LESSON PLAN IN GRADE 11

I. Objective
At the end of discussion, the students will be able to:
 explain the common text structures;
 use the types of text structures to organize information based on given topics and;
 tell the importance and significant use of text structures to better understand a reading
text and to help readers improve their reading comprehension.

II. Subject Matter

a. Topic: Text Structures
b. Reference: Learning Module in English Academic and Professional Purposes, pp. 18-25;
https://dpi.wi.gov/sites/default/files/imce/ela/images/Text%20Structures.pdf

c. Materials:
Power point presentation
Visual aids
Reading material
TEACHER’S ACTIVITY LEARNER’S ACTIVITY
- Preliminary activities
- Greetings
Good morning class! Good morning Sir
- Prayer
Before we begin our proper class discussion, (Somebody will lead a prayer)
please stand for a prayer.
- Checking of Attendance
Who are absent today? Kindly make a list Ms.
Secretary then give it to me.

- Review (Call a student to answer)

Who can still recall our previous lesson? What was it all
about?

Alright!
That’s good to know that you can still remember our
previous lesson.

- Motivation
We will be learning new lesson today but first, let
us have a short activity.
I want you to read and observe these paragraphs.

1. On April 23, 1564, William Shakespeare was born in

Stratford-on-Avon in England. He attempted a local
grammar school in the town. At the age of eighteen, he
married Ann Hathaway. Several years later, he traveled
to London. By the time he was twenty-eight, he had
established his reputation by acting and writing plays.
Other than these facts, little is known of Shakespeare’s
early life.

2. Headaches can have several causes. Many people think

that the major cause of headache is nervous tension, but
there is strong evidence that suggests diet and
environment as possible factors. Some people get
headaches because they are dependent on caffeine. (Students reading the paragraphs.)
Other people may be allergic to salt, or they may have
low blood sugar. Still other people are allergic to
household chemicals including polishes, waxes, bug
killers and paint. If they can manage to avoid these
substances, their headaches tend to go away.

3. When one is deciding whether to go to the beach or the

woods, the type of activities that each location offers
are an important point to consider. At the beach, one
 can enjoy the water by swimming, surfing or even
building a sandcastle with a moat that will fill with
water. When one is in the woods, one may be able to go
fishing or swimming in a nearby lake or one may not be
near to water at all.

 Observe how each paragraph differs. The events are somehow in sequence and
 How are the details written and organized in proper order according to the time it
in the first paragraph? happens and occurs.

Very good!
The events in the first paragraph are written in a
chronological order. It is organized as to when each event
happened according to specific time and occurrences.
The information in the second paragraph
 How are the information and events in the are presented to show a cause and effect
second paragraph presented? relationship.

That’s right!
You can easily identify a paragraph that shows cause and
effect because of the key words like because, that is why,
due to and a lot more. It presents the reason of why a
certain event or situation occur.

 How are the idea and details in the third The third paragraph is trying to compare
paragraph organized and written? two ideas.
Good answer!
Two things are being compared in the paragraph- a stay
at the beach or in the woods.

Excellent answers Class!

Given all these ways of organizing details and arranging

of information in a paragraph, do you find it helpful in
order to make you better understand what the paragraph
is all about?
Yes!
In what way do you think it helps you to better
comprehend and to easily understand the paragraph you
are reading?
It emphasizes the main idea and general
thought of the whole paragraph.

Great idea class!

- Presentation and Discussion of the Lesson

Earlier in the activity, we have mentioned about the cause

and effect relationship used in a paragraph, comparing
and contrasting of ideas and the use of chronological
order or sequence to arrange the events in the paragraph
as it occurs according to time.
Class, in other words, we call them text structures.

What is a text structure?

Kindly, read this everybody.

Text structures refer to the way authors

organize information in text.
So, authors or writers do not use text structures randomly.
They use text structures depending on the idea that they
wanted to convey and to tell the readers. It depends on
 the purpose and the information that will be written.

Before we dig deeper into it, let us identify the different

types of text structures that authors use. These are
actually the common text structures that we often read
and find when we are reading stories, passages or any
reading texts.

Common Text Structures

1. Chronological Order
It is also known as time order. This structure
is organized from one point in time to
another.

Chronological order is also called as the sequence

of events according to time order.

Who can tell me what are the common signal

words do we usually encounter in paragraph
written in chronological order? There will be dates as to when each event
happened.
Excellent answer!

Next text structure that we commonly observed in

a reading passage is sequence.
Please read this everyone.

2. Sequence
Steps described in the order they occur. It
does not take place in a specific point in
time.

- Who can explain or share his idea about sequence? It is a text structure that presents a step-
by-step method or process of something
Very good! which uses words like first, second, third,
Now, without reading the posted definition, who then, afterwards etc. that can be found in
can tell how is cause and effect used in the the paragraph.
paragraph?
It is used to show the reasons behind
That’s right! every situation that happened.
So, kindly read this one everybody.
It also presents the reason and result of
3. Cause-Effect every event.
This structure shows how one or more
causes led to one or more effects. Many
texts do not include just one cause leading
to one effect– instead, there may be
several causes and several effects.

Let us proceed to the next text structure which

the problem-solution.

Please read everybody.

4. Problem-Solution
The text structure presents a problem and
shows how it can be (or has been) solved.
The key difference between cause-effect
and problem-solution is that the latter
always present a solution while the former
does not. For me, a problem-solving text structure
starts by presenting the problem and
Who can exactly tell the class the difference afterwards, it provides solution to resolve
between cause and effect and problem-solution the given problem. While cause and effect
text structures? always presents the root cause and reason
of why a certain event occurred and how
it affects after it happens.
 5. Compare-Contrast
This text structure shows how two or more
ideas or items are similar or different. The
text may use a clustered approach, with
details about one topic followed by the
details about the other. It may also show
an alternating approach, with the author
going back between the two topics. There are two or more ideas being
compared in the paragraph where their
similarities and differences are discussed
So, going back to our activity earlier. We had an and explained.
example of paragraph there that shows compare
and contrast text structure.
In you own words, try to share and explain what
can we see and observe in a paragraph with
compare-contrast structure?

That’s correct!
In other words, two or more things or ideas are
being compared elaborating how each one
differed from another and how they are similar
as well.

6. Exemplification/Classification
 An exemplification paragraph
develops a general statement--the
topic sentence-with one or more
specific examples.

This is an example of an exemplification

paragraph:

Cats are very good pets for several reasons. They are
naturally good caregivers because they take care of their
kittens, so they want to take care of their owners as well.
Cats are quite clean, and if you train them to use a litter
box, they require almost no cleanup in their areas.

 A classification paragraph divides

things into groups, classes, or
categories. It also organizes ideas
into divisions based on criteria or
standards.

Now, for classification text structure of a

paragraph, I want you to observe and read this
then, let us try to see the how exemplification
and classification differs.

A drink may be classified according to whether or not it For me, exemplification paragraph uses
contains alcohol. Therefore, basically, there are two types
of drinks: alcoholic ad non-alcoholic. Alcoholic drinks are
supporting details and statement to
spirits, wine and beer. Non-alcoholic drinks may be sub- elaborate the main idea of the paragraph
divided into hot drinks and cold drinks. Hot drinks are while classification paragraph is more on
drinks like tea, milk or coffee while cold drinks are like grouping idea into categories.
lemonade and carbonated drinks like soft drinks.

So, try to compare exemplification paragraph

and classification paragraph, how do you think
they differ?

You got a point class!

Look at this diagram:

This is how classification paragraph is
structured.
 Now, this is how exemplification paragraph is
written and structured.

It should be kind and respectful words.

We commonly use romantic words.

The most important thing you have to remember with

classification paragraph is that ideas are subdivided in to
groups and categories to further explain, to elaborate and Sometimes, we use words that only
to give examples on the given topic. among us knew.

For exemplification, the paragraph usually starts with the

main idea or topic sentence and then, the rest of the
Persuasion mean to convey, and this
sentences that follow are sub-details supporting the topic
means that this the paragraph that uses
sentence.
this text structure aims to convince the
readers to believe on a specific point or
- Let us proceed to persuasion, from the word itself, it is argument.
very easy to understand.
- So, who can read the definition of persuasion text
structure and explain it to the class?

7. Persuasion Cause and effect

This text structure convinces readers to agree Compare and contrast
to an argument or claim about a particular Problem and solution
topic. Chronological order
Sequence
Very good class! Exemplification/classification
Persuasion
So again, what are the common text structures used in
paragraphs?

Very good class!

This time let us answer a short activity.

E. Application Answers:
1. E.
Read the following passages and identify the text structure
2. B.
being used. Write only the letter of your choice.
3. D.
a. Problem and solution 4. A.
b. Compare and contrast 5. F.
c. Chronological order 6. G.
d. Cause and effect
e. Sequence/ process
f. Persuasion
g. Exemplification/ classification

1. Making ice-cream is not easy. Cream and

sugar have to first be mixed in a frozen container.
Ingredients may be added at this point, if desired.
The mixture must be stirred and whipped until the
cream and sugar mixture is frozen. Depending on
the equipment, this may take as long as an hour.
After the ice-cream is prepared, it must be kept
frozen until it is ready to be enjoyed. Making ice-
cream is difficult, but most people would agree that
it is worth the trouble.

2. There are two types of people in this world:

cat people and dog people. Which type are you?
Well, if you like a pet that is low maintenance, you
might be a cat person. Cats are easier to take care
of than dogs because cats are very independent.
Since they use litter boxes, they do not have to be
taken outside to go potty like dogs. Also, cats clean
themselves while dogs need occasional baths. If
you prefer a pet that requires more attention, you
may be a dog person. Most dogs are very loyal and
obedient. You can play games like fetch or tug of
war with a dog. Dogs will also alert you when
someone is outside of your home, whereas cats will
usually just stay quiet. Both cats and dogs like to be
petted, and they both make excellent pets, but it
takes a certain kind of person to own them. Which
kind of person are you?

3. Fireworks are beautiful; but as with many

beautiful things, they are also dangerous. Misusing
fireworks can result in property damage, injury, and
even the loss of life. Such accidents usually happen
for one of two reasons. The operators may be using
poorly manufactured products, such as fireworks
with fuses that burn too quickly. A defective
firework can cause even the most skilled operator
to have an accident. Other times, however, it is the
operator who is at fault. The operator may be
unskilled or distracted and make a mistake, such as
setting up an explosion sequence improperly or not
accounting for conditions in the environment, like
soundproof foaming. For these reasons even the
most beautiful fireworks display can turn really ugly
really quickly.

4. Working on a computer may be easier and

safer than working in a mine, but it does not come
without risks. Using a computer for a long time can
lead to poor eyesight, muscle loosening, back pain,
and injuries to the hands and wrists. If you find
yourself working or playing on a computer quite
regularly, take a few steps to prevent these
problems. When you are computing for a long time,
take frequent breaks. Get up and walk around
every once and while. Exercise a little bit. Take your
eyes off of the computer screen. Stretch your
hands and wrists. Straighten your back. It can be
hard to pull yourself away from your computer
once you get into a zone, but your body will thank
you later if you do. Make your health a priority.

5. Imagine a child as young as ten years old on

the website Facebook chatting with a grown man
or grown woman. Should parents let their children
as young as ten years old be on Facebook? Parents
should not let their children or child be on
Facebook because on Facebook there are a lot of
things that are said and done that a child of that
age should not be able to see. If a parent approves
of a child being on Facebook it is very
inappropriate. Because that child may tell a story
about their age and someone much older may see
it and think their telling the truth and start sending
 them messages and the child might not like it at all.
When a child that young is on a website like
Facebook they might get excited and go overboard.
For example, the child might tell where they live,
their address, and a lot more information that is
not needed. In conclusion, parents should not let
children under age get on Facebook because many
different things can happen.
6. There are four main levels of the Boy Scouts
of America. Boys who are in first grade or are seven
years old can enter the Tiger Cubs. Each Tiger Cub
has an adult partner. Uniforms are optional for
Tiger Cubs. Scouts and adults may wear orange
Tiger T-shirts and hats. Boys who are in second
grade or are at least eight years old can join the
Cub Scouts. The Cub Scouts wear blue uniforms
with blue and gold scarves. Boys who are 11 to 17 Readers might lose interest in reading the
years old can join the Boy Scouts. Boy Scouts wear text.
khaki uniforms that include caps, scarves, shirts,
and pants. Boys and girls who are 14 to 20 years Readers will find it even hard to
old can join the Venturing program. This program comprehend and understand what they
helps young people develop leadership skills. are reading.
Members of the Venturing program wear green
uniforms. No, it is because, as discussed earlier, the
use of every text structure depends on the
purpose of writing. Therefore, if you
failed to use appropriate text structure,
F. Generalization then, the purpose or goal cannot be
achieved.
Try to imagine if authors decide to write their stories or
paragraphs without using any proper text structures at all,
how can it affect readers?
It organizes the information which makes
it way easier for the readers to understand
the purpose and the message of the
Exactly!
reading text.
If the writer’s purpose in writing is to persuade and
convince his readers and yet he uses classification text Yes sir!
structure, do you think the purpose of the writer can be No sir!
achieved? Why do you think so?

Very good answer class!

For all of you as learners and readers at the same time,

how are these text structures help you to understand what
you are reading?

That’s right!
So, was the lesson already clear to you?
Do yu have any clarification before we proceed to the
next activity?
G. Evaluation
(Group Task)

I will group the class into five.

I have here colored envelopes written inside is your task.

Envelope 1- Cause and Effect

Envelope 2- Problem and Solution
 Envelope 3- Sequence/ Process
Envelope 4- Compare and Contrast
Envelope 5- Persuasion

In 3 minutes, each group should write a paragraph

consisting of 7-10 sentences about the topic that you will
choose using the text structure you have picked and
selected.

Afterwards, choose a presenter in your group to present

and share your output in the class.

Rubric:
10 5 3
Use of Text The group has The group has 1-2 3-4 information
Structure and appropriately used mistakes due to and details are
Content the text structure improper irrelevant and
in their paragraph application and improperly
and the idea is use of the text organized in the
organized structure in paragraph.
according to the organizing the
use and purpose of details in the
the text structure. paragraph.
1-2 details are
misleading and
somehow not
connected and
related to the main
idea of the
paragraph.
Grammar The presenter has The presenter has The presenter
Composition only 1-2 mistakes 3-4 mistakes committed major
according to according to number of
correct grammar correct grammar mistakes in
rules. rules. grammar.
Stage presence The presenter is The presenter is The presenter is
confident and showing difficulty not confident
knows how to when presenting resulting to
deliver his output his output. multiple mistakes
well. and improper
delivery of his
output.

H. Assignment

Watch the latest news tonight on TV.

Take note of the details discussed and organize the
information you collected through writing a paragraph
applying any text structure that is appropriate to the topic
or news broadcasted.
Present it in the class in the next meeting.