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    Lesson 8 Romantic Period 2

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    Moses Li
    1) The document discusses the rise of musical nationalism in the Romantic period, with composers seeking to develop unique styles incorporating native folk songs and traditions from their home countries. 2) Key composers discussed include Glinka, who incorporated Russian folk idioms into his operas, establishing a national style, and Tchaikovsky, who went on to become Russia's most famous 19th century composer with works integrating Russian folk themes and meters. 3) The document also profiles the contributions of other national composers and schools, such as Dvořák, who popularized Native American themes in his New World Symphony for the West, and Elgar, the first English composer to achieve international fame since Henry Pur

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    Lesson 8 Romantic Period 2

    Uploaded by

    Moses Li
    48 views6 pages
    1) The document discusses the rise of musical nationalism in the Romantic period, with composers seeking to develop unique styles incorporating native folk songs and traditions from their home countries. 2) Key composers discussed include Glinka, who incorporated Russian folk idioms into his operas, establishing a national style, and Tchaikovsky, who went on to become Russia's most famous 19th century composer with works integrating Russian folk themes and meters. 3) The document also profiles the contributions of other national composers and schools, such as Dvořák, who popularized Native American themes in his New World Symphony for the West, and Elgar, the first English composer to achieve international fame since Henry Pur

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    1) The document discusses the rise of musical nationalism in the Romantic period, with composers seeking to develop unique styles incorporating native folk songs and traditions from their home countries. 2) Key composers discussed include Glinka, who incorporated Russian folk idioms into his operas, establishing a national style, and Tchaikovsky, who went on to become Russia's most famous 19th century composer with works integrating Russian folk themes and meters. 3) The document also profiles the contributions of other national composers and schools, such as Dvořák, who popularized Native American themes in his New World Symphony for the West, and Elgar, the first English composer to achieve international fame since Henry Pur

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    48 views6 pages

    Lesson 8 Romantic Period 2

    Uploaded by

    Moses Li
    1) The document discusses the rise of musical nationalism in the Romantic period, with composers seeking to develop unique styles incorporating native folk songs and traditions from their home countries. 2) Key composers discussed include Glinka, who incorporated Russian folk idioms into his operas, establishing a national style, and Tchaikovsky, who went on to become Russia's most famous 19th century composer with works integrating Russian folk themes and meters. 3) The document also profiles the contributions of other national composers and schools, such as Dvořák, who popularized Native American themes in his New World Symphony for the West, and Elgar, the first English composer to achieve international fame since Henry Pur

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    1

    Lesson 8 Music of the Romantic Period (Part2 )

    Reading
    https://www.britannica.com/art/leitmotif
    Wagner: Tristan und Isode, Prelude: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fkj9OFhpb-
    M

    Nationalism
    • Emphasis on literary and linguistic tradition, an interest in folklore, a
    large dose of patriotism, and craving for independence and identity.
    • Composers tried to get rid of the German influence in music
    • Employing native folksongs and dances or imitating their musical
    character could develop a style that had ethnic identity.

    Russia
    Mikhail Glinka (1804 – 1857)
    • Gained his reputation after the patriotic opera Zhizn za tsarya (A Life
    for the Czar, 1836).
    ♪ Recitative and melodic writing has a Russian character,
    attributable to modal scale, quotation of folk songs, and folk like
    idioms.
    ♪ Ruslan and Lyudmila (his 2nd opera, 1842) also used the Russian folk
    idioms.
    Overture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-NDks9cunU

    Piotr Il’yich Tchaikovsky (1840 – 1893)


    • Became the best-known 19th century Russian composer
    • Begun a career in law, graduate from the St. Petersburg Conservatory
    and taught harmony at the Moscow Conservatory.
    • First success with the Fantasia Overture Romeo and Juliet after the
    Shakespearean play.
    • Composed 6 symphonies (No. 4 in F minor, No. 5 in E minor, and No. 6, the
    Pathétique, in B minor are still frequently performed.
    ♪ No.5 used of cyclic method
    ♪ No. 6 used Russian asymmetrical 5/4 meter
    • Other compositions:
    ♪ 3 piano concertos (No.1 in B flat minor), Violin Concerto in D
    ♪ 3 ballet score: Swan Lake (1876), The Sleeping Beauty
    (1889), ands The Nutcracker (1892).
    ♪ 1812 Overture, The Slavic March
    ♪ Opera: Eugene Onegin (1879), The Queen of Spades (1890)
    Symphony No. 4 Finale:
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txLp5HGlG8U
    The Birch Tree:
    https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=the+birch+tree
    2

    The Mighty Five


    Alexander Borodin (1833 – 1887)
    • Principal works:
    ♪ 2nd Symphony in B minor (1876), 2nd String Quartet in D (1885)
    ♪ Prince Igor, opera in 4 acts (completed by Rimsky-Korsakov and
    Glazunov in 1890): Polovetsian Dances
    Modest Mussorgsky (1839 – 1881)
    • Principal works:
    ♪ Orchestral: Night on Bald Mountain (1867)
    ♪ Piano: Picture at an Exhibition (1874, was orchestral by
    Ravel and many others later)
    ♪ Opera: Boris Godunov (1874)
    • Influence in Russian Music
    ♪ Texts in opera: following the accents of Russian speech as closely as
    possible.
    ♪ Quotation of folk tunes
    ♪ Use of modal harmony: nonfunctional harmonic progression.

    Mily Balakirev (1837 – 1910)

    César Cui (1835 – 1918)

    Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov (1844 – 1908)


    • Master of orchestration: Principles of Orchestration
    • Works included: Capriccio espagnol (1887), symphonic suite Sheherazade
    (1888), and the Russian Easter Overture (1888)
    Sheherazade (2nd movement, The Kalendar prince)
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qp4dyrJ79Cg

    Alexander Scriabin (1872 – 1915)


    • A concert pianist
    • Works included: nocturnes, preludes, etudes, and mazurkas in the manner
    of Chopin.
    • Used chromaticism which was influenced Liszt
    • Complex harmonic language

    Czech (Bohemian)
    Bedřich Smetana (1824 – 1884)
    • Symphonic Poems: Má vlast (My Fatherland; 1872 – 80)
    • String Quartet: From My Life

    Antonín Dvořák (1841 – 1904)


    • Works included:
    ♪ Symphony No. 9 in E Minor, From the New World (2nd
    movement)
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZlenE1Nb8c
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W19CU3zwxkM
    3

    ♪ 21 Slavic Dances
    ♪ String Quartet, Piano Trios
    ♪ Piano Concerto, Cello Concerto, Violin Concerto

    Norway
    Edvard Hagerup Grieg (1843 – 1907)
    • Incidental Music Peer Gynt for Ibsen’s play – Peer Gynt Suite
    Solveig’s Song: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TUhk00H86g
    • Piano Concerto in A minor
    • Violin Sonata, Cello Sonata
    • String Quartet
    • Piano Sonata, Lyric Pieces for Piano

    England
    Sir Edward Elgar (1857 – 1934)
    • 1st English composer with international recognition after Henry Purcell
    • Works included: 2 Symphonies, the Enigma Variations (1899), Violin
    Concerto, Cello Concerto, Pomp and Circumstances, No. 1. (Land of Hope
    and Glory: 4’52”) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vvgl_2JRIUs

    Spain
    Isaac Albeniz (1860 – 1909)
    • Pianist composer
    • Works: Iberia, Suite Espanõla,
    No. 5 Asturias: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTFdrLCXqmE

    Enrique Granados (1867 – 1916)


    • Contemporary with Albeniz
    • Works: 12 Spanish Dances, Goyescas (No. 4 The Maid and the Nightingale)

    Manual de Falla (1876 – 1946)


    • Opera in one act: La vida breve (Life is Short)
    • Ballet score: El amor brujo, The Three Corner’s Hat
    • Nights in the Gardens of Spain: for Piano Orchestra
    • Composition style: Spanish rhythm and melodies

    European Music at the turn of centuries

    Italian Opera
    • After Verdi: opera became truthism, realism or naturalism.
    • Librettos present everyday people’s life.

    Giacomo Puccini (1858 – 1924)


    • Appropriate to realistic libretto: Tosca (1900) and Il tabarro (1918)
    4

    • Musical ideas:
    ♪ Suddenly sprouted melody
    ♪ Parallel chords, augmented triads, added sixths, and whole tone scales.
    ♪ Wagnerian influences: chromatic alterations, use of leitmotif.
    ♪ La bohème (1896)
    ♪ Oriental influences: Madama Butterfly (1904, Japanese),
    Turandot (1926, Chinese, incomplete) Signore Ascolta
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J79QzJG8BCs

    The Late Romantic Masters


    Russia
    Sergei Rachmaninov (1873 – 1943)
    • Known not only as a composer but also the most demanded pianist
    • Cultivated a late Romantic, sweepingly passionate, melodious idiom
    • Not interested in the national movement; left Russia in 1917 and never
    returned.
    • Compositions included:
    ♪ 3 Symphonies (3rd Movement from No.2), Symphonic Dance,
    Symphonic Poem The Isle of Death
    ♪ 4 Piano Concertos, Rhapsopy on a Theme of Paganini (1934)
    Variation 18 (16:20):
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppJ5uITLECE
    ♪ Piano pieces: Preludes, Sonata, etc
    ♪ Chamber works and songs

    Finland
    Jean Sibelius (1865 – 1957)
    • Orchestral works: 7 Symphnoies, 3 Symphonic poems, Violin Concerto

    France
    Gabriel Fauré (1845 – 1924)
     Studying with Saint-Saëns from 1861 to 1865
     Organist, founder of National Society for French Music
     Became the Professor and the director of the Paris Conservatory,
    students included Ravel and Nadia Boulonger.
     A master of the French art song.
     His work was based on a strong understanding of harmonic structures:
    ♪ use of seventh and ninth chords are no longer considered
    ♪ dissonant and the mediant can be altered without changing the
    mode.
    ♪ use of the church modes.
     Works included:
    ♪ Requiem in D minor, Op. 48
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBzSoXUOfos
    ♪ Pavane, Op. 50
    5

    The German Tradition


    Hugo Wolf (1860 – 1903)
    • Known as a lieder composer (250 lieder); also writing for piano, choruses,
    symphonic works and one opera, Der Corregidor (1896)

    Gustav Mahler (1860 – 1911)


    • Built his career as a composer as well as a conductor
    • Worked as the director of the Vienna Opera House, Metropolitan Opera in
    New York, New York Philharmonic Orchestra
    • Admired Wagner’s music
    • Unsuccessful attempts at composing opera but brilliant in symphonies and
    lieder
    • Composed 5 song cycles for solo voices with orchestra:
    ♪ Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen (Songs of a Wayfarer, 1883 – 84).
    ♪ Lieder aus “Des Knaben Wunderhorn” (The Boy’s Magic Horn, 1892 –
    98).
    ♪ Rückert Lieder, after the poems of Friedrich Rückert (1901 – 02).
    ♪ Kindertotenlieder (Songs on the Death of Children, 1901 – 04).
    ♪ Das Lied von der Erde (1907– 09).

    • 9 Symphonies
    ♪ *No. 1 in D, Titan, after Jean Paul (1884 – 88, 2nd rev. 1906).
    ♪ No. 2 in C minor, the Resurrection with a soprano and alto voice
    and a mixed choruses (1888 – 94,rev. 1903).
    ♪ No. 3 in D minor, used a contralto solo with boys and women’s
    chorus (1893 – 96, rev. 1906).
    ♪ No. 4 in G, last movement is a song on a text from Des Knaben
    Wunderhorn (1892, 99 – 1900, rev. 1901 – 10).
    ♪ *No. 5 , from the funeral gloom of the opening march to the triumph
    of scherzo and the joy of finale (Beethoven’s 5th) (1901 – 02)
    3rd movement. Scherzo (28:20 – 45:05):
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOvXhyldUko&t=1736s
    ♪ *No. 6 in A minor, Tragic (1903 – 04).
    ♪ *No. 7, Song of the Night: 2 slow movements, with unusual
    instruments: mandolin and guitar (1904 – 05).
    ♪ No. 8 in E-flat Major, Symphony of Thousand: required a
    super-big size orchestra and chorus (1906 – 07).
    ♪ Die Lied von der Erde (The Songs of the Earth,) song cycle-
    symphony, based on the translation of Chinese Poem (1907 –
    09).
    ♪ *No. 9 in D major to D flat major (1908 – 09).
    ♪ NO. 10 in F-sharp minor, in completed (1910 – 11).
    *Instrumental Only
    6

    Richard Strauss (1864 – 1949)


    • Son of Franz Strauss, the principle horn player in the Court opera of Munich.
    • Assistant to Hans von Bülow at the Berlin State Opera.
    • Became the most famous German composer and conductor around 1900.
    • Master of symphonic as well as vocal compositions
    • Works included Symphonic Poems, Opera, Lieder, Chamber Music:
    • Symphonic Poems:
    ♪ Don Juan (1889)
    ♪ Tod und Verklärung (Death and Transfiguration, 1889)
    ♪ Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche (Till Eulenspiegel’s Merry Pranks,
    1895)
    ♪ Also sprach Zarathustra (1896): inspired by Friedrich Nietzsche's
    philosophical 1883-1885 novel Thus Spoke Zarathustra and was
    quoted in the soundtrack of the film 2001: A Space Odysseus.
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4d88IgvhK4
    ♪ Don Quixote (1897): for Cello, Viola and orchestra after the
    Spanish epic.
    ♪ Ein Heldenleben (A Hero’s Life, 1898)
    • 2 Programmed Symphonies
    ♪ Sinfonia domestica (1903)
    ♪ Alpensymphonie (Alpine Symphony, 1915)
    • 2 Concertos for Horn, Oboe Concerto
    • Major Operas
    ♪ Salome (1905): after Oscar Wilde’s play based on a biblical story
    ♪ Elekra (1908):
    – Began the collaboration with Hugo von Hofmannsthal
    for 7 seven operas.
    – Used of chromatic harmony, dissonant polytonal
    passages and diatonic tonal sections.
    – With Leimotifs: Wagner’s influence.
    ♪ Der Rosenkavalier (1911): the best known Strauss Opera
    – Mock-Romantic, sensuous melodic curves, novel
    harmonic twist, magical orchestral colors, and a lively
    sense of comedy.
    – Overflows with the lighthearted rhythms and melodies
    of Viennese Waltz
    Act 3, Trio: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fi810zB3L04
    ♪ Ariadne auf Naxos (Ariadne at Naxos, 1912)

    Lieder
    • Four Last Songs (1945): The last composition for Soprano and Orchestra

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