Wk14 Cable Basics

Cable Basics
Week 14
ICS 620
CABLE BASICS
ICS 620
Week 14
Overview — Cable TV Systems
• History
• Two-Way vs. Broadcast
• HFC – Digital Systems

History
• 1948
• Rebroadcast of basic TV channels
• Premium Channels (HBO)
• Pay per View (WWF, Rock Concerts)
• Local Origination (PEG Channels)
• Data (ISP; IP telephony; IP video))
Frequency Allocation
Cable TV Frequencies
Cable TV Frequency Allocation
5 - 50 MHz Sub band Upstream Cable
54 - 88 MHz VHF-Lo Ch. 2 – 6
88 – 108 MHz FM Radio FM radio
90 – 174 MHz Mid band Downstream Cable
174 – 216 MHz VHF-Hi Ch. 7-13
216 – 300 MHz Super band Downstream Cable
300 – 1002 MHz Hyper band Downstream Cable
470 - 806 MHz UHF Ch. 14-69
Cable System Architecture
• Antenna Systems
•Off-air; microwave, satellite
•Headend
•Signal reception, processing and conditioning,
scrambling (analog) or encryption (digital)
• Distribution Plant
•Amplifiers, Traps, Trunk, Feeder, Multi-taps and
Drop
• Subscriber Equipment – “The Box”

•De-scrambling or de-encryption
Cable TV Tower
Cable System
CATV Headend
Analog CATV Headend
Spectrum Allocation with Sub
band Reverse
Basic Coaxial CATV System
CATV Distribution Map
Strand Map
Distribution Cables
Trunk Lines - 3/4” to 1”

in diameter
Feeder Lines - 1/2” in diameter
Drop Lines - 1/4” in diameter
Trunk Amplifiers - Every 2000 feet
Bridger Amplifiers - Every .35 to .5 miles
Coaxial Cable Signal Loss
The principal negative of coaxial cable is its

relatively high loss over distance. Coaxial
cable signal loss is a function of its diameter,
dielectric construction, temperature, and
operating frequency. A ballpark figure is 1 dB
of loss per 100 feet.
Ch. 2
Ch. 13
Example
The logarithm of the attenuation of cable (in
dB) varies with the square root of the
frequency. The attenuation at 216 MHz (Ch.
13) is twice that of 54 MHz (Ch. 2) since the
frequency is four times as great. Thus, if Ch.
2 is attenuated 10 dB in 1,000 feet, Ch. 13 will
be attenuated 20 dB.
Two-Way vs. One-Way
• Splits (sub band v. mid band)
• Change in perspective by user

– New services
• Digitization
CATV Multiplexing
f2
f1
Time Division Multiplexing
F
R
E
Q
U
E
N
C
Y
t1 t2 t3 t4
TIME
Feeder Network
CATV Trunk Station
CATV Trunk Station
Code Operated Switch
Two Way Distribution Network
Subscriber Pedestal
Multi-Tap
CATV Set-Top Box
Problems with Broadband Tree
and Branch
• Most Cost Effective with Broadcast
• Limited Serving Area
– Amplifier Cascades Limit Performance
– Serial String Reliability
• Serving Area Shrinks as Bandwidth Increases
• Reliability of Local Powering
• Security (traps; scrambling)
BREAK
10- minute break

Modern Cable Plant
Architecture
Hybrid Fiber
Coax (HFC)
Analog Headend with AM Fiber
AM Fiber to the Bridger
From Analog to Digital
 1989 (General Dynamics)
 MPEG Compression
 10 channels of video in the 6 MHz
bandwidth
 Amplifier cascades reduced from 30+ to
six or fewer.
 Given 550 MHz of bandwidth, nearly
1,000 channels of digital video are possible.
Today’s Typical CATV System
• Fiber/Coax Fiber to the Bridger Architecture

• Serving Nodes 500 - 2000 House holds passed
• Downstream Bandwidths 550 - 750MHz, a few
1GHz - Actives
– Most use or consider 1GHz passives and spacing of
apparatus. The media is capable of transmitting
frequencies up to 3 GHz.
• Upstream Capability in 5 - 50 MHz band
– Some systems have High reverse
Fiber Optics
Fiber Optic
Total Internal Reflection
CATV Fiber Network
CATV Digital Headend
Digital CATV Spectrum Allocation
(ANSI/EIA-542-1997)
Analog Channels: Ch. 2-78 55 MHz to

547 MHz
Digital Channels: Ch. 79-136 553 MHz

to 865 MHz
Digital CATV Spectrum Allocation
Fiber in the CATV Network
• Fiber Optic will increase quality, reliability, and
operational savings.
• Fiber Optic is economically competitive in
comparison with coaxial cable.
• Fiber Optic offers the opportunity of two-way
services, fact that will increment revenues for the
company.
• Fiber Optic networks are fully expandable, with
large capacities to provide countless services.
What about data?
Inside the Cable Modem
• Tuner
• Demodulator
• Modulator
• Media Access Control (MAC) device
• Microprocessor
Cable Modems
What’s Inside?
DOCSIS
Developed by Cable Labs and approved

by the ITU in March 1998, Data Over
Cable Service Interface Specification
defines interface standards for cable
modems and support equipment.
Cable Modems
DOCSIS specifies downstream traffic

rates between 27 and 36 Mbps over RF
paths in the 50 MHZ to 750 MHz range,
and upstream traffic at between 320 Kbps
and 10 Mbps over an RF path between 5
and 42 MHz.
Cable Modems
What is Downstream?
•What the Cable Modem receives

•Frequency 50-750 MHz
•Bandwidth 6 MHz (USA); or 8 MHz (EU)
•Modulation 64-QAM (or 256 QAM)
•Data-rate 27-56 Mbit/s (4-7 Mbyte/s)
•Continuous stream of data
•Received by all modems
Cable Modems
What is Upstream?
•What the Cable Modem transmits

•Frequency 5-42 MHz (5-42 MHz)
•Bandwidth e.g., 2 MHz
•Modulation QPSK or 16-QAM
•Data-rate e.g., 3 Mbit/s (~400 KB/s)
•Transmit bursts of data in timeslots (TDM)
•Reserved and contention timeslots
What does Cable Modem mean?
• “CABLE” is short for Cable TV (CATV) Network
• “MODEM” is MOdulator-DEModulator
• Actually more like a network adapter than a modem
CMTS (Head-End) Cable Modem

Upstream Demodulator Upstream Modulator
QPS K/16-QAM QPS K/16-QAM
F: 5-65 MHz BW: eg 2 MHz F: 5-65 MHz BW: eg 2 MHz
Rate: eg. 3 Mbit/s Rate: eg. 3 Mbit/s
Downstream Modulator Downstream Demodulator

64-QAM/256-QAM 64-QAM/256-QAM
f:65-850 MHz BW: 6/8 MHz f:65-850 MHz BW: 6/8 MHz
Rate: 27-56 Mbit/s Rate: 27-56 Mbit/s
What is a CMTS?
A CMTS is a Cable Modem Termination

System, or router, which is a device located
in the cable head-end that allows cable
television operators to offer high-speed
Internet access to home computers.
CMTS
The Cable Modem Termination System
Cable’s Future
• Integrated Carrier (Voice, Data, Video)
• High Bandwidth (Ultra Wideband)
• HDTV (Next Week)
• IP Telephone (VoIP)
• PCS Provider (Wireless)

Ultra Wideband
Previously classified military technology,
Ultra Wideband radio broadcasts digital
pulses that are timed very precisely, on a
signal occupying a very wide spectrum at
the same time. UWB can peacefully co-
exist with broadband cable technology
without interference.
Ultra Wideband
Ultra Wideband
Experiments have achieved 1.2 Gb/s
downstream and 120 Mb/s upstream
per node. UWB technology could
easily double the capacity of existing
copper or hybrid fiber-coax systems
today.
Ultra Wideband
UWB signals are injected into existing
cable systems. Because these pulse code
transmissions are very low amplitude, the
signals ride below but do not interfere with
existing digital or analog cable signals. A
typical 500 MHz UWB signal can easily
propagate throughout a cable TV network,
both copper and hybrid fiber-coax.
UWB in Cable TV
Ultra Wideband
Voice over IP (VoIP)
VoIP Business Case
VoIP Models
Video Phones
Questions
and
Answers

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What are the different frequency bands used in cable TV systems and what are they used for?

What are the different frequency bands used in cable TV systems and what are they used for?

How does signal loss over coaxial cable vary with frequency?

How does signal loss over coaxial cable vary with frequency?

Cable Basics

• Two-Way vs. Broadcast

• HFC – Digital Systems

• Subscriber Equipment – “The Box”

Trunk Lines - 3/4” to 1”

The principal negative of coaxial cable is its

• Splits (sub band v. mid band)

• Change in perspective by user

10- minute break

• Fiber/Coax Fiber to the Bridger Architecture

Analog Channels: Ch. 2-78 55 MHz to

Digital Channels: Ch. 79-136 553 MHz

Developed by Cable Labs and approved

DOCSIS specifies downstream traffic

•What the Cable Modem receives

•What the Cable Modem transmits

CMTS (Head-End) Cable Modem

Downstream Modulator Downstream Demodulator

A CMTS is a Cable Modem Termination

• Integrated Carrier (Voice, Data, Video)

• High Bandwidth (Ultra Wideband)

• HDTV (Next Week)

• PCS Provider (Wireless)

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