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    Lec 6 CATV

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    kanchan
    CATV networks are evolving to provide additional services beyond television. As cable systems incorporate high-speed data and phone services, signal management is critical for network operators to maintain quality of service amid changes. Early CATV systems provided only television, but new demands require reliable delivery of vital data and phone services as well. Network upgrades introduce brief outages, but proper technology can minimize downtime while maintaining signals during maintenance. Operators face the challenge of effectively managing evolving networks to maximize uptime for subscribers.

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    Lec 6 CATV

    Uploaded by

    kanchan
    141 views23 pages
    CATV networks are evolving to provide additional services beyond television. As cable systems incorporate high-speed data and phone services, signal management is critical for network operators to maintain quality of service amid changes. Early CATV systems provided only television, but new demands require reliable delivery of vital data and phone services as well. Network upgrades introduce brief outages, but proper technology can minimize downtime while maintaining signals during maintenance. Operators face the challenge of effectively managing evolving networks to maximize uptime for subscribers.

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    catv

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    Lec-6-CATV

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    CATV networks are evolving to provide additional services beyond television. As cable systems incorporate high-speed data and phone services, signal management is critical for network operators to maintain quality of service amid changes. Early CATV systems provided only television, but new demands require reliable delivery of vital data and phone services as well. Network upgrades introduce brief outages, but proper technology can minimize downtime while maintaining signals during maintenance. Operators face the challenge of effectively managing evolving networks to maximize uptime for subscribers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    141 views23 pages

    Lec 6 CATV

    Uploaded by

    kanchan
    CATV networks are evolving to provide additional services beyond television. As cable systems incorporate high-speed data and phone services, signal management is critical for network operators to maintain quality of service amid changes. Early CATV systems provided only television, but new demands require reliable delivery of vital data and phone services as well. Network upgrades introduce brief outages, but proper technology can minimize downtime while maintaining signals during maintenance. Operators face the challenge of effectively managing evolving networks to maximize uptime for subscribers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    CATV

    NETWORKS

    Todays cable systems serve up more than just


    television. Because community antenna television
    (CATV) systems now incorporate high-speed data
    and telephony services, signal flow is critical for
    multiple systems operators (MSOs) and their
    customers. Signal levels and network configurations
    must evolve to meet the new service demands of
    transitioning headends. The impending challenge for
    MSOs is to effectively manage their networks amid
    change and maintain maximum uptime for
    subscribers.

    BACKGROUND
    Early CATV systems consisted of television signals
    combined at the headend and delivered to subscribers via a
    coaxial cable network. Signals were transmitted from the
    headend to the subscriber and provided entertainment and
    information onlyvital "lifeline" telephony or data services
    were not offered.
    The assurance of uninterrupted service was a distant priority.
    Repairs, replacements, and upgrades were performed at the
    convenience of the operator. System outages were common,
    and generally tolerated, if limited to short periods of time.
    The inclusion of advanced services has forced MSOs to
    develop networks that can deliver uninterrupted service.
    CATV RF signal management breakthroughs have proven
    paramount in the evolution to nonintrusive networks.

    Television Broadcast
    geosynchronous
    satellite

    TV Stn.

    TV Stn.

    uplink

    Head end

    CATV
    system

    TV Stn.

    These are not separate systems: they are all


    interconnected, sharing infrastructure. One WAN
    channel may be carrying voice, video and data at the
    same time, for different users, and different carriers
    (telephone/cable companies).
    Wide
    Area
    Network

    Space (satellite)
    Terrestrial (wire & fiber)

    The Last
    PSTN
    Mile
    twisted pair

    individual

    PSTN
    wireless

    PBX

    CATV
    co-ax

    Other
    high-speed

    LAN/
    ISP/
    OLTP

    Bcast

    Cable Modems
    Coax cables from several neighborhoods
    connect to a concentrator

    The concentrator uses high capacity fiber optics


    cables to connect to the head end, which is
    connected to the Internet.

    Communication is asymmetric

    Originally, CATV was designed only for


    downstream communication!

    Available bitrates:

    Downstream: 1.5 to 2 Mb/s


    Upstream: 128 kb/s

    Cable Modems

    CATV (Community Antenna TV, or cable TV)


    uses coax cable (less susceptible to
    interference)

    1-Km coax cable can accommodate bitrates of 1-2 Gb/s!

    Only one cable is used for a neighborhood

    Different TV channels are multiplexed on it.

    Cable systems are designed to carry many more


    television signals than currently available.

    There is unused capacity that can be used for


    data communication!
    >80% of US homes are already reached by CATV

    Cable Modems (contd)


    User can connect using a cable modem

    A splitter separates the TV and the data signals.

    Problem: all users in the neighborhood share


    the same available capacity in the same cable!
    If all users in the neighborhood transmit data at
    the same time, the available bitrate is reduced.

    E.g., if there are 50 Mb/s available, and 100 users in the


    neighborhood use it simultaneously, each user has only 0.5
    Mb/s

    Cable Modem Outline


    Two channels from cable TV provider

    dedicated to data transfer


    One in each direction
    Each channel shared by number of
    subscribers
    Scheme
    needed
    to
    allocate
    capacity
    Statistical TDM

    Cable Modem Operation


    Downstream
    Cable scheduler delivers data in small packets
    If more than one subscriber active, each gets fraction

    of downstream capacity

    May get 500kbps to 1.5Mbps

    Also used to allocate upstream time slots to

    subscribers

    Upstream
    User requests timeslots on shared upstream channel
    Dedicated slots for this
    Headend scheduler sends back assignment of future

    time slots to subscriber

    Cable Modem Scheme

    Wall-mounted splitter/combiner network

    Wall-mounted splitter/combiner with inline attenuator pads

    RACK MOUNTED NETWORK

    Rack-mounted splitter/combiner with


    in-line attenuators

    Applications of modular rack-mounted


    splitting/combining

    Sketch of modular combiner with front-mounted attenuation pads

    The Next Evolutionary Stage: Carrier Class


    Advanced cable services now rival the traditional service offerings
    of the telecommunications industry.
    In addition to television program delivery, CATV offers high-speed
    data and voice (telephony, dial tone) service. These advanced
    networks require highly-reliable and always-available network
    service.
    One
    steadfast
    technologyused
    for
    decades
    in
    telecommunicationshas been incorporated into todays cable
    networks to revolutionize the communications industry. Hitless
    technology ensures that service remains uninterrupted during
    maintenance or access operations. High-speed digital circuits (T1/E-1 and T-3/E-3) have access points within the path of the
    circuit that can be used for testing, crossconnection, and
    interconnection.

    Circuit termination panels provide access jacks that


    are installed into the path of a high-speed digital
    circuit. These jacks accept patch cords that connect
    circuits and network elements to perform
    switching functions. Patch cords also enable test
    equipment to be hooked up directly to the circuit for
    monitoring purposes. When a patch plug attached to
    the end of the patch cord is inserted into the jack,
    signal flow is maintained until the patch plug breaks
    the flow and routes the signal to the intended
    destination.

    Every maintenance task performed on an


    advanced communications network has the
    potential for service interruption. Many business
    operations rely on CATV high-speed data
    connections for their daily functions. Residential
    subscribers also use cable for the bulk of their
    communication, including emergencies. Service
    availability is critical.

    Reconfiguration with Minimal Signal Interruption

    Not all CATV maintenance is performed at the


    headend. Some maintenance resides at the
    outside distribution plant (OSP). Fiber and
    coaxial cable must be installed to connect new
    signal paths from the subscriber to the headend
    and to balance the CATV spectrum before
    subscribers are connected and service
    established. Upgrades to OSP systems involve
    maintenance on existing, service-carrying
    networks, but the proper technology can
    minimize downtime and maintain signal

    Reconfiguration of existing low-bandwidth nodes and


    amplifiers with new broadband models introduces a
    brief service outage during the replacement process.
    This "node splitting" involves adding new nodes to
    deliver services to a given set of homes passed,
    reducing the number of homes serviced on each
    node.
    Node splitting establishes new fiber connections from
    the headend to the OSP by installing nodes in
    strategic OSP locations within the distribution area,
    rerouting the coaxial feeder cable to the new nodes,
    and balancing the spectrum

    To properly coordinate with the OSP network, headend systems


    must also undergo changes. New fiber distribution frames are
    added, along with new laser transmitters and return path
    receivers.
    The
    reconfiguration
    of
    the
    electrical
    RF
    splitting/combining networks, in both forward and return directions,
    is critical during this transition. Splitters and combiners must be
    added, removed, or changed. With a variety of configurations
    (1x8, 1x4, and 1x2) to choose from, operators should have little
    difficulty finding one to accommodate network requirements.
    Attenuation pads and equalizers should be mounted on the front
    of modules to allow easy access in rack-mounted environments.
    Broadband spectrum signal levels change with every modification,
    requiring re-balancing during the system re-engineering project.

    QOUTE OF THE DAY


    Insan Gunah Kerne Ki Waja
    Se Jahanum Mein Nhi Jata
    Bal Keh Gunah Per Mutmaen
    Rehny Aur Tauba Na Krney
    Ki Waja Se Jahanum Mein
    Jata Hy.

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