Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 1 Issue 4, November - 2014

Waste To Wealth: Production of Bioethanol

From Pineapple Waste
IDIATA, David. J Dr. Iyasele, Julius .U
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Chemistry
Edo State Institute of Technology & University of Benin
Mnagament, Usen. Benin City
P.M.B. 1104, Benin City, Nigeria.
[email protected]

ABSTRACT- Ethanol fuel is ethanol (ethyl alcohol), the  The biofuels have a lot of advantages over the
same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. It can fossil fuel in terms of environmental impact.
be used as a fuel, mainly as a biofuel alternative to Considering table 1, it is observed that some countries
gasoline. In conclusion of the 1800ml of batch prepared
of the world has embraced biofuel production with
1754ml filtrate was obtained after fermentation indicating
a 97%. Of the 1754ml was distilled and 634ml was respect to the environmental advantages over fossil
obtained at first distillation showing a 36% of the fuel, with US leading the pack and Brazil following.
fermented material. Each sample was distilled for 2hours
30mins and for the 9 samples it took a total of 21 hours. Table1: Showing Ethanol production in 15 top
The work is not an end in itself tremendous improvements producing countries.
can be made to make it profitable and viable in Nigeria
which is blest with a lot of natural resources rich in
carbohydrate (sugar).
Annual Fuel Ethanol
Total Annual Ethanol Production (All
KEYWORDS: Bioethanol, Batching; Fermentation; Grades)
Production
by Country (2007)
Distillation; Filtrates by Country (2004-2006)
Top 15 countries/blocks
Top 15 countries
(Millions of U.S. liquid
(Millions of U.S. liquid gallons)
gallons)
I INTRODUCTION
Nature has provided countless potential solutions in
organisms as diverse as cows and microbes, and
that offers tremendous hope’ (1).
Ethanol fuel is ethanol (ethyl alcohol), the same type Country 2006 2005 2004 Rank Country 2007
Rank
of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. It can be
used as a fuel, mainly as a biofuel alternative to
gasoline, and is widely used in cars in Brazil.
Because it is easy to manufacture and process and United United
1 4,855 4,264 3,535 1 6,498.6
States States
can be made from very common crops such as
sugar cane and corn, it is an increasingly common
alternative to gasoline in some parts of the world. 2 Brazil 4,491 4,227 3,989 2 Brazil 5,019.2
(2).
Europea
The oil crises of the 1970 rekindled interest in the 3 China 1,017 1,004 964 3
n Union
570.3
use of renewable fuels and the following main
factors sustained this interest to date.
 Prices of petroleum products have been on 4 India 502 449 462 4 China 486.0

the increase since the time of the oil crises.

 Uncertainties in oil supplies due to political
5 France 251 240 219 5 Canada 211.3
instability and conflicts in some oil
producing areas of the world.
 Growing anxiety over the future security of 6
German
202 114 71 6 Thailand 79.2
the world s’ supply of crude because y

petroleum resources are limited in stock.

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JMESTN42350142 282
 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 1 Issue 4, November - 2014

million kg of waste per day, for a month it is 2 billion

Colombi
7 Russia 171 198 198 7
a
74.9 kg of waste and for a year it is 24 billion kg of wastes.
Such quantity of waste is a task and one way to deal
with this is trying to get something out of it.
8 Canada 153 61 61 8 India 52.8

The purpose of this research is to produce Biofuel

Central
(Bio-alcohol) from agricultural waste primarily from
9 Spain 122 93 79 9 39.6
America pineapple peels. All over the world you hear slogans
like ‘from waste to wealth’. This is a major challenge
South for mankind, what do we do with the enormous
10 102 103 110 10 Australia 26.4
Africa quantities of waste produce every day?

III MATERIALS AND METHODS

11 Thailand 93 79 74 11 Turkey 15.8
This section on materials and methods will be
highlighting the materials which were employed in the
cause of the research and also the process and
12
United
74 92 106 12 Pakistan 9.2 method used in the production of ethanol from
Kingdom
Pineapple waste which is the essence of this work.

If the raw material contains sugar not starch, the batch

13 Ukraine 71 65 66 13 Peru 7.9 does not have to be treated with enzymes. The sugar,
as in sugar cane is ready to be fermented to alcohol
by the yeast without pretreatment. The batch may be
Argentin
14 Poland 66 58 53 14
a
5.2 cooked briefly to sterilize it before adding the yeast.

Saudi Paragua
A. Materials Used
15 52 32 79 15 4.7 The materials used for the production of bioethanol
Arabia y
from Pineapple wastes are:
World 13,48 12,15 World  Pineapple wastes
10,770 13,101.7
Total 9 0 Total  Sugar syrup from the Pineapple waste
 Stove for heating
Source:(3,4)
 Resort stand fitted with clamp
 Round bottom flask
II WASTE/SOLID WASTE
 Condenser
Waste Management is a global environmental issue
(5). According to (5,6,7,8,9), solid wastes were  Hoses
defined as useless, unwanted, unused or discarded  Measuring cylinder
materials resulting from normal community activities  Baker’s yeast
i.e. human and animal activities. They are  Funnel
substances or objects regarded as worthless and  Plastic containers/bottles
unwanted to the owner and hence disposed.  Cellophane
 Weigh
Currently the world population is 6.5 billion; it is  Sieve
growing by another 76 million per year. According to  Scale Wine Hydrometer
the United Nations (11) the world will add another  Thermometer
2.6 billion people by 2050. The global population
growth of nearly 50 percent in the next 45 years will B. Batching
challenge policy makers around the world as never The Pineapple wastes is collected and weighed to be
before. No issue will test the mettle of leaders more 11kg. After which it is grated and mixed with 1 litre of
than accommodating and feeding an extra 2.6 billion water and then sieved.
people by 2050. The filtrate is heated on the stove for 5-6 hours in
which sugar syrup is obtained. The sugar content of
According to World Bank report (12) the solid waste the syrup was determined using a scale wine
generation in Nigeria per person per day is an hydrometer to be 50g of sugar in 100ml of solution.
average of 0.45kg. Calculating using the population Upon weighing the sugar syrup was 2.1kg.
above for 2010-2025 as 148.5 million gives us 66.8

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 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 1 Issue 4, November - 2014

The sugar syrup is diluted before the yeast is The mixture contains water and alcohol, which is
introduced because any sugar content above 20g heated. Alcohol evaporates first because it boiling
o o
per 100ml will kill the yeast. This is why sugar is point (78 c) is lower than water which boils at 100 c.
used as preservative. the alcohol vapour rises in the column, condenses and
is collected as liquid in a glass bottle. The distillation
o
The sugar syrup sugar content is diluted and process is timed and recorded; when it gets to 100 c
reduced to mark at which it remain constant for some time it is
It was made up of three batches with each batch dismantled for another batch to be distilled.
contains three samples The first distillate contains high water-ethanol
combination called an Azetrope. To further increase
Table 2: Showing the make up of the batches. the ethanol content we have to re-distill as the case
Batch Yeast content Sugar content maybe.
(g) (g/100ml)
1A 0 5 IV RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
1B 1 5 This chapter deals with the result of the experiment
1C 2 5 carried out, the tables and graphs from the
fermentation and distillations of the batches.
2A 0 10
2B 1 10
Results of the First Distillation
2C 2 10
3A 0 20
Table 3: Show the values of the first distillation of
3B 1 20
batch 1
3C 2 20
0g of Yeast 1g of Yeast 2g of Yeast
(1A) (1B) (1C)
C. Fermentation Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp
o o o
10ml of the yeast mixture was introduced into each (AM) . ( c) (PM) ( c) (PM) ( c)
batch i.e. 10ml of the mixture contains 1g of yeast, 4.15 32 8.10 30 5.35 32
while 20ml contains 2g of yeast.10g of yeast was 4.25 46 8.20 46 5.45 46
mixed with 100ml of water. The water was first 4.35 68 8.30 68 5.55 66
o
boiled at 100 c for 30 minutes after which it was 4.45 96 8.40 100 6.05 98
allowed to cool to around 37oc. 100ml of water is 4.55 98 8.50 100 6.15 100
measured and poured into cellophane; 10ml of the 5.05 98 9.00 100 6.25 100
sugar solution and yeast are added. 5.15 100 9.10 100 6.35 100
The mixture is mixed from the external with a hand 5.25 100 9.20 100 6.45 100
and as soon as the mixture starts bubbling, then the 5.35 100 9.30 100 6.55 100
yeast is growing. It is then measured and added to 5.45 100 9.40 100 7.05 100
the batches. 5.55 100 9.50 100 7.15 100
The batches are left for bout 3-4 days at a room 6.05 100 10.00 100 7.25 100
o o
temperature, which ranges from 28 c (82 F) to 34 c
o 6.15 100 10.10 100 7.35 100
o
(93 F). Each batch is agitated regularly to ensure 6.25 100 10.20 100 7.45 100
that the yeast mixes and ferments the sugar. 6.35 100 10.30 100 7.55 100
During fermentation heat is produced, it should be
stirred and when carbon dioxide is been produced it
means it is making alcohol. Table 4: Showing the values of the first distillation of
The mash should contain about 8-10% alcohol after batch 2
about 4 days. If it does not, either something was 0g of Yeast 1g of Yeast 2g of Yeast
wrong in the batching or the fermentation is not (2A) (2B) (2C)
complete. All sugar in the batch should be gone Time Tem Time Tem Time Tem
o o
when fermentation is complete. (PM) p. (PM) p ( c) (AM) p ( c)
o
( c)
Distillation
Te cold mash is put into a round bottom flask and
heat is applied from a stove and condenser,
thermometer, cork fitted to the flask.

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 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 1 Issue 4, November - 2014

3.05 32 12.3 30 7.30 32

3.15 46 5 40 7.40 40
120

Temp. (degree celsius)

3.25 68 12.4 48 7.50 50
3.35 96 5 80 8.00 60 100
3.45 98 12.5 98 8.10 84
3.55 98 5 98 8.20 96 80 5g sugar
4.05 100 1.05 100 8.30 98 60 10g sugar
4.15 100 1.15 100 8.40 98
4.25 100 1.25 100 8.50 98
40 20g sugar
4.35 100 1.35 100 9.00 98 20
4.45 100 1.45 100 9.10 100
4.55 100 1.55 100 9.20 100 0
5.05 100 2.05 100 9.30 100 1 3 5 7 9 11 13
5.15 100 2.15 100 9.40 100
5.25 100 2.25 100 9.50 100 Time (mins)
2.35
2.45 Fig 1: Showing Graph of batch 1distillation
2.55

120
Table 5: Showing the values of the first distillation of Temp. (degree celsius)
batch 3
100
0g of Yeast 1g of Yeast 2g of Yeast 80 5g sugar
(3A) (3B) (3C)
60 10g sugar
Time Tem Time Tem Time Tem
(PM) p. (PM) p (AM) p 40 Series3
o o o
( c) ( c) ( c)
20
7.50 32 5.15 30 4.50 28
8.00 40 5.25 42 5.00 48 0
8.10 58 5.35 54 5.10 58
8.20 78 5.45 56 5.20 68 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
8.30 94 5.55 62 5.30 94
8.40 96 6.05 70 5.40 96 Time (mins)
8.50 98 6.15 86 5.50 98
9.00 100 6.25 96 6.00 98 Fig 2: Showing Graph of batch 2 distillation
9.10 100 6.35 96 6.10 100
9.20 100 6.45 96 6.20 100
9.30 100 6.55 98 6.30 100
120
Temp. (degree celsius)

9.40 100 7.05 98 6.40 100

9.50 100 7.15 100 6.50 100 100
10.0 100 7.25 100 7.00 100
0 100 7.35 100 7.10 100 80 5g sugar
10.1 60 10g sugar
0
40 20g sugar
20
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Time (mins)

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 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 1 Issue 4, November - 2014

Fig 3: Showing Graph of batch 3 distillation the rest and suggests that the yeast fermented more
of the sugar in the sample.

Table 6: Showing the quantity of liquid obtained Table 6 gives the quantity (ml) of the initial batches
after fermentation and first distillation with sugar and yeast combination which is allowed to
ferment, the quantity of the filtrate after fermentation,
st
Batch Qty Qty Qty 1 Qty the quantity of the distillate after first distillation after
before after distilla left 2hours 30minutes and the quantity remaining after
ferme ferme tion distillation.
ntatio ntatio
n n
1A 200ml 190ml 72ml 105ml VI CONCLUSION
1B 200ml 198ml 91ml 95ml In conclusion of the 1800ml of batch prepared 1754ml
1C 200ml 198ml 70ml 110ml filtrate was obtained after fermentation indicating a
97%. Of the 1754ml was distilled and 634ml was
obtained at first distillation showing a 36% of the
2A 200ml 190ml 75ml 110ml fermented material. Each sample was distilled for
2B 200ml 193ml 70ml 105ml 2hours 30mins and for the 9 samples it took a total of
2C 200ml 200ml 57ml 130ml 21 hours.
The work is not an end in itself tremendous
3A 200ml 193ml 86ml 98ml improvements can be made to make it profitable and
3B 200ml 197ml 55ml 129ml viable in Nigeria.
3C 200ml 195ml 58ml 126ml This work has researched into the possibility of
converting Pineapple wastes into bioethanol. In
today’s world bioethanol is been used as fuel for
automotives and are environmental friendly than fossil
fuel currently used. It also help reduce wastes which
V ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ON FIRST are deposited in drains and inside city centres causing
DISTILLATION flooding, and other environmental problems.
The tables and graphs above give us the table of Considering that Pineapple is cultivated in Nigeria
values (time i.e. 2hours 30mins for distillation of especially in the rain forest region, the wastes and
each sample and the corresponding temperatures) possibly wastes from other sugar containing fruits can
and the graphical presentation of the values in the be used t empower and benefit the economy.
first distillation of the 3 batches.

In tables 3 and Fig 1 it can be observed that during REFERENCES

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 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 1 Issue 4, November - 2014

University of benin, Benin city, Edo

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