1 2 3 4
A 5000 5110 5220 5330 A 5000 5100 5202 5306.04
a. Determine the type of function represented by the data in each table.

b. Provide an explanation for the type of growth of each function.
c. Which account has a greater value after 10 years? after 15 years? Justify
your answers.
Book 1.indb 404 4/10/18 2:20 PM

5. Order the expressions from least to greatest. Justify your answer.
5 ( √3 —
125 )
2
251/2 ( √—
25 )
2
1253/2 ( √—5 )3
6. A movie grosses $37 million after the first week of release. The weekly gross
sales y decreases by 30% each week. Write an exponential decay function that
represents the weekly gross sales in week x. What is a reasonable domain and
range in this situation? Explain your reasoning.
7. Choose the correct relationship among the variables in the table. Justify your
answer by writing an equation that relates p, q, and r.
p q r
−12 20 16
3 1 −10
30 −82 −8
−1.5 4 0.5
○
A The variable p varies directly with the difference of q and r.
○
B The variable r varies inversely with the difference of p and q.
○
C The variable q varies inversely with the sum of p and r.
○
D The variable p varies directly with the sum of q and r.
8. You have taken five quizzes in your history class, and your average score is
83 points. You think you can score 95 points on each remaining quiz. How many
quizzes do you need to take to raise your average quiz score to 90 points? Justify
your answer.
Chapter 7 Cumulative Assessment 405
Book 1.indb 405 4/10/18 2:20 PM

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7 Rational Functions

7.1 Inverse Variation

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3-D Printer (p.

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Book 1.indb 358 4/10/18 2:19 PM

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Book 1.indb 359 4/10/18 2:19 PM

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Book 1.indb 362 4/10/18 2:19 PM

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What is an inverse variation equation relating x y

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

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Book 1.indb 363 4/10/18 2:19 PM

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Book 1.indb 364 4/10/18 2:19 PM

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Book 1.indb 366 4/10/18 2:19 PM

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